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Glenn SJ, Gentry-Lear Z, Shavlik M, Harms MJ, Asaki TJ, Baylink A. Bacterial vampirism mediated through taxis to serum. eLife 2024; 12:RP93178. [PMID: 38820052 PMCID: PMC11142651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and bacteremia and are a leading cause of death, from sepsis, for individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases. The bacterial behaviors and mechanisms underlying why these bacteria are prone to bloodstream entry remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that clinical isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter koseri are rapidly attracted toward sources of human serum. To simulate GI bleeding, we utilized an injection-based microfluidics device and found that femtoliter volumes of human serum are sufficient to induce bacterial attraction to the serum source. This response is orchestrated through chemotaxis and the chemoattractant L-serine, an amino acid abundant in serum that is recognized through direct binding by the chemoreceptor Tsr. We report the first crystal structures of Salmonella Typhimurium Tsr in complex with L-serine and identify a conserved amino acid recognition motif for L-serine shared among Tsr orthologues. We find Tsr to be widely conserved among Enterobacteriaceae and numerous World Health Organization priority pathogens associated with bloodstream infections. Lastly, we find that Enterobacteriaceae use human serum as a source of nutrients for growth and that chemotaxis and the chemoreceptor Tsr provide a competitive advantage for migration into enterohemorrhagic lesions. We define this bacterial behavior of taxis toward serum, colonization of hemorrhagic lesions, and the consumption of serum nutrients as 'bacterial vampirism', which may relate to the proclivity of Enterobacteriaceae for bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena J Glenn
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and PathologyPullmanUnited States
| | | | - Michael Shavlik
- University of Oregon, Institute of Molecular BiologyEugeneUnited States
| | - Michael J Harms
- University of Oregon, Institute of Molecular BiologyEugeneUnited States
- University of Oregon, Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryEugeneUnited States
| | - Thomas J Asaki
- Washington State University, Department of Mathematics and StatisticsPullmanUnited States
| | - Arden Baylink
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and PathologyPullmanUnited States
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2
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Lee JJY, Bernatsky S, Benchimol EI, Kuenzig ME, Kwong JC, Li Q, Widdifield J. COVID-19 vaccination safety and associated health care utilization among adults with inflammatory bowel disease - a population-based self-controlled case series analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:189. [PMID: 38816836 PMCID: PMC11137996 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is an incomplete understanding of the full safety profiles of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Among individuals with IBD, we assessed whether COVID-19 vaccines were associated with serious adverse events of special interest (AESI) and health care utilization [all-cause hospitalizations, Emergency Department (ED) visits, gastroenterology visits, IBD-related visits]. METHODS Using comprehensive administrative health data from Ontario, Canada, adults with IBD who received at least one COVID-19 vaccine from December 2020-January 2022 were included. Self-controlled case series analyses were conducted to evaluate the relative incidence rates of AESI and health care utilization outcomes across post-vaccination risk and control periods. RESULTS Among 88,407 IBD patients, 99.7% received mRNA vaccines and 75.9% received ≥ 3 doses. Relative to control periods, we did not detect an increase in AESI. IBD patients had fewer all-cause hospitalizations during post-vaccination risk periods. Patients experienced more all-cause ED visits after dose 2 [Relative Incidence (RI):1.08(95%CI:1.04-1.12)] but fewer visits after doses 3 [RI:0.85 (95%CI:0.81-0.90)] and 4 [RI:0.73 (95%CI:0.57-0.92)]. There was no increase in gastroenterologist visits or IBD-related health care utilization post-vaccination. There were fewer IBD-related hospitalizations after dose 1 [RI:0.84 (95%CI:0.72-0.98)] and 3 [RI:0.63 (95%CI:0.52-0.76)], fewer IBD-related ED visits after dose 3 [RI:0.81 (95%CI:0.71-0.91)] and 4 [RI:0.55 (95%CI:0.32-0.96)], and fewer outpatient visits after dose 2 [RI:0.91 (95%CI:0.90-0.93)] and 3 [RI:0.87 (95%CI:0.86-0.89)]. CONCLUSION This population-based study did not detect increased AESI, all-cause or IBD-related health care utilization following COVID-19 vaccination, suggesting a lack of association between vaccination and increased disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Y Lee
- ICES Central, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sasha Bernatsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- ICES Central, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Ellen Kuenzig
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Kwong
- ICES Central, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- ICES Central, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jessica Widdifield
- ICES Central, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Becker B, Wottawa F, Bakr M, Koncina E, Mayr L, Kugler J, Yang G, Windross SJ, Neises L, Mishra N, Harris D, Tran F, Welz L, Schwärzler J, Bánki Z, Stengel ST, Ito G, Krötz C, Coleman OI, Jaeger C, Haller D, Paludan SR, Blumberg R, Kaser A, Cicin-Sain L, Schreiber S, Adolph TE, Letellier E, Rosenstiel P, Meiser J, Aden K. Serine metabolism is crucial for cGAS-STING signaling and viral defense control in the gut. iScience 2024; 27:109173. [PMID: 38496294 PMCID: PMC10943449 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by the chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. While the molecular causality between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and intestinal inflammation is widely accepted, the metabolic consequences of chronic ER stress on the pathophysiology of IBD remain unclear. By using in vitro, in vivo models, and patient datasets, we identified a distinct polarization of the mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and a fine-tuning of the amino acid uptake in intestinal epithelial cells tailored to support GSH and NADPH metabolism upon ER stress. This metabolic phenotype strongly correlates with IBD severity and therapy response. Mechanistically, we uncover that both chronic ER stress and serine limitation disrupt cGAS-STING signaling, impairing the epithelial response against viral and bacterial infection and fueling experimental enteritis. Consequently, the antioxidant treatment restores STING function and virus control. Collectively, our data highlight the importance of serine metabolism to allow proper cGAS-STING signaling and innate immune responses upon gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Becker
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Felix Wottawa
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Bakr
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Koncina
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Université du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Metabolism & Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Kugler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guang Yang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Laura Neises
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Neha Mishra
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Danielle Harris
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Welz
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Metabolism & Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie T. Stengel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christina Krötz
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Olivia I. Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Jaeger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Richard Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timon E. Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Metabolism & Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Université du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Sechrist SJ, Tang E, Sun Y, Arnold BF, Acharya NR. Immunosuppressive Medications and COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients with Noninfectious Uveitis in the Era of COVID-19 Vaccinations. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100411. [PMID: 38146526 PMCID: PMC10749272 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, hospitalization, and death in the era of COVID-19 vaccination among patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) taking immunosuppressive therapies. Design Retrospective cohort study from July 1, 2021, to June 30, 2022, using data from the Optum Labs Data Warehouse (OLDW) de-identified claims database. Participants Patients with a diagnosis of NIU from January 1, 2017, and who had ≥ 1 year of continuous enrollment in the OLDW. Methods Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated for each COVID-19 outcome. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for each variable and COVID-19 outcome using Cox proportional hazards models with time-updated dichotomous indicators for outpatient immunosuppressive medication exposure. To assess the dose-dependent effect of systemic corticosteroid (SC) exposure, the average daily dose of prednisone over the exposed interval was included in the adjusted models. Main Outcome Measures Hazard ratios and IRs for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death. Results This study included 62 209 patients with NIU. A total of 12 895 (20.7%) were exposed to SCs during the risk period. Incidence rates were increased when exposed to SCs versus unexposed for all COVID-19 outcomes. Incidence rates were also increased for all COVID-19 outcomes when exposed to SCs without COVID-19 vaccination versus exposed to SCs with ≥ 1 vaccination. In adjusted models, SCs were associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection (HR, 3.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24-3.93; P < 0.0001), hospitalization (HR, 2.75; 95% CI, 2.07-3.65; P < 0.0001), and death (HR, 2.49; 95% CI 1.29-4.82; P = 0.007). Incremental increases in SC dose were associated with a greater risk for all outcomes. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were associated with a decreased risk of infection (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.96; P = 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors were associated with an increased risk of infection (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.39; P = 0.04). Conclusions Systemic corticosteroid exposure continues to be associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death among patients with NIU in an era of widespread COVID-19 vaccination. Unvaccinated individuals who are exposed to immunosuppressive treatments have a greater risk of severe outcomes. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination should be strongly encouraged in these patients. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Sechrist
