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Pullen LC. Transplantation pushes into the world of elite sports. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:1713-1715. [PMID: 39214312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
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Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Aimo A, Galli C, Sandri MT, Correale M, Dittadi R, Migliardi M, Fortunato A, Belloni L, Plebani M. Assessment of cardiovascular risk and physical activity: the role of cardiac-specific biomarkers in the general population and athletes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0596. [PMID: 39016272 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The first part of this Inter-Society Document describes the mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases, particularly arterial hypertension, in adults and the elderly. It will also examine how consistent physical exercise during adolescence and adulthood can help maintain blood pressure levels and prevent progression to symptomatic heart failure. The discussion will include experimental and clinical evidence on the use of specific exercise programs for preventing and controlling cardiovascular diseases in adults and the elderly. In the second part, the clinical relevance of cardiac-specific biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk in the general adult population will be examined, with a focus on individuals engaged in sports activities. This section will review recent studies that suggest a significant role of biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk, particularly the presence of cardiac damage, in athletes who participate in high-intensity sports. Finally, the document will discuss the potential of using cardiac-specific biomarkers to monitor the effectiveness of personalized physical activity programs (Adapted Physical Activity, APA). These programs are prescribed for specific situations, such as chronic diseases or physical disabilities, including cardiovascular diseases. The purposes of this Inter-Society Document are the following: 1) to discuss the close pathophysiological relationship between physical activity levels (ranging from sedentary behavior to competitive sports), age categories (from adolescence to elderly age), and the development of cardiovascular diseases; 2) to review in detail the experimental and clinical evidences supporting the role of cardiac biomarkers in identifying athletes and individuals of general population at higher cardiovascular risk; 3) to stimulate scientific societies and organizations to develop specific multicenter studies that may take into account the role of cardiac biomarkers in subjects who follow specific exercise programs in order to monitor their cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Clerico
- Coordinator of the Study Group on Cardiac Biomarkers of the Italian Societies SIBioC and ELAS, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Correale
- UOC Medical Pathology, IRCCS De Bellis, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marco Migliardi
- Primario Emerito S.C. Laboratorio Analisi Chimico-Cliniche e Microbiologia, Ospedale Umberto I, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Belloni
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica - per Immagini e Medicina di Laboratorio, Laboratorio Autoimmunità, Allergologia e Biotecnologie Innovative, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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Foulkes S, Hewitt D, Skow R, Dover D, Kaul P, La Gerche A, Haykowsky M. Outrunning the grim reaper: longevity of the first 200 sub-4 min mile male runners. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:717-721. [PMID: 38729629 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of running a sub-4 min mile on longevity. It was hypothesised that there would be an increase in longevity for runners who successfully completed a sub-4 min mile compared with the general population. METHODS As part of this retrospective cohort study, the Sub-4 Alphabetic Register was used to extract the first 200 athletes to run a sub-4 min mile. Each runner's date of birth, date of their first successful mile attempt, current age (if alive) or age at death was compared with the United Nations Life Tables to determine the difference in each runner's current age or age at death with their country of origin-specific life expectancy. RESULTS Of the first 200 sub-4 min mile runners (100% male), 60 were dead (30%) and 140 were still alive. Sub-4 min mile runners lived an average of 4.7 years beyond their predicted life expectancy (95% CI 4.7 to 4.8). When accounting for the decade of completion (1950s, 1960s or 1970s), the longevity benefits were 9.2 years (n=22; 95% CI 8.3 to 10.1), 5.5 years (n=88; 95% CI 5.3 to 5.7) and 2.9 years (n=90; 95% CI 2.7 to 3.1), respectively. CONCLUSION Sub-4 min mile runners have increased longevity compared with the general population, thereby challenging the notion that extreme endurance exercise may be detrimental to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Foulkes
- Integrated Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Heart, Exercise and Research Trials Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean Hewitt
- Integrated Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel Skow
- Integrated Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Dover
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Padma Kaul
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - André La Gerche
- Heart, Exercise and Research Trials Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Haykowsky
