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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos E, Hirschmueller A, Jordaan E, Kissick J, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Zhou JX. Incidence of injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games held in a closed-loop environment: a prospective cohort study of 7332 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:836-843. [PMID: 38346775 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games, organised in a closed-loop environment to adhere with COVID-19 restrictions. METHODS Injuries and illnesses from all teams were recorded on a daily basis by team medical staff on a web-based form and by local organising committee medical (polyclinic) facilities and venue medical support. Duplicates recorded on both systems were removed. Incidence of injuries and illnesses are reported per 1000 athlete days (95% CI). RESULTS 564 athletes (426 male and 138 female) representing 46 countries were monitored for the 13-day period of the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games (7332 athlete days). The overall incidences were 13.0 injuries (10.6-15.8) and 6.1 illnesses (4.5-8.4) per 1000 athlete days. The incidence of injury in alpine skiing (19.9; 15.2-26.1) was significantly higher compared with Nordic skiing, ice hockey and wheelchair curling (p<0.05), while the incidence of respiratory illness was significantly higher in Nordic skiing (1.6; 0.9-2.9) compared with alpine skiing, ice hockey and snowboarding (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The incidence of both injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Games were the lowest yet reported in the Paralympic Winter Games. The incidence of injury was highest in alpine skiing. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing vigilance and continued injury risk mitigation strategies to safeguard the well-being of athletes in these high-risk competitions. Respiratory illnesses were most commonly reported in Nordic skiing, which included the three cases of COVID-19 recorded at the games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanouil Bogdos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Anja Hirschmueller
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Parow, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jian-Xin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Post EG, Anderson T, Samson O, Triplett AN, Gidley AD, Isono SS, Watters J, Donaldson AT, Finnoff JT, Adams WM. High rates of respiratory illnesses upon arrival: lessons from Team USA at the Santiago 2023 Pan American and Parapan American Games. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108384. [PMID: 38981662 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and characteristics of injuries and illnesses among Team USA athletes competing at the Santiago 2023 Pan American Games (PAG) and Parapan American Games (PPAG), with a particular focus on the incidence of respiratory illnesses and on injuries for sports new to the Olympic and Paralympic programmes. METHODS Illnesses and injuries occurring among the 870 Team USA athletes competing in the Santiago 2023 PAG or PPAG were documented within Team USA's Injury and Illness Surveillance system. Illness and injury incidence per 1000 athlete-days (ADs) and incidence ratios (IR) were calculated, both with 95% CIs. RESULTS Illness (IR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6, 3.9) and injury (IR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3, 2.5) rates were greater during PPAG compared with PAG. Illness rates were higher in the pre-opening ceremony period compared with the competition period for both PAG (IR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1, 5.9) and PPAG (IR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9, 3.8). Respiratory illness was the most common illness with 3.2% and 8.9% of all Team USA athletes reporting a respiratory illness during the PAG and PPAG, respectively. Sports that are relatively new to the Olympic/Paralympic programmes exhibited the highest injury rates during the Games: breaking (250.0 (91.7, 544.2) per 1000 ADs), Para taekwondo (93.8 (19.3, 274.0) per 1000 ADs) and surfing (88.9 (24.2, 227.6) per 1000 ADs). CONCLUSION Respiratory illness rates were the most common type of illness during both PAG and PPAG and were more likely to occur prior to competition starting. Our data have identified high injury risk populations (breaking, surfing, Para taekwondo) and timing (pre-opening ceremony period) for further risk factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Olivia Samson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley N Triplett
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexis D Gidley
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven S Isono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Watters
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Amber T Donaldson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Brownlow M, Wootten M, McCaig S, Taylor A, Webborn N, Bennett P, Wass J, Ibrahim D, Ranson C. Year-round injury and illness surveillance in UK summer paralympic sport athletes: 2016-2019. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:320-327. [PMID: 38253433 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the priority injuries and illnesses across UK summer Paralympic World Class Programmes (WCP). METHODS Four years (2016-2019) of electronic medical records from 360 athletes across 17 Paralympic WCP sports were analysed. Methods were based on the 2021 International Paralympic Committee translation of the original 2020 International Olympic Committee consensus statement for epidemiological recording and reporting. This included reporting incidence (count of injury per athlete year) and burden (time loss days per athlete year) of injuries by impairment category. RESULTS 836 injuries and 453 illnesses were recorded during the surveillance period, accounting for 34 638 and 10 032 time-loss days, respectively. 216 (60%) athletes reported at least one injury, while 171 (47.5%) reported at least one illness. There were 0.9 injuries per athlete year, resulting in a mean injury burden of 38.1 days per athlete year. The lumbar/pelvis, shoulder and thoracic/ribs body region had the greatest incidence whereas the shoulder, lumbar/pelvis and wrist had the greatest injury burden. All impairment categories had shoulder or lumbar/pelvis as the body region with the greatest incidence, however the burden of body areas did not always reflect the incidence. Athletes reported 0.5 illnesses per athlete year, resulting in an average illness burden of 11.3 days per athlete year. The respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatological and genitourinary organ systems had the greatest illness incidence. CONCLUSIONS To optimise health and performance in Paralympic sport athletes, system-wide mitigation initiatives should target priority injury problems occurring in the lumbar/pelvis, shoulder, thoracic spine/ribs and wrist. Illness types causing the greatest burden vary with impairment group, and illness mitigation initiatives should consider athlete impairment types in their design, while continuing to note the high incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness across all impairments. Further research should examine associated risk factors and the influence of impairment categorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nick Webborn
