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McLaren H, Hamiduzzaman M, Patmisari E, Jones M, Taylor R. Health and Social Care Outcomes in the Community: Review of Religious Considerations in Interventions with Muslim-Minorities in Australia, Canada, UK, and the USA. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:2031-2067. [PMID: 36181633 PMCID: PMC11061054 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this integrative review included examining the intervention characteristics, religious tailoring, and behavioural outcomes of health and social care interventions with Muslim-minorities in Australia, Canada, UK, and the USA. Nineteen articles were included, and each showed some level of improved health and social care outcomes associated with interventions that were religiously tailored to Islamic teachings, and when notions of health were extended to physical, psychological, spiritual and social domains. Future studies should measure levels of religiosity to understand whether religiously tailored interventions produce a significant intervention effect when compared to non-religiously tailored interventions with Muslims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen McLaren
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | | | - Emi Patmisari
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Michelle Jones
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Renae Taylor
- Community Development, Education & Social Support Australia (CDESSA) Inc., Adelaide, Australia
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Maricar N, Khan B, David T, Hyrich KL, Barton A. Factors facilitating and hindering South Asian immigrant adults from engaging in exercise and physical activity - a qualitative systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1342. [PMID: 38762730 PMCID: PMC11102233 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and physical activity are key components of management in patients with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMD), but people of the South Asian communities have a lower level of engagement with these activities compared to their Caucasian counterparts. The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to determine the barriers and facilitators of exercise and physical activity in South Asian communities who have migrated and live in western countries, particularly in those who have RMD. METHODS Qualitative studies, published in English between 1999 and 2021 and including evaluation of barriers and/or facilitators to exercise or physical activity behaviour in people of South Asian adult communities who have migrated and/or lived in western countries were identified from Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Google Scholar and manual searches. The studies were appraised using the CASP checklist. Inductive thematic synthesis was used to identify common and global themes. RESULTS A total of 32 studies that discussed barriers and facilitators of physical activity in South Asian communities who have migrated and lived in western countries were used for this review but there were no studies identified that focussed specifically on those with RMD. Following appraisal of the reporting of the studies, 30 studies were included in the pooling of the results. The facilitators and barriers to physical activities were broadly categorized into 'extrinsic' and 'intrinsic' factors. Extrinsic factors such as 'opportunity' included environmental factors such as weather and safety; socioeconomic factors such as education, language and literacy, and support in the form of social, psychological and resources. Intrinsic factors included cultural factors, such as life stages and family influence, beliefs and knowledge, which impacted attitudes and skills. CONCLUSIONS This review has synthesised evidence of barriers or facilitators and identified potentially modifiable factors influencing physical activity and exercise engagement, which could form the basis of evidence-based interventions to promote participation in healthy behaviour change. Provision of a safe, comfortable and culturally acceptable environment together with culturally-aligned cognitive strategies to facilitate acquisition of exercise-efficacy skills could help engagement. REGISTRATION The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO, registration no. 289,235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimah Maricar
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Behram Khan
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Trixy David
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimme L Hyrich
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Auer S, Penikalapati R, Parekh N, Merdjanoff AA, DiClemente RJ, Ali SH. 'We know what he likes, even if he doesn't know': how the children of South Asian immigrants characterize and influence the diets of their parents. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2024; 39:131-142. [PMID: 37625004 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Foreign-born (first-generation) South Asians face a growing diet-related chronic disease burden. Little is known about whether the adult US-born (second-generation) children of South Asian immigrants can provide unique insights as changemakers in their parents' dietary behaviors. This study aims to assess how second-generation South Asians describe and influence the dietary behaviors of their parents. Between October and November 2020, 32 second-generation South Asians [mean age 22.4 (SD 2.9), 53% female] participated in online interviews centered around factors involved in their (and their parents) eating behaviors. Thematic analysis revealed three types of parental dietary drivers (socioecological factors that impact the dietary choices of parents): goal-oriented (i.e., parents' dietary intentionality), capacity-related (e.g., environmental barriers) and sociocultural (cultural familiarity, religion and traditions). Participants described three major mechanisms of influence: recommending new foods, cooking for parents, and bringing new foods home. These influences primarily occurred in the household and often involved participants leveraging their own nutritional knowledge and preferences to expand dietary diversity and healthier behaviors among their parents. Evidence suggests that second-generation South Asians may act as powerful agents of dietary change within their households and can provide novel insights to help address and overcome sociocultural, linguistic, and other structural barriers to better understanding and intervening in the health of the South Asian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Auer
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Rushitha Penikalapati
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Niyati Parekh
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York University Rory College of Nursing, 433 1st Ave, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alexis A Merdjanoff
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ralph J DiClemente
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shahmir H Ali
- New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Maricar N, Yeowell G, David T, Khan B, Barton A, Hyrich KL, Hartley SE. Barriers and enablers to engagement in exercise and physical activity in non-English speaking South Asian people with chronic musculoskeletal disease. BMC Rheumatol 2024; 8:12. [PMID: 38462630 PMCID: PMC10926668 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-024-00372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and physical activity (EPA) are recommended for people with chronic musculoskeletal disease; however, lower levels of engagement with EPA has been consistently reported in people from the South Asian community across a range of diseases. As language can pose a significant barrier in healthcare, this study aimed to understand the enablers and barriers to the acceptance of EPA among non-English speaking South Asian people who attended rheumatology clinics. METHODS 12 non-English speaking individuals from the South Asian community who had chronic musculoskeletal disease with significant pain scores were interviewed via telephone or face-to-face in their spoken languages. The audio recordings of the interviews were translated into English and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed using thematic analysis implemented in the NVivo 12 Pro software program. RESULTS The mean age was 52 years (9 women and 2 men). One main theme was identified: 'Enablers and barriers to exercise and physical activity'. Enablers to EPA were having knowledge about the benefits of EPA, being given resources in a language that they understood, and supportive environments such as having access to community facilities for those who could not undertake EPA in their houses. Barriers included physical health such as pain and fatigue, lack of time, difficulties with transportation to exercise venues, dislike of group exercises and lack of understanding of what and how to do exercise and be physically active. Participants' beliefs about EPA and whether they impacted their physical health seemed to influence whether they were undertaken or not. There was a perception that their culture shaped their compatriots' beliefs about EPA, and it was not normal practice for people from their country of birth to engage in it. CONCLUSIONS This is the first qualitative study to explore the barriers and enablers to engagement in EPA in non-English speaking South Asian people with chronic musculoskeletal disease. Modifiable factors such as addressing the level of knowledge on the benefits of EPA in the management of chronic joint and muscle pain; aiding the development of the skills required to exercise safely and confidently despite chronic pain and providing information and services in the native language could promote the EPA engagement of non-English speaking South Asian individuals with chronic musculoskeletal disease. The findings may inform improvements within clinical services to promote the benefits, impact and self-efficacy of engagement with EPA as part of chronic musculoskeletal disease management. ETHICS APPROVAL The West Midlands-Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee (reference:20/WM/0305).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimah Maricar
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Gillian Yeowell
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Trixy David
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Behram Khan
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimme L Hyrich
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra E Hartley
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Platts K, Scott E, Griffiths K, Carter A. Attitudes to and perceptions of workplace health promotion amongst employees from ethnic minorities in the UK: A scoping review. Work 2024:WOR230576. [PMID: 38393877 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minorities make up approximately 14% of the UK workforce. Despite the disproportionate burden of ill-health amongst ethnic minorities, and the increased interest in Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DE&I) in the workplace, workplace health and wellbeing interventions are still most often designed for the ethnic majority. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the depth and breadth of evidence on the attitudes to and perceptions of health and wellbeing interventions in the workplace within ethnic minority groups in the UK, and to identify gaps in evidence that would provide direction for future research needs. METHODS A scoping review with quality appraisal was undertaken, supplemented by a review of grey literature and a narrative review exploring related evidence from the knowledge bases related to community and cultural adaptation. RESULTS Only three peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria, preventing broad conclusions. 14 papers from the community and cultural adaptation literature provided additional information about how health promotion may be approached effectively in the workplace, including the importance of culturally sensitive, people-centred design, and the use of established adaptation frameworks. CONCLUSION The literature suggests a need for improvements in four key areas: (1) reporting of ethnic minorities in data relating to workplace health and wellbeing research, (2) more thorough review of perceptions and attitudes of ethnic minority workers in the UK, (3) design of culturally appropriate interventions that are tested for impact, and (4) testing of the effectiveness of culturally adapted interventions.
