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Jiménez-Martínez P, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Asín-Izquierdo I, Cano-Castillo C, Alix-Fages C, Pareja-Blanco F, Colado JC. Effects of different phenylcapsaicin doses on resistance training performance, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, ratings of perceived exertion, and recovery: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2204083. [PMID: 37086038 PMCID: PMC10124973 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2204083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the effects of a low dose (LD) of 0.625 mg and a high dose (HD) of 2.5 mg of phenylcapsaicin (PC) on full squat (SQ) performance, active muscle (RPE-AM) and overall body (RPE-OB) ratings of perceived exertion, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, and 24-h recovery in comparison to placebo (PLA). METHOD Twenty-five resistance-trained males (age = 21.00 ± 2.15 years, SQ 1-repetition maximum [1RM] normalized = 1.66 ± 0.22 kg) were enrolled in this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Participants completed 2 weekly sessions per condition (LD, HD, and PLA). The first session consisted of pre-blood testing of lactate, urea, and aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and 2 SQ repetitions with 60% 1RM followed by the resistance exercise protocol, which consisted of SQ sets of 3 × 8 × 70% 1RM monitoring lifting velocity. RPE-OB and RPE-AM were assessed after each set. After the first session, 2 SQ repetitions with 60% 1RM were performed, and blood lactate and urea posttests were collected. After 24 h, AST posttest and 1 × 2 × 60% 1RM were determined as biochemical and mechanical fatigue outcomes. RESULTS HD reported significant differences for RPE-AM, AST, and SQ performance compared to LD and PLA. Post-hoc analyses revealed that HD attained faster velocities in SQ than LD (p = 0.008). HD induced a lower RPE-AM when compared with LD (p = 0.02) and PLA (p = 0.004). PLA resulted in higher AST concentrations at 24-h post than HD (p = 0.02). No significant differences were observed for the rest of the comparisons. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that PC may favorably influence SQ performance, RPE-AM, and muscle damage compared to PLA. However, HD exhibited most of the biochemical and mechanical anti-fatigue effects instead of LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- University of Valencia, Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Valencia, Spain
- R&D Department, Life Pro Nutrition Research Center,INDIEX, Madrid, Spain
- R&D Department, ICEN institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Iván Asín-Izquierdo
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Sevilla, Spain
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Cano-Castillo
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- University of Valencia, Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Valencia, Spain
- R&D Department, Life Pro Nutrition Research Center,INDIEX, Madrid, Spain
- R&D Department, ICEN institute, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Madrid, Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan C. Colado
- University of Valencia, Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Valencia, Spain
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Holeček M. Roles of malate and aspartate in gluconeogenesis in various physiological and pathological states. Metabolism 2023:155614. [PMID: 37286128 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis, a pathway for glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate substances, begins with the synthesis of oxaloacetate (OA) from pyruvate and intermediates of citric acid cycle in hepatocyte mitochondria. The traditional view is that OA does not cross the mitochondrial membrane and must be shuttled to the cytosol, where most enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis are compartmentalized, in the form of malate. Thus, the possibility of transporting OA in the form of aspartate has been ignored. In the article is shown that malate supply to the cytosol increases only when fatty acid oxidation in the liver is activated, such as during starvation or untreated diabetes. Alternatively, aspartate synthesized from OA by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is transported to the cytosol in exchange for glutamate via the aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (AGC2). If the main substrate for gluconeogenesis is an amino acid, aspartate is converted to OA via urea cycle, therefore, ammonia detoxification and gluconeogenesis are simultaneously activated. If the main substrate is lactate, OA is synthesized by cytosolic AST, glutamate is transported to the mitochondria through AGC2, and nitrogen is not lost. It is concluded that, compared to malate, aspartate is a more suitable form of OA transport from the mitochondria for gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Jesuthasan A, Ali A, Lee JKW, Rutherfurd-Markwick K. Assessment of Changes in Physiological Markers in Different Body Fluids at Rest and after Exercise. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214685. [PMID: 36364948 PMCID: PMC9654217 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and biological markers in different body fluids are used to measure the body’s physiological or pathological status. In the field of sports and exercise medicine, the use of these markers has recently become more popular for monitoring an athlete’s training response and assessing the immediate or long-term effects of exercise. Although the effect of exercise on different physiological markers using various body fluids is well substantiated, no article has undertaken a review across multiple body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine and sweat. This narrative review aims to assess various physiological markers in blood, urine and saliva, at rest and after exercise and examines physiological marker levels obtained across similar studies, with