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
| | - Pippa Bennett
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester, UK
- British Paralympic Association, London, UK
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Pinheiro LSP, Silva A, Madaleno FO, Verhagen E, de Mello MT, Ocarino JM, Resende RA. Prevalence and incidence of health problems and their characteristics in Brazilian para athletes: A one-season single-center prospective pilot study. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101511. [PMID: 37612205 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Para athletes experience high prevalence and incidence of health problems related to sport. Despite this, there are few longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems in para athletes from one of the Brazilian Paralympic Reference Centers during a sports season and to compare the prevalence of health problems between para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming. METHODS This prospective pilot study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems was used to record injuries and illnesses every week for 24 weeks. The characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems were described for each modality. The prevalence of health problems was compared among the three sport modalities. RESULTS Thirty-five para athletes participated. Most of the injuries occurred in the shoulder, and most illnesses caused respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The average weekly prevalence and the incidence rate of health problems were 40.6% (95% CI 17.0-64.4) and 12.7 (95% CI 9.6-15.9) per 1000 athlete hours, respectively. Para powerlifting had the highest prevalence of all and substantial health problems; para swimming had the lowest prevalence of injuries; and para athletics had the lowest prevalence of illnesses. CONCLUSIONS This group of Brazilian para athletes showed a high prevalence and incidence of health problems throughout the season. Para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming each had a different prevalence of injuries and illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Santos Pinto Pinheiro
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Madaleno
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Melo Ocarino
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renan Alves Resende
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Anderson T, Cali MG, Clark SC, Hasley I, Larson EG, Noble-Taylor KE, Robinson DM, Post E, Finnoff JT, Adams WM. Team USA injury and illness incidence at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2023:bjsports-2023-107185. [PMID: 37890965 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the injury and illness incidence from Team USA athletes from the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games and assess any sex-based differences or differences between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. METHODS Team USA Olympic (n=231, 48.5% female) and Team USA Paralympic (n=63, 22.2% female) athletes had medical encounters documented during the Games. Injuries and illnesses were defined according to the 2020 International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement and reviewed for accuracy by a physician. Incidence rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-days and further analysed by sex, sport, anatomical location, type of illness, injury event and injury mechanism, with incident rate ratios (IRRs) used for group comparisons. RESULTS There were no differences in illness (Olympic illness, IRR=0.99 (95% CI 0.48 to 2.07), p=0.998; Paralympic illness, IRR=1.43 (95% CI 0.41 to 4.97), p=0.572) or injury rates (Olympic injury, IRR=0.63 (95% CI 0.39 to 1.03), p=0.062; Paralympic injury, IRR=1.01 (95% CI 0.43 to 2.35), p=0.988) between male and female (reference group) athletes. However, Olympic athletes had significantly lower illness (IRR=0.41 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.76), p=0.003) and injury (IRR=0.56 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.87), p=0.009) risks compared with Paralympic athletes. CONCLUSION No significant sex-related differences in injury or illness were detected in Team USA Olympic or Paralympic participating in the 2022 Beijing Winter Games. However, Paralympic athletes exhibited higher rates of injury and illness compared with their Olympic counterparts. This study highlights delegation-specific epidemiological data which may facilitate more focused approaches for injury and illness prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Malia G Cali
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie C Clark
- Family Medicine, Rehabilitation and Performance Medicine Swedish Medical Group, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ike Hasley
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily G Larson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kayle E Noble-Taylor
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Robinson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Fagher K, Dahlström Ö, Lexell J. Mental health, sleep, and pain in elite Para athletes and the association with injury and illness-A prospective study. PM R 2023; 15:1130-1139. [PMID: 36270015 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The interest in the health of Para athletes continues to increase. Still, there are few studies that have evaluated health parameters beyond injury and illness in this athlete population. OBJECTIVE To assess (1) the weekly proportion of elite Para athletes reporting anxiety/depression, low sleep levels (≤7 hours), and pain over 52 weeks; (2) and to explore whether these health parameters are associated with the risk for a sports injury or illness. DESIGN A 52-week prospective study, part of the Sports-related Injury and Illness in Paralympic Sport Study (SRIIPSS). SETTING A total of 107 Swedish elite Para athletes with physical, visual, and intellectual impairment participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data on self-reported anxiety/depression, sleep levels, pain, and injuries/illnesses were collected weekly. Comparisons of these parameters preceding an injury/illness were made using Friedman's analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The proportion of athletes reporting weekly anxiety/depression was 34.1%; 60.9% of athletes reported sleeping ≤7 hours and 49.9% reported pain. In exploratory analyses, there were no significant differences between weeks before an injury for any of the variables. There were significant differences in levels of sleep over the weeks, where sleep levels were significantly higher (>10 hours) 4 weeks prior to an illness (p = .016). CONCLUSION This cohort of elite Para athletes reported relatively high levels of anxiety/depression, low sleep levels, and pain, which is a concern. High sleep levels and the risk for illness might be an indication of overtraining, which commonly leads to persistent fatigue and an increased susceptibility to infections. Monitoring