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Gray MP, Vogel B, Mehran R, Leopold JA, Figtree GA. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Climacteric 2024; 27:104-112. [PMID: 38197424 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2282685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in both men and women. Strategies targeting traditional modifiable risk factors are essential - including hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus - particularly for atherosclerosis, but additionally for stroke, heart failure and some arrhythmias. However, challenges related to education, screening and equitable access to effective preventative therapies persist, and are particularly problematic for women around the globe and those from lower socioeconomic groups. The association of female-specific risk factors (e.g. premature menopause, gestational hypertension, small for gestational age births) with CVD provides a potential window for targeted prevention strategies. However, further evidence for specific effective screening and interventions is urgently required. In addition to population-level factors involved in increasing the risk of suffering a CVD event, efforts are leveraging the enormous potential of blood-based 'omics', improved imaging biomarkers and increasingly complex bioinformatic analytic approaches to strive toward more personalized early disease detection and personalized preventative therapies. These novel tactics may be particularly relevant for women in whom traditional risk factors perform poorly. Here we discuss established and emerging approaches for improving risk assessment, early disease detection and effective preventative strategies to reduce the mammoth burden of CVD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gray
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Vogel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Mehran
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G A Figtree
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Song Y, Zhu C, Shi B, Song C, Cui K, Chang Z, Gao G, Jia L, Fu R, Dong Q, Feng L, Zhu C, Yin D, Manson JE, Dou K. Social isolation, loneliness, and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from two large prospective cohorts in Europe and East Asia and Mendelian randomization. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 64:102236. [PMID: 37767193 PMCID: PMC10520296 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Social isolation and loneliness pose significant public health challenges globally. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between social isolation, loneliness, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods 423,503 UK adults from the UK Biobank (UKB) and 13,800 Chinese adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analyzed. The exposures of interest were social isolation and loneliness. Social isolation was evaluated based on the number of household members, frequency of social activities, contact with others, and marriage status (CHARLS only). Loneliness was evaluated by the subjective feeling of loneliness and the willingness to confide in others (UKB only). The primary endpoint was incident T2DM. The two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was based on the genome-wide association studies of UKB (n = 463,010) and the European Bioinformatics Institute (n = 655,666). Findings The UKB cohort study documented 15,072 T2DM cases during a mean follow-up of 13.5 years, and the CHARLS cohort study recorded 1,249 T2DM cases during a mean follow-up of 5.8 years. Social isolation and loneliness showed significant associations with an elevated risk of T2DM in both UKB (social isolation [most vs least]: HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11-1.23; loneliness [yes vs no]: HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.30) and CHARLS cohorts (social isolation [yes vs no]: HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.40; loneliness [yes vs no]: HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.36). These associations remained significant after accounting for baseline glucose status and genetic susceptibility to T2DM. Two-sample MR analyses determined that feeling lonely (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06) and engaging in fewer leisure/social activities (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.05) were associated with increased T2DM risk, whereas more contact with friends or family (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99) was associated with reduced T2DM risk. Interpretation Social isolation and loneliness are each associated with an elevated risk of T2DM, with MR analyses suggesting potential causal links. These associations remain significant after considering genetic susceptibility to T2DM. The findings highlight the importance of promoting initiatives to address social isolation and loneliness as part of T2DM prevention strategies. Funding CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (No. 2021-I2M-1-008) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72103187).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Boqun Shi
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Song
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Kongyong Cui
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen'ge Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guofeng Gao
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuting Dong
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Zhu
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kefei Dou
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
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Kalantzi V, Kalafati IP, Belitsi V, Tsiampalis T, Koutsonasios I, Androutsos O, Bonoti F, Panagiotakos DB, Kosti RI. Cardiometabolic Patient-Related Factors Influencing the Adherence to Lifestyle Changes and Overall Treatment: A Review of the Recent Literature. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051153. [PMID: 37240798 DOI: 10.3390/life13051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that most of the modifiable risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) can be averted through lifestyle modifications beyond medication adherence. This review aims to critically evaluate the cardiometabolic (CM) patient-related factors that influence the adherence to lifestyle changes studied alone and/or in combination with medication. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed articles from 2000 to 2023 retrieved 379 articles. After removing the articles which were not relevant, a total of 28 cross-sectional studies was chosen (12 qualitative, and 16 quantitative). The findings confirmed that five groups of factors influence patients' adherence to overall treatment: (1) health beliefs, knowledge, and perceptions regarding the risks and challenges of disease and medication intake along with adherence process perceptions; (2) self-concept; (3) emotions; (4) patient-healthcare providers relationship/communication and (5) social and cultural interactions. It is worth mentioning that cultural issues, such as culinary particularities, ethnic identity, social life as well as patients' skills and abilities, play a profound role in the effectiveness of the recommended lifestyle modifications beyond the aforementioned common factors. The need for clear-cut culturally adapted guidelines along with personalized advice from physicians is imperative as it could improve patients' self-efficacy. These socio-psychological factors should be seriously considered as a means to increase the effectiveness of future community prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kalantzi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Belitsi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Thomas Tsiampalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Odysseas Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Fotini Bonoti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Rena I Kosti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
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Mroz G, Mazhary H, Painter J. What's cooking? The normalization of meat in YouTube recipe videos consumed by South Asian British Muslims. FOOD, CULTURE, & SOCIETY 2023:1-19. [PMID: 38652831 PMCID: PMC10878681 DOI: 10.1080/15528014.2023.2196195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Muslim consumers in the UK eat more meat than the national average. Individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds, particularly South Asian communities, experience poorer health outcomes, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, associated with meat consumption. According to a YouGov survey, British Pakistani and Bangladeshi consumers use television cookery programs and social media (particularly YouTube) as their main digital sources of dietary information. Against this background, this study uses a mixed-method approach to show how meat is normalized in YouTube recipe content. Using quantitative analysis of 77 recent recipe videos presented by four leading British chefs (Jamie Oliver, Gordon Ramsay, Nigella Lawson and Nadiya Hussain) and halal recipe videos, we find that meat-based recipes overwhelmingly outnumber vegetarian/vegan ones, and that, whereas environmental or animal welfare concerns are hardly mentioned, health narratives feature in some videos. Using critical discourse analysis of a sample of videos, we show how meat consumption is rationalized by the "absenting" of meat's animal origins (making it "normal"), the "defaultization" of meat (making it "natural" and "necessary"), and "positive emotional routines" (making it "nice" and "necessary"). We consider how these representations of meat serve to overcome the "meat paradox" and legitimize, and thereby normalize, meat consumption among British Muslims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilly Mroz
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hibba Mazhary
- School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Painter
- School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Farhat G, Majeed S, Rutter MK, Issa B, Harvie M. Comparing the acceptability of total diet replacement and food-based low energy diets for type 2 diabetes remission amongst South Asians: a public and patient involvement activity. NIHR OPEN RESEARCH 2022; 1:24. [PMID: 37881774 PMCID: PMC10593247 DOI: 10.3310/nihropenres.13233.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With type 2 diabetes prevalence rising, low energy diets (total diet replacement and food-based low energy diets) are increasingly used to induce weight loss and achieve diabetes remission. The effectiveness of these diets has been primarily tested in the UK white population but not in the south Asian population at high risk of diabetes. Obtaining the opinion of members of the community on what would constitute a culturally acceptable diet is essential for successful interventions aiming to achieve diabetes remission in south Asians. METHODS We organised two patient and public involvement activities in the North West of England to understand views of people from the south Asian population on whether low energy diets (850 Kcal) in the form of total diet replacement or food-based meals, are acceptable dietary interventions to achieve type 2 diabetes remission. RESULTS Thirteen people, with either type 2 diabetes or having someone with diabetes in the family attended a virtual or a face-to-face meeting. Low energy total diet replacement in the form of soups and shakes was considered unacceptable, while there was a preference for a culturally tailored low energy food-based diet. Ready-made portion controlled catered meals were suggested as a likely approach to improve adherence. CONCLUSIONS This work provided valuable insights to shape a future study looking at the feasibility of a catered meal low-energy dietary intervention to induce T2D remission in primary care within the south Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Farhat
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BG, UK
| | - Sajda Majeed
- Patient and public engagement consultant, Patient and public engagement consultant, Burnley, UK
| | - Martin K. Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Diabetes centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Basil Issa
- Department of Endocrinology, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle Harvie
- Prevent Breast Cancer Research Unit, Manchester University Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR, Manchester, UK
- UK Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Farhat G, Majeed S, Rutter MK, Issa B, Harvie M. Comparing the acceptability of total diet replacement and food-based low energy diets for type 2 diabetes remission amongst South Asians: a public and patient involvement activity. NIHR OPEN RESEARCH 2022; 1:24. [PMID: 37881774 PMCID: PMC10593247 DOI: 10.3310/nihropenres.13233.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Background With type 2 diabetes prevalence rising, low energy diets (total diet replacement and food-based low energy diets) are increasingly used to induce weight loss and achieve diabetes remission. The effectiveness of these diets has been primarily tested in the UK white population but not in the south Asian population at high risk of diabetes. Obtaining the opinion of members of the community on what would constitute a culturally acceptable diet is essential for successful interventions aiming to achieve diabetes remission in south Asians. Methods We organised two patient and public involvement activities in the North West of England to understand views of people from the south Asian population on whether low energy diets (850 Kcal) in the form of total diet replacement or food-based meals, are acceptable dietary interventions to achieve type 2 diabetes remission. Results Thirteen people, with either type 2 diabetes or having someone with diabetes in the family attended a virtual or a face-to-face meeting. Low energy total diet replacement in the form of soups and shakes was considered unacceptable, while there was a preference for a culturally tailored low energy food-based diet. Ready-made portion controlled catered meals were suggested as a likely approach to improve adherence. Conclusions This work provided valuable insights to shape a future study looking at the feasibility of a catered meal low-energy dietary intervention to induce T2D remission in primary care within the south Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Farhat
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BG, UK
| | - Sajda Majeed
- Patient and public engagement consultant, Patient and public engagement consultant, Burnley, UK
| | - Martin K. Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Diabetes centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Basil Issa
- Department of Endocrinology, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle Harvie
- Prevent Breast Cancer Research Unit, Manchester University Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR, Manchester, UK
- UK Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Hashim J, Smith HE, Tai ES, Yi H. Lay perceptions of diabetes mellitus and prevention costs and benefits among adults undiagnosed with the condition in Singapore: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1582. [PMID: 35987615 PMCID: PMC9392359 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Therapeutic lifestyle changes can reduce individual risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by up to 58%. In Singapore, rates of preventive practices were low, despite a high level of knowledge and awareness of T2D risk and prevention. The study explored the context of the discrepancy between knowledge and practices in T2D prevention among adults undiagnosed with the condition.