a focus on the population and study methodology used. Literature searches were conducted using PRISMA guidelines for keywords such as exercise, physical activity, serum, sweat, urine, and biomarkers, resulting in an analysis of 15 studies for this review paper. When comparing the effects of exercise on physiological markers across different body fluids (blood, urine, and saliva), the changes detected were generally in the same direction. However, the extent of the change varied, potentially as a result of the type and duration of exercise, the sample population and subject numbers, fitness levels, and/or dietary intake. In addition, none of the studies used solely female participants; instead, including males only or both male and female subjects together. The results of some physiological markers are sex-dependent. Therefore, to better understand how the levels of these biomarkers change in relation to exercise and performance, the sex of the participants should also be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalini Jesuthasan
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-213-6646
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Nykänen T, Ojanen T, Heikkinen R, Fogelholm M, Kyröläinen H. Changes in Body Composition, Energy Metabolites and Electrolytes During Winter Survival Training in Male Soldiers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:797268. [PMID: 35250611 PMCID: PMC8889070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.797268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine changes in body composition, energy metabolites and electrolytes during a 10-day winter survival training period. Two groups of male soldiers were examined: the REC group (n = 26; age 19.7 ± 1.2 years; BMI 23.9 ± 2.7) had recovery period between days 6 and 8 in the survival training, whereas the EXC group (n = 42; age 19.6 ± 0.8 years; BMI 23.1 ± 2.8) did not. The following data were collected: body composition (bioimpedance), energy balance (food diaries, heart rate variability measurements), and biomarkers (blood samples). In survival training, estimated energy balance was highly negative: −4,323 ± 1,515 kcal/d (EXC) and −4,635 ± 1,742 kcal/d (REC). Between days 1 and 10, body mass decreased by 3.9% (EXC) and 3.0% (REC). On day 6, free fatty acid and urea levels increased, whereas leptin, glucose and potassium decreased in all. Recovery period temporarily reversed some of the changes (body mass, leptin, free fatty acids, and urea) toward baseline levels. Survival training caused a severe energy deficit and reductions in body mass. The early stage of military survival training seems to alter energy, hormonal and fluid metabolism, but these effects disappear after an active recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Nykänen
- Army Academy, Finnish Defence Forces, Lappeenranta, Finland
- *Correspondence: Tarja Nykänen,
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, Tuusula, Finland
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Finnish Defence Forces, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
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Muniz-Pardos B, Zelenkova I, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Knopp M, Boitz T, Graham M, Ruiz D, Casajus JA, Pitsiladis YP. The Impact of Grounding in Running Shoes on Indices of Performance in Elite Competitive Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031317. [PMID: 35162340 PMCID: PMC8834746 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of carbon fiber plate shoes has triggered a plethora of world records in running, which has encouraged shoe industries to produce novel shoe designs to enhance running performance, including shoes containing conductor elements or “grounding shoes” (GS), which could potentially reduce the energy cost of running. The aim of this study was to examine the physiological and perceptual responses of athletes subjected to grounding shoes during running. Ten elite runners were recruited. Firstly, the athletes performed an incremental running test for VO2max and anaerobic threshold (AT) determination, and were familiarized with the two shoe conditions (traditional training shoe (TTS) and GS, the latter containing a conductor element under the insole). One week apart, athletes performed running economy tests (20 min run at 80% of the AT) on a 400 m dirt track, with shoe conditions randomized. VO2, heart rate, lactate, and perceived fatigue were registered throughout the experiment. No differences in any of the physiological or perceptual variables were identified between shoe conditions, with an equal running economy in both TTS and GS (51.1 ± 4.2 vs. 50.9 ± 5.1 mL kg−1 min−1, respectively). Our results suggest that a grounding stimulus does not improve the energy cost of running, or the physiological/perceptual responses of elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muniz-Pardos
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (A.G.-A.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.Z.); (J.A.C.)
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Zelenkova
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.Z.); (J.A.C.)
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alex Gonzalez-Aguero
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (A.G.-A.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.Z.); (J.A.C.)
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Knopp
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany; (M.K.); (T.B.); (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Toni Boitz
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany; (M.K.); (T.B.); (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Martin Graham
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany; (M.K.); (T.B.); (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniel Ruiz
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany; (M.K.); (T.B.); (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Jose A. Casajus
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.Z.); (J.A.C.)
