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Qin D, Chen T, Xie L, Yang N, Luo C, Zhou G. Design and analysis of a 2D grapheneplus (G+)-based gas sensor for the detection of multiple organic gases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29315-29326. [PMID: 37877168 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A new member of the 2D carbon family, grapheneplus (G+), has demonstrated excellent properties, such as Dirac cones and high surface area. In this study, the electronic transport properties of G+, NG+, and BG+ monolayers in which the NG+/BG+ can be obtained by replacing the center sp3 hybrid carbon atoms of the G+ with N/B atoms, were studied and compared using density functional theory and the non-equilibrium Green's function method. The results revealed that G+ is a semi-metal with two Dirac cones, which becomes metallic upon doping with N or B atoms. Based on the electronic structures, the conductivities of the 2D G+, NG+ and BG+-based nanodevices were analyzed deeply. It was found that the currents of all the designed devices increased with increasing the applied bias voltage, showing obvious quasi-linear current-voltage characteristics. IG+ was significantly higher than ING+ and IBG+ at the same bias voltage, and IG+ was almost twice IBG+, indicating that the electron mobility of G+ can be controlled by B/N doping. Additionally, the gas sensitivities of G+, NG+, and BG+-based gas sensors in detecting C2H4, CH2O, CH4O, and CH4 organic gases were studied. All the considered sensors can chemically adsorb C2H4 and CH2O, but there were only weak van der Waals interactions with CH4O and CH4. For chemical adsorption, the gas sensitivities of these sensors were considerably high and steady, and the sensitivity of NG+ to adsorb C2H4 and CH2O was greater as compared to G+ and BG+ at higher bias voltages. Interestingly, the maximum sensitivity difference for BG+ toward C2H4 and CH2O was 17%, which is better as compared to G+ and NG+. The high sensitivity and different response signals of these sensors were analyzed by transmission spectra and scattering state separation at the Fermi level. Gas sensors based on G+ monolayers can effectively detect organic gases such as C2H4 and CH2O, triggering their broad potential application prospects in the field of gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Qin
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhen Xie
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Structures and Quantum Manipulation (Ministry of Education), and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application of Hunan, Huan Normanl University, Changsha 410081, China
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Motoki A, Akamatsu N, Fumuro T, Miyoshi A, Tanaka H, Hagiwara K, Ohara S, Kamada T, Shigeto H, Murai H. Characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108402. [PMID: 34775249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Odor identification was assessed using the odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J, full score 12 points) in 65 patients with TLE and in 74 controls. RESULTS The mean OSIT-J score was significantly lower in patients with TLE (mean ± SD = 8.1 ± 2.8; median = 9) than in the control subjects (mean ± SD = 10.6 ± 1.1; median = 11) (P < 0.005). Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia/anosmia) was associated with bilateral seizure foci and older age of onset in TLE. Patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for hippocampal sclerosis did not show significant decline after long-term recovery. The Indian ink part of OSIT-J was useful for the detection of olfactory deficits in patients with TLE (sensitivity = 47%, specificity = 93%). Patients with TLE tended to have preserved olfactory ability for stimulating odors and for familiar odors of daily life. SIGNIFICANCE We observed characteristic odor identification deficits for individual odors used in OSIT-J. Our study findings provide deeper insight into the underlying mechanism of olfactory function in patients with TLE and may be beneficial in the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Motoki
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Akamatsu
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Fumuro
- International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyoshi
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Ohara
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Shigeto
- Epilepsy Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyushu University Division of Medical Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murai
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Narita, Japan; International University of Health and Welfare School of Medical Sciences at Okawa, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Okawa, Japan
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Heterogeneity of odorant identification impairment in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4798. [PMID: 28684764 PMCID: PMC5500500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients exhibit olfactory dysfunction. However, the olfactory declineti precise nature is not fully understood. One hundred patients (60 AD, 28 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 12 Normal) were enrolled. All participants underwent olfactory function testing using an odour stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J). OSIT-J scores were significantly correlated with recall. We classified OSIT-J odorants into three groups: Category I, odorants that were difficult for normal aged subjects to identify; Category II, odorants that became harder to accurately identify with cognitive decline; and Category III, odorants that even AD patients could identify. We defined a “cognitive subset” consisting of six Category II OSIT-J odorants (perfume, rose, Japanese cypress, curry, India ink and gas leak odour). The ability to identify “cognitive subset” odours was significantly better indicator of cognitive status than the ability to identify “non-cognitive subset”, which consisted of the six remaining items. The ability to identify the gas leak odorant was decreased early in the aMCI stage, suggesting a need to reconsider the odours used to signal gas leaks. The “cognitive subset” would provide a more convenient and effective biomarker for diagnosing dementia in clinical settings.