Methods
In-depth interviews with 41 adults explored lay beliefs of T2D and the sources of these perceptions, subjective interpretation of how T2D may impact lives, and perceived costs and benefits of practising preventative behaviours. Purposive sampling was used to maximise the variability of participants in demographic characteristics. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes related to the domains of inquiry.
Results
Participants’ risk perceptions were influenced by familial, social, and cultural contexts of the representation and management of T2D conditions. The adverse effects of T2D were often narrated in food culture. The cost of adopting a healthy diet was perceived at a high cost of life pleasure derived from food consumption and social interactions. Inconveniences, loss of social functions, dependency and distress were the themes related to T2D management. Participants’ motivation to preventive practices, such as exercise and weight loss, were influenced by short-term observable benefits.
Conclusions
T2D risk communication needs to be addressed in emotionally impactful and interpersonally salient ways to increase the urgency to adopt preventative behaviours. Shifting perceived benefits from long-term disease prevention to short-term observable wellbeing could reduce the response cost of healthy eating.
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13
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Omodara DA, Gibson L, Bowpitt G. Exploring the impact of cultural beliefs in the self-management of type 2 diabetes among Black sub-Saharan Africans in the UK - a qualitative study informed by the PEN-3 cultural model. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1358-1376. [PMID: 33546564 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2021.1881764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices of Black sub-Saharan Africans (BsSAs) in the UK regarding their type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management using the concepts of the PEN-3 cultural model. METHOD A qualitative study involved 36 semi-structured interviews with BsSAs living with T2D in the UK to examine relevant cultural practices and beliefs that have contributed to the uneven burden of self-management behaviours. A narrative thematic analysis of the data was then conducted for the study using NVivo software and guided by the PEN-3 cultural model, which moves beyond individualistic health behaviour models of diabetes but centralises culture in understanding health behaviours. RESULTS Cultural perceptions and self-management behaviours of T2D varied among the BsSAs. Systems of self-management and treatment practices that were congruent with their cultural beliefs and personal priorities were seen as essential in the positive response to self-managing T2D. Knowledge and perceptions of non-conventional and alternative remedies linked to cultural beliefs reflected the existential health-seeking behaviours, and the significance attached to BsSAs negotiated cultural identities and collective practices within the communities. Social network supports were seen as enablers while advice and regimens from healthcare professionals (HCPs) were presented as medicalised and devoid of cultural sensitivities to respondents. CONCLUSION The study findings highlight the need to be not only aware of the negative impact of diabetes perceptions and health behaviours among the BsSA communities, but also be aware of the enabling factors and collective practices within the communities that are equally critical in influencing the self-management and health-seeking decisions of BsSAs living with T2D. PEN-3 model was significant with exploring not only how cultural context shapes health beliefs and practices, but also how social networks and systems play a critical role in enabling or nurturing positive health behaviours and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Omodara
- Sociology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - L Gibson
- Sociology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - G Bowpitt
- Social Work and Health, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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14
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Kellar I, Al Azdi Z, Jackson C, Huque R, Mdege ND, Siddiqi K. Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke in Bangladesh (MCLASS II): a combined evidence and theory-based plus partnership intervention development approach. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:136. [PMID: 35780245 PMCID: PMC9250240 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deaths from second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure are increasing, but there is not sufficient evidence to recommend a particular SHS intervention or intervention development approach. Despite the available guidance on intervention reporting, and on the role and nature of pilot and feasibility studies, partial reporting of SHS interventions is common. The decision-making whilst developing such interventions is often under-reported. This paper describes the processes and decisions employed during transitioning from the aim of adapting an existing mosque-based intervention focused on public health messages, to the development of the content of novel community-based Smoke-Free Home (SFH) intervention. The intervention aims to promote smoke-free homes to reduce non-smokers’ exposure to SHS in the home via faith-based messages. Methods The development of the SFH intervention had four sequential phases: in-depth interviews with adults in households in Dhaka, identification of an intervention programme theory and content with Islamic scholars from the Bangladesh Islamic Foundation (BIF), user testing of candidate intervention content with adults, and iterative intervention development workshops with Imams and khatibs who trained at the BIF. Results It was judged inappropriately to take an intervention adaptation approach. Following the identification of an intervention programme theory and collaborating with stakeholders in an iterative and collaborative process to identify barriers, six potentially modifiable constructs were identified. These were targeted with a series of behaviour change techniques operationalised as Quranic verses with associated health messages to be used as the basis for Khutbahs. Following iterative user testing, acceptable intervention content was generated. Conclusion The potential of this community-based intervention to reduce SHS exposure at home and improve lung health among non-smokers in Bangladesh is the result of an iterative and collaborative process. It is the result of the integration of behaviour change evidence and theory and community stakeholder contributions to the production of the intervention content. This novel combination of intervention development frameworks demonstrates a flexible approach that could provide insights for intervention development in related contexts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-022-01100-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kellar
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Zunayed Al Azdi
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3, C-4, House number 06, Road 109, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Cath Jackson
- Valid Research Ltd., Sandown House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, LS22 7DN, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rumana Huque
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3, C-4, House number 06, Road 109, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Department of Economics, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noreen Dadirai Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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15
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How do UK general practice staff understand and manage pre-diabetes? A focus group study. BJGP Open 2022; 6:BJGPO.2021.0166. [PMID: 35523431 PMCID: PMC9447313 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventing type 2 diabetes is a national priority; one aspect is the identification and active management of ‘prediabetes’ through lifestyle change. Aim To explore what primary care clinicians understood by ‘prediabetes’, how they communicated this diagnosis to people, how they delivered lifestyle advice, and their views on barriers to lifestyle change. Design & setting Three focus groups were undertaken with 25 individuals from primary care teams (GPs, nurses, and healthcare assistants) in Newham, a deprived and ethnically diverse part of London, UK. Method Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically before integrating social and behavioural science theories. Results Focus groups participants described four main influences on their management of prediabetes in the consultation: social determinants, clinical aspects of diagnosis and management, patient motivation and behaviour change, and long-term care. Since most felt unable to address social determinants such as poverty, discussions with patients tended to focus on attempts to change individual behaviours and achieve particular numerical targets, with limited attention to the social context in which behaviours would play out. Conclusion Type two diabetes prevention efforts in general practice may fail to address the upstream causes of this disease. A narrow focus on numerical targets and decontextualised behaviours overlooks the social complexity of human behaviour and lifestyle choices. Within the consultation, the authors recommend that greater attention is paid to discussing the social context and meaning of particular behaviours. Beyond the consultation, collaboration between primary care clinicians, public health bodies, and local governments is required to address community-level constraints to behaviour change.