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yannis P. Pitsiladis
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN20 7SN, UK
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Pal M, Yadav A, Arya K, Malhari A, Meena R, Chatterjee T, Bhattacharyya D, Singh S. Effect of intense military exercise on physical proficiency and hormonal responses of soldiers: A pilot study. BLDE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/bjhs.bjhs_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Dally M, Sorensen CJ, Butler-Dawson J, Griffin BR, Johnson RJ, Krisher L, Jaramillo D, Asensio C, Newman LS. Sugarcane Workweek Study: Mechanisms Underlying Daily Changes in Creatinine. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:3083-3086. [PMID: 34901578 PMCID: PMC8640536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Dally
- Center for Health, Work, & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cecilia J Sorensen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaime Butler-Dawson
- Center for Health, Work, & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lyndsay Krisher
- Center for Health, Work, & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Center for Health, Work, & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Lee S Newman
- Center for Health, Work, & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Magnesium Status and Stress: The Vicious Circle Concept Revisited. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123672. [PMID: 33260549 PMCID: PMC7761127 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium deficiency and stress are both common conditions among the general population, which, over time, can increase the risk of health consequences. Numerous studies, both in pre-clinical and clinical settings, have investigated the interaction of magnesium with key mediators of the physiological stress response, and demonstrated that magnesium plays an inhibitory key role in the regulation and neurotransmission of the normal stress response. Furthermore, low magnesium status has been reported in several studies assessing nutritional aspects in subjects suffering from psychological stress or associated symptoms. This overlap in the results suggests that stress could increase magnesium loss, causing a deficiency; and in turn, magnesium deficiency could enhance the body’s susceptibility to stress, resulting in a magnesium and stress vicious circle. This review revisits the magnesium and stress vicious circle concept, first introduced in the early 1990s, in light of recent available data.
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Creatinine Fluctuations Forecast Cross-Harvest Kidney Function Decline Among Sugarcane Workers in Guatemala. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1558-1566. [PMID: 32954081 PMCID: PMC7486184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is an epidemic that disproportionately affects young agriculture workers in hot regions. It has been hypothesized that repeated acute kidney injury (AKI) may play a role in the development of disease. Methods Latent class mixed models were used to identify groups of Guatemalan sugarcane harvesters based on their daily changes in creatinine over 6 consecutive days in 2018. Exponential smoothing state space models were used to forecast end-of-season creatinine between the identified groups. Percent change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) across the harvest was compared between groups. Results Twenty-nine percent (n = 30) of the 103 workers experienced repeated severe fluctuations in creatinine across shift. The model with multiplicative error, multiplicative trend, and multiplicative seasonality was able to accurately forecast end-of-season creatinine in the severe group (mean percentage error [MPE]: −4.7%). eGFR of workers in the severe group on average decreased 20% across season compared to 11% decline for those in the moderate group (95% confidence interval for difference: −17% to 0%). Conclusions Daily fluctuations in creatinine can be used to forecast end-of-season creatinine in sugarcane harvesters. Workers who experience repeat severe daily fluctuations in creatinine, on average, experience a greater reduction in kidney function across the season.
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Sinaga FA, Harahap U, Silalahi J, Sipahutar H. Antioxidant Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on Urea and Creatinine Levels on Maximum Physical Activity. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3781-3785. [PMID: 32127975 PMCID: PMC7048370 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maximal physical activity can produce an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants which are possibly related to fatigue and tissue injury. One of the natural sources that contain antioxidants is virgin coconut oil (VCO). AIM: This study aimed to determine the protective effects antioxidant of virgin coconut oil (VCO) treatment on urea and creatine level on maximum physical activity METHODS: This study used 24 healthy male rats. The rats were divided into four groups, randomly consisted of six rats in each group. The control group (P0) was given 2 mL water, the treatment groups (VCO-1, VCO-2, and VCO-4) were given VCO 1 mL/200 gBW, 2 mL/200 gBW and 4 ml/200 gBW, respectively, per day using gavage spuit. After 28 days, the rats were forced to perform maximal activity by putting the rats in water with no exit. Blood samples were collected immediately after the maximum physical activity. The urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde and glutation peroxidase level was then measured. RESULTS: This study used 24 healthy male rats. The rats were divided into four groups randomly consisted of six rats in each group. The control group (P0) was given 2 mL water, the treatment groups (VCO-1, VCO-2, and VCO-4) were given VCO 1 mL/200 gBW, 2 mL/200 gBW and 4 ml/200 gBW, respectively, per day using gavage spuit. After 28 days, the rats were forced to perform the maximal activity by putting the rats in water with no exit. Blood samples were collected immediately after the maximum physical activity. The urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase level was then measured. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that virgin coconut oil is effective in the prevention of oxidative stress following maximum physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajar Apollo Sinaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Urip Harahap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Jansen Silalahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Herbert Sipahutar
