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Sunardi D, Chandra DN, Medise BE, Manikam NRM, Friska D, Lestari W, Insani PNC. Health effects of alkaline, oxygenated, and demineralized water compared to mineral water among healthy population: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:339-349. [PMID: 36571558 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are many water types available on the market. They are widely known in public with health claims. The questions are, are those claims are scientifically proven or those are just testimonies from the consumers or overclaimed by the producers. This study aims to systematically review evidences on the health effects of alkaline, oxygenated, and demineralized water in comparison with mineral water among healthy population. CONTENTS Data were obtained from databases PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, EBSCO, dan Science Direct since January 2000 until July 2022. There were 10 eligible articles, consisted of two articles on alkaline, four articles on oxygenated, and four articles on demineralized water, that furtherly being analyzed. SUMMARY Compared to consumption of mineral water, consumption of alkaline and oxygenated water did not show any significant difference on gut microbiota, urine pH, blood parameter, or fitness parameter. While, consumption of demineralized water in the long term resulted in lower quality of certain nutrient intake. OUTLOOK Recent evidences do not prove any additional health effects of alkaline, oxygenated, or demineralized water compared to mineral water. In contrast, demineralized water consumption in the long run was proven to lead to adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sunardi
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dian Novita Chandra
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bernie Endyarni Medise
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Friska
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wiji Lestari
- Indonesian Hydration Working Group, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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King DG, Hunt J. Response to "Comment on: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study Examining an Oxygen Nanobubble Beverage for 16.1-km Time Trial and Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance.". J Diet Suppl 2024:1-4. [PMID: 38263764 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2296109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David G King
- Department of Biology, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Julie Hunt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Tiller NB, Jeukendrup AE. Comment On: "A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study Examining an Oxygen Nanobubble Beverage for 16.1-km Time Trial and Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance.". J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:207-209. [PMID: 37766412 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2263563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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King DG, Stride E, Mendis J, Gurton WH, Macrae H, Jones L, Hunt J. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study examining an Oxygen Nanobubble Beverage for 16.1-km Time Trial and Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:167-181. [PMID: 37127913 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2203738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest of ergogenic aids that deliver supplemental oxygen during exercise and recovery, however, breathing supplemental oxygen via specialist facemasks is often not feasible. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of an oxygen-nanobubble beverage during submaximal and repeated sprint cycling. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 10 male cyclists (peak aerobic capacity, 56.9 ± 6.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; maximal aerobic power, 385 ± 25 W) completed submaximal or maximal exercise after consuming an oxygen-nanobubble (O2) or placebo (PLA) beverage. Submaximal trials comprised 30-min of steady-state cycling at 60% peak aerobic capacity and 16.1-km time-trial (TT). Maximal trials involved 4 × 30 s Wingate tests interspersed by 4-min recovery. Time-to-completion during the 16.1-km TT was 2.4% faster after O2 compared with PLA (95% CI = 0.7-4.0%, p = 0.010, d = 0.41). Average power for the 16.1-km TT was 4.1% higher for O2 vs. PLA (95% CI = 2.1-7.3%, p = 0.006, d = 0.28). Average peak power during the repeated Wingate tests increased by 7.1% for O2 compared with PLA (p = 0.002, d = 0.58). An oxygen-nanobubble beverage improves performance during submaximal and repeated sprint cycling, therefore may provide a practical and effective ergogenic aid for competitive cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G King
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeewaka Mendis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - William H Gurton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Heather Macrae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Louise Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Julie Hunt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214124. [PMID: 36430603 PMCID: PMC9693390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenated water (OW) contains more oxygen than normal drinking water. It may induce oxygen enrichment in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Hypoxia and oxidative stress could be involved in epilepsy. We aimed to examine the effects of OW-treated vs. control on four rodent models of epilepsy: (1) prenatal betamethasone priming with postnatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-triggered spasm, (2) no prenatal betamethasone, (3) repetitive kainate injection, and (4) intraperitoneal pilocarpine. We evaluated, in (1) and (2), the latency to onset and the total number of spasms; (3) the number of kainate injections required to induce epileptic seizures; (4) spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) (numbers and duration). In model (1), the OW-treated group showed significantly increased latency to onset and a decreased total number of spasms; in (2), OW completely inhibited spasms; in (3), the OW-treated group showed a significantly decreased number of injections required to induce epileptic seizures; and in (4), in the OW-treated group, the duration of a single SRS was significantly reduced. In summary, OW may increase the seizure threshold. Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, OW may provide an adjunctive alternative for patients with refractory epilepsy.