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Sidhu T, Lemetyinen H, Edge D. 'Diabetes doesn't matter as long as we're keeping traditions alive': a qualitative study exploring the knowledge and awareness of Type 2 diabetes and related risk factors amongst the young Punjabi Sikh population in the UK. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:781-799. [PMID: 33021828 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1827141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: It is well known that Sikhs are at an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) due to a genetic predisposition. High level of education is associated with lower incidence of T2DM. Young Sikhs are well educated compared to other South Asian sub-groups. Despite this, T2DM rates remain high in Sikhs. The uptake of preventative services is also low within Sikhs. At present, no research has been conducted with the young Punjabi Sikh population on diabetes awareness in the UK. To address this gap, this study explores the knowledge and awareness of T2DM and related modifiable risk factors in the UK Punjabi Sikh community. Views surrounding T2DM health-seeking behaviours are also explored.Design: A qualitative design comprising of 1-to-1 semi-structured interviews was adopted. Thirteen Punjabi Sikh participants between the ages of 18-30 took part. Participants were recruited through a Sikh temple and University of Manchester Sikh Society using purposive and snowball sampling in West Yorkshire and North West England. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis taking a critical realist stance.Results: Three themes were identified: (1) Perceptions of the causes of T2DM, (2) Perceptions of factors impacting physical activity and diet, and (3) Attitudes towards health-seeking behaviours.Conclusions: The findings show that although well educated, participants overlooked physical activity as contributing factor towards T2DM onset. Additionally, gender and cultural norms influenced physical activity and diet, as these are passed through generations to preserve the collectivist Sikh culture. Exploration of health seeking behaviours also found young Punjabi Sikhs perceived the internet to be the preferred tool to seek T2DM information. These findings hold implications for health professionals, as the information and preventative services provided to Sikhs can be tailored to be culturally appropriate and in line with cultural and gender norms, such as bhangra dancing for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarnjit Sidhu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henna Lemetyinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Research & Innovation, Manchester, UK
| | - Dawn Edge
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Research & Innovation, Manchester, UK
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17
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Othman MS, Mat Ludin AF, Chen LL, Hossain H, Abdul Halim II, Sameeha MJ, Tahir ARM. Motivations, barriers and exercise preferences among female undergraduates: A need assessment analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264158. [PMID: 35226684 PMCID: PMC8884489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
The decreasing level of physical activity among female undergraduates is worrying as it is associated with the increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Thus, this study aimed to identify the motivations, barriers and preferences towards exercise among female undergraduates in Malaysia.
Methods
A non-probability purposive sampling was used for the recruitment process. The inclusion criteria of the participants were registered female undergraduates and aged between 18–30 years old. A semi-structured in-depth interview was used to collect topic-related information from the participants and signed consents were obtained prior to the interview. The interview questions were on respondents’ understanding of exercise, motivation and barriers to exercise, and exercise preferences. The recruitment process was conducted until the data was saturated. All interviews were audio recorded and manually transcribed verbatim. NVivo 11 was used to conduct the inductive analysis of the data to develop themes for motivation and barriers to exercise. For exercise preferences, four predetermined themes were used.
Findings
A total of 26 respondents participated in this study. Eight themes were found for motivation to exercise, with the most common themes being maintaining or improving appearance, health benefits and togetherness. For barriers of exercising, five themes were found, and the most common ones were disliking exercise and no motivation. For exercise preferences, most respondents preferred a structured exercise program with flexibility in terms of when and where the exercise could be conducted. Light or moderate intensity exercise for 10–30 minutes with a frequency of 1–2 times a week was desired the most among the respondents.
Conclusion
In conclusion, personal and environmental factors play important roles in motivating or hampering female undergraduates to exercise, and a structured program was the preferred mode of exercise of these respondents. A new exercise module was designed based on this needs assessment with a 70% acceptance rate among the participants. These findings can help the future development of more exercise modules tailored to female university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sham Othman
- Center for Toxicology & Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lew Leong Chen
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanisah Hossain
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ida Irwani Abdul Halim
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jamil Sameeha
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Soltani N, Botticello J, Watts P. Exploring the physical activity of Iranian migrant women in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2021; 16:1963111. [PMID: 34353245 PMCID: PMC8354015 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2021.1963111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article explores the role migration has on the physical activity of Iranian migrant women living in the United Kingdom. METHOD This qualitative study includes 22 first-generation Iranian migrant women, aged 24-64, residing in London. Data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured, individual interviews and was analyzed thematically. RESULTS The findings show that for those women from traditional backgrounds, migration corresponds with liberation from social and cultural pressures experienced in Iran and greater motivation to adopt a physically active lifestyle. However, for Iranian women who had arrived in the UK more recently and had a higher social standing in Iran, migration was associated with the loss of their careers, sources of income, and social networks. These issues were compounded by a lack of cohesion in Iranian migrant communities and poor access to local physical activity resources. This resulted in diminishing motivation and the subsequent de-prioritisation of the women's physical activity, even though they had regularly engaged in physical activity in Iran. CONCLUSION Despite migration leading to improving physical activity for some Iranian women, for others, migration leads to marginality in Britain. Local authorities and Iranian community organizations need to adopt innovative strategies to reach out to recent Iranian migrant women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Botticello
- Department of Health Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Paul Watts
- Department of Health Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK
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19
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An educational evaluation of learner experiences in dentistry open-book examinations. Br Dent J 2021; 231:243-248. [PMID: 34446899 PMCID: PMC8390023 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial global disruptions, with many universities restructuring their examinations to open-book assessments. In this format, learners are allowed to use revision notes, textbooks and other permitted material during their examination. Traditionally, dentistry is assessed using closed-book examinations where the use of such materials is prohibited. Learners will have limited or no prior experience of open-book examinations in dentistry, hence this educational evaluation aimed to explore their experiences and assess suitability for continuity of this examination. Methods A retrospective anonymous survey was conducted on all undergraduate dentistry and oral health sciences learners on completion of their examination and once they received their results. The questionnaire was designed to contain both qualitative and quantitative data items, validated through previous published studies. All authors independently analysed the data through tallying quantitative parameters and thematically analysing qualitative free text. Results In total, 210 learners participated in the survey, with 52.4% strongly agreeing a preference for open-book examinations. In addition, 42.9% of learners either agreed or strongly agreed that less preparation was required for open-book examinations; however, 80.5% reported learning new information. Furthermore, 85.2% disagreed or strongly disagreed that open-book examinations were stressful. Thematic analysis highlighted four core themes: stress, memorisation of facts, motivation to learn and unfairness. Conclusions There were several learning points for both educators and learners that can be actioned for future open-book examinations, including tailoring exam questions to foster application of knowledge rather than resource-searching skills, intended learning objective mapping against curriculum requirements and learner preparation. This educational evaluation highlights learner experiences of online open-book assessments in dentistry. The results of this educational evaluation show that learners find open-book assessments less stressful, and that they are an educational assessment process and promote application of material. There are several learning points for educators and learners for future open-book assessments that can be actioned from the results of this educational evaluation.
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20
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Ali SH, DiClemente RJ, Parekh N. Changing the landscape of South Asian migrant health research by advancing second-generation immigrant health needs. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:1295-1297. [PMID: 32918479 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asian immigrants confront a growing non-communicable disease burden, a significant issue in countries such as the USA. While efforts have slowly begun to address South Asian migrant health, second-generation communities remain underserved and understudied despite facing many of the same non-communicable disease concerns. The aim of this commentary is to highlight unique health disparities contributing to the current South Asian migrant health status and identify pathways for further formative research needed to inform subsequent development, implementation, and evaluation of health interventions targeting this community. Extant peer-reviewed literature addressing second-generation South Asian health issues was used to identify key research pathways needed to address existing gaps. Specifically, we call for (a) enhancing targeted surveillance and recruitment in research and (b) collecting data to help characterize behavioral and cultural patterns that may contribute to disease onset and progression. Expanding research on second-generation South Asian migrant health may help to develop tailored and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahmir H Ali
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J DiClemente
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niyati Parekh
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Katito G, Davies E. Exploring the social-ecological factors related to physical activity participation among Black, Asian and minority ethnic immigrants. HEALTH EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/he-01-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeDespite the health benefits of physical activity (PA), participation rates Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) adults in the United Kingdom (UK) are low in comparison to the general population. This study aimed to explore the social-ecological factors related to PA participation among BAME immigrants.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were carried out with 12 purposively selected adults from the BAME populace residing in one postcode district of a city in southern England.FindingsThe three main themes that developed from this study demonstrated that the barriers to PA participation among BAME were perceived to exist at intrapersonal, and environmental (social and physical) levels.Research limitations/implicationsUnderstanding these unique social-ecological factors may assist in intervention development.Originality/valueProminent barriers included intrapersonal factors such as deportation fear and cultural beliefs; and environmental factors such as the cost of accessing PA facilities. Length of residency appeared to be related to increased PA.