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily Tang
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yuwei Sun
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nisha R. Acharya
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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5
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Tassone D, Basnayake C, Wright E, Lust M, Kamm MA, Niewiadomski O, Schulberg J, Flanagan E, Samyue T, Fry S, Malcolm R, Stanley A, Thompson AJ, Connell WR, Ding NS. Risk factors for malignancy and serious infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective analysis. Intern Med J 2024; 54:446-454. [PMID: 37255273 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of malignancy and infection compared to the general population. AIMS We aim to identify risk factors for malignancy or serious infection in our IBD cohort. METHODS Patients with IBD from a single tertiary referral centre were included. Demographic and clinical details, including immunosuppressant exposure, were collected and medical records retrospectively screened for adverse events, including malignancy or infection requiring hospitalisation. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors for adverse events. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-nine patients with IBD (340 Crohn disease (CD) and 209 ulcerative colitis (UC)) were studied. Forty-eight malignancies, including 39 (81.3%) non-melanoma skin cancers, 3 (6.3%) haematologic malignancies and 6 (15.4%) solid-organ malignancies, were identified, and 92 cases of serious infection were detected. IBD duration (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.13) and ileocolonic CD (OR = 4.96; 95% CI = 1.13-21.71) were associated with increased odds of overall cancer. Compared with patients not previously exposed to the given class of immunosuppression assessed, the development of overall malignancy was not higher with thiopurine exposure (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.50-2.24) or anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) exposure (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.37-1.64). Similarly, compared with patients not exposed, infection risk was not affected by thiopurine (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.46-1.20) or anti-TNF exposure (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.38-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Factors including ileocolonic CD and increasing IBD duration were associated with higher malignancy risk in this cohort. Compared with non-exposure, patients exposed to thiopurines were not at increased risk of malignancy or serious infection. Similarly, patients exposed to anti-TNF treatment did not experience increased rates of malignancy or serious infection compared to patients not exposed to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tassone
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chamara Basnayake
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Lust
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Kamm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ola Niewiadomski
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julien Schulberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Flanagan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamie Samyue
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Fry
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth Malcolm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annalise Stanley
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Connell
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nik S Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Ouranos K, Saleem H, Vassilopoulos S, Vassilopoulos A, Mylona EK, Shehadeh F, Kalligeros M, Abraham BP, Mylonakis E. Risk of Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated With Interleukin-Targeting Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae031. [PMID: 38427714 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of infection. The aim of this study was to assess the cumulative incidence and risk of infection in patients with IBD treated with interleukin (IL)-targeting agents. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials including patients with IBD receiving IL-targeting agents compared with patients receiving placebo or treatment that only differed from the intervention arm in the absence of an IL-targeting agent. The primary outcome of interest was the relative risk (RR) of any-grade and severe infection during the induction phase. RESULTS There was no difference in risk of any-grade (RR, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-1.09) or severe (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.38-1.10) infection in patients receiving any IL-targeting agent compared with the control group. During the maintenance period, the cumulative incidence of any-grade infection in patients receiving IL-12/23p40-targeting agents (mean follow-up 29 weeks) was 34.82% (95% CI, 26.78%-43.32%), while the cumulative incidence of severe infection was 3.07% (95% CI, 0.93%-6.21%). The cumulative incidence of any-grade infection in patients receiving IL-23p19-targeting agents (mean follow-up 40.9 weeks) was 32.16% (95% CI, 20.63%-44.88%), while the cumulative incidence of severe infection was 1.75% (95% CI, 0.60%-3.36%). During the maintenance phase of the included studies, the incidence of infection was 30.66% (95% CI, 22.12%-39.90%) for any-grade and 1.59% (95% CI, 0.76%-2.63%) for severe infection in patients in the control group. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in risk of infection between patients with IBD who received IL-targeting agents compared with the control group. Case registries and randomized controlled trials reporting the safety of IL inhibitors should provide detailed information about the risk of specific infectious complications in patients with IBD receiving IL-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hira Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanos Vassilopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Athanasios Vassilopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evangelia K Mylona
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fadi Shehadeh
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Markos Kalligeros
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bincy P Abraham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Glenn SJ, Gentry-Lear Z, Shavlik M, Harms MJ, Asaki TJ, Baylink A. Bacterial vampirism mediated through taxis to serum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.07.548164. [PMID: 37461633 PMCID: PMC10350070 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and bacteremia and are a leading cause of death, from sepsis, for individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases. The bacterial behaviors and mechanisms underlying why these bacteria are prone to bloodstream entry remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that clinical isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter koseri are rapidly attracted toward sources of human serum. To simulate GI bleeding, we utilized a custom injection-based microfluidics device and found that femtoliter volumes of human serum are sufficient to induce the bacterial population to swim toward and aggregate at the serum source. This response is orchestrated through chemotaxis, and a major chemical cue driving chemoattraction is L-serine, an amino acid abundant in serum that is recognized through direct binding by the chemoreceptor Tsr. We report the first crystal structures of Salmonella Typhimurium Tsr in complex with L-serine and identify a conserved amino acid recognition motif for L-serine shared among Tsr orthologues. By mapping the phylogenetic distribution of this chemoreceptor we found Tsr to be widely conserved among Enterobacteriaceae and numerous World Health Organization priority pathogens associated with bloodstream infections. Lastly, we find that Enterobacteriaceae use human serum as a source of nutrients for growth and that chemotaxis and the chemoreceptor Tsr provides a competitive advantage for migration into enterohaemorrhagic lesions. We term this bacterial behavior of taxis toward serum, colonization of hemorrhagic lesions, and the consumption of serum nutrients, as 'bacterial vampirism' which may relate to the proclivity of Enterobacteriaceae for bloodstream infections.