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IZAWA HIDENORI, NAGAO MASASHI, NOZU SHOJIRO, SHIOTA YUKI, FUKAO KOSUKE, NISHIO HIROFUMI, TAKAZAWA YUJI. Effects of Drinking Oxygenated Water on Blood Oxygen Saturation During Exercise Under Normobaric Hypoxic Conditions: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Single-blinded Trial. JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI = JUNTENDO MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 68:228-234. [PMID: 39021722 PMCID: PMC11250024 DOI: 10.14789/jmj.jmj21-0052-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of drinking oxygenated water on oxygen saturation during exercise under normobaric hypoxic conditions. Materials A randomized placebo-controlled single-blinded trial was performed. Twenty-two healthy adults (16 men and 6 women), with a mean age (standard deviation) of 22.4 (2.73) years, participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: an OX group (drinking oxygenated mineral water) and a control group (drinking normal mineral water). Both groups performed walking exercises under normobaric hypoxic conditions. Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate (PR), and walking distance were measured during exercise. Results SpO2 decreased and PR increased during exercise in both groups. The decrease in SpO2 was smaller and the increase in PR was greater in the OX group compared with those in the control group. No significant difference was found in walking distance between the two groups. Conclusions Drinking oxygenated water before exercise may inhibit SpO2 reduction under normobaric hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MASASHI NAGAO
- Corresponding author: Masashi Nagao, Innovative Medical Technology Research & Development Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8121, Japan, TEL: +81-3-3813-3111 E-mail:
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Effect of Waters Enriched in O 2 by Injection or Electrolysis on Performance and the Cardiopulmonary and Acid-Base Response to High Intensity Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124320. [PMID: 34959872 PMCID: PMC8704091 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several brands of water enriched with O2 (O2-waters) are commercially available and are advertised as wellness and fitness waters with claims of physiological and psychological benefits, including improvement in exercise performance. However, these claims are based, at best, on anecdotal evidence or on a limited number of unreliable studies. The purpose of this double-blind randomized study was to compare the effect of two O2-waters (~110 mg O2·L-1) and a placebo (10 mg O2·L-1, i.e., close to the value at sea level, 9-12 mg O2·L-1) on the cardiopulmonary responses and on performance during high-intensity exercise. One of the two O2-waters and the placebo were prepared by injection of O2. The other O2-water was enriched by an electrolytic process. Twenty male subjects were randomly allocated to drink one of the three waters in a crossover study (2 L·day-1 × 2 days and 15 mL·kg-1 90 min before exercise). During each exercise trial, the subjects exercised at 95.9 ± 4.7% of maximal workload to volitional fatigue. Exercise time to exhaustion and the cardiopulmonary responses, arterial lactate concentration and pH were measured. Oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in blood was assessed at rest before exercise. Time to exhaustion (one-way ANOVA) and the responses to exercise (two-way ANOVA [Time; Waters] with repeated measurements) were not significantly different among the three waters. There was only a trend (p = 0.060) for a reduction in the time constant of the rapid component of VO2 kinetics with the water enriched in O2 by electrolysis. No difference in oxidative damage in blood was observed between the three waters. These results suggest that O2-water does not speed up cardiopulmonary response to exercise, does not increase performance and does not trigger oxidative stress measured at rest.