- Integrated Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Diz JC, Rodríguez I, Iglesias-Sueiro S, Diz Ferreira E, Sanchez-Lastra MA, Ayán C. Mortality of Spanish soccer referees and coaches: a retrospective cohort study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:112-118. [PMID: 36862076 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2184485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that elite soccer players live longer than general population, but there is no information on soccer coaches and referees. We aimed to analyze the longevity of both professionals, comparing them with soccer players and with general population. In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 328 male Spanish soccer coaches, 287 referees, and 1230 soccer players, all born before 1950, were divided in two cohorts, matched 2:1 with coaches and referees. We compared the survival of the cohorts with the Kaplan-Meier estimator and significance with the log-rank test. We calculated hazard ratios of death for coaches and referees compared with male Spanish general population of the same period. Differences in survival among cohorts were found, but they did not reach statistical significance. The estimated median survival time was 80.1 years (95% CI 77.7-82.4) for referees, 78 years (95% CI 76.6-79.3) for coaches, 78.8 years (95% CI 77.6-80) for referees matched with players, and 76.6 years (95% CI 75.3-77.9) for coaches matched with players. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age. We found no differences in longevity among Spanish elite soccer referees, coaches and players born before 1950. Both coaches and referees had lower mortality than general population, but this advantage disappeared after 80 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Diz
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, España
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, España
| | | | - Eva Diz Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sanchez-Lastra
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, España
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, España
- Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
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5
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Braga F, Medeiros PD, Neno AC, Meira D, Magalhães J, Emery MS. Ethnic Differences in Survival among Brazilian Modern-era Olympic Medalists from 1920 to 1992: A Cohort Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2024; 121:e20230524. [PMID: 38597535 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in health outcomes among racial groups warrant investigation, even among elite athletes. Therefore, understanding the impact of race upon post-medal survival in Brazilian Olympians becomes essential. OBJECTIVE To compare post-medal survival between white and non-white Brazilian Olympic medalists from 1920 to 1992. METHODS This study used publicly available data for a retrospective cohort study on all Brazilian Olympic medalists from 1920 to 1992 (males only). Athletes were classified into white and non-white groups using structured ethnicity determination. Kaplan-Meier analyses computed the restricted mean survival time (RMST) for each ethnic group. A Cox proportional hazards analysis assessed ethnicity-based survival differences, adjusting for medal-winning age and birth year (p<0.05). RESULTS Among 123 athletes (73.9% white), the mean age of medal achievement was 25.03±4.8 years. During the study, 18.7% of white and 37.5% of non-white athletes died (p=0.031). White athletes had a mean age at death of 75.10±18.01 years, while non-white athletes had an age of 67.13±14.90 years (p=0.109). The RMST for white athletes was 51.59 (95% CI 49.79-53.39) years, while for non-white athletes, it was 45.026 (95% CI 41.31-48.74) years, resulting in a ΔRMST of 6.56 (95% CI 2.43-10.70; p=0.0018). Multivariate analysis showed that non-white athletes had a higher mortality risk than did white athletes (HR 5.58; 95% CI, 2.18-14.31). CONCLUSION Following their first medal, white Brazilian Olympians typically enjoy a six-year longer lifespan than their non-white counterparts, illustrating a marked mortality gap and health disparities among healthy individuals in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Braga
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | - Diogo Meira
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - João Magalhães
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Michael S Emery
- Cleveland Clinic - Sports Cardiology Center - Department of Cardiovascular Medicine - Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio - EUA
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Ahmetov II, John G, Semenova EA, Hall ECR. Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:311-408. [PMID: 38908902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and athletic performance are complex phenotypes influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recent advances in lifestyle and behavioral genomics led to the discovery of dozens of DNA polymorphisms (variants) associated with physical activity and allowed to use them as genetic instruments in Mendelian randomization studies for identifying the causal links between physical activity and health outcomes. On the other hand, exercise and sports genomics studies are focused on the search for genetic variants associated with athlete status, sports injuries and individual responses to training and supplement use. In this review, the findings of studies investigating genetic markers and their associations with physical activity and athlete status are reported. As of the end of September 2023, a total of 149 variants have been associated with various physical activity traits (of which 42 variants are genome-wide significant) and 253 variants have been linked to athlete status (115 endurance-related, 96 power-related, and 42 strength-related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George John
