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Mishra S, Laplante-Lévesque A, Barbareschi G, Witte LD, Abdi S, Spann A, Khasnabis C, Allen M. Assistive technology needs, access and coverage, and related barriers and facilitators in the WHO European region: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024; 19:474-485. [PMID: 35906719 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2022.2099021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Globally, assistive technology (AT) is used by over 1 billion people, but the prevalence of needs and access to AT in specific countries or regions is largely unknown. This scoping review summarises the evidence available on the prevalence of needs, access and coverage of AT in the World Health Organisation European Region and the barriers and facilitators to its use. METHODS Relevant publications were identified using a combination of two strategies: 1) a systematic search for AT publications in five scientific literature databases; and 2) consultations with 76 of the Region's AT experts. RESULT The search strategies yielded 103 publications, 62 of them identified by the systematic search. The included publications were predominantly from six countries, and 18 countries were unrepresented. Information on AT use for specific functional impairments was present in 57 publications: AT for hearing impairment in 14 publications; vision in 12; mobility, 12; communication, 11; self-care, 6; and cognition, 2. AT needs for vision and hearing impairment were more likely to be met (1-87% and 5-90%, respectively) compared with communication and cognition impairments (10-60% and 58%, respectively). The barriers and facilitators to AT access described were linked to accessibility, affordability and acceptability. CONCLUSION Data on AT prevalence and coverage are limited in both quantity and quality. Agreed-upon definitions of functional impairment and assistive product categories and standards for data collection are needed to facilitate data comparisons and to build a more representative picture of AT needs and coverage.Implications for rehabilitationComprehensive and disaggregated data concerning the prevalence of needs and coverage of AT is needed to enable the development of responsive policies and actions.The literature available on the prevalence of needs and coverage of AT in the WHO European Region is primarily focussed on a small subset of countries and comparisons between studies are limited due to the use of different data collection strategies.Evidence concerning barriers and facilitators to AT access across countries is more consistent and can be organised across the key themes of accessibility, affordability and acceptability of AT.There is a need for consensus among multiple AT actors on standardised definitions for functional impairment and assistive product categories and standards for data collection to enable a more representative picture to be built of AT needs and coverage across the WHO European Region and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Mishra
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Luc De Witte
- Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Abdi
- Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Spann
- Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Allen
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Adeyemi O, Ajieroh V, Umunna L, Aminu F, Onabolu A. Stakeholders, Relationships, and Coordination: 2015 Baseline Study of Needed Enablers for Bridging Agriculture-Nutrition Gaps in Nigeria. Food Nutr Bull 2023; 44:S41-S51. [PMID: 36047001 DOI: 10.1177/03795721221119249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renewed efforts by the Nigerian government to address malnutrition have led to nutrition actions by several sectors, including the agriculture sector. However, the success of these actions depends on the characteristics of the stakeholders involved, including their relationships and coordination. OBJECTIVE This article reports a 2015 study of nutrition-sensitive agricultural stakeholders in Nigeria that assessed what the stakeholders do, where they work and how they are organized to improve nutrition. The study provides a baseline for assessing progress and measuring stakeholder and coordination changes in the Nigerian nutrition-sensitive agriculture landscape. METHODS Semi-structured interviews (n = 17) and focus group discussions (n = 2) were held with federal, state, and local government level stakeholders; reviews of stakeholder program documents were also conducted. RESULTS The study identified 7 groups of nutrition-sensitive agriculture stakeholders and several coordination challenges. Political leadership, advocacy and provision of material and human resource support by nongovernmental organizations, and donor interest and funding have been vital for mobilizing nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Still, although stakeholders frequently highlighted that nutrition was an important consideration in their interventions, nutrition goals and activities and/or indicators to measure outcomes were not regularly communicated. Also, while coordination mechanisms existed, there appeared to be minimal actual cross-sectoral partnerships because of inadequate trust, competition, and conflicts over institutional turf and mandates. CONCLUSIONS Needed enablers for improving nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Nigeria included improved stakeholder nutrition literacy, as well as enhanced stakeholder engagement facilitated by role definition, clarification, and consensus. Exploring different approaches to coordination may also be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutayo Adeyemi
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victor Ajieroh
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and formerly of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Adeyinka Onabolu
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Abuja, Nigeria
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
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Okoroafor SC, Christmals CD. Optimizing the roles of health workers to improve access to health services in Africa: an implementation framework for task shifting and sharing for policy and practice. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:843. [PMID: 37559040 PMCID: PMC10410914 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, countries are taking actions to ensure that their population have improved access to people-centred and integrated health services. Attaining this requires improved access to health workers at all levels of health service delivery and equitably distributed by geographical location. Due to the persistent health worker shortages, countries have resorted to implementing task shifting and task sharing in various settings to optimally utilize existing health workers to improve access to health services. There are deliberations on the need for an implementation framework to guide the adoption and operationalization of task shifting and task sharing as a key strategy for optimally utilizing the existing health workforce towards the achievement of UHC. The objective of this study was to develop an implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing for policy and practice in Africa. METHODS A sequential multimethod research design supported by scoping reviews, and qualitative descriptive study was employed in this study. The evidence generated was synthesized into an implementation framework that was evaluated for applicability in Africa by 36 subject matter experts. RESULTS The implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing has three core components - context, implementation strategies and intended change. The implementation strategies comprise of iterative actions in the development, translation, and sustainment phases that to achieve an intended change. The implementation strategies in the framework include mapping and engagement of stakeholders, generating evidence, development, implementation and review of a road map (or action plan) and national and/or sub-national policies and strategies, education of health workers using manuals, job aids, curriculum and clinical guidelines, and monitoring, evaluation, reviews and learning. CONCLUSION The implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing in Africa serves as a guide on actions needed to achieve national, regional and global goals based on contextual evidence. The framework illustrates the rationale and the role of a combination of factors (enablers and barriers) in influencing the implementation of task shifting and task sharing in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C Okoroafor
- Universal Health Coverage - Life Course Cluster, World Health Organization Country Office for Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.
- Centre for Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Christmal Dela Christmals
- Centre for Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Smith MJ, Katikireddi SV, Skivington K, Hilton S. Contextual influences on the role of evidence in e-cigarette recommendations: a multi-method analysis of international and national jurisdictions. EVIDENCE & POLICY : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, DEBATE AND PRACTICE 2023; 19:400-422. [PMID: 37529415 PMCID: PMC7614860 DOI: 10.1332/174426421x16711062023280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Background E-cigarette policy has varied across jurisdictions, contrasting with the previous coordinated approach of international tobacco control communities. Aims and objectives A multi-method case study approach was used to understand the role of evidence and external and internal contextual factors in the development of public health recommendations across four purposively selected jurisdictions (WHO, UK, Australia and USA). Methods Informed by Dobrow et al.'s (2004) conceptual framework for context-based evidencebased decision-making, four data sources were drawn upon: 1) 15 public health bodies' e-cigarette recommendation documents, 2) seven development documents produced by the public health bodies, 3) sources of evidence cited in the public health bodies' recommendation documents and 4) 15 qualitative interviews with experts. Thematic analysis and citation analysis were conducted to aid triangulation of evidence. Findings We found a complex interplay between internal and external factors which influence the role and use of evidence in the development of e-cigarette recommendations. For example, recommendation documents' remit (internal factor) was influenced by various external factors such as epidemiology and policy history, with decisions made over time having reshaped the external context. Considering the findings with respect to evidence utilisation, we propose a modified version of Dobrow et al.'s (2004) framework, highlighting the important interplay between internal and external contextual factors. Discussion and conclusion This research suggest internal and external contextual factors mutually interact and influence how evidence is incorporated into recommendations. This dynamic interplay of contextual factors may help explain the why different policy approaches are pursued concerning public health topics, particularly e-cigarettes.