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
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Knechtle B, Chlíbková D, Papadopoulou S, Mantzorou M, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT. Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Performance-Aspects of Sex, Race Location, Ambient Temperature, Sports Discipline, and Length of Performance: A Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E537. [PMID: 31455034 PMCID: PMC6780610 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is defined as a plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/L during or after endurance and ultra-endurance performance and was first described by Timothy Noakes when observed in ultra-marathoners competing in the Comrades Marathon in South Africa in the mid-1980s. It is well-established that a decrease in plasma sodium concentration <135 mmol/L occurs with excessive fluid intake. Clinically, a mild hyponatremia will lead to no or very unspecific symptoms. A pronounced hyponatremia (<120 mmol/L) will lead to central nervous symptoms due to cerebral edema, and respiratory failure can lead to death when plasma sodium concentration reaches values of <110-115 mmol/L. The objective of this narrative review is to present new findings about the aspects of sex, race location, sports discipline, and length of performance. The prevalence of EAH depends on the duration of an endurance performance (i.e., low in marathon running, high to very high in ultra-marathon running), the sports discipline (i.e., rather rare in cycling, more frequent in running and triathlon, and very frequent in swimming), sex (i.e., increased in women with several reported deaths), the ambient temperature (i.e., very high in hot temperatures) and the country where competition takes place (i.e., very common in the USA, very little in Europe, practically never in Africa, Asia, and Oceania). A possible explanation for the increased prevalence of EAH in women could be the so-called Varon-Ayus syndrome with severe hyponatremia, lung and cerebral edema, which was first observed in marathon runners. Regarding the race location, races in Europe seemed to be held under rather moderate conditions whereas races held in the USA were often performed under thermally stressing conditions (i.e., greater heat or greater cold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, 61669 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sousana Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Mantzorou
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
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Knechtle B, Chlíbková D, Nikolaidis PT. [Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia in Endurance Performance]. PRAXIS 2019; 108:615-632. [PMID: 31288661 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia in Endurance Performance Abstract. Exercise-associated hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/l and was first described by Timothy Noakes at the Comrades Marathon in South Africa in the mid-1980s. A decrease in plasma sodium <135 mmol/l occurs with excessive fluid intake. Risk factors include long to very long endurance performance, extreme climatic conditions, female gender and competitions in the USA. Regarding its prevalence by sport, exercise-associated hyponatraemia tends to occur while swimming and running, but rarely when cycling. While mild exercise-associated hyponatremia does not lead to clinical symptoms, severe hyponatremia due to cerebral edema can lead to neurological deficits and even death. The best prevention of exercise-associated hyponatremia is the reduction of fluid intake during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- 1 Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- 2 Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | - Daniela Chlíbková
- 3 Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Tschechien
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Belinchón-deMiguel P, Ruisoto-Palomera P, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Stress Response of a Paralympic Athlete During an Ultra-Endurance Event. A Case Study. J Med Syst 2019; 43:70. [PMID: 30737600 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychophysiological response of athletes with spinal cord injurie has not been reported yet in scientific literature. The aim of this study is to examine the psychophysiological stress response of Paralympic athlete during competitive activities. We collected the following psychophysiological measurements: anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, locus of control, perceived psychological stress, stress-copying style, rate of perceived exertion, perceived muscle pain, body temperature, forced vital capacity, blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, isometric hand strength, cortical arousal, heart rate variability, heart rate and velocities of a female Paralympic spinal cord injured athlete in a 11 h and 44 min ultraendurance mountain event. An ultraendurance mountain even produced an increase in the sympathetic autonomous modulation, heart rate, lactate, muscular pain and rated of perceived exertion and a decrease in cortical arousal, hand strength and respiratory muscle in a spinal cord injurie female athlete during. The Paralympic athletes presented a low psychological inflexibility, high life engagement, strong internal locus of control, a low trait and state anxiety and medium perceived psychological stress. These results are consistent with the expected response during a highly stressful situation and consistent with previous findings in athletes without spinal cord injurie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ruisoto-Palomera
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Human Behavior, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Science, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