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8
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Patel J, Sohal A, Bains K, Chaudhry H, Kohli I, Khanna T, Dukovic D, Roytman M. Association of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease with gastrointestinal infections: insights from National Inpatient Sample Database. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2024; 11:e001224. [PMID: 38237944 PMCID: PMC10870785 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2023-001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to compare the risk of gastrointestinal infections among patients with and without metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). METHODS This was a population-based, retrospective, observational study using data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer US inpatient care database. SETTING Hospitalisation of adults aged ≥18 years old admitted in 2020 was identified using the NIS. Patients were stratified by the presence and absence of MAFLD. PARTICIPANTS 26.4 million adults aged ≥18 years old were included in the study. Patients younger than 18 and those with missing demographic or mortality data were excluded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Primary outcome was to assess the overall risk of gastrointestinal infections in patients with and without MAFLD. Secondary outcomes were demographics and comorbidities stratified by the presence or absence of gastrointestinal infection, and the risk of specific gastrointestinal pathogens. RESULTS Of 26.4 million patients admitted in 2020, 755 910 (2.85%) had the presence of MAFLD. There was a higher prevalence of bacterial gastrointestinal infections in patients with MAFLD than those without (1.6% vs 0.9%, p<0.001). The incidence of Clostridioides difficile (1.3% vs 0.8%, p<0.001), Escherichia coli (0.3% vs 0.01%, p<0.001), and Salmonella (0.07% vs 0.03%, p<0.001) was higher in patients with MAFLD. The presence of MAFLD was associated with higher odds of developing gastrointestinal infections (adjusted OR (aOR) -1.75, 95% CI -1.68 to 1.83, p<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, results remained statistically significant (aOR -1.36, 95% CI - 1.30-1.42, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Even after adjusting for confounding factors, our study demonstrates an increased risk of gastrointestinal infections in patients with MAFLD, specifically of C. difficile, E. coli, and Salmonella. The immune and microbiota changes seen within MAFLD potentially contribute to the increased risk of gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aalam Sohal
- Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Hunza Chaudhry
- UCSF Fresno Center for Medical Education and Research, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Isha Kohli
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Dino Dukovic
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, California, USA
| | - Marina Roytman
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Al-Qahtani AA, Alhamlan FS, Al-Qahtani AA. Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38251210 PMCID: PMC10818686 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that are crucial in regulating immune responses during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment of immune cells, whereas anti-inflammatory ILs help to suppress excessive inflammation and promote tissue repair. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory ILs in infectious diseases, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying their effects, their diagnostic and therapeutic potential, and emerging trends in IL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatimah S. Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Ho K, Xu J, Katz S, Sarkar SA, Mujeeb Ullah A. Intestinal Spirochetosis: To Treat or Not to Treat. Cureus 2024; 16:e53248. [PMID: 38425640 PMCID: PMC10904080 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirochete colonization of the gastrointestinal tract is a poorly understood phenomenon presenting with varying signs and symptoms. Due to the lack of a unified approach and its varying presentations, the management decision for intestinal spirochetosis (IS) has always been challenging. While metronidazole is the commonly preferred antimicrobial treatment, it remains unclear if therapeutic intervention is indicated for everyone, especially asymptomatic patients. We present three patients, diagnosed with IS. They presented with varying demographics, clinical presentations, and past medical histories and underwent different clinical managements. Our decisions for treatment not only included presenting symptoms but also factors like history of pre-existing gastrointestinal diseases, age, and immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ho
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, Mineola, USA
| | - Joseph Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Seymour Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, Mineola, USA
| | - Suparna A Sarkar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, Mineola, USA
| | - Ateeqa Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, Mineola, USA
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11
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Macina D, Mathur S, Dvaretskaya M, Ekhtiari S, Hayat P, Montmerle M, Daluwatte C. Estimating the pertussis burden in adolescents and adults in the United States between 2007 and 2019. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2208514. [PMID: 37171153 PMCID: PMC10184607 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2208514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a machine learning algorithm to identify undiagnosed pertussis episodes in adolescent and adult patients with reported acute respiratory disease (ARD) using clinician notes in an electronic healthcare record (EHR) database. Here, we utilized the algorithm to better estimate the overall pertussis incidence within the Optum Humedica clinical repository from 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2019. The incidence of diagnosed pertussis episodes was 1-5 per 100,000 annually, consistent with data registered by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) over the same time period. Among 18,573,496 ARD episodes assessed, 1,053,946 were identified (i.e. algorithm-identified) as likely undiagnosed pertussis episodes. Accounting for these undiagnosed pertussis episodes increased the estimated pertussis incidence by 110-fold on average (34-474 per 100,000 annually). Risk factors for pertussis episodes (diagnosed and algorithm-identified) included asthma (Odds ratio [OR] 2.14; 2.12-2.16), immunodeficiency (OR 1.85; 1.78-1.91), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.63; 1.61-1.65), obesity (OR 1.44; 1.43-1.45), Crohn's disease (OR 1.39; 1.33-1.45), diabetes type 1 (OR 1.21; 1.17-1.24) and type 2 (OR 1.12; 1.1-1.13). Of note, all these risk factors, except Crohn's disease, increased the likelihood of severe pertussis. In conclusion, the incidence of pertussis in the adolescent and adult population in the USA is likely substantial, but considerably under-recognized, highlighting the need for improved clinical awareness of the disease and for improved control strategies in this population. These results will help better inform public health vaccination and booster programs, particularly in those with underlying comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Macina
- Global Medical, PPH Franchise, Sanofi, Lyon, France
| | - Sachin Mathur
- Digital R&D, Sanofi US Services, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Yadav A, Telaprolu H, Patro SK, Gorsi U, Sharma V. Ludwig's angina in a patient with ulcerative colitis on thiopurine therapy. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2023; 53:263-264. [PMID: 37750424 DOI: 10.1177/14782715231200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Yadav
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harshavardhan Telaprolu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sourabha K Patro