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Frank KA, Lin Q, Xu R, Maroulis S, Mueller A. Quantifying the robustness of causal inferences: Sensitivity analysis for pragmatic social science. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 110:102815. [PMID: 36796992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social scientists seeking to inform policy or public action must carefully consider how to identify effects and express inferences because actions based on invalid inferences may not yield the intended results. Recognizing the complexities and uncertainties of social science, we seek to inform inevitable debates about causal inferences by quantifying the conditions necessary to change an inference. Specifically, we review existing sensitivity analyses within the omitted variables and potential outcomes frameworks. We then present the Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable (ITCV) based on omitted variables in the linear model and the Robustness of Inference to Replacement (RIR) based on the potential outcomes framework. We extend each approach to include benchmarks and to fully account for sampling variability represented by standard errors as well as bias. We exhort social scientists wishing to inform policy and practice to quantify the robustness of their inferences after utilizing the best available data and methods to draw an initial causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ran Xu
- University of Connecticut, USA
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Bornmann L, Haunschild R, Boyack K, Marx W, Minx JC. How relevant is climate change research for climate change policy? An empirical analysis based on Overton data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274693. [PMID: 36137101 PMCID: PMC9499296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an ongoing topic in nearly all areas of society since many years. A discussion of climate change without referring to scientific results is not imaginable. This is especially the case for policies since action on the macro scale is required to avoid costly consequences for society. In this study, we deal with the question of how research on climate change and policy are connected. In 2019, the new Overton database of policy documents was released including links to research papers that are cited by policy documents. The use of results and recommendations from research on climate change might be reflected in citations of scientific papers in policy documents. Although we suspect a lot of uncertainty related to the coverage of policy documents in Overton, there seems to be an impact of international climate policy cycles on policy document publication. We observe local peaks in climate policy documents around major decisions in international climate diplomacy. Our results point out that IGOs and think tanks–with a focus on climate change–have published more climate change policy documents than expected. We found that climate change papers that are cited in climate change policy documents received significantly more citations on average than climate change papers that are not cited in these documents. Both areas of society (science and policy) focus on similar climate change research fields: biology, earth sciences, engineering, and disease sciences. Based on these and other empirical results in this study, we propose a simple model of policy impact considering a chain of different document types: The chain starts with scientific assessment reports (systematic reviews) that lead via science communication documents (policy briefs, policy reports or plain language summaries) and government reports to legislative documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Bornmann
- Science Policy and Strategy Department, Administrative Headquarters of the Max Planck Society, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin Haunschild
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Boyack
- SciTech Strategies, Inc., Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Werner Marx
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan C. Minx
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), Berlin, Germany
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Loncarevic N, Andersen PT, Leppin A, Bertram M. Policymakers' Research Capacities, Engagement, and Use of Research in Public Health Policymaking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111014. [PMID: 34769533 PMCID: PMC8583010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of research in public health policymaking is one of the prerequisites for successfully implemented health policies which have better population health as an outcome. This policy process is influenced by the actors involved under the policy umbrella, with inter-related contextual factors and specific structural and institutional circumstances. Our study investigates how policymakers’ research capacities influence the use of research in the health policy process and identify areas where capacity-building interventions give the most meaning and impact. Furthermore, we investigate policymakers’ research engagement and use this to inform public health policy in the public sector in Denmark. We collect and report data using Seeking, Engaging with, and Evaluation Research (SEER) methodology. Policymakers are reported to have research capacity, but it is questionable how those competences have actually been used in policymaking. Decision-makers were often not aware or did not know about the existing organizational tools and systems for research engagement and use and two third of respondents had not been part of any research activities or had any collaboration with researchers. Overall, research use in public health policymaking and evaluation was limited. As a conclusion, we propose that capacity-building interventions for increasing research use and collaboration in EIPM should be context-oriented, measurable, and sustainable in developing individual and organizational competences.
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A Novel Method to Assess the Impact of a Government’s Water Strategy on Research: A Case Study of Azraq Basin, Jordan. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13152138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity drives governments in arid and semi-arid regions to promote strategies for improving water use efficiency. Water-related research generally also plays an important role in the same countries and for the same reason. However, it remains unclear how to link the implementation of new government strategies and water-related research. This article’s principal objective is to present a novel approach that defines water-related research gaps from the point of view of a government strategy. The proposed methodology is based on an extensive literature review, followed by a systematic evaluation of the topics covered both in grey and peer-reviewed literature. Finally, we assess if and how the different literature sources contribute to the goals of the water strategy. The methodology was tested by investigating the impact of the water strategy of Jordan’s government (2008–2022) on the research conducted in the Azraq Basin, considering 99 grey and peer-reviewed documents. The results showed an increase in the number of water-related research documents from 37 published between 1985 and 2007 to 62 published between 2008 and 2018. This increase should not, however, be seen as a positive impact of increased research activity from the development of Jordan’s water strategy. In fact, the increase in water-related research activity matches the increasing trend in research production in Jordan generally. Moreover, the results showed that only about 80% of the documents align with the goals identified in the water strategy. In addition, the distribution of the documents among the different goals of the strategy is heterogeneous; hence, research gaps can be identified, i.e., goals of the water-strategy that are not addressed by any of the documents sourced. To foster innovative and demand-based research in the future, a matrix was developed that linked basin-specific research focus areas (RFAs) with the MWI strategy topics. In doing so, the goals that are not covered by a particular RFA are highlighted. This analysis can inspire researchers to develop and apply new topics in the Azraq Basin to address the research gaps and strengthen the connection between the RFAs and the strategy topics and goals. Moreover, the application of the proposed methodology can motivate future research to become demand-driven, innovative, and contribute to solving societal challenges.
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Primary Care Research - Influencing and Implementing Into Policy. Zdr Varst 2021; 60:138-144. [PMID: 34249159 PMCID: PMC8256767 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial describes how research in primary health care can be used to influence policy. It draws on previous literature to give an example from the UK of how research in one part of primary care, the health-visiting service, has endeavoured to use evidence to influence policy and practice. The editorial considers frameworks for policy implementation such as Bardach's eight phase approach and concepts that can inform policy implementation such as Lipsky's Street-Level Bureaucrat approach.
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Rajaeieh G, Takian A, Kalantari N, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F. Analysis for policy to overcome barriers to reducing the prevalence of vitamin a deficiency among children (15-23 months) in Iran. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1234. [PMID: 34174870 PMCID: PMC8236148 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30% of children < 5 years old are estimated to experience vitamin A deficiency worldwide. Globally, vitamin A deficiency can be reduced by five major interventions: supplementation, dietary modification, fortification, promotion of both public health, and breastfeeding. This prospective policy analysis (Prospective policy analysis focuses on the future outcomes of a proposed policy. Adapted from Patton, CV, and Sawicki DS. Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey,1993). (Patton A, Carl V, and David S. Basic methods of policy analysis and planning, prentice-hall, 3th ed. 2012) aimed to identify evidence-based policy options to minimize prevalence (VAD) among 15-23 months-children in Iran. METHODS Thirty-eight semi-structured face-to-face interviews were held with experts at high, middle, and low managerial levels in Iran's health system, as well as at Schools of Nutrition Sciences and dietetics, using purposive and snowball sampling. All interviews were recorded by a digital voice recorder and then transcribed, codified, and eventually analyzed using a mixed approach (inductive-deductive) by MAXQDA software version 10. RESULTS Most policies related to VAD reduction in this age group are supplementation, expansion of education, and awareness. Three main factors affecting VAD reduction policies emerged from the analysis: basic factors (governance, infrastructure, and organization), underlying factors (social factors, economy), and immediate factors (services). Due to its cross-sectoral nature, evaluating the results of the implementation of this policy requires strong and coherent inter-sectoral cooperation. The existing primary healthcare network (PHC) is a crucial means for successful implementation of policies to address VAD in Iran. CONCLUSIONS In addition to supplementation and assistance in this age group, other policies should be also planned to reduce VAD in various regions. In addition to the Ministry of Health & Medical Education (MoHME), other actors need to be involved, we advocate, throughout the entire policymaking process of policy-making to reduce VAD in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Rajaeieh
- Department of community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Health Equity Research Centre (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Naser Kalantari
- Department of community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi
- Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Department, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
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Evidence-Based Decision Making 6: Administrative Databases as Secondary Data Source for Epidemiologic and Health Service Research. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33871860 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1138-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Health-care systems require reliable information on which to base health-care planning and make decisions, as well as to evaluate their policy impact. Administrative data, predominantly captured for non-research purposes, provide important information about health services use, expenditures, and clinical outcomes and may be used to assess quality of care. With increased digitalization and accessibility of administrative databases, this data is more readily available for health service research purposes, aiding evidence-based decision making. This chapter discusses the utility of administrative data for population-based studies of health and health care.