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Shin KA, Ahn J, Yoon JH, Park Y, Kim YJ. Effect of ultramarathon race on liver and skeletal muscle biomarkers in recovery period. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Terink R, Balvers MG, Bongers CCWG, Eijsvogels TMH, Witkamp RF, Mensink M, Hopman MT, Klein Gunnewiek JMT. Ionized and Total Magnesium Levels Change during Repeated Exercise in Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:595-601. [PMID: 31233083 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium is essential for health and performance. Sub-optimal levels have been reported for older persons. In addition, physical exercise is known to temporally decrease magnesium blood concentrations. OBJECTIVE To investigate these observations in conjunction we assessed total (tMg) and ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations in plasma and whole blood, respectively, during 4 consecutive days of exercise in very old vital adults. DESIGN 68 participants (age 83.7±1.9 years) were monitored on 4 consecutive days at which they walked 30-40km (average ~8 hours) per day at a self-determined pace. Blood samples were collected one or two days prior to the start of exercise (baseline) and every walking day immediately post-exercise. Samples were analysed for tMg and iMg levels. RESULTS Baseline tMg and iMg levels were 0.85±0.07 and 0.47±0.07 mmol/L, respectively. iMg decreased after the first walking day (-0.10±0.09 mmol/L, p<.001), increased after the second (+0.11±0.07 mmol/L, p<.001), was unchanged after the third and decreased on the final walking day, all compared to the previous day. tMg was only higher after the third walking day compared to the second walking day (p=.012). In 88% of the participants, iMg levels reached values considered to be sub-optimal at day 1, in 16% of the participants values were sub-optimal for tMg at day 2. CONCLUSION Prolonged moderate intensity exercise caused acute effects on iMg levels in a degree comparable to that after a bout of intensive exercise. These effects were not associated with drop-out or health problems. After the second consecutive day of exercise, levels were returned to baseline values, suggesting rapid adaptation/resilience in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Terink
- Rieneke Terink, Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands, telephone: 0031317-484067, e-mail:
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16
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Belinchón-Demiguel P, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Nutrition, hydration and ergogenic aids strategies in ultraendurance mountain events. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:791-797. [PMID: 30293407 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present research was to analyze nutrition, hydration and ergogenic aids strategies in ultraendurance mountain events. METHODS A total of 386 ultraendurance mountain races finishers were analyzed. They were divided into three groups according to their race distance: G1, distance less than 45 km (N.=250); G2, distances between 45 and 90 km (N.=71); G3, distances longer than 90 km (N.=65). The ergogenic, nutritional and hydration strategies were quantified after each race by a questionnaire. RESULTS We found a higher ingestion of (0.56±0.95), caffeine (G3 203.8±211.5 mg), water (G3 7.1±3.7 l) and portion of sandwich (nutrition 5.3±7.4) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in longer distance probes. Higher performance runners in low and medium distances consumed a significantly (P>0.05) lower quantity of gels (higher 0.76±0.98 vs. lower 1.38±1.38), and muesli bar (higher 1.09±1.13 vs. lower 2.04±1.94), and in long distances higher performance consumed more water (M±SD; higher 8.23±3.92 vs. lower 6.12±3.28) than lower performance ones. They also could maintain a higher rated of perceived exertion than lower performance (G3 M±SD; higher 16.7±2.28 vs. lower 18.2±1.71). CONCLUSIONS Higher distance presented higher nutritional, caffeine and NSAIDs ingestion than lower distances, also, higher performance athletes of higher distance presenter higher water and nutritional ingestion than lower performance ones. In lower distance probes, higher performance athletes presented lower hydration and nutritional ingestion than lower performance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-Demiguel
- Galapagar Health Center, Galapagar, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain - .,Research Group on Culture, Education and Society, Coast University, Barranquilla, Colombia
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17
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Moreira LP, Silveira L, Pacheco MTT, da Silva AG, Rocco DDFM. Detecting urine metabolites related to training performance in swimming athletes by means of Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 185:223-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chlíbková D, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Bednář J. Fluid Metabolism in Athletes Running Seven Marathons in Seven Consecutive Days. Front Physiol 2018; 9:91. [PMID: 29483882 PMCID: PMC5816349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hypohydration and hyperhydration are significant disorders of fluid metabolism in endurance performance; however, little relevant data exist regarding multi-stage endurance activities. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of running seven marathons in 7 consecutive days on selected anthropometric, hematological and biochemical characteristics with an emphasis on hydration status. Methods: Participants included 6 women and 20 men (age 42.6 ± 6.2 years). Data was collected before day 1 (B1) and after day 1 (A1), 4 (A4), and 7 (A7). Results: The average marathon race time was 4:44 h:min (ranging from 3:09 – 6:19 h:min). Plasma sodium, plasma potassium and urine sodium were maintained during the race. Body mass (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.501), body fat (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.572) and hematocrit (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.358) decreased. Plasma osmolality (Posm) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.416), urine osmolality (Uosm) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.465), urine potassium (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.507), urine specific gravity (Usg) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.540), plasma urea (PUN) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.586), urine urea (UUN) (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.532) and transtubular potassium gradient (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.560) increased at A1, A4, and A7 vs. B1. Posm correlated with PUN at A1 (r = 0.59, p = 0.001) and A4 (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). The reported post-race fluid intake was 0.5 ± 0.2 L/h and it correlated negatively with plasma [Na+] (r = −0.42, p = 0.007) at A4 and (r = −0.50, p = 0.009) at A7. Uosm was associated with UUN at A1 (r = 0.80, p < 0.001), at A4 (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and at A7 (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) and with Usg (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) at A1, (r = 0.52, p = 0.006) at A4 and (r = 0.46, p = 0.02) at A7. Conclusions: Despite the decrease in body mass, fluid and electrolyte balance was maintained with no decrease in plasma volume after running seven marathons in seven consecutive days. Current findings support the hypothesis that body mass changes do not reflect changes in the hydration status during prolonged exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Bednář