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22
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Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, Guerrero M, Kunadian V, Lam CSP, Maas AHEM, Mihailidou AS, Olszanecka A, Poole JE, Saldarriaga C, Saw J, Zühlke L, Mehran R. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet 2021; 397:2385-2438. [PMID: 34010613 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Decades of grassroots campaigns have helped to raise awareness about the impact of cardiovascular disease in women, and positive changes affecting women and their health have gained momentum. Despite these efforts, there has been stagnation in the overall reduction of cardiovascular disease burden for women in the past decade. Cardiovascular disease in women remains understudied, under-recognised, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. This Commission summarises existing evidence and identifies knowledge gaps in research, prevention, treatment, and access to care for women. Recommendations from an international team of experts and leaders in the field have been generated with a clear focus to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease in women by 2030. This Commission represents the first effort of its kind to connect stakeholders, to ignite global awareness of sex-related and gender-related disparities in cardiovascular disease, and to provide a springboard for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Vogel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Acevedo
- Divisón de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolande Appelman
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alaide Chieffo
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mayra Guerrero
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay Kunadian
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela H E M Maas
- Department of Women's Cardiac Health, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anastasia S Mihailidou
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Olszanecka
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jeanne E Poole
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clara Saldarriaga
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Clinica CardioVID, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jacqueline Saw
- Division of Cardiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Divisions of Paediatric and Adult Cardiology, Red Cross Children's and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Deol RM, Thompson LM, Chun KM, Chesla C. Beliefs About the Causes of Type 2 Diabetes Among First-Generation Asian Indians in the United States. J Transcult Nurs 2021; 33:65-71. [PMID: 34105412 DOI: 10.1177/10436596211016518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asian Indians (AIs) have the highest prevalence rates (18.3%-29%) of diabetes in any minority group in the United States, yet little is known about their beliefs about what causes type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine first generation AIs causal beliefs about type 2 diabetes. METHOD Interpretative phenomenology was used to interview 12 first-generation AI participants with type 2 diabetes to elicit causal beliefs of their disease. Interpretative and thematic analysis were completed. RESULTS Beliefs about the causes of diabetes in AIs were influenced by a general familiarity with the disease, limited knowledge about causal and preventative factors of the disease, and gender specific roles and norms. DISCUSSION Health programs that aim to incorporate AI's cultural and health beliefs about the causes of diabetes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin M Chun
- University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Vaja I, Umeh KF, Abayomi JC, Patel T, Newson L. A grounded theory of type 2 diabetes prevention and risk perception. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 26:789-806. [PMID: 33448543 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention programmes should target high-risk groups. Previous research has highlighted minimal engagement in such services from South Asian (SA) people. Given SA's elevated risk of T2D, there is a need to understand their perceptions, risks, and beliefs about T2D. DESIGN This study aimed to assess T2D risk perception within a community sample of SA people using Grounded Theory methodology. Specifically, health beliefs were assessed, and we explored how these beliefs affected their T2D risk perceptions. METHOD Twenty SA participants (mean age = 38 years) without a diagnosis of T2D were recruited from community and religious settings across the North West of England. In line with grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage Publications), data collection and analysis coincided. RESULTS The superordinate category of Culturally Situated Risk Perception incorporated a complex psychological understanding of the formation of T2D risk perception, which takes into account the social, cultural, and community-based environmental factors. This superordinate category was explained via two core categories (1) Diminished Responsibility, informed by sub-categories of Destiny and Heredity, and (2) Influencing Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours, informed by sub-categories of Socio-cultural and Environmental. CONCLUSION This study investigated risk perception of T2D within the SA community. When considering health prevention in the context of an individual's culture, we need to consider the social context in which they live. Failure to acknowledge the cultural-situated T2D risk perception relevant to health promotion and illness messages may account for the issues identified with health care engagement in the SA population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Vaja
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Kanayo F Umeh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Julie C Abayomi
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edgehill University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tasneem Patel
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa Newson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
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Ali SH, Misra S, Parekh N, Murphy B, DiClemente RJ. Preventing type 2 diabetes among South Asian Americans through community-based lifestyle interventions: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101182. [PMID: 32844084 PMCID: PMC7441043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnic South Asian Americans (SAAs) have the highest relative risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States (US). Culturally tailored lifestyle interventions have the potential to promote South Asian diabetes prevention; however, the extent of their use and evaluation in US settings remains limited. This systematic review characterizes and evaluates outcomes of community-based lifestyle interventions targeted towards T2DM indicators among South Asians living in the US. A PRISMA-informed search of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and clinical trial registry databases using key words pertaining to South Asians migrants and diabetes indicators (glucose and insulin outcomes) was conducted of community-based lifestyle interventions published up until October, 31 2019. Of the eight studies included in the final synthesis, four interventions focused on cultural and linguistic adaptations of past chronic disease prevention curricula using group-based modalities to deliver the intervention. Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) was the most common outcome indicator measured across the interventions. Three of the five studies observed improvements in indicators post-intervention. Based on these findings, this review recommends 1) greater exploration of community-based lifestyle interventions with high quality diabetes indicators (such as fasting blood glucose) in ethnic SAA communities, 2) expanding beyond traditional modalities of group-based lifestyle interventions and exploring the use of technology and interventions integrated with passive, active, and individualized components, and 3) development of research on diabetes prevention among second generation SAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahmir H. Ali
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Supriya Misra
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Niyati Parekh
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bridget Murphy
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralph J. DiClemente
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Corresponding author at: 715 Broadway New York, NY 10003, United States.
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Frediani JK, Shaikh NI, Weber MB. Exercise Patterns and Perceptions among South Asian Adults in the United States. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Sequeira S, Halperin I, Lipscombe LL. Culturally Tailored Resources for South Asian Immigrant Women With Gestational Diabetes: Do They Work and What's Missing? A Qualitative Study. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43:573-579. [PMID: 31787243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of pregnancy complications. South Asian immigrant women have among the highest rates of GDM in Canada and they also have the highest lifelong risk of developing type 2 diabetes after a GDM pregnancy. Diabetes Canada has been developing diabetes education material that accounts for the cultural preferences of South Asians. However, there is uncertainty to whether South Asian immigrants are aware of these resources or trust them, or if other factors influence their uptake of advice. METHODS In this study, we conducted qualitative interviews to explore, among South Asian immigrant women with GDM: 1) their awareness of diabetes education resources, 2) their attitudes toward information from different resources and varying health-care providers and 3) their barriers and facilitators for GDM management recommendations. Gender theory is embedded in this study, as culturally specific gender roles regarding motherhood have been shown to be important to South Asian immigrant women and their perceptions of health. RESULTS There was an emergence of 3 main themes. First, awareness of culturally tailored educational resources is low. Second, there is an overabundance of GDM management information, which leads to variability among participants of how they rank accuracy of informational sources. Finally, there is a gender role reversal present, where women are being taken care of by their families instead of being the providers of care. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that better dissemination strategies for GDM educational material are needed for health-care providers and patients, and may require additional consideration of family involvement during GDM education sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie de Sequeira
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ilana Halperin
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorraine L Lipscombe
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL, Chandramouli C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Kaye DM, Ky B, Santema BT, Sliwa K, Voors AA. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:3859-3868c. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The overall lifetime risk of heart failure (HF) is similar between men and women, however, there are marked sex differences in the landscape of this condition that are both important and under-recognized. Men are predisposed to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), whereas women predominate in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Sex differences are also notable in the penetrance of genetic cardiomyopathies, risk factors, e.g. breast cancer which may be associated with cancer treatment-induced cardiomyopathy, as well as sex-specific conditions such as peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). This review outlines the key sex differences with respect to clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic responses to HF treatments. Finally, we address important differences in the prognosis of HF. A central hypothesis is that the higher risk of HFrEF in men compared to women may be attributable to their predisposition to macrovascular coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, whereas coronary microvascular dysfunction/endothelial inflammation has been postulated to play a key role in HFpEF and maybe the common link among HF syndromes that women are predisposed to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, PPCM, and breast cancer radiotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Under-pinning current sex disparities in HF, there is a paucity of women recruited to HF clinical trials (20–25% of cohorts) and thus treatment guidelines are predominantly based on male-derived data. Large gaps in knowledge exist in sex-specific mechanisms, optimal drug doses for women and sex-specific criteria for device therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, Singapore
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- The George Institute, Level 5/1 King St, Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute, Level 5/1 King St, Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna L Beale
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - David M Kaye
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernadet T Santema
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Permana I, Ormandy P, Ahmed A. Maintaining Harmony: How Religion and Culture are Interwoven in Managing Daily Diabetes Self-Care. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1415-1428. [PMID: 31011937 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lingering culture among Javanese people cannot be separated from religion, influencing how they perceive any factors that might play a role in managing any health condition. This present study aimed in exploring the perceptions and experiences of religion and culture in performing daily self-care among Javanese Muslim with type 2 diabetes. A qualitative study with thematic content analysis method utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews was undertaken to explore the perceptions and experiences of Javanese Muslim with diabetes managing their daily self-care activity. Convenient samples of 24 participants were selected to gain a richer understanding of self-care activity. The study identified one main theme of 'maintaining harmony' with comprised of two sub-themes: 'surrender and accept', and 'keep trying and leave the rest to Allah, a concept of tawakkal'. The first sub-theme consists of categories of: nerimo ing pandum, or accepting with sincerity, and tepo seliro, or being tolerance with others. The second sub-theme consists of three categories: being independent, social ties, and embracing Allah. The study also reveals the importance of Pengajian and Persadia as social resources in enhancing the capability to better self-care the condition. Thus, it also reveals the need to further develop diabetes education programmes in collaboration with religious leaders and health professionals to promote self-care to complement religious practice: Tawakkal or 'Keep trying and leave the rest to Allah'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Permana
- Center of Islamic Medicine Studies, The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Kampus Terpadu UMY, Jalan Lingkar Selatan, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia.