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Aljerian K. Uterine transplant: an ethical framework analysis from a Middle Eastern perspective. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:1049-1060. [PMID: 33705236 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1902296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant advances in infertility treatment have been achieved over the past several decades, but women with uterine dysfunction, anomaly, or agenesis still need support to carry a pregnancy to term. Recently, advancements in surgical, anesthetic and immunosuppressive therapy have brought the idea of successful uterine transplant closer to reality, but many challenges must be overcome before uterine transplant can become more common, including ethical challenges related to the study and the conduct of this procedure. METHODS This was an updated ethical analysis of uterine transplant from a Middle Eastern perspective, using an established ethical framework that has been adapted for the analysis of research in non-Western cultures and developing countries. RESULTS Using the ethical framework, this analysis explored research developments in uterine transplant to date, using the following categories: collaborative partnership, social value, scientific validity, a fair selection of study population, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent, and respect for recruited participants. The analysis revealed a significant need for region- and religion-specific ethical guidelines for uterine transplant procedures. CONCLUSIONS The horizons of research need to expand by addressing and researching the ethical issues related to uterine transplant trials and clinical procedures. LIMITATIONS Limitations included the challenges related to applying ethical analyses to work in developing countries, and the fact that this analysis was based on the views and interpretations of a single researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon Aljerian
- Forensic and Legal Medicine Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Shamsoddin E. Can periodontal treatment reduce the risk of pneumonia? Time to consider modifying healthcare delivery protocols. Evid Based Dent 2020; 21:134-135. [PMID: 33339974 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-020-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Data sources The Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2010 (LHID2010).Data extraction and synthesis This retrospective cohort study elicited data from the LHID2010 database with a sample of 98,800 patients from 2001 to 2012. To assess the correlation between the exposure (periodontal treatment versus individuals without periodontal disease) and the outcome (pneumonia), Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was adopted. Propensity score matching was conducted according to age, gender, monthly income, urbanisation and comorbidities to further adjust the comparison group (individuals without periodontal disease) for potential baseline predictor variables.Results Patients who received periodontal treatment had a significantly lower cumulative incidence of pneumonia compared to the individuals in the comparison group throughout the 12-year follow-up period (log-rank test, p <0.001). Further sign-mapping of the data regarding the type of periodontal treatment indicated that scaling (compared to no periodontal treatment) is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of pneumonia (adjusted HR: 0.70; 95%CI: 0.66-0.75). Additionally, intensive periodontal treatment (for example, flap surgery) could lower the pneumonia risk by about 66% compared to no periodontal treatment (adjusted HR: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.19-0.62).Conclusions Conducting periodontal treatment is associated with a reduced risk of pneumonia. When looked at from a healthcare delivery perspective, this nationwide study can present further evidence that providing patients with thorough oral and dental examinations, and following periodontal treatment if necessary, might reduce the incidence of subsequent pneumonia events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Shamsoddin
- National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran
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Amaratunga D, Fernando N, Haigh R, Jayasinghe N. The COVID-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka: A synoptic analysis focusing on trends, impacts, risks and science-policy interaction processes. PROGRESS IN DISASTER SCIENCE 2020; 8:100133. [PMID: 34173449 PMCID: PMC7836425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishara Fernando
- The Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Richard Haigh
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Naduni Jayasinghe
- The Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Embrett M, Randall GE, Lavis JN, Dion ML. Conceptualising characteristics of resources withdrawal from medical services: a systematic qualitative synthesis. Health Res Policy Syst 2020; 18:123. [PMID: 33115486 PMCID: PMC7592573 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-020-00630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terms used to describe government-led resource withdrawal from ineffective and unsafe medical services, including 'rationing' and 'disinvestment', have tended to be used interchangeably, despite having distinct characteristics. This lack of descriptive precision for arguably distinct terms contributes to the obscurity that hinders effective communication and the achievement of evidence-based decision-making. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the various terms used to describe resource withdrawal and (2) propose definitions for the key or foundational terms, which includes a clear description of the unique characteristics of each. METHODS This is a systematic qualitative synthesis of characteristics and terms found through a search of the academic and grey literature. This approach involved identifying commonly used resource withdrawal terms, extracting data about resource withdrawal characteristics associated with each term and conducting a comparative analysis by categorising elements as antecedents, attributes or outcomes. RESULTS Findings from an analysis of 106 documents demonstrated that terms used to describe resource withdrawal are inconsistently defined and applied. The characteristics associated with these terms, mainly antecedents and attributes, are used interchangeably by many authors but are differentiated by others. Our analysis resulted in the development of a framework that organises these characteristics to demonstrate the unique attributes associated with each term. To enhance precision, these terms were classified as either policy options or patient health outcomes and refined definitions for rationing and disinvestment were developed. Rationing was defined as resource withdrawal that denies, on average, patient health benefits. Disinvestment was defined as resource withdrawal that results in, on average, improved or no change in health benefits. CONCLUSION Agreement on the definition of various resource withdrawal terms and their key characteristics is required for transparent government decision-making regarding medical service withdrawal. This systematic qualitative synthesis presents the proposed definitions of resource withdrawal terms that will promote consistency, benefit public policy dialogue and enhance the policy-making process for health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Embrett
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Dalhouise University, 5869 University Avenue, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,St. Francis Xavier University, 4130 University Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G2W5, Canada.
| | - Glen E Randall
- Health Policy and Management, DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4M4, Canada.,McMaster University, DSB-229, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - John N Lavis
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L6, Canada.,McMaster Health Forum, MML-417, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Michelle L Dion
- Department of Political Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L6, Canada.,Kenneth Taylor Hall (KTH) 533, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L6, Canada
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16
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Lancaster K, Rhodes T. What prevents health policy being 'evidence-based'? New ways to think about evidence, policy and interventions in health. Br Med Bull 2020; 135:38-49. [PMID: 32897357 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based policy decision-making is a dominant paradigm in health but realizing this ideal has proven challenging. SOURCES OF DATA This paper conceptually maps health policy, policy studies and social science literature critically engaged with evidence and decision-making. No new data were generated or analysed in support of this review. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Barriers to evidence-based policy have been documented, with efforts made to increase the uptake of evidence. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Evident complexities have been regarded as a problem of translation. However, this assumes that policy-making is a process of authoritative choice, and that 'evidence' is inherently valuable policy knowledge, which has been critiqued. GROWING POINTS Alternative accounts urge consideration of how evidence comes to bear on decisions made within complex systems, and what counts as evidence. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH An 'evidence-making intervention' approach offers a framework for conceptualizing how evidence and interventions are made relationally in practices, thus working with the politics and contingencies of implementation and policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Lancaster
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Rhodes
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, Kings Cross, London WC1H 9SH, UK
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17
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Atkinson P, Gobat N, Lant S, Mableson H, Pilbeam C, Solomon T, Tonkin-Crine S, Sheard S. Understanding the policy dynamics of COVID-19 in the UK: Early findings from interviews with policy makers and health care professionals. Soc Sci Med 2020; 266:113423. [PMID: 33069961 PMCID: PMC7540195 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The UK government response to COVID-19 has been heavily criticised. We report witnesses’ perceptions of what has shaped UK policies and how these policies have been received by healthcare workers. Such studies are usually affected by hindsight. Here we deploy a novel prospective approach to capture real-time information. We are historians, social scientists and biomedical researchers who study how societies cope with infectious disease. In February 2020 we began regular semi-structured calls with prominent members of policy communities, and health care professionals, to elicit their roles in, and reactions to, the pandemic response. We report witnesses’ perceptions that personal protective equipment (PPE) stocks were too small, early warnings have not led to sufficiently rapid policy decisions, and a lack of transparency is sapping public trust. Significant successes include research mobilisation. The early experiences and reactions of our witnesses suggest important issues for investigation, notably a perception of delay in decision making. UK coronavirus response delayed after the alarm was raised. Politicians abdicated responsibility by their early ‘follow the science’ rhetoric. Science advice to policy making needs people who bridge the two worlds. Centralised responses wasted valuable local public health skills. Pandemic response needs to move faster than the infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Lant
- University of Liverpool, UK
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18
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Jacob A, Coventry L, Davies H, Jacob E. Are current clinical guidelines on the use of Peripheral Intravenous Cannula for blood draws supported by evidence? An organizational case study. Nurs Open 2020; 7:1746-1754. [PMID: 33072358 PMCID: PMC7544864 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine the quality of evidence used to inform health policies. Policies on peripheral intravenous cannulas were used as exemplars. Design An organizational case study design was used, using the STROBE reporting guidelines. Methods Policy guidelines were sourced between June and September 2018 from health departments in Australia. Seven documents were compared regarding intravenous cannula dwell times and blood collection use. Evidence used in the documents was critiqued using assessment guideline from the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Results Large variations exist between policies regarding blood sampling and dwell time. Evidence used a variety of sources. Few references received an A evidence rating and policies differed in their interpretation of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Jacob
- School of Nursing and Midwifery The University of Newcastle Port Macquarie NSW Australia
| | - Linda Coventry
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Hugh Davies
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Elisabeth Jacob
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine Australian Catholic University Brisbane QLD Australia
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19
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Jaakkola K, Bruck JN, Connor RC, Montgomery SH, King SL. Bias and Misrepresentation of Science Undermines Productive Discourse on Animal Welfare Policy: A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071118. [PMID: 32610674 PMCID: PMC7401611 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Creating good animal welfare-related laws, regulations, and policies depends on accurate knowledge. To that end, scientific reviews that explain and contextualize the relevant research can be powerful tools for informing decision-makers, assuming these reviews represent the state of the scientific knowledge accurately and objectively. In this commentary, we examine the major flaws, biases, and misrepresentations of the scientific literature in one such recent review regarding the welfare and care of captive killer whales. Such pervasive problems, in this or any review, make it impossible to determine the true state of knowledge of the relevant issues, and can ultimately result in misinformed, arbitrary, or even harmful decisions about animals and their care. Abstract Reliable scientific knowledge is crucial for informing legislative, regulatory, and policy decisions in a variety of areas. To that end, scientific reviews of topical issues can be invaluable tools for informing productive discourse and decision-making, assuming these reviews represent the target body of scientific knowledge as completely, accurately, and objectively as possible. Unfortunately, not all reviews live up to this standard. As a case in point, Marino et al.’s review regarding the welfare of killer whales in captivity contains methodological flaws and misrepresentations of the scientific literature, including problematic referencing, overinterpretation of the data, misleading word choice, and biased argumentation. These errors and misrepresentations undermine the authors’ conclusions and make it impossible to determine the true state of knowledge of the relevant issues. To achieve the goal of properly informing public discourse and policy on this and other issues, it is imperative that scientists and science communicators strive for higher standards of analysis, argumentation, and objectivity, in order to clearly communicate what is known, what is not known, what conclusions are supported by the data, and where we are lacking the data necessary to draw reliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Jaakkola
- Dolphin Research Center, Grassy Key, FL 33050, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason N. Bruck
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962-3003, USA;
| | - Richard C. Connor
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA;
| | - Stephen H. Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; (S.H.M.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Stephanie L. King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; (S.H.M.); (S.L.K.)