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
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Lin CY, Jhang YS, Lai SC, Chen EL, Lin IH, Chang TW, Tseng YW, Seenan V, Shiung J, Chen MH, Chiang YC, Chen TI, Tzeng YJ. Antifatigue properties of tanshinone IIA in mice subjected to the forced swimming test. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:2264-2269. [PMID: 29171356 PMCID: PMC6130709 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1401648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a constituent of Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae); however, its antifatigue activity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the antifatigue properties of Tan IIA and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In program I, three mouse groups were separately subjected to three gavages with 0, 1 and 6 mg/kg Tan IIA and forced swimming test (FST) weekly for 8 weeks; in program II, one gavage with 0, 2 and 10 mg/kg Tan IIA was administered plus FST weekly for 4 weeks. Serum glucose, lactate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined after final FST. RESULTS Tan IIA significantly prolonged swimming durations in program I but not in program II. Swimming times were 3208 ± 1054 and 2443 ± 1054 s for the 1 and 6 mg/kg treatments and 856 ± 292 s for the vehicle control. The two doses significantly reduced serum glucose levels (40.3 ± 8.5 and 60.0 1 ± 11.8 mg/kg) and lactate levels (61.3 ± 27.5 and 68.8 ± 8.5 mg/kg) in treated mice compared with those in control mice (137.5 ± 38.6 mg/kg and 122.7 ± 18.2 mg/kg, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed regarding SOD, MDA or BUN levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Tan IIA has antifatigue activity and is associated with reductions in serum glucose and lactate levels. Further studies should assess muscle hypertrophy and efficient aerobic glycolysis caused by Tan IIA. Tan IIA has potential as a pharmacological agent for fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Yu Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shu Jhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chi Lai
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsin Lin
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Chang
- Division of Crop Improvement, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Tseng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Vaishnavi Seenan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Jane Shiung
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Chen
- Center of Physical Education, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Jeh Tzeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- CONTACT Yin-Jeh Tzeng, Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City97004, Taiwan
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20
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Herath C, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS, De Silva PHC, Siribaddana S, De Broe ME. Kidney Diseases in Agricultural Communities: A Case Against Heat-Stress Nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 3:271-280. [PMID: 29725631 PMCID: PMC5932118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginning of the 21st century has seen the emergence of a new chronic tubulo-interstitial kidney disease of uncertain cause among agricultural communities in Central America and Sri Lanka. Despite many similarities in demography, presentation, clinical features, and renal histopathology in affected individuals in these regions, a toxic etiology has been considered mainly in Sri Lanka, whereas the predominant hypothesis in Central America has been that recurrent acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by heat stress leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is termed the heat stress/dehydration hypothesis. This review attempts to demonstrate that there is sparse evidence for the occurrence of significant AKI among manual workers who are at high risk, and that there is little substantial evidence that an elevation of serum creatinine < 0.3 mg/dl in previously healthy people will lead to CKD even with recurrent episodes. It is also proposed that the extent of global warming over the last half-century was not sufficient to have caused a drastic change in the effects of heat stress on renal function in manual workers. Comparable chronic tubulo-interstitial kidney disease is not seen in workers exposed to heat in most tropical regions, although the disease is seen in individuals not exposed to heat stress in the affected regions. The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of heat stress causing CKD have not yet been proved in humans or demonstrated in workers at risk. It is believed that claims of a global warming nephropathy in relation to this disease may be premature and without convincing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chula Herath
- Department of Nephrology, Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka
| | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Sisira Siribaddana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Marc E De Broe
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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21
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Wilkinson TJ, Gould DW, Watson EL, Smith AC. Commentary: Renal Function Estimation and Cockcroft-Gault Formulas for Predicting Cardiovascular Mortality in Population-Based, Cardiovascular Risk, Heart Failure and Post-Myocardial Infarction Cohorts: The Heart 'OMics' in AGEing (HOMAGE) and the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiatives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:77. [PMID: 28660190 PMCID: PMC5467000 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wilkinson