- Department of ENT, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Gorsi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Dohos D, Karoliny A, Gombos E, Rimanóczy É, Müller KE. Immunization of children with inflammatory bowel disease against SARS-CoV-19 infection: A prospective single centre cohort study. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100374. [PMID: 37822890 PMCID: PMC10562902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Real-world data of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are needed. Method This prospective, observational study evaluate antibody kinetics of children with IBD 6 months after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Results 24 children with IBD were included, 22 received immunosuppressive treatment. After five weeks the spike protein antibody level was positive in 95% of the cases. After six months all participants had seropositivity results, though the titre was decreasing. Conclusion These data show the effectiveness of SARS-CoV2 immunization and the antibody decay over time, that highlight the importance of booster vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Dohos
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Karoliny
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Gombos
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rimanóczy
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin E. Müller
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Family Care Methodology, Faculty of Health Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Motwani KK, Hashash JG, Farraye FA, Kappelman MD, Weaver KN, Zhang X, Long MD, Cross RK. Impact of Holding Immunosuppressive Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Around mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Administration on Humoral Immune Response and Development of COVID-19 Infection. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:1681-1688. [PMID: 37232444 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines are efficacious in patients with inflammatory bowel disease; but there is a lack of data examining if holding immunosuppressive therapy around vaccination improves immune response. We studied the effect of holding IBD medications around the time of vaccination on antibody response and breakthrough COVID-19 infection. METHODS Partnership to Report Effectiveness of Vaccination in populations Excluded from iNitial Trials of COVID is a prospective cohort of individuals with IBD receiving COVID-19 vaccination. Quantitative measurement of anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was performed 8 weeks after completing a vaccination series. RESULTS A total of 1854 patients were included; 59% were on anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] [10% of these on combination therapy], 11% on vedolizumab, and 14% on ustekinumab; 11% of participants held therapy before or after vaccine administration for at least 2 weeks. Antibody levels were similar in participants continuing versus holding anti-TNF monotherapy before or after the second vaccine [BNT162b2: 10 μg/mL vs 8.9 μg/mL; mRNA-1273: 17.5 μg/mL vs 14.5 μg/mL]. Comparable results were seen in those on combination therapy. Antibody titres in those on ustekinumab or vedolizumab were higher compared with anti-TNF users, but there was no significant difference if the drug was held or continued [BNT162b2: 22.5 μg/mL vs 23 μg/mL; mRNA-1273: 88 μg/mL vs 51 μg/mL]. Holding therapy was not associated with decreased rate of COVID-19 infection compared with those not holding therapy [BNT162b2: 28% vs 29%; mRNA-1273: 19% vs 31%]. CONCLUSION We recommend continuing IBD medications while receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccination without interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Motwani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jana G Hashash
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis A Farraye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Kappelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly N Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Millie D Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raymond K Cross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Schreiber S, Rogler G, Watanabe M, Vermeire S, Maaser C, Danese S, Faes M, Van Hoek P, Hsieh J, Moerch U, Zhou Y, de Haas A, Rudolph C, Oortwijn A, Loftus EV. Integrated safety analysis of filgotinib for ulcerative colitis: Results from SELECTION and SELECTIONLTE. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 58:874-887. [PMID: 37718932 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filgotinib 200 mg (FIL200) is an approved treatment for adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM To report integrated safety data from the phase 2b/3 SELECTION study (NCT02914522) and its ongoing long-term extension study SELECTIONLTE (NCT02914535). METHODS Safety outcomes were analysed in adults with moderately to severely active UC who received FIL200, filgotinib 100 mg (FIL100) or placebo once daily throughout the 11-week SELECTION induction study, the 47-week SELECTION maintenance study (if applicable) and SELECTIONLTE (if applicable). Exposure-adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) per 100 censored patient-years of exposure with 95% confidence intervals were reported for treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Certain AE data were presented in subgroups, including age and prior biologic exposure status. RESULTS This interim analysis included 1348 patients representing 3326.2 patient-years of exposure. Baseline characteristics of patients entering SELECTION were similar across treatment groups. EAIRs for serious infection, thromboembolic events and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were consistently low across treatment groups. Most patients with MACE had cardiovascular risk factors. The EAIR for herpes zoster was numerically higher for FIL200 than for placebo. Infection incidences were numerically higher in biologic-experienced than biologic-naive patients. Higher incidences of certain AEs in patients 65 years of age or older were as expected. Four deaths occurred, including three cardiovascular deaths, none of which was considered related to filgotinib. CONCLUSION FIL200 and FIL100 were well tolerated with no unexpected safety signals in patients with moderately to severely active UC, regardless of previous biologic exposure or age. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIERS (NCT NUMBERS) NCT02914522, NCT02914535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schreiber
- Department Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Maaser
- Outpatients Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Silvio Danese
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Jeremy Hsieh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhou
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Ghosh S, Kathe N, Umashankar K, Mirchandani K, Hait A, Paul R, Candela N, Fan T. Dose Escalation of Biologics in Biologic-Naïve Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Outcomes From the ODESSA-UC Study. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2023; 5:otad061. [PMID: 38028955 PMCID: PMC10653026 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dose escalation of biologics may regain treatment response in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, dose escalation rates and associated outcomes and costs are not well characterized in biologic-naïve patients receiving antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) treatments, such as infliximab or adalimumab or vedolizumab. Methods ODESSA-UC, a retrospective cohort study investigating dose escalation in patients with UC who had received first-line biologics, used data from IBM MarketScan databases. Adults with UC and ≥1 claim for an index drug (adalimumab, infliximab, or vedolizumab) were eligible. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the adjusted rate of dose escalation. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds of experiencing adverse outcomes (corticosteroid use, infection, sepsis, or inflammatory bowel disease-related hospitalization) and incurring index drug costs. Results A year after the start of maintenance, a lower proportion of patients experienced dose escalation with vedolizumab (22.3%) than adalimumab (43.0%). The dose escalation risk was significantly higher for infliximab (hazard ratio [HR], 1.894; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.486-2.413) and adalimumab (HR, 2.120; 95% CI, 1.680-2.675) than for vedolizumab. The odds of experiencing an adverse outcome after dose escalation were higher for anti-TNF-α treatments than for vedolizumab (odds ratio, 2.052; 95% CI, 1.200-3.507). Index drug costs after dose escalation were lowest for vedolizumab. Conclusions Patients with UC receiving vedolizumab had a lower risk of dose escalation and lower subsequent costs than patients receiving anti-TNF-α treatments. Our study demonstrates the possible clinical and economic implications of dose escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ninfa Candela