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20
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Abel G. The Problem with Sex Work Policies. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:1925-1929. [PMID: 30560343 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Abel
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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21
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Papathanassoglou E, Karanikola M. Stress in critical care nurses: a policy perspective. Nurs Crit Care 2019; 23:117-120. [PMID: 29689618 DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Karanikola
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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22
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Figure Interpretation Assessment Tool-Health (FIAT-health) 2.0: from a scoring instrument to a critical appraisal tool. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:160. [PMID: 31337354 PMCID: PMC6647325 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statistics are frequently used in health advocacy to attract attention, but are often misinterpreted. The Figure Interpretation Assessment Tool-Health (FIAT-Health) 1.0 was developed to support systematic assessment of the interpretation of figures on health and health care. This study aimed to test and evaluate the FIAT-Health 1.0 amongst its intended user groups, and further refine the tool based on our results. METHODS Potential users (N = 32) were asked to assess one publicly reported figure using the FIAT-Health 1.0, and to justify their assessments and share their experience in using the FIAT-Health. In total four figures were assessed. For each figure, an expert on the specific topic (N = 4) provided a comparative assessment. The consistency of the answers was calculated, and answers to the evaluation questions were qualitatively analysed. A qualitative comparative analysis of the justifications for assessment by the experts and potential users was made. Based on the results, a new version of the FIAT-Health was developed and tested by employees (N = 27) of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), and approved by the project's advisory group. In total sixty-three participants contributed. RESULTS Potential users using the FIAT-Health 1.0 and experts gave similar justifications for their assessments. The justifications provided by experts aligned with the items of the FIAT-Health. Seventeen out of twenty-six dichotomous questions were consistently answered by the potential users. Numerical assessment questions showed inconsistencies in how potential users responded. In the evaluation, potential users most frequently mentioned that thanks to its structured approach, the FIAT-Health contributed to their awareness of the main characteristics of the figure (n = 14), but they did find the tool complex (n = 11). The FIAT-Health 1.0 was revised from a scoring instrument into a critical appraisal tool: the FIAT-Health 2.0, which was tested and approved by employees of the RIVM and the advisory group. CONCLUSION The tool was refined according to the results of the test and evaluation, transforming the FIAT-Health from a quantitative scoring instrument into an online qualitative appraisal tool that has the potential to aid the better interpretation and public reporting of statistics on health and healthcare.
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23
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Gerrits RG, van den Berg MJ, Klazinga NS, Kringos DS. Statistics in Dutch policy debates on health and healthcare. Health Res Policy Syst 2019; 17:55. [PMID: 31159828 PMCID: PMC6547579 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The notion of ‘fact-free politics’ is debated in Europe and the United States of America and has particular relevance for the use of evidence to underpin health and healthcare policies. To better understand how evidence on health and healthcare is used in the national policy-making process in the Netherlands, we explore how different statistics are used in various policy debates on health and healthcare in the Dutch government and parliament. Methods We chose eight ongoing policy debates as case studies representing the subject categories of morbidity, lifestyle, healthcare expenditure and healthcare outcomes, including (1) breast cancer screening rates, prevalence and incidence, (2) dementia prevalence and incidence, (3) prevalence of alcohol use by pregnant women, (4) mobility and school sports participation in children, (5) costs of smoking, (6) Dutch national healthcare expenditure, (7) hospital mortality rates, and (8) bedsore prevalence. Using selected keywords for each policy debate case, we performed a document search to identify documentation of the debates (2014–2016) on the websites of the Dutch government and parliament. We retrieved 163 documents and examined the policy debate cases through a content analyses approach. Results Sources of the statistics used in policy debates were primarily government funded. We identified two distinct functions, i.e. rhetorical and managerial use of statistics. The function of the debate is rhetorical when the specific statistic is used for agenda-setting or to convince the reader of the importance of a topic. The function of the debate is managerial when statistics determine planning, monitoring or evaluation of policy. When evaluating a specific policy, applied statistics were mostly the result of routine or standardised data collection. When policy-makers use statistics for a managerial function, the policy debate mirrors terms derived from scientific debates. Conclusion While statistics used for rhetorical functions do not seem to invite critical reflection, when the function of the debate is managerial, i.e. to plan, monitor or evaluate healthcare, their construction does receive attention. Considering the current role of statistics in rhetorical and managerial debates, there is a need to be cautious of too much leniency towards the technocratic process in exchange for the democratic debate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12961-019-0461-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinie G Gerrits
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael J van den Berg
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek S Klazinga
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dionne S Kringos
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Wathen CN, MacMillan HL. The Role of Integrated Knowledge Translation in Intervention Research. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:319-327. [PMID: 25969410 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-015-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread recognition across the full range of applied research disciplines, including health and social services, about the challenges of integrating scientifically derived research evidence into policy and/or practice decisions. These "disconnects" or "knowledge-practice gaps" between research production and use have spawned a new research field, most commonly known as either "implementation science" or "knowledge translation." The present paper will review key concepts in this area, with a particular focus on "integrated knowledge translation" (IKT)-which focuses on researcher-knowledge user partnership-in the area of mental health and prevention of violence against women and children using case examples from completed and ongoing work. A key distinction is made between the practice of KT (disseminating, communicating, etc.), and the science of KT, i.e., research regarding effective KT approaches. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance of IKT for mental health intervention research with children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nadine Wathen
- Faculty of Information & Media Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Bergin RJ, Emery J, Bollard R, White V. Research evidence supports cancer policymaking but is insufficient for change: Findings of key informant interviews from five countries. Health Policy 2019; 123:572-581. [PMID: 31005343 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based policymaking values the use of research in the process of developing, implementing and evaluating policy. However, there is limited research attempting to understand how cancer policymaking occurs and the role of evidence in this process. Our study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of levers and challenges to the development and implementation of large-scale, health service policies or programs in cancer care. Within a realist framework, we conducted a thematic analysis of interviews with 13 key informants from five countries: Australia, Canada, Scotland, Denmark and New Zealand. Results identified a complex array of program mechanisms and contextual factors influencing cancer health-service policymaking. Research evidence was important and could form a rationale for change, such as by identifying unwarranted variation in cancer outcomes across or within countries. However, other factors were equally important in driving policy change, including advocacy, leadership, stakeholder collaboration, program adaptability, clinician and consumer involvement, and the influential role of context. These findings resonate with political science theories and health service reform literature, while offering novel insight into specific factors that influence policymaking in cancer care, namely clinical engagement, consumer input and policy context. Although research evidence supports policymaking, the complex ways in which cancer policies are developed and implemented requires recognition and should be considered when designing new programs and promoting the use of evidence in policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Bergin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia; Department of General Practice and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, 10th floor, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jon Emery
- Department of General Practice and Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, 10th floor, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Ruth Bollard
- Division of Surgery, Ballarat Health Services, 1 Drummond St, Ballarat, 3350 Australia
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia; School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, 3125, Australia
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26
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Paudel M, Javanparast S, Dasvarma G, Newman L. A critical account of the policy context shaping perinatal survival in Nepal: policy tension of socio-cultural versus a medical approach. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:166. [PMID: 30871523 PMCID: PMC6417211 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-3979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal formulated a range of policies related to maternal and neonatal survival, especially after the year 2000. Nevertheless, Nepal's perinatal mortality remains high, particularly in disadvantaged regions. Policy analysis can uncover the underlying values, strategies and policy formulation processes that shape the potential to reduce in-country health inequities. This paper provides a critical account of the main policy documents relevant to perinatal survival in Nepal. METHODS Six key policy documents covering the period 2000-2015 were reviewed using an adapted framework and were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The analysis shows that the policies focused mainly on the system: improvement in provision of birthing facilities; targeting staff (Skilled Birth Attendants) and health service users by providing cash incentives to staff for bringing patients to services, and to users (pregnant women) to attend health institutions. Despite a growing focus on saving women and newborn babies, there is a poor policy focus and direction on preventing stillbirth. The policy documents were found to emphasize tensions between birthing at home and at health institutions on the one hand, and between strategies to provide culturally appropriate, woman-centered care in communities and medically orientated services on the other. Policies acknowledge the need to provide and address woman-centered care, equity, social inclusion, and a rights-based approach, and identify the community based approach as the mode of service delivery. Over and above this, all policy documents are aimed at the national level, and there is no specific policy direction for the separate ecological, cultural or geographic regions such as the mountainous region, which continues to exhibit higher mortality rates and has different cultural and demographic characteristics to the rest of Nepal. CONCLUSIONS To better address the continuing high perinatal mortality rates, particularly in disadvantaged areas, national health policies should pay more attention to the inequity in healthcare access and in perinatal outcomes by integrating both stillbirth prevention and neonatal survival as policy agenda items. To ensure effective translation of policy into practice, it is imperative to tailor the strategies according to acknowledged policy values such as rights, inclusion and socio-cultural identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Paudel