- Transform Specialist Medical Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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McHugh C, Hind K, Kelly A, Fearon U, Wasfy M, Floudas A, Barad Z, Dane K, Farrell G, Wilson F. Cardiovascular risk and systemic inflammation in male professional rugby: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001636. [PMID: 37937309 PMCID: PMC10626771 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate cardiovascular risk factors' prevalence and association with systemic inflammation in professional male rugby players (RP). Methods A cross-sectional investigation of 46 professional male RP (26.1±4.1 years) cardiovascular risk factors were compared by position. Inflammatory markers were compared with healthy controls (n=13) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n=10). Results Twenty-six per cent of RP had no risk factors, 49% had 1-2 cardiovascular risk factors and 25% had 3-4 risk factors. Forwards had greater body fat (p<0.001), visceral fat (p<0.001), glucose (p=0.025), and C reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.023) compared with backs. RP demonstrated more favourable lipid and glucose profiles than reference values for the general population. Most RP (n=28, 61%) had elevated blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg). RP had higher vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (p=0.004) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (p=0.002) than healthy controls. RP had lower CRP than patients with RA (p=0.009), while one-third (n=15) displayed equivalent ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels. Multivariate clustering and principal component analysis biplots revealed higher triglycerides, inflammatory markers, and worse body composition were associated with forwards. Conclusions Despite athletic status, most of this rugby cohort had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Concomitantly, these RP demonstrated increased levels of inflammation, with one-third, primarily forwards, displaying equivalent levels to patients with inflammatory disease. Further studies are needed to unravel the prognostic implications of increased inflammation in RP because unchecked, chronic inflammation may lead to increased cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clíodhna McHugh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Aine Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Department Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meagan Wasfy
- Football Player Health Study, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Achilleas Floudas
- Department Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zsuzsanna Barad
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Dane
- Department of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Wilson
- Department of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Luies N, Orchard JJ, Driscoll T, Sahdra SK, Cheng J, Davis AJ, Orchard JW. Sheffield Shield Cricketers Live Longer than the Age-Matched General Australian Male Population. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1613-1618. [PMID: 37766955 PMCID: PMC10519889 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Previous studies have shown a trend that elite athletes tend to live longer than the general population, which has been attributed to the "healthy worker hire effect" and the health benefits of exercise. There have not been any previous studies looking at survival of elite cricketers with the general population as a reference cohort. This study aimed to compare the annual mortality rates of current and retired elite male Australian cricket players to that of the age-matched general Australian male population. Methods Analysis of publicly accessible dates of birth, death, and cricket debut data for male Australian Sheffield Shield cricket players who played before 2022 and had not died before 1971. Included persons were Sheffield Shield players who lived primarily in Australia during and after their cricket careers. Death rates from 1971 to 2021 (inclusive) were compared to the general Australian male population. Results 1824 Sheffield Shield players had not died prior to 1971 (798 had played before the 1971 season, 1026 debuting subsequently). There were 586 deaths in the 51 years of observations, compared to 825 expected deaths, giving a Standardized Mortality Ratio of 0.71 (95% CI 0.63-0.80). Conclusion Elite Australian male Sheffield Shield cricket players outlive the general male population with lower death rates. This is probably due to a combination of the healthy worker hire effect and the health benefits of exercise. This study provides evidence that in terms of longevity, it is safe to play elite-level cricket in Australia. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Luies
- Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, 31 Outram St, West Perth, WA 6005 Australia
| | - Jessica J. Orchard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Tim Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Saaz Kaur Sahdra
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Building J12, I Cleveland Street, Darlington, NSW 2008 Australia
| | - Jonathan Cheng
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Burnside Drive, Warwick Farm, NSW 2170 Australia
| | - Angus J. Davis
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - John W. Orchard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Goh J, Wong E, Soh J, Maier AB, Kennedy BK. Targeting the molecular & cellular pillars of human aging with exercise. FEBS J 2023; 290:649-668. [PMID: 34968001 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological aging is the main driver of age-associated chronic diseases. In 2014, the United States National Institute of Aging (NIA) sponsored a meeting between several investigators in the field of aging biology, who identified seven biological pillars of aging and a consensus review, "Geroscience: Linking Aging to Chronic Disease," was published. The pillars of aging demonstrated the conservation of aging pathways in diverse model organisms and thus represent a useful framework with which to study human aging. In this present review, we revisit the seven pillars of aging from the perspective of exercise and discuss how regular physical exercise can modulate these pillars to stave off age-related chronic diseases and maintain functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Esther Wong