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
| | - Paula Ormandy
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anya Ahmed
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a major UK public health priority. Among minority ethnic communities, the prevalence is alarmingly high, approximately three to five times higher than in the white British population. Particularly striking is the earlier onset of Type 2 diabetes, which occurs some 10-12 years younger, with a significant proportion of cases being diagnosed before the age of 40 years. This review focuses on the UK context and Type 2 diabetes in adult populations, exploring the available evidence regarding the complex interplay of biological, lifestyle, social, clinical and healthcare system factors that are known to drive these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Goff
- Diabetes Research Group, Departments of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Zhu T, Xu H. Status and influencing factors of diabetes information acquisition among rural elderly with pre-diabetes in Yiyang City, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029938. [PMID: 31324685 PMCID: PMC6661561 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the status of diabetes information acquisition and its influencing factors among patients, 60 years and older, with pre-diabetes in rural China. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING The survey was conducted in 42 rural communities in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 461 elderly with pre-diabetes participated in this study, and 434 of them completed the survey (434/461, 94.1%). OUTCOME MEASURES Information on sociodemographic and diabetic information-seeking behaviours were assessed through the structured questionnaires and described by percentages, mean±SD. The influencing factors of diabetes information acquisition were analysed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS The average score of diabetes information acquisition in the subjects was 8.39±11.28. The most popular and trusted source of diabetes information for the subjects was doctors. The level of information acquisition not only declined as the age progressed (95% CI -3.754 to -0.143) but also proved lowest among subjects with less than 1 year of education (95% CI 0.756 to 4.326). In addition, the level of information acquisition among elderly individuals with pre-diabetes, but with no history of hyperglycaemia, was lower than among those with a history of hyperglycaemia (95% CI 3.398 to 11.945). CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that the lack of ability to acquire diabetes information in elderly with pre-diabetes was common in rural China. Improving the ability of rural residents to access information should be incorporated into rural diabetes prevention efforts, especially for the elderly with pre-diabetes with low education and no history of hyperglycaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-IOR-15007033; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ige-Elegbede J, Pilkington P, Gray S, Powell J. Barriers and facilitators of physical activity among adults and older adults from Black and Minority Ethnic groups in the UK: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Prev Med Rep 2019; 15:100952. [PMID: 31367514 PMCID: PMC6656684 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults from Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups experience a relatively higher burden of physical inactivity compared with their counterparts from non-BME groups. Despite the increasing number of qualitative studies investigating the barriers and facilitators of physical activity among older adults from BME backgrounds in the UK, there is very limited review-level evidence. The aim of this review is to undertake a synthesis of existing qualitative studies, using a meta-ethnographic approach, to explore the barriers and opportunities for physical activity among adults and older adults from BME communities in the UK. Studies conducted between January 2007 and July 2017 were eligible if they met the following criteria: employed any qualitative method; included participants identified as being BME, aged 50 and above, and living in the UK. In total, 1036 studies were identified from a structured search of six electronic databases combined with hand searching of reference bibliographies. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria for the review and were included. Six key themes emerged from the data: awareness of the links between physical activity and health, interaction and engagement with health professionals, cultural expectations and social responsibilities, suitable environment for physical activity, religious fatalism and practical challenges. There was a substantial gap in research among Black African groups. Interventions aimed at improving physical activity participation among older adults should be acceptable and accessible to minority groups. Further research is needed to investigate the barriers and facilitators of physical activity among older adults from African backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ige-Elegbede
- Bristol Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Pilkington
- Bristol Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Selena Gray
- Bristol Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Jane Powell
- Bristol Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Zeh P, Cannaby AM, Sandhu HK, Warwick J, Sturt JA. A cross-sectional survey of general practice health workers' perceptions of their provision of culturally competent services to ethnic minority people with diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 2018; 12:501-509. [PMID: 30145188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore General Practice teams cultural-competence, in particular, ethnicity, linguistic skillset and cultural awareness. The practice teams' access to diabetes-training, and overall perception of cultural-competence were also assessed. METHODS A cross-sectional single-city-survey with one in three people with diabetes from an ethnic minority group, using 35 semi-structured questions was completed. Self-reported data analysed using descriptive statistics, interpreted with reference to the Culturally-Competent-Assessment-Tool. RESULTS Thirty-four (52%) of all 66 practices in Coventry responded between November 2011 and January 2012. KEY FINDINGS (1) One in five practice staff was from a minority group in contrast with one in ten of Coventry's population, (2) 164 practice staff (32%) spoke a second language relevant to the practice's minority population, (3) 56% of practices were highly culturally-competent at providing diabetes services for minority populations, (4) 94% of practices reported the ethnicity of their populations, and (5) the most frequently stated barriers to culturally-competent service delivery were language and knowledge of nutritional habits. CONCLUSIONS Culturally-competent diabetes care is widespread across the city. Language barriers are being addressed, cultural knowledge of diabetes-related-nutrition requires further improvement. Further studies should investigate if structured cultural-competence training for diabetes service providers produces positive effects in diabetes-related outcome-measures in minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zeh
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5RW, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Ann-Marie Cannaby
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK; The Royal Wolverhampton Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK.
| | | | - Jane Warwick
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Jackie A Sturt
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College, London, SE1 8WA, UK.
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Horne M, Emsley R, Woodham A, Wearden A, Skelton D. Associations of intention to undertake physical activity among community dwelling British South Asian adults aged 60 years and over: a cross-sectional study. Public Health 2018; 162:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lack of infrastructure, social and cultural factors limit physical activity among patients with type 2 diabetes in rural Sri Lanka, a qualitative study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192679. [PMID: 29462186 PMCID: PMC5819806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction South Asians have high prevalence of diabetes, increased cardiovascular risk and low levels of physical activity (PA). Reasons for low levels of PA have not previously been explored among Asians living within their endogenous environment. This qualitative study was performed to explore the contextual reasons that limited PA among type 2 diabetic patients living in a rural community. Methods Purposeful sampling recruited 40 participants with long standing type 2 diabetes for this qualitative study. Semi-structered questions utilising in-depth interviews were used to collect data on PA patterns, barriers to PA and factors that would facilitate PA. The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using a framework approach. Results The sample consisted of 11 males and 29 females. Mean age was 55.4 (SD 8.9) years. The mean duration of diabetes in the study population was 8.5 (SD 6.8) years. Inability to differentitate household and daily activities from PA emerged as a recurring theme. Most did not have a clear understanding of the type or duration of PA that they should perform. Health related issues, lifestyle and time management, envronmental and social factors like social embarrassment, prioritizing household activities over PA were important factors that limited PA. Most stated that the concept of exercising was alien to their culture and lifestyle. Conclusion Culturally appropriate programmes that strengthen health education and empower communities to overcome socio-economic barriers that limit PA should be implemented to better manage diabetes among rural Sri Lankan diabetic patients.