- Initiative for Research, Education and Community Health-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sara Javanparast
- Southgate Institute of Health, Society & Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gouranga Dasvarma
- College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lareen Newman
- Education Arts and Social Sciences Divisional Office, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
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27
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The Public Health Status and Foresight report 2014: Four normative perspectives on a healthier Netherlands in 2040. Health Policy 2019; 123:252-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Shakibaei E. Role of a hospital accreditation program in developing a process management system. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2019; 32:120-136. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhcqa-01-2018-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the effects of the Iranian Hospital Accreditation Program (IHAP) on hospital processes from the viewpoint of the staff charged with establishing the program.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study is based on the data collected in semi-structured interviews conducted in 2016, which involved eight questions. Interviews were held with 70 staff members at 14 hospitals. Managerial staff were purposively interviewed based on their familiarity and involvement with the program. The hospitals were divided into five groups, comprising public, private, charity, military and social service hospitals. A thematic analysis was carried out using the collected data.FindingsThree themes emerged from the data, which together comprise a process management cycle: the establishment, implementation, and control phases of the program. For each phase, various positive trends, as well as hurdles for establishing the program, declared which were framed two sub-themes as positive effects and challenges.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to the body of evidence used by policy-makers and hospital managers to improve the change management processes related to the Iranian IHAP. Although positive changes in the process management cycles at Iranian hospitals were noted, successful implementation of the program demands a thorough assessment of the hospitals’ technical and financial needs (taking into account disparities between hospitals), and there is an urgent requirement for a plan to meet these needs.
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29
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Salisbury C, Man MS, Chaplin K, Mann C, Bower P, Brookes S, Duncan P, Fitzpatrick B, Gardner C, Gaunt DM, Guthrie B, Hollinghurst S, Kadir B, Lee V, McLeod J, Mercer SW, Moffat KR, Moody E, Rafi I, Robinson R, Shaw A, Thorn J. A patient-centred intervention to improve the management of multimorbidity in general practice: the 3D RCT. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr07050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
People with multimorbidity experience impaired quality of life, poor health and a burden from treatment. Their care is often disease-focused rather than patient-centred and tailored to their individual needs.
Objective
To implement and evaluate a patient-centred intervention to improve the management of patients with multimorbidity in general practice.
Design
Pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial with parallel process and economic evaluations. Practices were centrally randomised by a statistician blind to practice identifiers, using a computer-generated algorithm.
Setting
Thirty-three general practices in three areas of England and Scotland.
Participants
Practices had at least 4500 patients and two general practitioners (GPs) and used the EMIS (Egton Medical Information Systems) computer system. Patients were aged ≥ 18 years with three or more long-term conditions.
Interventions
The 3D (Dimensions of health, Depression and Drugs) intervention was designed to offer patients continuity of care with a named GP, replacing separate reviews of each long-term condition with comprehensive reviews every 6 months. These focused on individualising care to address patients’ main problems, attention to quality of life, depression and polypharmacy and on disease control and agreeing treatment plans. Control practices provided usual care.
Outcome measures
Primary outcome – health-related quality of life (assessed using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version) after 15 months. Secondary outcomes – measures of illness burden, treatment burden and patient-centred care. We assessed cost-effectiveness from a NHS and a social care perspective.
Results
Thirty-three practices (1546 patients) were randomised from May to December 2015 [16 practices (797 patients) to the 3D intervention, 17 practices (749 patients) to usual care]. All participants were included in the primary outcome analysis by imputing missing data. There was no evidence of difference between trial arms in health-related quality of life {adjusted difference in means 0.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) –0.02 to 0.02]; p = 0.93}, illness burden or treatment burden. However, patients reported significant benefits from the 3D intervention in all measures of patient-centred care. Qualitative data suggested that both patients and staff welcomed having more time, continuity of care and the patient-centred approach. The economic analysis found no meaningful differences between the intervention and usual care in either quality-adjusted life-years [(QALYs) adjusted mean QALY difference 0.007, 95% CI –0.009 to 0.023] or costs (adjusted mean difference £126, 95% CI –£739 to £991), with wide uncertainty around point estimates. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve suggested that the intervention was unlikely to be either more or less cost-effective than usual care. Seventy-eight patients died (46 in the intervention arm and 32 in the usual-care arm), with no evidence of difference between trial arms; no deaths appeared to be associated with the intervention.
Limitations
In this pragmatic trial, the implementation of the intervention was incomplete: 49% of patients received two 3D reviews over 15 months, whereas 75% received at least one review.
Conclusions
The 3D approach reflected international consensus about how to improve care for multimorbidity. Although it achieved the aim of providing more patient-centred care, this was not associated with benefits in quality of life, illness burden or treatment burden. The intervention was no more or less cost-effective than usual care. Modifications to the 3D approach might improve its effectiveness. Evaluation is needed based on whole-system change over a longer period of time.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN06180958.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 7, No. 5. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Salisbury
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mei-See Man
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Chaplin
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cindy Mann
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Bower
- National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population of Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Brookes
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Polly Duncan
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Caroline Gardner
- National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population of Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daisy M Gaunt
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruce Guthrie
- Population Health Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sandra Hollinghurst
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bryar Kadir
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Victoria Lee
- National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population of Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John McLeod
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stewart W Mercer
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith R Moffat
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Moody
- Bristol Clinical Commissioning Group, Bristol, UK
| | - Imran Rafi
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | | | - Alison Shaw
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna Thorn
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, National Institute for Health Research School for Primary Care Research, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Schurer JM, Dang-Xuan S, Farag M. Just Enough Cooks in the Kitchen: Key Ingredients for International Collaboration. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:1-4. [PMID: 30327160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Research approaches that cross disciplinary silos, industry sectors, and political borders are now increasingly prioritized for tackling issues of global concern. Nevertheless, team science can be challenging. The goal of this article is to help researchers proactively consider factors influencing conflicts and successes with an emphasis on the health sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M Schurer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA; University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marwa Farag
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; School of Public Administration and Development Economics, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar
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Oliver KA, de Vocht F. Defining 'evidence' in public health: a survey of policymakers' uses and preferences. Eur J Public Health 2018; 27:112-117. [PMID: 26163467 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public health (PH) policymakers are encouraged to use evidence in the decision-making process. However, little is known about what types of evidence policymakers working in local settings prefer to use. This study aims to evaluate policymakers' needs and sources of information, at regional and local levels. An electronic survey with telephone follow-up was carried out among PH policymakers and evidence producers ( n = 152) working in a large UK city. Respondents were asked which types of evidence they used regularly, found most useful and what were their main sources of information. Semi-structured interviews ( n = 23) added were analysed quantitatively in addition to the categorical data generated by the survey. Policymakers use a much greater range of evidence and information than is often indicated in the literature on evidence-based policy. Local data were by far the most used ( n = 95%) and most valued ( n = 85%) type of information, followed by practice guidelines. The main sources of information were Government websites (84%), followed by information obtained through personal contacts (71%), including PH professionals, council officers and politicians. Academics were rarely consulted and research evidence was rarely seen as directly relevant. Conclusions: Policymakers use a wider range of evidence types than previously discussed in the literature. Although local data were most valued by policymakers, results suggest that these were accessed through personal contacts, rather than specialized organizations. Systems to provide local high-quality evidence for PH policy should be supported.