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Tao Fan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
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17
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Ben-Arosh H, Avraham R. Tissue-specific macrophage immunometabolism. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102369. [PMID: 37473458 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells distributed across tissues that sustain homeostasis by constantly probing their local environment. Upon perturbations, macrophages rewire their energy metabolism to execute their immune programs. Intensive research in the field of immunometabolism highlights cell-intrinsic immunometabolites such as succinate and itaconate as immunomodulatory signals. A role for cell-extrinsic stimuli now emerges with evidence for signals that shape macrophages' metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will cover macrophage immunometabolism in the gut, a complex metabolic and immunologically active tissue. During homeostasis, gut macrophages are constantly exposed to pro-inflammatory ligands from the microbiota, and in contrast, are balanced by microbiota-derived anti-inflammatory metabolites. Given their extensive metabolic changes during activation, spatial analyses of the tissue will allow the characterization of metabolic niches of macrophage in the gut. Identifying metabolic perturbations of macrophage subsets during chronic inflammation and infection can direct future tissue-specific metabolotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Ben-Arosh
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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18
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Tu KC, Yu RY, Lin YH, Chien CC, Lu CL. Bidirectional association between infectious gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:337. [PMID: 37697336 PMCID: PMC10494362 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intertwined association between infectious gastroenteritis (IGE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been investigated clearly. We aimed to examine the bidirectional association between IGE and IBD. METHODS A bidirectional study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database was designed. Through a case-control design, we identified 2899 new IBD cases during 2006-2017 and matched to 28,990 non-IBD controls. We used conditional logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios (OR) of IBD for previous IGE in different exposure time-windows within 5-years before IBD diagnosis and Poisson regression model to estimate incidence rate ratio (IRR) of subsequent IGE for IBD group to non-IBD group. RESULTS The mean age at the initial IBD diagnosis was 41 years. More IBD patients (21.49%) than controls (12.60%) had been exposed to IGE during > 6 months to 5 years before IBD diagnosis, the OR of IBD for IGE was 1.89 [95% confidence interval: 1.69-2.11]. Excess OR decreased as IGE exposure time before the index date increased. More IGE episodes were associated with additional increase in IBD risk (OR: 1.64, 2.19, 2.57, 3.50, and 4.57 in patients with 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 IGE episodes, respectively). The IRR of having IGE for IBD group to non-IBD group was 2.42 before IBD diagnosis and increased to 5.74 after IBD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested an IGE-IBD bidirectional association. More attention is needed for physicians to develop preventive strategies and be aware of the higher risk of subsequent IGE in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Tu
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yi Yu
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, South District, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, South District, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Chin-Li Lu
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, South District, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Hassan EA, Abdel Rehim ASED, Ahmed AO, Salim SMAE, Soliman AMA, Rashed HG, Abd El-Kareem DM. Current insight into enteropathogens in flare-up ulcerative colitis. An observational study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:711-720. [PMID: 37161967 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incidence of ulcerative colitis is globally increased. Enteric infections and their role in ulcerative colitis flares present a common health problem and a unique clinical challenge. We aimed to identify enteropathogens in flared ulcerative colitis patients and their antimicrobial susceptibilities and relation with the disease activity. METHODS Stool samples were collected from 95 patients with ulcerative colitis (17 inactive cases and 78 active cases) according to the Mayo score assessment of ulcerative colitis severity. Enteropathogens were examined using an automated VITEK2 system and FilmArray gastrointestinal pathogen panel. RESULTS Enteric infections were found in 81 patients (85.3%) with a significantly higher percentage in active ulcerative colitis (96.2% vs. 35.3%, P < 0.001). In 78 symptomatic patients, (78.7%) of bacteria as enteroaggregative and enteropathogenic E. coli , (11.5%) parasitic as Cryptosporidium and (7.7%) viral as Norovirus were the most detected microbial pathogens. Mixed, multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and opportunistic infections were reported in 70.7%, 52.9% and 46.7% respectively. Raoultella ornithinolytica was reported for the first time as an enteropathogen in ulcerative colitis flare. Multiple organisms, MDROs, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing and AmpC-resistant bacteria were significantly associated with disease severity. CONCLUSION Identifying enteropathogens especially opportunistic and MDR organisms as a cause of ulcerative colitis flare-ups is a matter of worry increasing their diagnostic and therapeutic burden. Periodic studies evaluating changes in microbial profiles and their antimicrobial susceptibilities are needed to achieve antibiotic stewardship and improve management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asmaa M A Soliman
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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20
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Hollestein LM, Ye MYF, Ang K, Forbes H, Mansfield KE, Abuabara K, Smeeth L, Langan SM. The association between atopic eczema and lymphopenia: Results from a UK cohort study with replication in US survey data. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:1190-1198. [PMID: 36606535 PMCID: PMC10947025 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte skin homing in atopic eczema (AE) may induce lymphopenia. OBJECTIVE To determine if AE is associated with lymphopenia. METHODS We used UK primary care electronic health records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD) for a matched cohort study in adults (18 years+) (1997-2015) with at least one recorded lymphocyte count. We matched people with AE to up to five people without. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between AE and lymphopenia (two low lymphocyte counts within 3 months) and linear mixed effects regression to estimate the association with absolute lymphocyte counts using all available counts. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the effect of lymphopenia on common infections. We replicated the study using US survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]). RESULTS Among 71,731 adults with AE and 126,349 adults without AE, we found an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for lymphopenia of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.09-1.23); the strength of association increased with increasing eczema severity. When comparing all recorded lymphocyte counts from adults with AE (n = 1,497,306) to those of people without AE (n = 4,035,870) we saw a lower mean lymphocyte (adjusted mean difference -0.047 × 109 /L [95% CI: -0.051 to -0.043]) in those with AE. The difference was larger for men, with increasing age, and with increasing AE severity and was present among people with AE not treated with immunosuppressive drugs. In NHANES (n = 22,624), the adjusted OR for lymphopenia in adults with AE was 1.30 (95% CI: 0.80-2.11), and the adjusted mean lymphocyte count difference was -0.03 × 109 /L (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.02). Despite having a lower lymphocyte count, adjusting for time with lymphopenia, did not alter risk estimates of infections. CONCLUSION Atopic eczema, including increasing AE severity, is associated with a decreased lymphocyte count, regardless of immunosuppressive drug use. Whether the lower lymphocyte count has wider health implications for people with severe eczema warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes M. Hollestein