of the health of elite Para athletes is recommended to be able to improve performance and health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos M, Idrisova G, Jordaan E, Kissick J, LeVan P, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Willick SE, Yagishita K. Incidence and burden of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games held during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study of 66 045 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2022-106312. [PMID: 36588431 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and burden of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, which was organised with strict COVID-19 countermeasures. METHODS Daily illnesses were recorded via the web-based injury and illness surveillance system (teams with their own medical staff; n=81), and local polyclinic services (teams without their own medical staff; n=81). Illness proportion, incidence and burden were reported for all illnesses and in subgroups by sex, age, competition period, sports and physiological system. RESULTS 4403 athletes (1853 female and 2550 male) from 162 countries were monitored for the 15-day period of the Tokyo Paralympic Games (66 045 athlete days). The overall incidence of illnesses per 1000 athlete days was 4.2 (95% CI 3.8 to 4.8; 280 illnesses). The highest incidences were in wheelchair tennis (7.1), shooting (6.1) and the new sport of badminton (5.9). A higher incidence was observed in female compared with male athletes (5.1 vs 3.6; p=0.005), as well as during the precompetition versus competition period (7.0 vs 3.5; p<0.0001). Dermatological and respiratory illnesses had the highest incidence (1.1 and 0.8, respectively). Illness burden was 4.9 days per 1000 athlete days and 23% of illnesses resulted in time loss from training/competition>1 day. CONCLUSION The incidence of illness at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games was the lowest yet to be recorded in either the summer or winter Paralympic Games. Dermatological and respiratory illnesses were the most common, with the burden of respiratory illness being the highest, largely due to time loss associated with COVID-19 cases. Infection countermeasures appeared successful in reducing respiratory and overall illness, suggesting implementation in future Paralympic Games may mitigate illness risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manos Bogdos
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Nestor Psychogeriatric Society, Athens, Greece
| | - Guzel Idrisova
- Sport and Health, Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipe LeVan
- Pôle Médical, Institut National des Sports de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jan Lexell
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stuart E Willick
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Schwellnus M, Adami PE, Bougault V, Budgett R, Clemm HH, Derman W, Erdener U, Fitch K, Hull JH, McIntosh C, Meyer T, Pedersen L, Pyne DB, Reier-Nilsen T, Schobersberger W, Schumacher YO, Sewry N, Soligard T, Valtonen M, Webborn N, Engebretsen L. International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on acute respiratory illness in athletes part 1: acute respiratory infections. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:bjsports-2022-105759. [PMID: 35863871 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute illnesses affecting the respiratory tract are common and form a significant component of the work of Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) clinicians. Acute respiratory illness (ARill) can broadly be classified as non-infective ARill and acute respiratory infections (ARinf). The aim of this consensus is to provide the SEM clinician with an overview and practical clinical approach to ARinf in athletes. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical and Scientific Commission appointed an international consensus group to review ARill (non-infective ARill and ARinf) in athletes. Six subgroups of the IOC Consensus group were initially established to review the following key areas of ARill in athletes: (1) epidemiology/risk factors for ARill, (2) ARinf, (3) non-infective ARill including ARill due to environmental exposure, (4) acute asthma and related conditions, (5) effects of ARill on exercise/sports performance, medical complications/return-to-sport and (6) acute nasal/vocal cord dysfunction presenting as ARill. Several systematic and narrative reviews were conducted by IOC consensus subgroups, and these then formed the basis of sections in the consensus documents. Drafting and internal review of sections were allocated to 'core' members of the consensus group, and an advanced draft of the consensus document was discussed during a meeting of the main consensus core group in Lausanne, Switzerland on 11 to 12 October 2021. Final edits were completed after the meeting. This consensus document (part 1) focusses on ARinf, which accounts for the majority of ARill in athletes. The first section of this consensus proposes a set of definitions and classifications of ARinf in athletes to standardise future data collection and reporting. The remainder of the consensus paper examines a wide range of clinical considerations related to ARinf in athletes: epidemiology, risk factors, pathology/pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, management, prevention, medical considerations, risks of infection during exercise, effects of infection on exercise/sports performance and return-to-sport guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco, Monaco Principality
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne Derman
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken Fitch
- School of Human Science; Sports, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Lars Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tonje Reier-Nilsen
- The Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Oslo, Norway
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism (ISAG), University Hospital - Tirol Kliniken Innsbruck and Private University UMIT Tirol, Hall, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nick Webborn
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Schwellnus M, Adami PE, Bougault V, Budgett R, Clemm HH, Derman W, Erdener U, Fitch K, Hull JH, McIntosh C, Meyer T, Pedersen L, Pyne DB, Reier-Nilsen T, Schobersberger W, Schumacher YO, Sewry N, Soligard T, Valtonen M, Webborn N, Engebretsen L. International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on acute respiratory illness in athletes part 2: non-infective acute respiratory illness. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:bjsports-2022-105567. [PMID: 35623888 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory illness (ARill) is common and threatens the health of athletes. ARill in athletes forms a significant component of the work of Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) clinicians. The aim of this consensus is to provide the SEM clinician with an overview and practical clinical approach to non-infective ARill in athletes. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical and Scientific Committee appointed an international consensus group to review ARill in athletes. Key areas of ARill in athletes were originally identified and six subgroups of the IOC Consensus group established to review the following aspects: (1) epidemiology/risk factors for ARill, (2) infective ARill, (3) non-infective ARill, (4) acute asthma/exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and related conditions, (5) effects of ARill on exercise/sports performance, medical complications/return-to-sport (RTS) and (6) acute nasal/laryngeal obstruction presenting as ARill. Following several reviews conducted by subgroups, the sections of the consensus documents were allocated to 'core' members for drafting and internal review. An advanced draft of the consensus document was discussed during a meeting of the main consensus core group, and final edits were completed prior to submission of the manuscript. This document (part 2) of this consensus focuses on respiratory conditions causing non-infective ARill in athletes. These include non-inflammatory obstructive nasal, laryngeal, tracheal or bronchial conditions or non-infective inflammatory conditions of the respiratory epithelium that affect the upper and/or lower airways, frequently as a continuum. The following aspects of more common as well as lesser-known non-infective ARill in athletes are reviewed: epidemiology, risk factors, pathology/pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, management, prevention, medical considerations and risks of illness during exercise, effects of illness on exercise/sports performance and RTS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- SEMLI, IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health & Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco, Monaco Principality
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azu, France
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- ISEM, IOC Research Center, South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken Fitch
- School of Human Science; Sports, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Cameron McIntosh
- Dr CND McIntosh INC, Edge Day Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Lars Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tonje Reier-Nilsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, The Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Oslo, Norway
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Insitute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Kliniken Innsbruck and Private University UMIT Tirol, Hall, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- SEMLI, IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- KIHU, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nick Webborn
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Injuries in Judo Athletes With Disabilities: Prevalence, Magnitude, and Sport-Related Mechanisms. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:904-910. [PMID: 35508305 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The participation of judo athletes with disabilities in competitions has increased over the years as well as the burden of sports-related injuries and illnesses in this population. However, there is limited knowledge about sports-related injuries in judo athletes with different disabilities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of injuries in judo athletes with disabilities, considering the different impairment groups, magnitude of injury (ie, mechanism, nature, and severity of injury), and specific body parts. DESIGN Cross-sectional study (level of evidence, 3). SETTING Brazilian Judo athletes with disabilities. PATIENTS Fifty-one judo athletes with disabilities (15 men and 36 women) participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data were obtained from an adapted injury report form. The prevalence of injuries was assessed, considering type of impairment, body parts, mechanisms, and severity as well as differences between male and female athletes, with the significance level set at P < .05. RESULTS The results demonstrated a high prevalence of injuries in female athletes with visual impairment (n = 11, 73.3%) and male athletes with amputations (n = 14, 38.8%). A high prevalence was found in the national group, especially for male athletes (n = 29, 80.5%). Among athletes who had injuries, 69.4% (n = 12) of male and 80.0% (n = 25) of female athletes' injuries occurred due to direct contact with other athletes, and 72.2% (n = 26) of male and 86.6% (n = 13) of female athletes' injuries were in the training environment. The magnitude of injuries ranged from moderate to severe for male and female athletes. The knee (n = 25, 49.0%) and shoulder (n = 12, 23.5%) were the body parts most affected by injuries in both male and female athletes. CONCLUSION A large percentage of judo athletes with disabilities reported experiencing an injury during the previous 2 years; percentages were greater in athletes with visual and physical impairment. Moreover, most injuries occurred in the knee or shoulder, during training, and in direct contact with other athletes and were of severe magnitude.
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11
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Wu F, Liu Y, Zhuang M. Lessons from the Winter Paralympic Games disclosing the epidemiology of winter sports injury in paralytic athletes: a meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:53. [PMID: 35351197 PMCID: PMC8966185 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the incidence rate of the injury in Winter Paralympic Games was summarized. Besides, to testify the underlying factors of injury incidence heterogeneity, the difference of these events incidence between different Paralympic Winter Games was investigated by meta regression analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for full-text publications on sports related injury in Winter Paralympic Games. And meta-regression was used to analyze the heterogeneity. RESULTS Four studies were included. The incidence of sports related injury was 0.21 (95% CI 0.15-0.31) in all items, 0.22 in female athletes (95% CI 0.12-0.32), and 0.21 in male athletes (95% CI 0.11-0.30), respectively. The incidence of sports related injury was 0.10 (95% CI 0.08-0.12) in alpine skiing, 0.01 (95% CI 0-0.02) in Nordic skiing, and 0.22 in sledge hockey (95% CI 0.05-0.40). Meta-regression suggested the year and the host country couldn't influence the injury incidence. CONCLUSION The present study summarized the incidence of sports related injury in Winter Paralympic Games, indicated similar injury risk between female athletes and male athletes, and accentuated the careful protection on sledge hockey. This study pointed out that sledge hockey with the highest risk of sports related injury should draw great attention to improve the corresponding protective measures to decrease its injury probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Wu
- School of sport science, Harbin University of Physical Education, Harbin, 150008, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Graduate School, Harbin University of Physical Education, Harbin, 150008, China
| | - Maohua Zhuang
- Physical Education and Training, Harbin University of Physical Education, No. 1 Dacheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150008, China.