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Erwin CM, McEvoy CT, Moore SE, Prior L, Lawton J, Kee F, Cupples ME, Young IS, Appleton K, McKinley MC, Woodside JV. A qualitative analysis exploring preferred methods of peer support to encourage adherence to a Mediterranean diet in a Northern European population at high risk of cardiovascular disease. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:213. [PMID: 29402256 PMCID: PMC5800279 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and randomised controlled trial evidence demonstrates that adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) can reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, methods used to support dietary change have been intensive and expensive. Peer support has been suggested as a possible cost-effective method to encourage adherence to a MD in at risk populations, although development of such a programme has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to use mixed-methods to determine the preferred peer support approach to encourage adherence to a MD. METHODS Qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative methods (questionnaire and preference scoring sheet) were used to determine preferred methods of peer support. Sixty-seven high CVD risk participants took part in 12 focus groups (60% female, mean age 64 years) and completed a questionnaire and preference scoring sheet. Focus group data were transcribed and thematically analysed. RESULTS The mean preference score (1 being most preferred and 5 being least preferred) for group support was 1.5, compared to 3.4 for peer mentorship, 4.0 for telephone peer support and 4.0 for internet peer support. Three key themes were identified from the transcripts: 1. Components of an effective peer support group: discussions around group peer support were predominantly positive. It was suggested that an effective group develops from people who consider themselves similar to each other meeting face-to-face, leading to the development of a group identity that embraces trust and honesty. 2. Catalysing Motivation: participants discussed that a group peer support model could facilitate interpersonal motivations including encouragement, competitiveness and accountability. 3. Stepping Stones of Change: participants conceptualised change as a process, and discussed that, throughout the process, different models of peer support might be more or less useful. CONCLUSION A group-based approach was the preferred method of peer support to encourage a population at high risk of CVD to adhere to a MD. This finding should be recognised in the development of interventions to encourage adoption of a MD in a Northern European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Erwin
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Claire T. McEvoy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Sarah E. Moore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Lindsay Prior
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Julia Lawton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Margaret E. Cupples
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Ian S. Young
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Katherine Appleton
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB UK
| | - Michelle C. McKinley
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
| | - Jayne V. Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ UK
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Medagama A, Galgomuwa M. Comorbidities and Ethnocultural Factors Limit the Physical Activity of Rural Sri Lankan Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:4319604. [PMID: 29693020 PMCID: PMC5859883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4319604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
South Asians have high prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular risk, and physical inactivity. Reasons for physical inactivity have not been explored among Asians living within their endogenous environments. During phase 1 of the study, we assessed the physical activity (PA) of the population using a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional research method. During phase 2 of the study, a qualitative method with in-depth interviews was used to collect data on barriers of PA. Four hundred patients with type 2 diabetes, comprising 113 (28.2%) males and 287 (71.7%) females, were enrolled. The overall prevalence of physical inactivity was 21.5% (males: 15.9%, females: 23.7%). The majority (44.8%) of the study population was active and 33.8% were minimally active. The mean weekly MET minutes was 4381.6 (SD 4962). The qualitative study (n = 45) identified health-related issues-lifestyle and time management and social embarrassment, prioritizing household activities over PA as significant factors that limited PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna Medagama
- Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Manoj Galgomuwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Gumber A, Gumber L. Improving prevention, monitoring and management of diabetes among ethnic minorities: contextualizing the six G's approach. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:774. [PMID: 29282119 PMCID: PMC5745639 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective People from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups are known to have an increased risk of developing diabetes and face greater barriers to accessing healthcare resources compared to their ‘white British’ counterparts. The extent of these barriers varies by demographics and different socioeconomic circumstances that people find themselves in. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a new framework to understand, disentangle and tackle these barriers so that improvements in the effectiveness of diabetes interventions for BAME communities can be achieved. Results The main mediators of lifestyle behavioural change are gender, generation, geography, genes, God/religion, and gaps in knowledge and economic resources. Dietary and cultural practices of these individuals significantly vary according to gender, generation, geographical origin and religion. Recognition of these factors is essential in increasing knowledge of healthy eating, engagement in physical activity and utilisation of healthcare services. Use of the six G’s framework alongside a community centred approach is crucial in developing and implementing culturally sensitive interventions for diabetes prevention and management in BAME communities. This could improve their health outcomes and overall wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gumber
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Leher Gumber
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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Al Hamid AM, Ghaleb M, Aljadhey H, Aslanpour Z. Factors contributing to medicine-related problems in adult patients with diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017664. [PMID: 29133322 PMCID: PMC5695315 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the factors contributing to medicine-related problems (MRPs) among patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and/or diabetes in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded then transcribed into Microsoft Word. The transcribed interviews were then imported into the qualitative analysis software NVivo where thematic analysis was applied. Thematic synthesis was achieved by coding and developing subthemes/themes from the findings of the interviews. SETTING Five healthcare centres in Najran, Saudi Arabia. PARTICIPANTS 25 adult patients with diabetes and/or CVDs. RESULTS The study cohort included 16 men and 9 women with a median age of 61.8 years (40-85 years). Diabetes was the main condition encountered among 23 patients and CVDs were reported among 18 patients. Perceived factors leading to MRPs were of four types and related to: patient-, healthcare system-, clinical (condition-) and medicine-related factors. Patient-related factors were related to living situation, religious practices, diet/exercise and patients' behaviour towards the condition and medicines. Healthcare system-related factors comprised sources and availability of medicines, ease of access to healthcare system and patient satisfaction with healthcare providers. Clinical (condition-) related factors associated with both the knowledge and control over condition, and effects of the condition among medicines intake. Medicine-related factors included lack of knowledge about medicines and medicine use. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study uncovered many factors associated with MRPs among patients with CVDs and diabetes in Saudi Arabia, especially in reference to lifestyle and medicine use. Improving communication with healthcare professional alongside the introduction of national clinical guidance would mitigate the unwanted health complications related to medicine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mahdi Al Hamid
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Maisoon Ghaleb
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Hisham Aljadhey
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoe Aslanpour
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Orrego Dunleavy V, Chudnovskaya E, Phillips J, McFarlane SJ. Applying the PEN-3 Cultural Model to Address HIV/AIDS Prevention in Rural Guatemala. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17475759.2017.1398178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Chudnovskaya
- Department of Communication, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, USA
| | - Jasmine Phillips
- Department of Social Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, NV, USA
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Jones V, Crowe M. How people from ethnic minorities describe their experiences of managing type-2 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 76:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Emadian A, England CY, Thompson JL. Dietary intake and factors influencing eating behaviours in overweight and obese South Asian men living in the UK: mixed method study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016919. [PMID: 28729327 PMCID: PMC5541587 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is widely recognised that South Asian men living in the UK are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than their white British counterparts. Despite this, limited data have been published quantifying current dietary intake patterns and qualitatively exploring eating behaviours in this population. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess diet, (2) explore perceptions of T2DM, (3) investigate factors influencing eating behaviours in overweight/obese South Asian men and (4) determine the suitability of the UK Diet and Diabetes Questionnaire (UKDDQ) for use in this population. SETTING Community-based setting in the Greater London, UK area. PARTICIPANTS South Asian men aged 18-64 years, with a body mass index of over 23.0 kg/m2, not previously diagnosed with T2DM. METHODS A cross-sectional mixed-methods design, including assessment of dietary intake using UKDDQ (n=63), followed by semistructured interviews in a purposive sample (n=36). RESULTS UKDDQ scores indicated 54% of participants had a 'healthy' diet with a mean sample score of 3.44±0.43 out of a maximum of 5. Oily fish consumption was low (1.84±1.85). Body weight was positively associated with a high-added sugar subscore (r=0.253, p=0.047), with 69.8% of the men having 'unhealthy' intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages. Cultural commitments (eg, extended family and faith events), motivation and time were identified as key barriers to dietary change, with family support an important facilitator to making healthy dietary changes. Participants stated that UKDDQ was suitable for assessing diets of South Asians and made suggestions for tailoring questions related to rice consumption, providing examples of Indian sweets, and including ghee as a fat source. CONCLUSION Many of the areas of dietary improvement and factors affecting eating behaviours identified in this study are similar to those observed in the general UK population. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in particular was high; given the association between their consumption and the risk of T2DM, this should be an area of primary focus for healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, there are sociocultural factors unique to this population that need to be considered when designing culturally specific programs to reduce the development of T2DM in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Emadian
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Clare Y England
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, National Institute for Health Research, University Hospitals Bristol Education and Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Messina J, Campbell S, Morris R, Eyles E, Sanders C. A narrative systematic review of factors affecting diabetes prevention in primary care settings. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177699. [PMID: 28531197 PMCID: PMC5439678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is impacting millions of people globally; however, many future cases can be prevented through lifestyle changes and interventions. Primary care is an important setting for diabetes prevention, for at-risk populations, because it is a patient's primary point of contact with the health care system and professionals can provide lifestyle counselling and support, as well as monitoring health outcomes. These are all essential elements for diabetes prevention for at-risk adults. AIM To understand the factors related to the delivery and uptake of type 2 diabetes prevention interventions within primary care in higher income countries. METHODS For this narrative systematic review, we combined qualitative and quantitative studies of diabetes prevention within a primary care setting for patients at-risk of developing the condition. We used an iterative approach for evidence collection, which included using several databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Pysch info, BNI, SSCI, CINAHL, ASSIA), where we combined diabetes terms with primary care terms. Narrative and thematic synthesis were utilised to identify the prominent themes emerging from the data. RESULTS A database of 6646 records was screened by the research team, and 18 papers were included. Three major themes were identified in this review. The first theme of context and setting of diabetes progression includes the risk and progression of diabetes, primary care as a setting, and where the responsibility for change is thought to lie. This review also found mixed views on the value of preventative services within primary care. The second theme focused on the various patient factors associated with diabetes prevention such as a patient's motivation to modify their current lifestyle, perceptions and knowledge (or lack thereof) of the impacts of diabetes, lack of follow-up in healthcare settings, and trust in healthcare professionals. The third theme was centred on professional factors impacting on diabetes prevention which included workload, time constraints, resources, self-efficacy and knowledge as well as professionals' perception of patient motivations towards change. CONCLUSION This review explored the factors influencing diabetes prevention in primary care, and identified the context of prevention, as well as patient and professional factors related to preventative services being offered in primary care. This systematic review complements previous reviews of real-world settings by exploring the significant factors in prevention, and the findings are relevant to academics, policymakers, patients and practitioners interested in understanding the factors associated with the delivery and uptake of diabetes prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Messina