- Department of DermatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of ResearchNetherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Morgan Ya Fang Ye
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ky‐Leigh Ang
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Harriet Forbes
- Department of Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kathryn E. Mansfield
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Katrina Abuabara
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Sinéad M. Langan
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Health Data Research UKLondonUK
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21
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Hoelz H, Heetmeyer J, Tsakmaklis A, Hiergeist A, Siebert K, De Zen F, Häcker D, Metwaly A, Neuhaus K, Gessner A, Vehreschild MJGT, Haller D, Schwerd T. Is Autologous Fecal Microbiota Transfer after Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Patients Rational and Feasible? Data from a Feasibility Test. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071742. [PMID: 37049583 PMCID: PMC10096730 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a highly effective therapy for remission induction in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), but relapse rates after return to a regular diet are high. Autologous fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) using stool collected during EEN-induced clinical remission might represent a novel approach to maintaining the benefits of EEN. Methods: Pediatric CD patients provided fecal material at home, which was shipped at 4 °C to an FMT laboratory for FMT capsule generation and extensive pathogen safety screening. The microbial community composition of samples taken before and after shipment and after encapsulation was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results: Seven pediatric patients provided fecal material for nine test runs after at least three weeks of nutritional therapy. FMT capsules were successfully generated in 6/8 deliveries, but stool weight and consistency varied widely. Transport and processing of fecal material into FMT capsules did not fundamentally change microbial composition, but microbial richness was <30 genera in 3/9 samples. Stool safety screening was positive for potential pathogens or drug resistance genes in 8/9 test runs. Conclusions: A high pathogen burden, low-diversity microbiota, and practical deficiencies of EEN-conditioned fecal material might render autologous capsule-FMT an unsuitable approach as maintenance therapy for pediatric CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hoelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jeannine Heetmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaklis
- Clinical Microbiome Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kolja Siebert
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Federica De Zen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Deborah Häcker
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Clinical Microbiome Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
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22
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Messenger AG, Harries M, Macbeth AE, Chiu WS, Holmes S, Tziotzios C, de Lusignan S. Alopecia areata and risk of common infections: a population-based cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:332-338. [PMID: 36702574 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether alopecia areata (AA) is associated with a greater or reduced risk for infection. AIM We undertook a population-based study exploring associations between AA and common infections. METHODS We extracted primary care records from the UK Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database (trial registration: NCT04239521). The incidence of common and viral infection composite outcomes, and individual respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), skin, urinary tract, genital and herpes infections, were compared in people with AA (AA group, n = 10 391) and a propensity-matched control group (n = 41 564). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs), controlling for sociodemographic and clinical covariates, and comorbidities were used to estimate the association between AA and each infection over 5 years. RESULTS The incidence (per 100 person-years) of common infections was slightly higher in the AA group [14.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.8-14.6] than the control group (11.7, 95% CI 11.5-11.9). In adjusted analysis, positive associations were observed for composite outcomes (common infections aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-1.17; viral infections aHR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07-1.16) and with respiratory tract, GI, skin and herpes simplex infections (aHR range 1.09-1.32). Excluding people in the control group without a recent consultation with their general practitioner showed no association between AA and infection (common infections aHR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.05, viral infections aHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.03). CONCLUSIONS The association between AA and common infection may represent a higher propensity of people with AA to engage with healthcare services (and thereby to have infections recorded), rather than a true association between AA and infection. Overall our findings suggest that AA is not associated with a clinically significantly increased or decreased incidence of common infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Harries
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC) & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abby E Macbeth
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Wing Sin Chiu
- Pfizer Ltd, Walton on the Hill, Tadworth, Surrey, UK
| | - Susan Holmes
- Alan Lyell Centre for Dermatology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christos Tziotzios
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guys Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
- Royal College of General Practitioners, Research and Surveillance Centre, London, UK
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23
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Barbieri MA, Viola A, Cicala G, Spina E, Fries W. Effectiveness and Safety Profiles of Biological Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Real Life Data from an Active Pharmacovigilance Project. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123280. [PMID: 36552036 PMCID: PMC9775949 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-marketing surveillance is essential to evaluate the risk/benefit profile of drugs; however, pharmacovigilance studies comparing persistence and safety of biologic therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are scant. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate persistence together with safety profiles of biologics in a cohort of patients diagnosed with Crohn's Disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) followed by the IBD unit of Messina and treated with infliximab (IFX), adalimumab (ADA), golimumab (GOL), vedolizumab (VED), and ustekinumab (UST) from 2017 through 2021. Descriptive and treatment persistence analyses with predictors for discontinuation and occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were performed. A total of 675 IBD patients were enrolled. A higher persistence rate was noted for UST and ADA in the first year (83.8% and 83.1%, respectively) and for IFX in the fifth year of treatment (58.1%). GOL, VED, and UST-all used as second/third-line therapies-seemed to have a higher risk of non-persistence than IFX (in order HR: 2.19; CI 95%: 1.33-3.61, 1.45; 1.04-2.04, 2.25; 1.25-4.07) as well as switchers and those who had at least one ADR (18.1; 13.22-24.68 and 1.55; 1.20-1.99, respectively). The reported ADRs, which were generally mild-moderate, were largely known. However, real-world data should be implemented to further study undetected safety concerns, including risk of malignancy.