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12
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Derman W, Badenhorst M, Eken MM, Ezeiza-Gomez J, Fitzpatrick J, Gleeson M, Kunorozva L, Mjosund K, Mountjoy M, Sewry N, Schwellnus M. Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:630-638. [PMID: 35260411 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes and by method of diagnosis, anatomical classification, ages, levels of performance and seasons. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English reporting the incidence of ARill in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15-65 years. RESULTS Across all 124 studies (n=1 28 360 athletes), the incidence of ARill, estimated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of athlete days, was 4.7 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.7) per 1000 athlete days. In studies reporting acute respiratory infections (ARinf; suspected and confirmed) the incidence was 4.9 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0), which was similar in studies reporting undiagnosed ARill (3.7; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.7). Incidences of 5.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.5) were found for studies reporting upper ARinf and general ARinf (upper or lower), respectively. The incidence of ARinf was similar across the different methods to diagnose ARinf. A higher incidence of ARinf was found in non-elite (8.7; 95% CI 6.1 to 12.5) vs elite athletes (4.2; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.3). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest: (1) the incidence of ARill equates to approximately 4.7 per athlete per year; (2) the incidence of upper ARinf was significantly higher than general (upper/lower) ARinf; (3) elite athletes have a lower incidence of ARinf than non-elite athletes; (4) if pathogen identification is not available, physicians can confidently use validated questionnaires and checklists to screen athletes for suspected ARinf. For future studies, we recommend that a clear diagnosis of ARill is reported. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020160472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa .,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maaike Maria Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Josu Ezeiza-Gomez
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jane Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Health and Exercise Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Gleeson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lovemore Kunorozva
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Katja Mjosund
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sport and Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola Sewry
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
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13
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Alexander LAJ, Eken MM, Teoh CS, Stuart MC, Derman EW, Blauwet CA. Patterns of Athlete Medication Use at the 2018 PyeongChang Paralympic Games: A Descriptive Cohort Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:270-278. [PMID: 33782274 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medication use among elite athletes has received growing attention over the past decades. However, only limited studies have focused on para athletes, and trends in medication use among this cohort remain unclear. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the pattern of medication use in elite Paralympic athletes, with a particular focus on analgesics, (2) to analyze whether medications declared by athletes were included in the 2018 World Anti-Doping Agency's prohibited list and monitoring program, (3) to report on a variety of novel supplements, and (4) to review whether athlete analgesic needs will be met by the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. DESIGN This is a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. RESULTS Of all athletes who underwent doping control, 21% declared the use of an analgesic medication. Athletes with limb deficiency and para snowboarders declared the most analgesic medications in their respective categories. It was determined that 84% of the athletes' analgesic medication needs were provided from the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. CONCLUSIONS Analgesic use among athletes who participated at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Paralympics was high. Para snowboarders and athletes with limb deficiency declared the most analgesics. The new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary adequately addressed the medication needs of the athletes attending the 2018 games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laine A J Alexander
- From the Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (LAJA, MME, EWD); Sports Medicine Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore (CST); International Olympic Committee Medical and Scientific Commission Games Group, Lausanne, Switzerland (MCS); Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom (MCS); International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Stellenbosch, South Africa (EWD); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (CAB)
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14
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Snyders C, Pyne DB, Sewry N, Hull JH, Kaulback K, Schwellnus M. Acute respiratory illness and return to sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:223-231. [PMID: 34789459 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the days until return to sport (RTS) after acute respiratory illness (ARill), frequency of time loss after ARill resulting in >1 day lost from training/competition, and symptom duration (days) of ARill in athletes. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, January 1990-July 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original research articles published in English on athletes/military recruits (15-65 years) with symptoms/diagnosis of an ARill and reporting any of the following: days until RTS after ARill, frequency (%) of time loss >1 day after ARill or symptom duration (days) of ARill. RESULTS 767 articles were identified; 54 were included (n=31 065 athletes). 4 studies reported days until RTS (range: 0-8.5 days). Frequency (%) of time loss >1 day after ARill was 20.4% (95% CI 15.3% to 25.4%). The mean symptom duration for all ARill was 7.1 days (95% CI 6.2 to 8.0). Results were similar between subgroups: pathological classification (acute respiratory infection (ARinf) vs undiagnosed ARill), anatomical classification (upper vs general ARill) or diagnostic method of ARinf (symptoms, physical examination, special investigations identifying pathogens). CONCLUSIONS In 80% of ARill in athletes, no days were lost from training/competition. The mean duration of ARill symptoms in athletes was 7 days. Outcomes were not influenced by pathological or anatomical classification of ARill, or in ARinf diagnosed by various methods. Current data are limited, and future studies with standardised approaches to definitions, diagnostic methods and classifications of ARill are needed to obtain detailed clinical, laboratory and specific pathogen data to inform RTS. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020160479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolette Snyders
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kelly Kaulback
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa .,IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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15