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Furtado KS, Budd EL, Ying X, deRuyter AJ, Armstrong RL, Pettman TL, Reis RS, Sung-Chan P, Wang Z, Saunders T, Becker LA, Shi J, Mui LST, Brownson RC. Exploring political influences on evidence-based non-communicable disease prevention across four countries. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2018; 33:89-103. [PMID: 29547975 PMCID: PMC6279167 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of evidence-based practices can improve efficiency and effectiveness of public health efforts. Few studies have explored the political contextual factors that impact implementation of evidence-based non-communicable disease prevention (EBNCDP). This study aimed to do so in Australia, Brazil, China and the United States. Investigators conducted 10-13 qualitative, semi-structured interviews of public health practitioners working in functionally similar public health organizations in each country (total N = 50). Study participants were identified through purposive sampling and interviews were structured around an interview guide covering six domains related to EBNCDP. Interviewees from all four countries identified funding as the primary politically-influenced barrier to implementing EBNCDP. Similarly widespread barriers included government funding priorities that shift based on who is in power and the difficulty of convincing policy-makers and funders that non-communicable disease prevention is a wise investment of political capital. Policymakers who are not evidence-driven was another common barrier even in the United States and Australia, where EBNCDP is more established. Findings suggest that political contextual factors influence EBNCDP and vary to an extent by country, though certain factors seem to be universal. This can aid public health practitioners, political leaders, and policymakers in advocating for conditions and policies that encourage evidence-based practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma S Furtado
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Budd
- College of Education, University of Oregon, 5261 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Xiangji Ying
- T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna J deRuyter
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rebecca L Armstrong
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tahna L Pettman
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rodrigo S Reis
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | | - Tahnee Saunders
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Leonardo A Becker
- Federal University of Parana, Street Coração de Maria, 92, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ross C Brownson
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Gerrits RG, Kringos DS, van den Berg MJ, Klazinga NS. Improving interpretation of publically reported statistics on health and healthcare: the Figure Interpretation Assessment Tool (FIAT-Health). Health Res Policy Syst 2018. [PMID: 29514711 PMCID: PMC5842564 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-018-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policy-makers, managers, scientists, patients and the general public are confronted daily with figures on health and healthcare through public reporting in newspapers, webpages and press releases. However, information on the key characteristics of these figures necessary for their correct interpretation is often not adequately communicated, which can lead to misinterpretation and misinformed decision-making. The objective of this research was to map the key characteristics relevant to the interpretation of figures on health and healthcare, and to develop a Figure Interpretation Assessment Tool-Health (FIAT-Health) through which figures on health and healthcare can be systematically assessed, allowing for a better interpretation of these figures. METHODS The abovementioned key characteristics of figures on health and healthcare were identified through systematic expert consultations in the Netherlands on four topic categories of figures, namely morbidity, healthcare expenditure, healthcare outcomes and lifestyle. The identified characteristics were used as a frame for the development of the FIAT-Health. Development of the tool and its content was supported and validated through regular review by a sounding board of potential users. RESULTS Identified characteristics relevant for the interpretation of figures in the four categories relate to the figures' origin, credibility, expression, subject matter, population and geographical focus, time period, and underlying data collection methods. The characteristics were translated into a set of 13 dichotomous and 4-point Likert scale questions constituting the FIAT-Health, and two final assessment statements. Users of the FIAT-Health were provided with a summary overview of their answers to support a final assessment of the correctness of a figure and the appropriateness of its reporting. CONCLUSIONS FIAT-Health can support policy-makers, managers, scientists, patients and the general public to systematically assess the quality of publicly reported figures on health and healthcare. It also has the potential to support the producers of health and healthcare data in clearly communicating their data to different audiences. Future research should focus on the further validation of the tool in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinie G Gerrits
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dionne S Kringos
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J van den Berg
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Niek S Klazinga
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu S, Legido-Quigley H, Spencer J, Coker RJ, Khan MS. Designing evaluation studies to optimally inform policy: what factors do policy-makers in China consider when making resource allocation decisions on healthcare worker training programmes? Health Res Policy Syst 2018; 16:16. [PMID: 29471840 PMCID: PMC5824449 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-018-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the gap in evidence to inform future resource allocation decisions about healthcare provider (HCP) training in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the considerable donor investments being made towards training interventions, evaluation studies that are optimally designed to inform local policy-makers are needed. The aim of our study is to understand what features of HCP training evaluation studies are important for decision-making by policy-makers in LMICs. We investigate the extent to which evaluations based on the widely used Kirkpatrick model - focusing on direct outcomes of training, namely reaction of trainees, learning, behaviour change and improvements in programmatic health indicators - align with policy-makers' evidence needs for resource allocation decisions. We use China as a case study where resource allocation decisions about potential scale-up (using domestic funding) are being made about an externally funded pilot HCP training programme. METHODS Qualitative data were collected from high-level officials involved in resource allocation at the national and provincial level in China through ten face-to-face, in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions consisting of ten participants each. Data were analysed manually using an interpretive thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Our study indicates that Chinese officials not only consider information about the direct outcomes of a training programme, as captured in the Kirkpatrick model, but also need information on the resources required to implement the training, the wider or indirect impacts of training, and the sustainability and scalability to other settings within the country. In addition to considering findings presented in evaluation studies, we found that Chinese policy-makers pay close attention to whether the evaluations were robust and to the composition of the evaluation team. CONCLUSIONS Our qualitative study indicates that training programme evaluations that focus narrowly on direct training outcomes may not provide sufficient information for policy-makers to make decisions on future training programmes. Based on our findings, we have developed an evidence-based framework, which incorporates but expands beyond the Kirkpatrick model, to provide conceptual and practical guidance that aids in the design of training programme evaluations better suited to meet the information needs of policy-makers and to inform policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Wu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2 #10-01, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2 #10-01, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom
| | - Julia Spencer
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom
| | - Richard James Coker
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2 #10-01, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mishal Sameer Khan
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom
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Sanson-Fisher RW, Noble NE, Searles AM, Deeming S, Smits RE, Oldmeadow CJ, Bryant J. A simple filter model to guide the allocation of healthcare resources for improving the treatment of depression among cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:125. [PMID: 29402237 PMCID: PMC5800015 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is highly prevalent yet often poorly detected and treated among cancer patients. In light of the move towards evidence-based healthcare policy, we have developed a simple tool that can assist policy makers, organisations and researchers to logically think through the steps involved in improving patient outcomes, and to help guide decisions about where to allocate resources. Methods The model assumes that a series of filters operate to determine outcomes and cost-effectiveness associated with depression care for cancer patients, including: detection of depression, provider response to detection, patient acceptance of treatment, and effectiveness of treatment provided. To illustrate the utility of the model, hypothetical data for baseline and four scenarios in which filter outcomes were improved by 15% were entered into the model. Results The model provides outcomes including: number of people successfully treated, total costs per scenario, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per scenario compared to baseline. The hypothetical data entered into the model illustrate the relative effectiveness (in terms of the number of additional incremental successes) and relative cost-effectiveness (in terms of cost per successful outcome and total cost) of making changes at each step or filter. Conclusions The model provides a readily accessible tool to assist decision makers to think through the steps involved in improving depression outcomes for cancer patents. It provides transparent guidance about how to best allocate resources, and highlights areas where more reliable data are needed. The filter model presents an opportunity to improve on current practice by ensuring that a logical approach, which takes into account the available evidence, is applied to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Sanson-Fisher
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha E Noble
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. .,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrew M Searles
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Deeming
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Rochelle E Smits
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Oldmeadow
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie Bryant