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24
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Farraj KL, Pellegrini JR, Munshi RF, Russe‐Russe J, Kaliounji A, Tiwana MS, Srivastava P, Subramani K. Chronic steroid use: An overlooked impact on patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JGH Open 2022; 6:910-914. [PMID: 36514507 PMCID: PMC9730704 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Steroids have long been used in inducing remission of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic use, defined as therapy greater than 3 months, has been implicated in complications including increased hospital length of stay (LOS), infections, and even death. In our retrospective study, we aim to identify the complications of chronic steroid use in patients with IBD. Methods The fourth quarter of 2015-2019 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used in this study. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes were used to identify patients with a diagnosis of IBD and chronic steroid use. Adverse outcomes of chronic steroid use in IBD patients were analyzed, such as osteoporosis, opportunistic infections, mortality rate, and LOS. Cohorts were weighted using an algorithm provided by the NIS allowing for accurate national estimates. Results A total of 283 970 patients had a diagnosis of IBD. Of those, 18 030 patients had concurrent chronic steroid use. Racial disparities existed, with 77.4% White, 12.7% Black, and 6.0% Hispanic. Patients with a history of IBD and chronic steroid use were found to have higher odds of developing osteoporosis, opportunistic infections, and acute thromboembolic events but did not have higher odds of mortality. Conclusion There is much controversy about whether IBD patients should be on chronic steroids for maintenance therapy and this study highlights the importance of this decision as patients on chronic steroid use had higher odds of developing adverse effects. These results stress the importance of monitoring patients on steroids and avoiding chronic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Farraj
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - James R Pellegrini
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Rezwan F Munshi
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Jose Russe‐Russe
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Aboud Kaliounji
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Muhammad S Tiwana
- Department of MedicineNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Pranay Srivastava
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
| | - Krishnayer Subramani
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNassau University Medical CenterEast MeadowNew YorkUSA
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25
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Sandborn WJ, D'Haens GR, Sands BE, Panaccione R, Ng SC, Lawendy N, Kulisek N, Modesto I, Guo X, Mundayat R, Su C, Vranic I, Panés J. Tofacitinib for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: an integrated summary of up to 7.8 years of safety data from the global clinical program. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 17:338-351. [PMID: 36124702 PMCID: PMC10069618 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tofacitinib is an oral small molecule JAK inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. We report an integrated summary of tofacitinib safety [exposure:≤7.8 years] from the global clinical program. METHODS Patients receiving tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily (BID) from completed phase [P]2/3 placebo-controlled studies, open-label, long-term extension study [final data cut-off: August 24, 2020], and interim analysis of a P3b/4 study [interim data cut-off: February 20, 2020; Overall plus P3b/4 (2020) Cohort], were included. Proportions with adverse events [AEs] and serious AEs, and incidence rates [IRs; unique patients with events/100 patient-years] for deaths and AEs of special interest [AESI] were evaluated. Opportunistic infections, malignancies, major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], and gastrointestinal perforations were adjudicated. RESULTS In total, 1157 patients received ≥1 dose of tofacitinib (mean duration: 946.9 days); 955/1157 [83%] received a predominant dose of 10 mg BID; 412/1157 [35.6%] received tofacitinib for >4 years; 992/1157 [85.7%] had AEs, 244/1157 [21.1%] had serious AEs, and 134/1157 (11.6%) discontinued due to AEs. IRs [95% CIs] for all tofacitinib doses: deaths, 0.23 [0.09-0.46]; serious infections, 1.69 [1.26-2.21]; herpes zoster [non-serious and serious], 3.30 [2.67-4.04]; opportunistic infections, 1.03 [0.70-1.46]; malignancies [excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC)], 0.84 [0.55-1.24]; NMSC, 0.73 [0.45-1.10]; MACE, 0.29 [0.13-0.55]; deep vein thrombosis, 0.03 [0.00-0.18]; pulmonary embolism, 0.19 [0.07-0.42]; gastrointestinal perforations, 0.10 [0.02-0.28]. CONCLUSIONS AESI IRs were stable to 7.8 years and generally <2.0 in the Overall plus P3b/4 (2020) Cohort, with the exception of herpes zoster [a known risk of tofacitinib treatment].
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce E Sands
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Siew C Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, LKS Institute of Health Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julian Panés
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Are infections associated with cognitive decline and neuroimaging outcomes? A historical cohort study using data from the UK Biobank study linked to electronic health records. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:385. [PMID: 36109502 PMCID: PMC9478085 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is growing evidence of associations between infections and dementia risk, associations with cognitive impairment and potential structural correlates of cognitive decline remain underexplored. Here we aimed to investigate the presence and nature of any associations between common infections, cognitive decline and neuroimaging parameters. The UK Biobank is a large volunteer cohort (over 500,000 participants recruited aged 40-69) with linkage to primary and secondary care records. Using linear mixed effects models, we compared participants with and without a history of infections for changes in cognitive function during follow-up. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association of infections with hippocampal and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. 16,728 participants (median age 56.0 years [IQR 50.0-61.0]; 51.3% women) had baseline and follow-up cognitive measures. We found no evidence of an association between the presence of infection diagnoses and cognitive decline for mean correct response time (slope difference [infections versus no infections] = 0.40 ms, 95% CI: -0.17-0.96 per year), visual memory (slope difference 0.0004 log errors per year, 95% CI: -0.003-0.004, fluid intelligence (slope difference 0.007, 95% CI: -0.010-0.023) and prospective memory (OR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.68-1.14). No evidence of an association was found between infection site, setting or frequency and cognitive decline except for small associations on the visual memory test. We found no association between infections and hippocampal or WMH volume. Limitations of our study include selection bias, potential practice effects and the relatively young age of our cohort. Our findings do not support a major role for common midlife infections in contributing to cognitive decline for this cohort. Further research is warranted in individuals with more severe infections, for infections occurring later in life.
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27
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Sheybani F, Brouwer MC, Löwenberg M, van de Beek D. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. J Infect 2022; 85:573-607. [PMID: 35933041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Sheybani
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuro-infection and inflammation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Löwenberg
- Amsterdam UMC location AMC/ University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuro-infection and inflammation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Villablanca EJ, Selin K, Hedin CRH. Mechanisms of mucosal healing: treating inflammatory bowel disease without immunosuppression? NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 35440774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Almost all currently available treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) act by inhibiting inflammation, often blocking specific inflammatory molecules. However, given the infectious and neoplastic disease burden associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy, the goal of attaining mucosal healing without immunosuppression is attractive. The absence of treatments that directly promote mucosal healing and regeneration in IBD could be linked to the lack of understanding of the underlying pathways. The range of potential strategies to achieve mucosal healing is diverse. However, the targeting of regenerative mechanisms has not yet been achieved for IBD. Stem cells provide hope as a regenerative treatment and are used in limited clinical situations. Growth factors are available for the treatment of short bowel syndrome but have not yet been applied in IBD. The therapeutic application of organoid culture and stem cell therapy to generate new intestinal tissue could provide a novel mechanism to restore barrier function in IBD. Furthermore, blocking key effectors of barrier dysfunction (such as MLCK or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules) has shown promise in experimental IBD. Here, we review the diversity of molecular targets available to directly promote mucosal healing, experimental models to identify new potential pathways and some of the anticipated potential therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Katja Selin
- Gastroenterology unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte R H Hedin