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Steffen K, Clarsen B, Gjelsvik H, Haugvad L, Koivisto-Mørk A, Bahr R, Berge HM. Illness and injury among Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles: prevailing high illness burden on the road from 2012 to 2020. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:204-212. [PMID: 34607800 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the illness and injury pattern of Norwegian Para athletes over five consecutive Paralympic Summer and Winter Games cycles and to identify which health problems should be targeted in risk management plans with respect to impairment types. METHODS We monitored athletes from 12 to 18 months prior to each Game using a weekly online questionnaire (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center-H2 (OSTRC-H2)). We asked them to report all health problems they had experienced in the preceding 7 days, irrespective of their consequences on their sports participation or performance and whether they had sought medical attention. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2020, 94 candidate athletes were included in this monitoring programme and prepared to represent Norway; of these, 66 (71%) were finally selected for multiple Paralympic Games. The overall response rate to the weekly questionnaires was 87%. At any given time during the five observation cycles, 37% of the athletes (95% CI 36% to 38%) reported having at least one health problem. Athletes with neurological impairments (n=51) lost 10 days per year due to respiratory problems (95% CI 9 to 11) compared with 9 days (8-10) among those with musculoskeletal impairments (n=37). Gastrointestinal problems caused a time loss of on average 4 days per year in athletes with neurological impairments versus 1 day in athletes with musculoskeletal impairments (mean difference 2.7 days, 2.1-3.3). Musculoskeletal injuries generated a high burden for both athlete groups, in particular, to the elbow, shoulder and lumbosacral regions. CONCLUSION At any given time, nearly two out of five elite Norwegian Para athletes reported at least one health problem. Respiratory tract and other infections; gastrointestinal problems, injuries to the shoulder, elbow and lumbosacral regions represented the greatest health burden. Our findings can help guide the allocation of clinical resources, which should include a broad network of medical specialists, together with dieticians and physiotherapists, to meet the health challenges in Para athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Gjelsvik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Haugvad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Anu Koivisto-Mørk
- Department of Nutrition, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Moseby Berge
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
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16
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Yamaguchi T, Kubota M, Naruse H, Kuwatsuru K, Miyazaki T. Injuries and Illnesses Observed in Athletes from Beginner to Elite Levels at the 18th National Sports Festival for Persons with Disabilities in Japan. Prog Rehabil Med 2021; 6:20210032. [PMID: 34514182 PMCID: PMC8385550 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20210032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives : This study aimed to describe the injuries and illnesses that occurred at the 18th
National Sports Festival for Persons with Disabilities in Japan, which was attended by
more than 3000 athletes from beginner to elite levels. Methods : Records from medical stations set up at the venues for each sport were reviewed. The
incidence rates (IRs) were calculated as the number of medical station visits per 1000
athlete-days. The backgrounds of injuries and illnesses were investigated. Results : In total, 3277 athletes attended the festival, and 134 eligible medical station
visits were analyzed. Overall, 102 athletes complained of injuries. For the whole
schedule of the festival, IRs were 15.5 for injuries and illnesses and 11.8 for injuries
alone. For injuries and illnesses, high IRs were seen in soccer (39.8), basketball
(25.6), and foot baseball (22.4); for injuries alone, high IRs were also seen in soccer
(33.6), basketball (25.6), and foot baseball (16.8). The most frequent symptoms were
internal symptoms (n=32), contusions (n=30), and wounds (n=24). Joint sprains occurred
in various sports, whereas muscle strains happened mainly in disciplines demanding
sprinting or high agility. Of the 55 cases that occurred during events or public
rehearsals, 45 were traumatic, whereas the relation to sports activities was not
described in 51 cases. Of participants with internal symptoms, 11 were suggested to have
viral infections. We identified 21 injuries caused by falls. Conclusions : Minor trauma and viral infection were the most frequently observed symptoms among
injuries and illnesses, respectively. Structured medical records and organized
surveillance systems should be utilized to improve data collection and understand the
onset of injury and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kubota
- Department of Physical Therapy; Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science; School of Health Sciences; College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Naruse
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Miyazaki
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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17
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Lexell J, Lovén G, Fagher K. Incidence of sports-related concussion in elite para athletes - a 52-week prospective study. Brain Inj 2021; 35:971-977. [PMID: 34185611 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1942551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the 52-week incidence proportion and incidence rate of sports-related concussion (SRC) among elite Para athletes, and to analyze the injury mechanisms.Method: In total, 70 male and 37 female Swedish elite Para athletes (median age 29 years) with vision, physical and intellectual impairment, weekly self-reported sports-related injuries including concussion in an eHealth application adapted to Para athletes. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the incidence rate and incidence proportion. Chi-square statistics were used to analyze differences in the proportion of SRC.Results: A total of 13 SRC were reported: three athletes each sustained two SRC. The incidence proportion was 9.3% (95% CI 4.8-16.7), and the incidence rate 0.5 SRC/1000 hours (95% CI 0.3-0.9) of sports exposure. Athletes with vision impairment and female athletes reported a significantly higher proportion of SRC. A majority of the injuries (n = 9; 69%) occurred during sport-specific training. The injury mechanisms were collision with object (n = 7; 54%), collision with person (n = 4; 31%), and poor playing field conditions (n = 2; 16%).Conclusion: The incidence of concussion among elite Paralympic athletes is comparable to sports for able-bodied athletes. Athletes with vision impairment and female athletes reported a significantly higher incidence of SRC, and collisions were the most common injury mechanism. These results can form the basis for future preventive research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gustav Lovén
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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McIntosh C, Clemm HH, Sewry N, Hrubos-Strøm H, Schwellnus MP. Diagnosis and management of nasal obstruction in the athlete. A narrative review by subgroup B of the IOC Consensus Group on "Acute Respiratory Illness in the Athlete". J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1144-1158. [PMID: 34156184 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protection of the health of the athlete is required for high level sporting performance. Acute respiratory illness is the leading cause of illness and can compromise training and competition in athletes. To date the focus on respiratory health in athletes has largely been on acute upper respiratory infections and asthma/exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), while nasal conditions have received less attention. The nose has several important physiological functions for the athlete. Nasal conditions causing obstruction to airflow can compromise respiratory health in the athlete, negatively affect quality of life and sleep, cause mouth breathing and ultimately leading to inadequate recovery and reduced exercise performance. Nasal obstruction can be broadly classified as structural (static or dynamic) or mucosal. Mucosal inflammation in the nose (rhinitis) is the most frequent cause of nasal obstruction and is reported to be higher in athletes (21-74%) than in the general population (20-25%). This narrative review provides the sport and exercise medicine physician with a clinical approach to the diagnosis and management of common nasal conditions that can cause nasal obstruction, ultimately leading to improved athlete health and better sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron McIntosh
- Dr CND McIntosh Inc., Edge Day Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Hege H Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Harald Hrubos-Strøm