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Janjira Soh
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Andrea Britta Maier
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Keith Kennedy
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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Soligard T, Palmer D, Steffen K, Lopes AD, Grek N, Onishi K, Shimakawa T, Grant ME, Mountjoy M, Budgett R, Engebretsen L. New sports, COVID-19 and the heat: sports injuries and illnesses in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2022-106155. [PMID: 36588430 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Tokyo Summer Olympic Games from 23 July to 8 August 2021. METHODS We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Tokyo 2020 medical staff. RESULTS In total, 11 315 athletes (5423 women, 48%; 5892 men, 52%) from 206 NOCs were followed up prospectively for the occurrence of injury and illness. NOC and Tokyo 2020 medical staff reported 1035 injuries and 438 illnesses, equalling 9.1 injuries and 3.9 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 9% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and 4% at least one illness. The incidence of injury was highest in boxing (27%), BMX racing (27%), BMX freestyle (22%), skateboarding (21%), karate (19%) and handball (18%), of which both BMX freestyle and skateboarding were new events, and lowest in diving, road cycling, rowing, marathon swimming and shooting (1-2%). Marathon and artistic swimming presented the highest illness incidences (both 8%), followed by skateboarding and karate (both 7%). In the study period, COVID-19 affected 18 athletes, accounting for 4% of all illnesses and 0.16% of all athletes. Exertional heat illness affected 78 athletes (18% of all illnesses, 0.7% of all athletes), the majority (88%) resulting in no time lost from sport. CONCLUSION Overall, 9% of the athletes incurred an injury and 4% an illness during the Games. Comprehensive countermeasures helped mitigate both COVID-19 and exertional heat illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Debbie Palmer
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, University of Edinburgh Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Dias Lopes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kentaro Onishi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Shimakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yaesekai Doujin Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Marie-Elaine Grant
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Data set on mortality of national basketball association (NBA) players. Data Brief 2022; 45:108615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Valenzuela PL, Baggish A, Castillo-García A, Santos-Lozano A, Boraita A, Lucia A. Strenuous Endurance Exercise and the Heart: Physiological versus Pathological Adaptations. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4067-4085. [PMID: 35950659 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although the benefits of regular physical activity on cardiovascular health are well established, the effects of strenuous endurance exercise (SEE) have been a matter of debate since ancient times. In this article, we aim to provide a balanced overview of what is known about SEE and the heart-from epidemiological evidence to recent cardiac imaging findings. Lifelong SEE is overall cardioprotective, with endurance master athletes showing in fact a youthful heart. Yet, some lines of research remain open, such as the need to elucidate the time-course and potential relevance of transient declines in heart function (or increases in biomarkers of cardiac injury) with SEE. The underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance of SEE-associated atrial fibrillation, myocardial fibrosis, or high coronary artery calcium scores also remain to be elucidated. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-19, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aaron Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrián Castillo-García
- Fissac - Physiology, Health and Physical Activity, Madrid, Spain.,Biology Systems Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,i+HeALTH, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Araceli Boraita
- Department of Cardiology, Sports Medicine Center, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sports, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Orchard JW, Orchard JJ, Semsarian C, La Gerche A, Driscoll T. Reduced death rates of elite Australian Rules footballers compared to age-matched general population. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:710-714. [PMID: 35999145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine age-matched death rates of current and retired elite male Australian football players (Australian and/or Victorian Football League) with the general population. DESIGN Analysis of publicly-available birth, debut and death data for all Australian Victorian Football/Victorian Football League players who debuted prior to (and were still alive at) the start of 1971 or debuted 1971-2020. METHODS Wikipedia was used to source the dates of death (or record that the player was alive in 2021) for the cohort. New players became part of the cohort for analysis on debut and existing cohort members left it at death. Actual death rates (per year and per decade) were then compared to expected deaths, based on age-specific population death rates. RESULTS There were 5400 players and ex-players in the cohort at the start of 1971 (average age 47.3) and a further 4532 players debuted between 1971 and 2020 inclusive (a total of 9932 players). The expected deaths for the cohort in this 50-year period were 4955, but only 3914 deaths occurred (Standardized Mortality Ratio 0.79, 95 %CI 0.76-0.82). For younger members of the cohort (age <50) the discrepancy between expected (222) and actual (98) deaths was also significant (Standardized Mortality Ratio 0.44, 95 %CI 0.35-0.56). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the death rates of elite male Australian footballers are lower than the reference general population, similar to other studies of elite athletes. Some of this may be explained by "healthy cohort" selection bias, a limitation which affects almost all studies in this genre.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Orchard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jessica J Orchard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Semsarian