- Leicester Kidney Exercise Team, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas W Gould
- Leicester Kidney Exercise Team, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Watson
- Leicester Kidney Exercise Team, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice C Smith
- Leicester Kidney Exercise Team, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Skalny AA, Medvedeva YS, Alchinova IB, Gatiatulina ER, Radysh IV, Karganov MY, Skalny AV, Nikonorov AA, Tinkov AA. Zinc supplementation modifies trace element status in exercised rats. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:269-73. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have researched the psychophysiological response and energy balance of athletes in numerous ultraendurance probes, but none has investigated an ultraendurance mountain running event. The current study aims to analyze changes in blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, heart rate variability, and energy balance after the performance of an ultraendurance mountain running event. The parameters in the 6 participants who finished the event were analyzed (age, 30.8 ± 3.1 years; height, 176.2 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 69.2 ± 3.7 kg). The race covered 54 km, with 6441 m of altitude change, 3556 m downhill and 2885 m uphill. The athletes completed together the race in 14 h and 6 min. After the ultraendurance event, the athletes presented a negative energy balance of 4732 kcal, a blood lactate concentration of 2.8 ± 0.3 mmol/L, a heart rate mean/heart rate maximum ratio of 0.64, a heart rate mean of 111.4 ± 5.9 beats/min, a decrease in vagal modulation, and an increase in sympathetic modulation, and recorded 19.5 ± 1.5 points on the 6–20 rating of perceived exertion scale. The event was a stressful stimulus for the athletes despite the low intensity measured by blood lactate concentration and heart rate. The results obtained may be used by coaches as a reference parameter of heart rate, heart rate variability, rating of perceived exertion, and lactate concentration to develop specific training programs. In addition, the energy balance data obtained in this research may improve nutritional intake strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Department of Motricity, Human Performance and Sport Management, European University of Madrid, Sport Sciences School, C/Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Changes in biochemical, strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity parameters after a 1700 km ultraendurance cycling race. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:602620. [PMID: 25180188 PMCID: PMC4142552 DOI: 10.1155/2014/602620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to study the organic response after ultraendurance cycling race. Selected biochemical, leg strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity parameters were analyzed in 6 subjects 5 days before and 5 days after completing a 1700 km ultraendurance cycling race. After the race, participants presented a significant decrease in Hb (167.8 ± 9.5 versus 141.6 ± 15.7 mg/dL), strength (29.4 ± 2.7 versus 25.5 ± 3.7 cm in a countermovement jump), and oxygen uptake and heart rate at ventilatory threshold (1957.0 ± 458.4 versus 1755.2 ± 281.5 mL/kg/min and 140.0 ± 9.7 versus 130.8 ± 8.3 bpm, resp.). Testosterone presented a decrease tendency (4.2 ± 2.5 versus 3.9 ± 2.6 ng/L) in opposition to the increase tendency of cortisol and ammonium parameters. Transferrin and iron levels presented high values related to an overstimulation of the liver, a normal renal function, a tendency to decrease flexibility, and an increase in aerobic capacity, finding a tendency to increase the absolute maximal oxygen uptake (37.2 ±2.4 versus 38.7 ± 1.8 mL/min) in contrast to previous studies conducted with subjects with similar age. These results can be used to program training interventions, recovery times between probes, and nutritional and/or ergonomic strategies in ultraendurance events.
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25
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Venta R, Cruz E, Valcárcel G, Terrados N. Plasma vitamins, amino acids, and renal function in postexercise hyperhomocysteinemia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1645-51. [PMID: 19568194 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31819e02f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have assessed the effect of the physical activity on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations, although the findings have been contradictory, and the exact mechanism by which plasma Hcy concentrations varied after an acute intense exercise remains unknown. PURPOSE We studied the effect of different acute aerobic intense exercises on plasma, reduced, and total Hcy (rHcy, tHcy) and cysteine (rCys, tCys) and on its metabolically related vitamins and amino acids. Parallel effects on renal function were assessed by plasma creatinine. METHODS Fifteen cyclists and 14 kayakers were examined before and 30 +/- 5 min after a specific test to exhaustion during a low-intensity training period. RESULTS After a bout of specific exercise, the concentrations of aminothiols were increased regardless of the group considered. Plasma concentrations were higher than baseline values in tHcy (17.7 +/- 1.5%; P < 0.001), rHcy (10.6 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.001), tCys (9.9 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.001), and rCys (7.6 +/- 2.2%; P < 0.01). Both groups showed significant elevations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP; P < 0.01), vitamin B12 (P < 0.001), and creatinine concentrations (P < 0.001) after acute exercises, but no changes were seen in folate. Changes in plasma aminothiols after exercise did not reach significant correlation with changes in free amino acids or baseline vitamins, but significant and positive correlations were observed with changes in plasma PLP, vitamin B12, and creatinine concentrations, when the pooled data were considered. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that higher plasma concentrations of tHcy after an acute intense exercise are associated to higher concentrations of rHcy, and this effect is independent of the type of exercise, vitamin status, or amino acid metabolic stress but could be related to potential changes in the renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Venta
- Service of Biochemistry, Hospital San Agustín, Avilés, Principado de Asturias, Spain.