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Surgical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin P Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa - .,International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center of South Africa, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Clarsen B, Steffen K, Berge HM, Bendiksen F, Fossan B, Fredriksen H, Gjelsvik H, Haugvad L, Kjelsberg M, Ronsen O, Torgalsen T, Walløe A, Bahr R. Methods, challenges and benefits of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic athletes: the road from London 2012 to Tokyo 2020. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1342-1349. [PMID: 34039584 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic candidates over five consecutive Olympic and Paralympic Games cycles (London 2012, Sochi 2014, Rio de Janeiro 2016, PyeongChang 2018 and Tokyo 2020). METHODS Athletes were monitored for 12-18 months preparing for the games using a weekly online questionnaire (OSTRC-H2) with follow-up by physicians and physiotherapists, who provided clinical care and classified reported problems. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2020, 533 Olympic and 95 Paralympic athletes were included in the monitoring programme, with an overall response of 79% to the weekly questionnaire and a total observation period of 30 826 athlete weeks. During this time, 3770 health problems were reported, with a diagnosis rate of 97%. The average prevalence of health problems at any given time was 32% among Olympic athletes and 37% among Paralympic athletes. Acute traumatic injuries represented the greatest burden for Olympic team sport athletes, and illnesses represented the greatest burden for Olympic endurance and Paralympic athletes. On average, Olympic athletes lost 27 days and Paralympic athletes lost 33 days of training per year due to health problems. CONCLUSION Conducting long-term health monitoring of Olympic and Paralympic athletes is challenging, particularly because athletes travel frequently and often relate to many medical providers. This programme has been implemented and improved within Team Norway for five Olympic and Paralympic cycles and during this time we believe it has helped protect our athletes' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clarsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway .,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Moseby Berge
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Bendiksen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Fossan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Fredriksen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Gjelsvik
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Haugvad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Kjelsberg
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Ronsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Torgalsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Walløe
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Derman W, Badenhorst M, Blauwet C, Emery CA, Fagher K, Lee YH, Kissick J, Lexell J, Miller IS, Pluim BM, Schwellnus M, Steffen K, Van de Vliet P, Webborn N, Weiler R. Para sport translation of the IOC consensus on recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1068-1076. [PMID: 33853834 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the IOC proposed a universal methodology for the recording and reporting of data for injury and illness in sport. Para sport is played by individuals with impairment, and they have a unique set of considerations not captured by these recommendations. Therefore, the aim of this addendum to IOC consensus statement was to guide the Para sport researcher through the complexities and nuances that should be taken into consideration when collecting, registering, reporting and interpreting data regarding Para athlete health. To develop this translation, experts in the field of Para sports medicine and epidemiology conducted a formal consensus development process, which began in March 2020 with the formation of a consensus group that worked over eight phases, incorporating three virtual consensus meetings to finalise the translation. This translation is consistent with the IOC consensus statement, yet provides more detailed Para athlete specific definitions and recommendations on study population, specifically, diagnostic and eligible impairment categorisation and recording of adaptive equipment, and defining and classifying health problems in the context of Para sport. Additionally, recommendations and Para athlete specific examples are described with regards to injury mechanism, mode of onset, injury and illness classification, duration, capturing and reporting exposure and risk. Finally, methods and considerations are provided to cater to the varied needs of athletes with impairment with respect to data collection tools. This harmonisation will allow the science to develop and facilitate a more accurate understanding of injury and illness patterns for tailoring evidence-informed prevention programmes and enabling better planning of medical services for Para sport events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa .,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Korea (the Republic of).,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of).,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - James Kissick
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Stuart Miller
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,British Paralympic Association, London, UK
| | - Babette M Pluim
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medical Department, Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,International Olympic Committee Research Center, Norway.,The Norwegian Olympic Training Center (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Van de Vliet
- Former Medical & Scientific Director International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Immune-Oncological Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nick Webborn
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard Weiler
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Fortius Clinic, London, UK
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21
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Thompson WR, Vanlandewijck YC. Perspectives on research conducted at the Paralympic Games. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3503-3514. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1849427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Thompson
- College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yves C. Vanlandewijck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Krüger L, Stinus H. [Injuries in German Paralympic alpine skiing over 25 years]. SPORTVERLETZUNG-SPORTSCHADEN 2020; 34:204-211. [PMID: 32869228 DOI: 10.1055/a-1147-6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the size of the Paralympic Games and the large number of people with disabilities, there is a lack of studies on (high-performance) Paralympic sports. Major injuries in the German Paralympic Alpine Skiing Team have been recorded and presented in this retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND METHODS All major injuries in competition and training of the German Paralympic Ski Team were recorded over 25 years. A descriptive statistic evaluation was performed. RESULTS Major injuries were sustained by 22 of 94 athletes (23 %). These included 12 (55 %) "sitting" athletes, 9 (41 %) "standing" athletes and one "visually impaired" athlete (5 %). The most common injuries were upper extremity injuries (n = 9, 41 %), especially of the shoulder (n = 8, 36 %). Seated athletes were particularly prone to shoulder injuries. The most dangerous disciplines by far were the speed disciplines Downhill and Super-G (n = 17, 77 %). The average injury rate was 7 % of the athletes per year. In our cohort, the highest absolute number of athletes got injured during the 1998 Paralympic Games in Nagano (n = 4). The highest injury rate, however, was observed during the Sotchi 2014 Paralympic Games (33 %). DISCUSSION The current literature indicates that, contrary to previous assumptions, the risk of sustaining an injury seems to be higher in Paralympic athletes compared with Olympic athletes. Sitting athletes, in particular, have an increased risk of injury. They should be given special consideration when implementing preventive measures. An intensified training of the core muscles seems to be essential. Technical equipment such as the mono-ski bob deserves special attention to ensure safe usage. Shoulder injuries are particularly frequent and, at the same time, particularly debilitating for seated athletes. Careful strength training of the shoulder seems to be indispensable. In order to reduce the frequency and severity of injuries, the further development of preventive measures is essential. We think that the Paralympic sport should be further professionalized. CONCLUSIONS Sitting athletes show an increased injury rate and tend to have shoulder injuries, which often have a debilitating effect on an athlete's everyday life. We consider the further development of preventive measures to be essential for the future of Paralympic sport.