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Timothy Driscoll
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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14
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Kumagai H, Miyamoto‐Mikami E, Someya Y, Kidokoro T, Miller B, Kumagai ME, Yoshioka M, Choi Y, Tagawa K, Maeda S, Kohmura Y, Suzuki K, Machida S, Naito H, Fuku N. Sports activities at a young age decrease hypertension risk-The J-Fit + study. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15364. [PMID: 35757903 PMCID: PMC9234749 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess (1) blood pressure between young, current athletes, and non-athletes early in life; (2) hypertension prevalence between former athletes and the general population later in life; and (3) understand the mechanisms between exercise training and hypertension risks in the form of DNA methylation. Study 1: A total of 354 young male participants, including current athletes, underwent blood pressure assessment. Study 2: The prevalence of hypertension in 1269 male former athletes was compared with that in the Japanese general population. Current and former athletes were divided into three groups: endurance-, mixed-, and sprint/power-group. Study 3: We analyzed the effect of aerobic- or resistance-training on DNA methylation patterns using publicly available datasets to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. In young, current athletes, the mixed- and sprint/power-group exhibited higher systolic blood pressure, and all groups exhibited higher pulse pressure than non-athletes. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension in former athletes was significantly lower in all groups than in the general population. Compared to endurance-group (reference), adjusted-hazard ratios for the incidence of hypertension among mixed- and sprint/power-group were 1.24 (0.87-1.84) and 1.50 (1.04-2.23), respectively. Moreover, aerobic- and resistance-training commonly modified over 3000 DNA methylation sites in skeletal muscle, and these were suggested to be associated with cardiovascular function-related pathways. These findings suggest that the high blood pressure induced by exercise training at a young age does not influence the development of future hypertension. Furthermore, previous exercise training experiences at a young age could decrease the risk of future hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
- The Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern California, CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Yuki Someya
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
| | | | - Brendan Miller
- The Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern California, CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michi Emma Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern California, CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Masaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Sports & Arts ConvergenceInha UniversityIncheonSouth Korea
| | - Kaname Tagawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Sport SciencesWaseda UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kohmura
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityChibaJapan
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15
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De Bosscher R, Dausin C, Janssens K, Bogaert J, Elliott A, Ghekiere O, Van De Heyning CM, Sanders P, Kalman J, Fatkin D, Herbots L, Willems R, Heidbuchel H, La Gerche A, Claessen G. Rationale and design of the PROspective ATHletic Heart (Pro@Heart) study: long-term assessment of the determinants of cardiac remodelling and its clinical consequences in endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001309. [PMID: 35368514 PMCID: PMC8935177 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced cardiac remodelling (EICR) results from the structural, functional and electrical adaptations to exercise. Despite similar sports participation, EICR varies and some athletes develop phenotypic features that overlap with cardiomyopathies. Training load and genotype may explain some of the variation; however, exercise ‘dose’ has lacked rigorous quantification. Few have investigated the association between EICR and genotype. Objectives (1) To identify the impact of training load and genotype on the variance of EICR in elite endurance athletes and (2) determine how EICR and its determinants are associated with physical performance, health benefits and cardiac pathology. Methods The Pro@Heart study is a multicentre prospective cohort trial. Three hundred elite endurance athletes aged 14–23 years will have comprehensive cardiovascular phenotyping using echocardiography, cardiac MRI, 12-lead ECG, exercise-ECG and 24-hour-Holter monitoring. Genotype will be determined using a custom cardiomyopathy gene panel and high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Follow-up will include online tracking of training load. Cardiac phenotyping will be repeated at 2, 5, 10 and 20 years. Results The primary endpoint of the Pro@Heart study is the association of EICR with both training load and genotype. The latter will include rare variants in cardiomyopathy-associated genes and polygenic risk scores for cardiovascular traits. Secondary endpoints are the incidence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, physical performance and health benefits and their association with training load and genotype. Conclusion The Pro@Heart study is the first long-term cohort study to assess the impact of training load and genotype on EICR. Trial registration number NCT05164328; ACTRN12618000716268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Bosscher