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Atallah D, Moubarak M, El Kassis N, Abboud S. Clinical research ethics review process in Lebanon: efficiency and functions of research ethics committees - results from a descriptive questionnaire-based study. Trials 2018; 19:27. [PMID: 29325585 PMCID: PMC5765668 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials conducted in Lebanon are increasing. However, little is known about the performance of research ethics committees (RECs) in charge of reviewing the research protocols. This study aimed to assess the level of adherence to the ethics surrounding the conduct of clinical trials and perceptions of team members regarding roles of the RECs during the conduct of clinical trials in Lebanon. The research question was: Are RECs adherent to the ethics surrounding the conduct of clinical trials (chapters II and IV in ‘Standards and Operational Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-related Research with Human Participants’ in Lebanon?’ Methods This was a quantitative and descriptive questionnaire-based study conducted among RECs of university hospitals in Lebanon. The questionnaire had to be completed online and included general questions in addition to items reflecting the different aspects of a REC performance and effectiveness. All the questionnaire was assigned a total score of 175 points. General information and questions assigned point values/scores were analysed using descriptive statistics: frequency and percentage, mean score ± standard deviation. Results Ten RECs participated in the study (52 persons: four chairs, one vice-president, 47 ordinary members). Forty-seven (90.4%) had previous experience with clinical research and 30 (57.7%) had a diploma or had done a training in research ethics. Forty-one percent confirmed that they were required to have a training in research ethics. All RECs had a policy for disclosing and managing potential conflicts of interest for its members, but 71.8% of participants reported the existence of such a policy for researchers. Thirty-three point three percent reported that the RECs had an anti-bribery policy. The questionnaire mean score was 129.6 ± 22.3/175 points reflecting thus an excellent adherence to international standards. Conclusion Inadequate training of REC members and the lack of anti-bribery policies should be resolved to improve their performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2397-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Atallah
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Health Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Malak Moubarak
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sara Abboud
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Clark M, Chilvers C. Mental health research system in England: yesterday, today and tomorrow. PSYCHIATRIC BULLETIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.29.12.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Round T, Ashworth M, Crilly T, Ferlie E, Wolfe C. An integrated care programme in London: qualitative evaluation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED CARE 2018; 26:296-308. [PMID: 30464724 PMCID: PMC6195169 DOI: 10.1108/jica-02-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A well-funded, four-year integrated care programme was implemented in south London. The programme attempted to integrate care across primary, acute, community, mental health and social care. The purpose of this paper is to reduce hospital admissions and nursing home placements. Programme evaluation aimed to identify what worked well and what did not; lessons learnt; the value of integrated care investment. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Qualitative data were obtained from documentary analysis, stakeholder interviews, focus groups and observational data from programme meetings. Framework analysis was applied to stakeholder interview and focus group data in order to generate themes. FINDINGS The integrated care project had not delivered expected radical reductions in hospital or nursing home utilisation. In response, the scheme was reformulated to focus on feasible service integration. Other benefits emerged, particularly system transformation. Nine themes emerged: shared vision/case for change; interventions; leadership; relationships; organisational structures and governance; citizens and patients; evaluation and monitoring; macro level. Each theme was interpreted in terms of "successes", "challenges" and "lessons learnt". RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Evaluation was hampered by lack of a clear evaluation strategy from programme inception to conclusion, and of the evidence required to corroborate claims of benefit. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Key lessons learnt included: importance of strong clinical leadership, shared ownership and inbuilt evaluation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Primary care was a key player in the integrated care programme. Initial resistance delayed implementation and related to concerns about vertical integration and scepticism about unrealistic goals. A focus on clinical care and shared ownership contributed to eventual system transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Round
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Ashworth
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ewan Ferlie
- King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Wolfe
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Klein
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Development of a framework to improve the utilisation of malaria research for policy development in Malawi. Health Res Policy Syst 2017; 15:97. [PMID: 29157288 PMCID: PMC5697395 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing gap between research evidence and public health practice has attributed to the unmet Millennium Development Goals in Africa and consequently, has stimulated the development of frameworks to enhance knowledge translation. These efforts aim at maximising health research utilisation in policy and practice to address the world's disease burdens, including malaria. This study aimed at developing a contextual framework to improve the utilisation of malaria research for policy development in Malawi. METHODS The study used two approaches including: two case studies of policy analysis exploring the policy-making process in Malawi, utilisation of local malaria research, and the role of key stakeholders in policy formulation process; and the assessment of facilitating factors and barriers to malaria research utilisation for policy-making in Malawi. RESULTS From the case studies' lessons and elements identified during the assessment of facilitating factors and barriers, a framework is developed to promote an integrated approach to knowledge translation. In this framework the Ministry of Health is considered as the main user of knowledge from research through the demand created by the research directorate and the National Malaria Control Programme. Key documents identified as being particularly relevant to the Ministry of Health for purposes of knowledge translation include the National Health Research Agenda, Guidelines for Policy Development and Analysis, and Guidelines for Evidence Use in Policy-making. Institutions conducting academic and policy-relevant malaria research in Malawi are identified and a consolidation of their linkages with the users of research is established through the Knowledge Translation Unit, the Evidence Informed decision-making Centre, and the African Institute for Development Policy. Equally, key players in this framework are the funding partners for both research and programmes that need to see accountability and impact of their support. Independent advisors, partners, and consultants also have their vital role in the process. CONCLUSION The framework offers a practical basis for the factors identified and their linkages to promote a co-ordinated approach to malaria research utilisation in policy-making. Its applicability and success hinges on its wider dissemination and ownership by the government through the National Malaria Control Programme.
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Fitzpatrick SJ. Reshaping the Ethics of Suicide Prevention: Responsibility, Inequality and Action on the Social Determinants of Suicide. Public Health Ethics 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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La Brooy C, Kelaher M. The research-policy-deliberation nexus: a case study approach. Health Res Policy Syst 2017; 15:75. [PMID: 28865464 PMCID: PMC5581448 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-017-0239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decision-makers tend to make connections with researchers far too late in the game of public policy, expecting to find a retail store in which researchers are busy filling shop-front shelves with a comprehensive set of all possible relevant studies that a decision-maker might some day drop by to purchase. This linear type of relation between research and policy needs to be replaced by a more interactive model that facilitates both researchers obtaining a better understanding of policy processes and policymakers being more aware and involved in the conceptualisation and conduct of research. This paper explores the role of governance in facilitating the research–policy nexus, testing a typology of research utilisation based on Murray’s (Soc Policy Society 10(4):459–70, 2011) analysis that considers various degrees of researcher–policymaker deliberation in decision-making processes. The projects were all part of various evaluation efforts carried out by the researchers to explore the use of governance in health promotion activities. Methods Three case studies were chosen to provide some specific examples that illustrate each level of Murray’s typology. The examples involve intersectoral health promotion collaborations that combine evidence-based research in health policy initiatives with various levels of researcher involvement. For all three projects, interview data was collated in the same way, coded thematically and analysed to consider the relationship between researchers and policymakers. Results Comparing the three models and their applicability to health promotion interventions, it could be observed that all programmes demonstrated successful examples of research translation. Strong governance imperatives structuring relationships led to more successful outcomes, whereby research was successfully translated into a public policy initiative that also led to improved health outcomes. The key idea across all of these models was that strong governance arrangements mitigated some of the barriers evidenced by the varying degrees of deliberation and researcher involvement in processes. Conclusions The paper demonstrates that successful research utilisation is related to strong governance agendas and that early and ongoing involvement of relevant decision-makers and researchers in the governance processes, that is both the conceptualisation and conduct of a study, tend to be the best predictors of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille La Brooy
- The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
| | - Margaret Kelaher
- The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
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Sibbald SL, MacGregor JCD, MacMillan HL, Wathen N. A Qualitative Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Mobilizing Research Knowledge on Violence Against Women. Can J Nurs Res 2017; 49:5-15. [PMID: 28841052 DOI: 10.1177/0844562116688840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective delivery of interventions by health and social services requires research-based knowledge which identifies the causes and consequences of violence against women. Methods to effectively share new knowledge with violence against women decision-makers remain under studied. Purpose This paper examines how new research-based knowledge-namely, the lack of efficacy of health-care screening for exposure to intimate partner violence against women-is received by stakeholders in the violence against women field. Methods Data from 10 stakeholder group discussions ( N = 86) conducted during a knowledge-sharing forum were analyzed to assess how stakeholders responded to the new knowledge. Results Participant reactions ranged from full acceptance to significant resistance to the research findings. We suggest themes that help explain these reactions, including the context and content of our findings and their epistemological match to participants' experiences and beliefs, and the perceived value of research evidence, compared to other forms of knowledge. Conclusions Violence against women is a complex psycho-social phenomenon, and people with an interest in this field bring diverse and even conflicting perspectives regarding its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Sibbald