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24
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Fagher K, Dahlström Ö, Jacobsson J, Timpka T, Lexell J. Injuries and illnesses in Swedish Paralympic athletes—A 52‐week prospective study of incidence and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1457-1470. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences Athletics Research Center Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group Lund University Lund Sweden
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25
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Hollander K, Kluge S, Glöer F, Riepenhof H, Zech A, Junge A. Epidemiology of injuries during the Wheelchair Basketball World Championships 2018: A prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:199-207. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Spaulding National Running Center Harvard Medical School Cambridge MA USA
| | - Sascha Kluge
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Franziska Glöer
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Helge Riepenhof
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Institute of Sport Science Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Schulthess Klinik and Swiss Concussion Center Zürich Switzerland
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Schwellnus M, Janse van Rensburg C, Bayne H, Derman W, Readhead C, Collins R, Kourie A, Suter J, Strauss O, Sewry N, Jordaan E. Team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) is associated with a 59% reduction in acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament: a control–intervention study over 7 seasons involving 126 850 player days. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:245-249. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo determine whether a team illness prevention strategy (TIPS) would reduce the incidence of acute illness during the Super Rugby tournament.MethodsWe studied 1340 male professional rugby union player seasons from six South African teams that participated in the Super Rugby tournament (2010–2016). Medical staff recorded all illnesses daily (126 850 player days) in a 3-year control (C: 2010–2012; 47 553 player days) and a 4-year intervention (I: 2013–2016; 79 297 player days) period. A five-element TIPS was implemented in the I period, following agreement by consensus. Incidence rate (IR: per 1000 player days; 95% CI) of all acute illnesses, illness by main organ system, infectious illness and illness burden (days lost due to illness per 1000 player days) were compared between C and I period.ResultsThe IR of acute illness was significantly lower in the I (5.5: 4.7 to 6.4) versus the C period (13.2: 9.7 to 18.0) (p<0.001). The IR of respiratory (C=8.6: 6.3 to 11.7; I=3.8: 3.3 to 4.3) (p<0.0001), digestive (C=2.5: 1.8 to 3.6; I=1.1: 0.8 to 1.4) (p<0.001), skin and subcutaneous tissue illness (C=0.7: 0.4 to 1.4; I=0.3: 0.2 to 0.5) (p=0.0238), all infections (C=8.4: 5.9 to 11.9; I=4.3: 3.7 to 4.9) (p<0.001) and illness burden (C=9.2: 6.8 to 12.5; I=5.7: 4.1 to 7.8) (p=0.0314) were significantly lower in the I versus the C period.ConclusionA TIPS during the Super Rugby tournament was associated with a lower incidence of all acute illnesses (59%), infectious illness (49%) and illness burden (39%). Our findings may have important clinical implications for other travelling team sport settings.
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Ramey L, Hayano T, Blatz D, Gedman M, Blauwet C. A Comparison of Self-Reported Unmet Healthcare Needs among Adaptive and Able-Bodied Athletes. PM R 2019; 12:36-42. [PMID: 31199583 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have revealed a higher incidence of injury and illness among elite adaptive athletes when compared to able-bodied athletes in competition. However, individuals with disabilities report poorer access to health care. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify differences in healthcare access, satisfaction, and unmet needs between recreational adaptive and able-bodied athletes in all sports and within a single sport (hockey). DESIGN Cross-sectional, survey-based study. SETTING Recreation sports programs in Boston, MA and Chicago, IL. PARTICIPANTS Adult, recreational, competitive adaptive, and able-bodied athletes. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The Short-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18) for healthcare access and satisfaction; percentage of athletes reporting unmet sports-related healthcare needs in the prior year. RESULTS Sixty adaptive athletes (78% male, age 35.7 ± 12.4 years) and 65 able-bodied athletes (40% male, age 34.9 ± 11.9 years) participated. Mean access and satisfaction scores were not significantly different between groups in all sports (P = .53 and P = .19, respectively) or hockey (P = .28 and P = .55, respectively). Unmet needs were more commonly reported among adaptive athletes (18.3% all sports, 20.0% hockey) as compared to able-bodied athletes (9.2% all sports, 4.0% hockey). This reached statistical significance in the hockey group (P = .03), but not all sports (P = .12). CONCLUSIONS No differences were seen between groups in healthcare access or satisfaction scores. Adaptive athletes of the same sport reported a higher rate of unmet sports-related healthcare needs but with few doctor's visits in the preceding year, suggesting discrepancies in expectations and healthcare-seeking behavior. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ramey
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Todd Hayano
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Kelley Adaptive Sports Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Blatz
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL
| | - Marissa Gedman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Kelley Adaptive Sports Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, MA
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Kelley Adaptive Sports Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, MA
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