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kristel Janssens
- Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Radiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Elliott
- Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Ghekiere
- Cardiology, Jessa Hospital Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium.,Cardivacsular Sciences, University Hasselt Biomedical Research Institute Rehabilitation Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Caroline M Van De Heyning
- Cardiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kalman
- Cardiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Inherited Heart Diseases, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lieven Herbots
- Cardiology, Jessa Hospital Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium.,Cardivacsular Sciences, University Hasselt Biomedical Research Institute Rehabilitation Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rik Willems
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - André La Gerche
- Department of Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Claessen
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Song L, Lu S. SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON THE TREATMENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228022021_0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Regular and moderate exercise can keep the body in good function and prolong life. The therapeutic effect of exercise on digestive system diseases is also obvious. In particular, it can alleviate the anxiety of patients with functional dyspepsia. Objective: To explore how moderate physical exercise can reduce the anxiety caused by functional dyspepsia. The causes of anxiety in patients with this disease are also analyzed. Methods: A questionnaire was applied to patients with functional dyspepsia who attend our hospital and develops exercise programs. The regression analysis method was used to analyze the influence of physical exercise on the anxiety caused by functional dyspepsia. Results: The anxiety of patients with functional dyspepsia who did not do physical exercise was significantly different from the anxiety after exercise. Conclusion: Exercise can reduce the anxiety of patients with functional dyspepsia. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Songting Lu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chine Medicine, China
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17
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Rao SJ, Shah AB. Exercise and the Female Heart. Clin Ther 2021; 44:41-49. [PMID: 34930659 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Female participation in sport has increased sharply during the last few decades, and for the third straight Olympic Games, there were more women than men on the US roster for the 2020 Tokyo Games. Given this, an understanding of the differences between men and women with respect to exercise-induced cardiac remodeling is critical for those caring for female athletes. Recent studies have provided insight into female-specific cardiac remodeling and have enhanced our understanding on the upper limits of cardiac remodeling in female athletes and how these adaptations compare with sedentary females, male athletes, and cardiomyopathies. Female athletes display fewer signs of adaptive remodeling on ECG compared with male athletes. Structurally, male athletes have larger absolute cardiac dimensions, but female athletes have similar or larger chamber size when adjusted for body size. Female athletes have a lower incidence of sudden cardiac arrest or death compared with male athletes in the early competitive years (high school, college, and professional) and in the masters athlete years. In addition, female athletes are less likely to have coronary disease and atrial fibrillation compared with male athletes. Data on longevity indicate that female athletes live longer than their sedentary counterparts. Unlike men, there has been no convincing association of extreme exercise and cardiovascular disease in longer-term endurance female athletes. The underlying mechanisms of these sex-based differences are not very well understood, and future studies are warranted to better understand the mechanisms of cardiac adaptation in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiavax J Rao
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ankit B Shah
- Sports & Performance Cardiology Program, MedStar Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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18