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Beneficial effects of gradual intense exercise in tissues of rats fed with a diet deficient in vitamins and minerals: a pilot study. Nutrition 2009; 25:590-6. [PMID: 19131214 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the preliminary effects of intense physical training (swimming) on oxidative stress in rats with nutritional deficiencies. METHODS Rats were fed with a standard diet or a diet deficient in vitamins and minerals for 4 months. The deficient diet contained one-fourth of the recommended vitamin and mineral levels for rats. From the second month, half of the animals were subjected to a swimming exercise in a plastic container with water maintained at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 1 h/d, five times per week, for 11 wk. The rats were subjected to swimming exercise with loads attached to the dorsal region, which were progressively increased according to their body weight (1% to 7%). Sedentary rats were transported to the experimental room and handled as often in a similar way as the exercise group, except that they were not put in water. RESULTS In the exercised group, blood lactate levels were significantly lower and the heart weight/body weight ratio was significantly higher than in the sedentary group (P < 0.05). Increased lipid peroxidation was observed in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of rats fed with the deficient diet, but it was completely reversed by exercise. Exercise also decreased lipid peroxidation levels in the heart and skeletal muscle of rats fed with the standard diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This pilot study leads to the continuity of the studies, because the partial results observed suggest that inadequate nutrition may enhance oxidative stress, and that intense chronic physical training may activate antioxidant defenses, possibly by hormesis.
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Welsh RC, Warburton DER, Humen DP, Taylor DA, McGavock J, Haykowsky MJ. Prolonged strenuous exercise alters the cardiovascular response to dobutamine stimulation in male athletes. J Physiol 2005; 569:325-30. [PMID: 16150794 PMCID: PMC1464200 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.096412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged strenuous exercise has been associated with transient impairment in left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function that has been termed 'cardiac fatigue'. It has been postulated that cardiac beta-adrenoreceptor desensitization may play a central role; however, data are limited. Accordingly, we assessed the cardiovascular response to progressive dobutamine stimulation after prolonged strenuous exercise (2 km swim, 90 km bike, 21 km run). Nine experienced male athletes were studied: PRE (2-3 days before), POST (after) and REC (1-2 days later). The cardiovascular response to progressive continuous dobutamine stimulation (0, 5, 20, and 40 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) was assessed, including heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), LV cavity areas (two-dimensional echocardiography) and contractility (end-systolic elastance, SBP/end-systolic cavity area (ESCA)). POST there was limited evidence of myocardial necrosis (measured by troponin I), while catecholamines were elevated. HR was higher POST (mean +/-s.d.; PRE, 58 +/- 9; POST, 79 +/- 9; REC, 57 +/- 7 beats min(-1); P < 0.05), while SBP was lower (PRE, 127 +/- 15; POST, 116 +/- 9; REC, 121 +/- 12 mmHg; P < 0.05). A blunted HR, SBP and LV contractility (SBP/ESCA; PRE 29 +/- 6 versus POST 20 +/- 6 mmHg cm(-2); P < 0.05) response to dobutamine was demonstrated POST, with values returning towards baseline in REC. Following prolonged strenuous exercise, the chronotropic and inotropic response to dobutamine stimulation is blunted. This study supports the hypothesis that beta-receptor downregulation and/or desensitization may play a major role in prolonged-strenuous-exercise-mediated cardiac fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Welsh
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Lippi G, Brocco G, Franchini M, Schena F, Guidi G. Comparison of serum creatinine, uric acid, albumin and glucose in male professional endurance athletes compared with healthy controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:644-7. [PMID: 15259381 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOwing to considerable physical, endocrinological and metabolic adaptations, the analysis of biochemical data in elite and top-class athletes requires caution. With the aim to identify metabolic and biochemical adaptations to particular lifestyle conditions, such as regular and strenuous physical exercise, we measured the concentration of serum albumin, creatinine, uric acid and glucose in 80 male professional cyclists, 37 male members of the Italian national cross-country ski team and 60 male healthy sedentary controls at rest. At variance with earlier investigations, endurance athletes showed significantly decreased concentrations of serum creatinine (controls: 83.1±11.0 μmol/l; skiers: 78.0±8.4 μmol/l; p<0.05; cyclists: 73.8±10.4 μmol/l; p<0.01), uric acid (controls: 362±69 μmol/l; skiers: 331±70 μmol/l; p<0.05; cyclists: 312±61 μmol/l; p<0.01) and glucose (controls: 5.35±0.54 mmol/l; skiers: 4.94±0.41 mmol/l; p<0.01; cyclists: 4.94±0.42 mmol/l; p<0.01). The concentration of serum albumin was also decreased in athletes, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (controls: 4.76±0.26 g/l; skiers: 4.71±0.22 g/l; p=0.384; cyclists: 4.68±0.22 g/l; p=0.393). Results of the present investigation demonstrate that values of laboratorytesting lying outside conventional reference limits calculated on sedentary populations might express physiological adaptations to regular and demanding physical aerobic activity, emphasizing the need for the estimation of reliable reference limits in elite and professional athletes, to avoid equivocal interpretation of results within clinical and anti-doping contests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy.
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