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Matsubasa T, Gotow N, Gomi Y, Kobayakawa T. A method for psychophysical screening of odorants for use in city gas based on olfactory adaptation tolerance. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-016-9213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martin GM. “Orphan” phenotypes in gerontological research. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03324182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Quintó L, de Haro J, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Valero A, Picado C, Marin C. Furthering the understanding of olfaction, prevalence of loss of smell and risk factors: a population-based survey (OLFACAT study). BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001256. [PMID: 23135536 PMCID: PMC3533119 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate olfaction in general population, prevalence of olfactory dysfunction and related risk factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based survey, distributing four microencapsulated odorants (rose, banana, musk and gas) and two self-administered questionnaires (odour description; epidemiology/health status). SETTING The survey was distributed to general population through a bilingual (Catalan, Spanish) newspaper in Catalonia (Spain), on December 2003. PARTICIPANTS Newspaper readers of all ages and gender; 9348 surveys were analysed from the 10 783 returned. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Characteristics of surveyed population, olfaction by age and gender, smell self-perception and smell impairment risk factors. Terms normosmia, hyposmia and anosmia were used when participants detected, recognised or identified all four, one to three or none of the odours, respectively. RESULTS Survey profile was a 43-year-old woman with medium-high educational level, living in a city. Olfaction was considered normal in 80.6% (detection), 56% (recognition/memory) and 50.7% (identification). Prevalence of smell dysfunction was 19.4% for detection (0.3% anosmia, 19.1% hyposmia), 43.5% for recognition (0.2% anosmia, 43.3% hyposmia) and 48.8% for identification (0.8% anosmia, 48% hyposmia). Olfaction was worse (p<0.0001) in men than in women through all ages. There was a significant age-related smell detection decline however smell recognition and identification increased up to fourth decade and declined after the sixth decade of life. Risk factors for anosmia were: male gender, loss of smell history and poor olfactory self-perception for detection; low educational level, poor self-perception and pregnancy for recognition; and older age, poor self-perception and history of head trauma and loss of smell for identification. Smoking and exposure to noxious substances were mild protective factors for smell recognition. CONCLUSIONS Sense of smell in women is better than in men suggesting a learning process during life with deterioration in older ages. Poor self-perception, history of smell loss, head trauma and pregnancy are potential risk factors for olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Mullol
- Unitat de Rinologia i Clínica de l'Olfacte, Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Unitat de Rinologia i Clínica de l'Olfacte, Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franklin Mariño-Sánchez
- Unitat de Rinologia i Clínica de l'Olfacte, Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llorenç Quintó
- Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | - Josep de Haro
- Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Municipal de Badalona. Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen
- Unitat de Rinologia i Clínica de l'Olfacte, Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Valero
- Servei de Pneumologia i Al.lèrgia Respiratòria, ICT, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cèsar Picado
- Servei de Pneumologia i Al.lèrgia Respiratòria, ICT, Hospital Clínic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Marin
- Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)
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Demarquay G, Ryvlin P, Royet JP. Olfaction et pathologies neurologiques : revue de la littérature. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007; 163:155-67. [PMID: 17351535 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory disorders are often misjudged and rarely rated in the clinical setting. They are nevertheless described in a wide range of neurological disorders, and their evaluation can be useful for diagnosis. Usually irreversible olfactory dysfunction is a well-known complication after head trauma. Severe changes in olfactory tests are observed in Parkinson's disease. Dysfunction is present at disease onset and evidenced with all behavioral tests. Regarding other parkinsonian syndromes, olfactory performances are severely impaired in Lewy body disease, less pronounced in multiple system atrophy and usually preserved in corticobasal degeneration. Olfactory deficits are an early feature in Alzheimer's disease and worsen with disease progression. Rarely reported by patients, they must be searched for with olfactory tests. Though epilepsy is mainly known for its olfactory hallucinatory disorders, alterations of olfactory abilities are also described, especially in mesial temporal epilepsy. Disorders of olfactory perception are finally reported in patients with multiple sclerosis and migraine. After a reminder of anatomical data on the olfactory system, and the different methods of testing used to rate olfactory performances, the current review focuses on the type of olfactory dysfunction and damaged brain areas of the olfactory system encountered in the main neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Demarquay
- Unité de Neurologie Fonctionnelle et d'Epileptologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon.
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Landis BN, Hummel T. New evidence for high occurrence of olfactory dysfunctions within the population. Am J Med 2006; 119:91-2. [PMID: 16431204 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schiffman SS, Zervakis J. Taste and smell perception in the elderly: effect of medications and disease. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2002; 44:247-346. [PMID: 11885138 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(02)44006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Schiffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Pelchat ML. You can teach an old dog new tricks: olfaction and responses to novel foods by the elderly. Appetite 2000; 35:153-60. [PMID: 10986108 DOI: 10.1006/appe.2000.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It can be difficult to document effects of age-related olfactory loss on eating behavior. However, we have reported that elders, especially those with poor olfaction, were more willing to accept novel foods than were younger adults. It was also found that elderly subjects were more willing to accept foods with unpleasant odors than were young subjects. Because there is often confounding between a food's odor pleasantness and its familiarity, the purpose of this study was to separate the effects of familiarity and odor pleasantness on food acceptance by the elderly. There was no evidence for effects of age or olfactory sensitivity on food neophobia. However, elderly subjects with poor olfaction showed less reluctance to try the unpleasantly smelling foods than did other subjects. These results suggest that increased willingness to try novel foods among elderly subjects with poor olfaction in earlier work was due to decreased rejection of foods with unpleasant odors and not due to decreased food neophobia per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pelchat
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA.