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Morales JS, Valenzuela PL, Saco-Ledo G, Castillo-García A, Carabias CS, McCrory P, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Mortality Risk from Neurodegenerative Disease in Sports Associated with Repetitive Head Impacts: Preliminary Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:835-846. [PMID: 34674184 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional athletes seem to have a lower overall mortality risk than the general population, but controversy exists about whether athletes in sports associated with repetitive head impacts have a higher risk of mortality from neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the risk of mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in sports associated with repeated head impacts compared with the general population or compared with athletes with no such exposure. METHODS We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis, systematically searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to 14 May 2021) for studies comparing the risk of death from neurodegenerative disease in athletes participating in contact sports in which their heads recurrently receive blows from the bodies of other participants or from a ball versus a control group or dataset representing the general population. RESULTS Six moderate- to high-quality retrospective studies including data from 41,699 athletes participating in contact sports (boxing, basketball, ice hockey, American Football and soccer) met all inclusion criteria to be included in the systematic review. Of these, three studies (N = 37,065 male professional soccer players) could be meta-analysed. Despite no differences in the risk of all-cause (p = 0.138), cardiovascular (p = 0.085) and cancer-related mortality (p = 0.136), soccer players presented with a significantly higher mortality risk from motor neuron disease (standard mortality rate 8.43; 95% confidence interval 3.07-23.13; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed (particularly in other contact sports and with neurodegenerative disease as the cause of death), preliminary evidence suggests that participation in professional soccer might increase the risk of mortality from motor neuron disease compared with the general population. The present findings highlight the need for the design of preventive measures and for adequate neuropsychological monitoring in these athletes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42020195647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier S Morales
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12', PaHerg), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Saco-Ledo
- Bioenergy and Motion Analysis Laboratory, National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Cristina S Carabias
- Neurotraumatology and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul McCrory
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre-Austin Campus, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12', PaHerg), Madrid, Spain.,I+HeALTH, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' ('imas12', PaHerg), Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Yamazaki M, De Larochelambert Q, Sauliere G, Toussaint JF, Antero J. Heads-Up: Risk-Specific Neurodegenerative Mortality and Years-Saved Analysis on the US Olympian Cohort. Front Physiol 2021; 12:705616. [PMID: 34566678 PMCID: PMC8458956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify the risk of neurodegenerative death (ND) that former Olympians endure due to their participation in sports grouped based on presumed repeated shocks to the head, and to understand the impact of their participation in such elite sports on their total longevity. Materials and Methods: The cohort included all former US Olympians, who participated in the Olympic Games (OG) between 1948 and 1972, and whose vital status and causes of death were verified (n = 2,193). Olympic sports were classified into three categories of exposure: Collision (the highest presumed risk of repeated shocks to the head), Contact, and No-Contact. The Fine-Gray competing risk regression model was used to compare the risk of ND where the No-Contact category was a reference group. The years-saved analysis was performed to quantify the number of years saved or lost to ND and total longevity compared with the US general population. Results: A total of 65 NDs were identified. Collision sports Olympians had a 3.11 (95% CI: 1.31–7.40) higher risk of ND while the Contact group showed a risk of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.21–1.48) compared with the No-Contact sports Olympians. Compared with the general population, the Collision group lost 0.61 (95% CI: -1.16—0.06) years of life from ND, while the Contact group saved 0.4 (95% CI: 0.26–0.54) and the No-Contact group saved 0.09 (-0.09–0.28) years of life up to the age of 90. Regarding the total longevity, Collision, Contact, and No-Contact groups saved 4.67 (95% CI: 3.13–6.22), 5.8 (95% CI: 4.93–6.67), and 6.24 (95% CI: 5.57–6.92) years of life, respectively, from all causes of death. Conclusion: There is an elevated risk of ND among US Olympians, who engaged in sports with the highest presumed risk of repeated shocks to the head compared with those exposed to no such hazard. Such risk does not jeopardize the total longevity among Olympians in Collision sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moi Yamazaki
- Institute of Biomedical and Epidemiological Research in Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Quentin De Larochelambert
- Institute of Biomedical and Epidemiological Research in Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Sauliere
- Institute of Biomedical and Epidemiological Research in Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institute of Biomedical and Epidemiological Research in Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institute of Biomedical and Epidemiological Research in Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
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20