- 1 School of Health Studies, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Harriet L MacMillan
- 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nadine Wathen
- 4 Faculty of Information and Media Studies, Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Enhancing the use of research in health-promoting, anti-racism policy. Health Res Policy Syst 2017; 15:61. [PMID: 28697777 PMCID: PMC5505139 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-017-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) programme was established to improve the health of ethnic minority communities through the reduction of racial discrimination. Local governments in the state of Victoria, Australia, were at the forefront of LEAD implementation in collaboration with leading state and national organisations. Key aims included expanding the available evidence regarding effective anti-racism interventions and facilitating the uptake of this evidence in organisational policies and practices. METHODS One rural and one metropolitan local government areas were selected to participate in LEAD. Key informant interviews and discussions were conducted with individuals who had participated in LEAD implementation and members of LEAD governance structures. Data were also collected on programme processes and implementation, partnership formation and organisational assessments. RESULTS The LEAD model demonstrated both strengths and weaknesses in terms of facilitating the use of evidence in a complex, community-based health promotion initiative. Representation of implementing, funding and advisory bodies at different levels of governance enabled the input of technical advice and guidance alongside design and implementation. The representation structure assisted in ensuring the development of a programme that was acceptable to all partners and informed by the best available evidence. Simultaneous evaluation also enhanced perceived validity of the intervention, allowed for strategy correction when necessary and supported the process of double-loop organisational learning. However, due to the model's demand for simultaneous and intensive effort by various organisations, when particular elements of the intervention were not functional, there was a considerable loss of time and resources across the partner organisations. The complexity of the model also presented a challenge in ensuring clarity regarding roles, functions and the direction of the programme. CONCLUSIONS The example of LEAD provides guidance on mechanisms to strengthen the entry of evidence into complex community-based health promotion programmes. The paper highlights some of the strengths and weaknesses of the LEAD model and implications for practical collaboration between policymakers, implementers and researchers.
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Boyko JA, Wathen CN, Kothari A. Effectively engaging stakeholders and the public in developing violence prevention messages. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28490358 PMCID: PMC5426008 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Preventing family violence requires that stakeholders and the broader public be involved in developing evidence-based violence prevention strategies. However, gaps exist in between what we know (knowledge), what we do (action), and the structures supporting practice (policy). Discussion We discuss the broad challenge of mobilizing knowledge-for-action in family violence, with a primary focus on the issue of how stakeholders and the public can be effectively engaged when developing and communicating evidence-based violence prevention messages. We suggest that a comprehensive approach to stakeholder and public engagement in developing violence prevention messages includes: 1) clear and consistent messaging; 2) identifying and using, as appropriate, lessons from campaigns that show evidence of reducing specific types of violence; and 3) evidence-informed approaches for communicating to specific groups. Components of a comprehensive approach must take into account the available research evidence, implementation feasibility, and the context-specific nature of family violence. Summary While strategies exist for engaging stakeholders and the public in messaging about family violence prevention, knowledge mobilization must be informed by evidence, dialogue with stakeholders, and proactive media strategies. This paper will be of interest to public health practitioners or others involved in planning and implementing violence prevention programs because it highlights what is known about the issue, potential solutions, and implementation considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Boyko
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, London, Canada. .,Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Western University, London, Canada.
| | - C Nadine Wathen
- Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Western University, London, Canada.,Research Scholar, Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children, Western University, London, Canada.,PreVAiL Research Network
| | - Anita Kothari
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, London, Canada.,PreVAiL Research Network
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Dalglish SL, Rodríguez DC, Harouna A, Surkan PJ. Knowledge and power in policy-making for child survival in Niger. Soc Sci Med 2017; 177:150-157. [PMID: 28167340 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Calls to enhance the use of scientific evidence in international health and development policy have increased in recent years; however, analytic frameworks for understanding evidence use focus narrowly on scientific research and were created using data and observations nearly exclusively from Western countries. We examine processes of health policy development in a case study of Niger, a low-income West African country that adopted integrated community case management of childhood illness (iCCM) beginning in 2007, resulting in measurable declines in child mortality. Data collection included in-depth interviews with policy actors in Niger (N = 32), document review (N = 103) and direct observation of policy forums (N = 3). Data analysis used process tracing methodology and applied an Aristotelian definition of "knowledge" as 1) episteme (facts), 2) techne (skills) and 3) phronesis (practical wisdom), while also using a critical perspective to understand issues of power. We found sharp differentials in policy-makers' possession and use of codified forms of knowledge (episteme), with Nigerien policy officers' access highly mediated by actors at international agencies. Government policy-makers possessed skills and capacities (techne) to negotiate with donors and deliberate and weigh conflicting considerations; however they lacked capacity and resources to formally evaluate and document programs and thus reliably draw lessons from them. Practical wisdom (phronesis) emerged as key to the iCCM policy enterprise, particularly among Nigerien government actors, who used logical and ethical arguments to make decisions later found to be critical to iCCM's success. While codified knowledge confers power on members of policy discussions who can access it, this represents only one form of knowledge used in the policy process and perhaps not the most important. Future research on evidence-based policy should use broader definitions of evidence or knowledge, examine on how power conditions the use of knowledge, and examine challenges specific to low-resource policy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dalglish
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Daniela C Rodríguez
- Health Systems Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Abdoutan Harouna
- Laboratoire d'Études et de recherche sur les Dynamiques sociales et le développement local, Niamey, Niger
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Eagar K, Cromwell D, Owen A, Senior K, Gordon R, Green J. Health services research and development in practice: An Australian experience. J Health Serv Res Policy 2016; 8 Suppl 2:7-13. [PMID: 14596742 DOI: 10.1258/135581903322405117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While there is a growing literature on how health services research can inform health policy decisions, the practical challenge is for health services researchers to develop an effective interface with health policy-making processes and to produce outputs that lead to outcomes. The experience of the Centre for Health Service Development at the University of Wollongong, Australia, is used to illustrate the issues so commonly described in the literature and to reflect on our experience of trying to remain viable while producing relevant and valid research. A case study in a specific policy area - namely, the development of case-mix classifications and information systems to inform policy and funding in the subacute and non-acute hospital and community care sectors - is used as a practical example of the research-policy interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Eagar
- Centre for Health Service Development, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Kuruvilla S, Mays N, Walt G. Describing the impact of health services and policy research. J Health Serv Res Policy 2016; 12 Suppl 1:S1-23-31. [PMID: 17411504 DOI: 10.1258/135581907780318374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In an essentially applied area of research, there are particular pressures on health services and policy researchers to describe the impact of their work. However, specialized research impact assessments often require skills and resources beyond those available to individual researchers, and ad hoc accounts impose a considerable burden to generate. Further, these idiosyncratic accounts may not facilitate comparative analysis to inform research management, practice and assessment. This paper describes an initial attempt to develop a methodical approach to identify and describe research impact. Methods A Research Impact Framework was developed, drawing on the literature and interviews with researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and was used to structure impact narratives of selected research projects. These narratives were based on semi-structured interviews with principal investigators and documentary analysis of the projects. Results Using the framework as a guide, researchers were relatively easily and methodically able to identify and present impacts of their work. Researchers’ narratives contained verifiable evidence and highlighted a wide range of areas in which health services and policy research has impact. The standardized structure of the narratives also facilitated analysis across projects. Factors thought to positively influence the impact of research included researchers’ continued involvement in research and policy networks, established track records in the field, and the ability to identify and use key influencing events, such as ‘policy windows’. Conclusions The framework helped develop research impact narratives and facilitated comparisons across projects, highlighting issues for research management and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Kuruvilla
- Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Speller V, Wimbush E, Morgan A. Evidence-based health promotion practice: how to make it work. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; Suppl 1:15-20, 46, 56-7 passim. [PMID: 15952275 DOI: 10.1177/10253823050120010106x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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