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Pușcaș C, Moldovan M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu L, Ungureanu L, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R. On the Apparent Redox Reactivity of "Oxygen-Enriched Water". Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:350-358. [PMID: 32030631 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen-enriched water (OxEW) is advocated in popular media as useful for various health issues, presumably due to involvement of a purported antioxidant activity and to such notions as "active oxygen." To our knowledge, there are no explicit reports in the scientific literature where such redox reactivity would be described and explained. Reported here are data showing that a commercial preparation of OxEW does display a measurable, albeit very small, antioxidant activity as monitored by reaction with a standard reagent, DPPH. Moreover, OxEW also displays an apparent pro-oxidant reactivity, against caffeic acid. This does not correlate with any UV-vis-detectable contents of chemical substances in the water, nor can it be explained by typical chemical impurities (e.g., hydrogen peroxide or molecular hydrogen) that would arise upon enrichment with molecular oxygen of pure water by the two most common procedures: purging with gaseous O2 or electrolysis. Instead, this apparent redox reactivity is revealed to be due to differences in pH and in chemical content - and the differences in turn are most likely due to the trace amounts of inorganic ions/elements in the OxEW; importantly, electrolysis, which is often employed as a means to generate O2 in OxEW preparation, is also found to enhance the redox effect of OxEW-like preparations. Thus, in line with expectations, the herein-reported data show that there are no long-lived reactive oxygen species, no activated oxygen, and no extra reducing agents in OxEW - but that an apparent weak redox reactivity can still be measured and assigned to simple side effects of the electrolysis procedure presumably performed in order to enrich the sample in oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pușcaș
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mărioara Moldovan
- "Raluca Ripan" Institute for Chemical Research, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- "Raluca Ripan" Institute for Chemical Research, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Ungureanu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Vatnehol SAS, Hol PK, Bjørnerud A, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Haglerød C, Storås TH. Effect of Drinking Oxygenated Water Assessed by in vivo MRI Relaxometry. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:720-728. [PMID: 32100358 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GRANT SUPPORT This project was funded by the Research Council of Norway. BACKGROUND Oxygen uptake through the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of oxygenated water in humans is not well studied and is debated in the literature. Due to the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin, MRI as a technique might be able to detect changes in relaxometry values caused by increased oxygen levels in the blood. PURPOSE To assess whether oxygen dissolved in water is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported into the bloodstream after oral administration. STUDY TYPE A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. POPULATION/SUBJECTS Thirty healthy male volunteers age 20-35. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T/Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) T1 -mapping and multi fast field echo (mFFE) T2 *-mapping. ASSESSMENT Each volunteer was scanned in two separate sessions. T1 and T2 * maps were acquired repeatedly covering the hepatic portal vein (HPV) and vena cava inferior (VCI, control vein) before and after intake of oxygenated or control water. Assessments were done by placing a region of interest in the HPV and VCI. STATISTICAL TEST A mixed linear model was performed to the compare control vs. oxygen group. RESULTS Drinking caused a mean 1.6% 95% CI (1.1-2.0% P < 0.001) increase in T1 of HPV blood and water oxygenation attributed another 0.70% 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.07-1.3% P = 0.028) increase. Oxygenation did not change T1 in VCI blood. Mean T2 * increased 9.6% 95% CI (1.7-17.5% P = 0.017) after ingestion of oxygenated water and 1.2% 95% CI (-4.3-6.8% P = 0.661) after ingestion of control water. The corresponding changes in VCI blood were not significant. DATA CONCLUSION Ingestion of water caused changes in T1 and T2 * of HPV blood compatible with dilution due to water absorption. The effects were enhanced by oxygen. Assessment of oxygen enrichment of HPV blood was not possible due to the dilution effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:720-728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oxy Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Hol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fleming N, Vaughan J, Feeback M. Ingestion of oxygenated water enhances lactate clearance kinetics in trained runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28360825 PMCID: PMC5371271 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinks with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations have in recent times gained popularity as a potential ergogenic aid, despite a lack of evidence regarding their efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess effects of ingestion of an oxygen supplement (OS) on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in a group of trained runners. METHODS Trained male runners (n = 25, mean ± SD; age 23 ± 6 years, mass 70 ± 9 kg, BMI 21.9 ± 2.7 kg.m-2 VO2max 64 ± 6mL.kg-1.min-1), completed a randomised double blinded, crossover study to assess the effect of ingestion of OS solution on exercise performance and recovery. Trials consisted of a 30min rest period, 5min warm-up, a 5000m treadmill time-trial, and a 30min passive recovery. Participants ingested 6x15mL of either OS or a taste matched placebo during the trials (3 during the rest phase, 1 during exercise and 2 during the recovery). Muscle tissue O2 saturation was measured via near infrared spectroscopy. Blood lactate concentrations were measured prior to, mid-way and directly after the finish of the 5000m time trials and every 3-min during the post-exercise recovery. RESULTS Ingestion of OS did not improve exercise performance. No significant differences were observed for muscle tissue O2 saturation at any time-points. However, lactate clearance was significantly improved during recovery in the OS trials. Both AUC (109 ± 32 vs. 123 ± 38 mmol.min, P < 0.05, d = 0.40) and lactate half-life (λ) (1127 ± 272 vs. 1223 ± 334 s, P < 0.05, d = 0.32) were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Despite no evidence of improved exercise performance, ingestion of OS did enhance post-exercise recovery via increased lactate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremiah Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio USA
| | - Matthew Feeback
- Movement Science Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan USA
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Lachenmeier DW, Rehm J. Letter to the editor in regard to Baek, Lee, and Kwon (2010): "Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol in humans": does oxygenated alcohol reduce hangover? Alcohol Res 2010; 34:1671-2; author reply 1673-4. [PMID: 20608907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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