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Abstract
The elderly person's perception of foods and food flavor is affected by age-associated changes in the chemical senses (taste, smell, and trigeminal sensation). Both classic and modern psychophysical techniques have been applied to achieve some understanding of these changes. Taste threshold sensitivity declines with age; however, the magnitude of the decline and the degree to which taste qualities are differentially affected remains to be understood. Suprathreshold taste intensity perception is affected by age, but there is a differential effect of taste quality. Experiments with blended foods have indicated that both olfactory and taste deficits contribute to older people's difficulty with food identification. Experiments assessing threshold sensitivity, suprathreshold intensity, and suprathreshold identification have all demonstrated significant impairment in olfaction in old age. In fact, these effects are far greater than in the taste system. Patients with Alzheimer's disease show even greater olfactory deficits than normal elderly and the effect is related to the degree of dementia. We have ruled out nasal disease in these patients as the primary causes of olfactory insensitivity, because significant impairment remains when the influence of nasal airflow and nasal cytology has been removed statistically. Both normal elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease show impairment in odor memory. Sensitivity to, familiarity with, and identifiability of the odors all play a role in odor memory performance. Flavor preference also changes over the lifespan. Older subjects, for instance, rate high concentration of sugar and salt as pleasanter than young subjects do. Multiple influences contribute to this phenomenon. Elderly persons and those of lower nutritional status have shown preferences for higher concentrations of casein hydrolysate than young persons and those of higher nutritional status, suggesting that dietary preference can be related to chemosensory cues. There are significant age-associated changes in chemosensory perception that have the potential to interact with dietary selection and nutrition in the elderly. A better understanding of these phenomena may promote health and well-being in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murphy
- San Diego State University, CA 92182-0551
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Wysocki CJ, Pelchat ML. The effects of aging on the human sense of smell and its relationship to food choice. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993; 33:63-82. [PMID: 8424856 DOI: 10.1080/10408399309527613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction plays a significant role in the perception of foods. For the most part, taste is limited to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. The sensory experiences during consumption of complex foods and drinks cannot be constructed from these units. Indeed, much of the taste of a meal derives from olfactory stimulation. Hence, factors that influence olfactory perception should affect treatment of food-related odors. This article initially reviews previously published observations on the effects of age on olfaction and food preferences and then presents the results of original analyses of data derived from a substantial database formed as a result of the National Geographic Smell Survey. Included in the Survey form were topics relevant to the present article. They include the following question: Would you eat something that smelled like this? Two of the odors in the Survey were food related and two were fragrance related. Hence, in addition, we assessed responses to the following question: Would you apply something that smelled like this to your body? Answers were affected in part by the age and gender of the respondent and by the perceived pleasantness and intensity of the odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wysocki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308
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Murphy C. Aging and chemosensory perception of and preference for nutritionally significant stimuli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 561:251-66. [PMID: 2735682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb20987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, California 92182
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Stevens JC, Cain WS. Smelling via the mouth: effect of aging. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1986; 40:142-6. [PMID: 3774496 DOI: 10.3758/bf03203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
An olfactory function test developed by the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) was administered to 65 normal subjects to determine its ability to identify normosmic subjects. The CCCRC test categorizes individuals into five distinct levels of olfactory functioning according to composite score ranges derived from odor identification and butanol threshold subtests. These categories are: normosmic (normal); mildly, moderately, and severely hyposmic (impaired functioning); and anosmic (no sensation). Comparing score distributions from CCCRC with ours revealed that a greater percentage of our subjects were categorized as hyposmic because of higher butanol thresholds. The butanol threshold subtest was studied further to determine test-retest reliability and normal day-to-day variability in scores. Norms are the basis for interpreting test scores and are important in diagnosing and treating smell disorders.
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Taste and Olfaction: Sensory Discrimination. Compr Physiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Eating habits, food preferences, and attitudes affecting nutrition in the elderly are the result of the interaction of numerous interpersonal and intrapersonal forces. The physiologic changes that accompany aging must be understood by the clinician and accepted by the elderly person. Social stress and other environmental factors can adversely affect nutritional status.
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Abstract
Thresholds for nine food odors were found for two groups of subjects, young and elderly. Dravniek's dynamic triangle olfactometer, which employs the forced-choice, triangle principle and controls for guessing was used. Elderly subjects were found to have a considerably reduced sensitivity to these odors compared with young subjects.
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Mayo CW, Fishbein M, Covet S, Rusk HA. Editorials. Postgrad Med 1958. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1958.11691999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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