- School of Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Campbell
- School of Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Morris
- School of Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Eyles
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Sanders
- School of Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Mahmood B, Afshar R, Tang TS. Recruitment and Retention of South Asian Ethnic Minority Populations in Behavioral Interventions to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:25. [PMID: 28321765 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW South Asian (SA) immigrants have a higher burden of type 2 diabetes, report poor self-management, and remain a hard-to-engage group in behavioral interventions. The purpose of this review was to characterize recruitment and retention of SAs in behavioral interventions. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 14 studies with limited information regarding recruitment and retention. Overall recruitment rates were low: 12 studies had a mean recruitment rate of 44% among those screened, and 9 studies with complete information on eligibility had a mean recruitment rate of 65.8% among those eligible. Mean retention rate was 79.4% across all 14 studies. Although unstandardized and inconsistent reporting limited our ability to draw any conclusions regarding the best strategies to maximize recruitment and retention, we were able to highlight some novel and effective strategies. There is a need for consistent and standardized reporting of recruitment and retention-related information to encourage meaningful research and guide researchers in efficient allocation of resources and a successful conclusion of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, DHCC #10211, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Rowshanak Afshar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, DHCC #10211, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tricia S Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, DHCC #10211, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Islam SMS, Biswas T, Bhuiyan FA, Mustafa K, Islam A. Patients' perspective of disease and medication adherence for type 2 diabetes in an urban area in Bangladesh: a qualitative study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:131. [PMID: 28327202 PMCID: PMC5361713 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients' perspective of diabetes and adherence to its prescribed medications is a significant predictor of glycemic control and overall management of the disease. However, there is a paucity of such information in Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore patients' perspective of diabetes, their experience of taking oral hypoglycemic medications and explore factors that contribute to medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. METHODS We conducted in-depth face-to-face interviews with 12 type 2 diabetes patients attending a tertiary hospital in Dhaka city between February and March, 2014. Participants were purposively sampled representing different age groups, education levels, years since diagnosis with diabetes, and glycemic status, to achieve maximum variation sampling. All interviews were conducted using a topic guide and were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, checked for errors, coded and analyzed by means of a qualitative content analysis framework. RESULTS The data analysis generated rich information on the participants' knowledge and perception on diabetes, its causes, self-management, medication use, adverse effects of medication use, medication adherence, and impact of diabetes, Although most of the participants demonstrated substantive knowledge on diabetes and its consequences, they also reported numerous misconceptions about the disease. Knowledge on diabetes medication, their appropriate use and side effects was rather poor. Respondents also reported non-compliance to dietary and physical activity advice by their physicians and concerns on diabetes diabetes-induced psychological stress. High cost of medications, concerns over medication side effects and forgetfulness was noted as factors for non-adherence to medication. CONCLUSION Participants' knowledge and perception on diabetes are key factors determining their adherence to medications and, thereby, diabetes management. Healthcare providers should explore to better understand patients' perspective on diabetes, medication beliefs, identify psychological stress and provide more effective health education interventions to enhance medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- NCD Program, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. .,Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians Univetsitat, Munich, Germany. .,The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Tuhin Biswas
- NCD Program, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Faiz A Bhuiyan
- NCD Program, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Mustafa
- Department of Public Health, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.,Bangladesh University of Health Science (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Islam
- Faculty of Health, School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mustafa Y, Baker D, Puligari P, Melody T, Yeung J, Gao-Smith F. The role of imams and mosques in health promotion in Western societies-a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2017; 6:25. [PMID: 28148294 PMCID: PMC5288895 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muslims comprise 4.8% of the national population in the UK and also form a significant proportion of its ethnic minority population, with trends set to continue for the foreseeable future. With ethnic minority health inequalities deepening further, there is an apparent lack of strategies to effectively tackle this growing problem. Imams, Muslim religious leaders, represent a hitherto under-investigated group who may have the capacity to facilitate positive health change within Muslim communities. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the role of imams and mosques in health promotion in Muslim communities residing in Western societies. METHOD We will undertake a systematic literature review of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) Register, NICE Evidence and Google Scholar. Eligible studies will primarily assess the role of imams and mosques in health promotion in Western societies. Secondary objectives include the identification of how mosque-based and imam-supported interventions were organised and delivered, and to explore which, if any, subgroups within the Western Muslim communities are more responsive to such interventions. Two independent reviewers will screen references from the electronic literature searches for eligible studies. The following data will be extracted to populate a tabulated form: study design, location of study, time of study, participant demographics, description of intervention, outcome measures of individual study, analysis methods, religious content (imams, mosques, religious denomination), outcomes and conclusions of study. Two investigators will independently assess the methodological quality of included studies. A narrative synthesis approach will be employed to analyse the extracted data in order to explore the role of imams and mosques in health promotion in Western settings. DISCUSSION This systematic review will elucidate the role and effectiveness of imams and mosques in health promotion in Western societies. If the use of imams and mosques is shown to be effective, this will encourage further research in Western Muslim communities that effectively utilise imams and mosques as part of novel strategies and interventions for health promotion in this group. The review will also aid policy makers in Western societies with a view to tackling and potentially reversing the problem of increasing ethnic minority health inequality. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO ( CRD42015020166 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassar Mustafa
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Diya Baker
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Preeti Puligari
- Library, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Teresa Melody
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Joyce Yeung
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fang Gao-Smith
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Knutsen IR, Foss IC, Todorova E, Roukova P, Kennedy A, Portillo MC, Regaira E, Serrano-Gil M, Lionis C, Angelaki A, Rogers A. Negotiating Diet in Networks: A Cross-European Study of the Experiences of Managing Type 2 Diabetes. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:299-310. [PMID: 26515920 DOI: 10.1177/1049732315610318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Food and diet are central aspects of diabetes self-management but the relevance of social networks for the way people are supported in their management of type 2 diabetes is often under-acknowledged. In this article, we aimed to explore the coalescences between these two phenomena among people with type 2 diabetes to increase knowledge of interactions within social network related to daily diet. The article is based on 125 qualitative interviews with individuals with type 2 diabetes from five European countries. Based on assumptions that people with chronic illnesses reshape relationships through negotiation, we analyzed negotiations of food at different levels of network. The respondents' reflections indicate that there are complex negotiations that influence self-management and food, including support, knowledge, and relationships within families; attention and openness in social situations; and the premises and norms of society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elka Todorova
- 2 University of World and National Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Poli Roukova
- 3 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Rogers
- 4 University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Patel N, Ferrer HB, Tyrer F, Wray P, Farooqi A, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Lifestyle Changes in Minority Ethnic Populations in the UK: a Narrative Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2016; 4:1107-1119. [PMID: 27928772 PMCID: PMC5705764 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-016-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Minority ethnic populations experience a disproportionate burden of health inequalities compared with the rest of the population, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The purpose of this narrative review was to explore knowledge and attitudes around diabetes, physical activity and diet and identify barriers and facilitators to healthy lifestyle changes in minority ethnic populations in the UK. The narrative review focused on three key research topics in relation to barriers and facilitators to healthy lifestyle changes in minority adult ethnic populations: (i) knowledge and attitudes about diabetes risk; (ii) current behaviours and knowledge about physical activity and diet; and (iii) barriers and facilitators to living a healthier lifestyle. Nearly all of the studies that we identified reported on South Asian minority ethnic populations; we found very few studies on other minority ethnic populations. Among South Asian communities, there was generally a good understanding of diabetes and its associated risk factors. However, knowledge about the levels of physical activity required to gain health benefits was relatively poor and eating patterns varied. Barriers to healthy lifestyle changes identified included language barriers, prioritising work over physical activity to provide for the family, cultural barriers with regard to serving and eating traditional food, different perceptions of a healthy body weight and fear of racial harassment or abuse when exercising. Additional barriers for South Asian women included expectations to remain in the home, fear for personal safety, lack of same gender venues and concerns over the acceptability of wearing ‘western’ exercise clothing. Facilitators included concern that weight gain might compromise family/carer responsibilities, desire to be healthy, T2DM diagnosis and exercise classes held in ‘safe’ environments such as places of worship. Our findings suggest that South Asian communities are less likely to engage in physical activity than White populations and highlight the need for health promotion strategies to engage people in these communities. There is a gap in knowledge with regard to diabetes, physical activity, diet and barriers to healthy lifestyle changes among other ethnic minority populations in the UK; we recommend further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Patel
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Freya Tyrer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Paula Wray
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Azhar Farooqi
- Leicester City Clinical Commissioning Group, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Large numbers of liver function tests (LFTs) are performed in primary care, with abnormal liver biochemistry a common finding. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver injury. Metabolic syndrome, common in people from South Asia, is an important risk factor for NAFLD. AIM It is hypothesised that a large gap exists between numbers of patients with abnormal LFTs and those with recorded liver diagnoses, and that NAFLD is more common among adults of South Asian ethnic groups. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional study of 690,683 adults in coterminous general practices in a region with high ethnic diversity. METHOD Data were extracted on LFTs, liver disease, and process of care measures from computerised primary care medical records. RESULTS LFTs were performed on 218,032 patients, of whom 31 627 had elevated serum transaminases. The prevalence of abnormal LFTs was highest among individuals of Bangladeshi ethnicity. Of the patients with abnormal LFTs, 88.4% did not have a coded liver diagnosis. NAFLD was the most frequently recorded liver disease and was most common among Bangladeshi patients. In a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for NAFLD included Bangladeshi ethnicity, diabetes, raised BMI, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia. CONCLUSION Abnormal LFTs are common in the population, but are underinvestigated and often remain undiagnosed. Bangladeshi ethnicity is an important independent risk factor for NAFLD.
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