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Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Valenzuela PL, Saco-Ledo G, Mañas A, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2241-2248. [PMID: 34416791 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the incidence of mortality from mental disorders or suicide in former or active professional athletes of sports characterized by repeated head impacts vs athletes with no such exposure or the general non-athletic population. RESULTS Seven retrospective studies of moderate-to-high quality that included data from boxers and from basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and National Football League (NFL) players, respectively (total = 27 477 athletes, 100% male) met all inclusion criteria. Former male NFL players (n = 13 217) had a lower risk of mortality from mental disorders (standard mortality rate [SMR] = 0.30; 0.12-0.77; p = 0.012) and suicide (SMR = 0.54; 0.37-0.78; p < 0.001) than the general population. This finding was also corroborated in male soccer players (n = 13,065; SMR = 0.55; 0.46-0.67; p < 0.001). Male athletes participating in sports associated with repeated head impacts (n = 18,606) had also a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality (all p < 0.01) than the general population. CONCLUSIONS Participation of male athletes in American football or soccer at the professional level might confer a certain protective effect against mortality from mental disorders or suicide, besides its association with a lower risk of all-cause, CVD, or cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier S Morales
- Department of Physical Education, MOVE-IT Research Group, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Saco-Ledo
- Bioenergy and Motion Analysis Laboratory, National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | - Asier Mañas
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha Toledo, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Department of Health Sciences, i+HeALTH, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Thornton JS, Patricios J, Kemp J, Engebretsen L, Drezner J. Robin Hood in SEM? What can we take from elite sport to give back to wider public health? Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:949-950. [PMID: 33795227 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Thornton
- Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada .,Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jon Patricios
- Wits Sport and Health (WiSH), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Joanne Kemp
- Latrobe Sports Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Drezner
- Center for Sports Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Richard NA, Hodges L, Koehle MS. Elevated peak systolic blood pressure in endurance-trained athletes: Physiology or pathology? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:956-966. [PMID: 33382462 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure is a function of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. During graded exercise testing (GXT), systolic blood pressure (SBP) is expected to increase gradually along with work rate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output. Individuals exposed to chronic endurance training attain a greater exercise SBP than in their untrained state and sedentary counterparts, but it is currently unknown what is considered a safe upper limit. This review discusses key studies examining blood pressure response in sedentary individuals and athletes. We highlight the physiological characteristics of highly fit individuals in terms of cardiovascular physiology and exercise blood pressure and review the state of the current literature regarding the safety of high SBP during exercise in this particular subgroup. Findings from this review indicate that a consensus on what is a normal SBP response to exercise in highly fit subjects and direct causation linking high GXT SBP to pathology is lacking. Consequently, applying GXT SBP guidelines developed for a "normal" population to endurance-trained individuals appears unsupported at this time. Lack of evidence for poor outcomes leads us to infer that elevated peak SBP in this subgroup could more likely reflect an adaptive response to training, rather than a pathological outcome. Future studies should track clinical outcomes of those achieving elevated SBP and develop athlete-specific guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynette Hodges
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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23
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Mehrsafar AH, Serrano Rosa MA, Moghadam Zadeh A, Gazerani P. Stress, Professional Lifestyle, and Telomere Biology in Elite Athletes: A Growing Trend in Psychophysiology of Sport. Front Psychol 2020; 11:567214. [PMID: 33250812 PMCID: PMC7673416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional lifestyle and championship period often put a great deal of pressure on athletes, who usually experience highly stressful periods during training for competitions. Recently, biomarkers of cellular aging, telomere length (TL) and telomerase activity (TA), have been considered to investigate the effects of stress and lifestyle factors. Studies in non-athletic populations have shown that stress and poor lifestyle decrease TL and TA. On the other hand, it has been shown that in general, exercise increases TL and its activity, although the underlying mechanisms remained largely unexplored. TL and TA outcomes in elite athletes remain inconclusive and mainly affected by confounding factors, such as age. Elite athletes, therefore, might offer a unique target group for studying exercise-telomere hypothesis for further investigation of the roles of stressors on telomere-related biomarkers. In this perspective, we highlight the potentials for studying these psychophysiological markers in elite athletes in order to understand stress-aging relationship and potential underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we present important methodological aspects that could help in the development of future experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossien Mehrsafar
- Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Miguel Angel Serrano Rosa
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ali Moghadam Zadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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