- Gastroenterology unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Villablanca EJ, Selin K, Hedin CRH. Mechanisms of mucosal healing: treating inflammatory bowel disease without immunosuppression? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:493-507. [PMID: 35440774 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost all currently available treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) act by inhibiting inflammation, often blocking specific inflammatory molecules. However, given the infectious and neoplastic disease burden associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy, the goal of attaining mucosal healing without immunosuppression is attractive. The absence of treatments that directly promote mucosal healing and regeneration in IBD could be linked to the lack of understanding of the underlying pathways. The range of potential strategies to achieve mucosal healing is diverse. However, the targeting of regenerative mechanisms has not yet been achieved for IBD. Stem cells provide hope as a regenerative treatment and are used in limited clinical situations. Growth factors are available for the treatment of short bowel syndrome but have not yet been applied in IBD. The therapeutic application of organoid culture and stem cell therapy to generate new intestinal tissue could provide a novel mechanism to restore barrier function in IBD. Furthermore, blocking key effectors of barrier dysfunction (such as MLCK or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules) has shown promise in experimental IBD. Here, we review the diversity of molecular targets available to directly promote mucosal healing, experimental models to identify new potential pathways and some of the anticipated potential therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Katja Selin
- Gastroenterology unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte R H Hedin
- Gastroenterology unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Sun Y, Miller DC, Akpandak I, Chen EM, Arnold BF, Acharya NR. Association between immunosuppressive drugs and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with non-infectious uveitis in a large US claims database. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:1096-1106. [PMID: 35588945 PMCID: PMC9110065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the dose-dependent risk of systemic corticosteroids (SCs) and the risk of other immunosuppressive therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, hospitalization, and death in patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU). Design A retrospective cohort study from January 20, 2020, to December 31, 2020 (an era before widespread COVID-19 vaccination), using the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, a US national de-identified claims database. Participants Patients who had at least 1 NIU diagnosis from January 1, 2017. Methods Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for each variable and COVID-19 outcome using Cox proportional hazards models, with time-updated dichotomous indicators for outpatient immunosuppressive medication exposure. To assess the dose-dependent effect of SC exposure, the average daily dose of prednisone over the exposed interval was included in the adjusted models as a continuous variable, in addition to the dichotomous variable. Main Outcome Measures Incidence rates of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19–related hospitalization, and COVID-19–related in-hospital death. Results This study included 52 286 NIU patients of whom 12 000 (23.0%) were exposed to immunosuppressive medications during the risk period. In adjusted models, exposure to SCs was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection (HR, 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.19–3.24; P < 0.001), hospitalization (HR, 3.26; 95% CI, 2.46–4.33; P < 0.001), and in-hospital death (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 0.93–4.27; P = 0.08). Furthermore, incremental increases in the dosage of SCs were associated with a greater risk for these outcomes. Although tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors were associated with an increased risk of infection (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.08–2.04; P = 0.02), other immunosuppressive treatments did not increase the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, or death. Conclusions This study from an era before widespread COVID-19 vaccination demonstrates that outpatient SC exposure is associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection and severe outcomes in patients with NIU. Future studies should evaluate the impact of immunosuppression in vaccinated NIU patients. Limiting exposure to SCs and use of alternative therapies may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Sun
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - D Claire Miller
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Idara Akpandak
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Evan M Chen
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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31
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Fernandes RG, Radford-Smith G. Editorial: is older-onset ulcerative colitis more severe or less aggressively managed? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1350-1351. [PMID: 35472185 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Fernandes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham Radford-Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Cortes GM, Marcialis MA, Bardanzellu F, Corrias A, Fanos V, Mussap M. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19: How Microbiomics and Metabolomics Depict Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856165. [PMID: 35391730 PMCID: PMC8981987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the gastrointestinal tract structure and function is seriously compromised by two pathological conditions sharing, at least in part, several pathogenetic mechanisms: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. IBD and COVID-19 are marked by gut inflammation, intestinal barrier breakdown, resulting in mucosal hyperpermeability, gut bacterial overgrowth, and dysbiosis together with perturbations in microbial and human metabolic pathways originating changes in the blood and fecal metabolome. This review compared the most relevant metabolic and microbial alterations reported from the literature in patients with IBD with those in patients with COVID-19. In both diseases, gut dysbiosis is marked by the prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacterial species and the shortfall of anti-inflammatory species; most studies reported the decrease in Firmicutes, with a specific decrease in obligately anaerobic producers short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. In addition, Escherichia coli overgrowth has been observed in IBD and COVID-19, while Akkermansia muciniphila is depleted in IBD and overexpressed in COVID-19. In patients with COVID-19, gut dysbiosis continues after the clearance of the viral RNA from the upper respiratory tract and the resolution of clinical symptoms. Finally, we presented and discussed the impact of gut dysbiosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased energy demand on metabolic pathways involving key metabolites, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine, succinate, citrate, and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Mario Cortes
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Marcialis
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angelica Corrias
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Montoya-Cerrillo D, Bernieh A, Saad AG. Critical diagnoses in paediatric gastrointestinal diseases. Pathology 2022; 54:195-206. [PMID: 35033374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal biopsies represent an increasing proportion of the paediatric pathologist's workload, an increase fundamentally due to an expansion of the understanding of the basic clinical, molecular, genetic, and histopathological features of paediatric gastrointestinal disorders. The histological interpretation of endoscopically retrieved gastrointestinal biopsies in children requires a unique set of diagnostic expertise and detailed knowledge of various gastrointestinal disorders that have a predilection for the paediatric population. This article's major role is to highlight the unique problems inherent to paediatric gastrointestinal disorders that require immediate communication with the paediatric surgeon or the gastroenterologist. For this, we tried to cover the most important diseases that a paediatric pathologist might encounter in daily practice. Some of these diseases are relatively rare, such as microvillous inclusion disease and tufting enteropathy, but some are more common such as eosinophilic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. Awareness of the histopathological features of these diseases, particularly those that are relatively uncommon, is crucial to spare the patient a lengthy and costly evaluation. We made a particular effort to abundantly reference this article should the reader wish to expand on the content of any section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anas Bernieh
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ali G Saad
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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34
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Zhang L, Liu F, Xue J, Lee SA, Liu L, Riordan SM. Bacterial Species Associated With Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801892. [PMID: 35283816 PMCID: PMC8908260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. The pathogenesis of IBD results from immune responses to microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Various bacterial species that are associated with human IBD have been identified. However, the microbes that trigger the development of human IBD are still not clear. Here we review bacterial species that are associated with human IBD and their pathogenic mechanisms to provide an updated broad understanding of this research field. IBD is an inflammatory syndrome rather than a single disease. We propose a three-stage pathogenesis model to illustrate the roles of different IBD-associated bacterial species and gut commensal bacteria in the development of human IBD. Finally, we recommend microbe-targeted therapeutic strategies based on the three-stage pathogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Li Zhang,
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Xue
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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Cao Y, Dai Y, Zhang L, Wang D, Hu W, Yu Q, Wang X, Yu P, Liu W, Ping Y, Sun T, Sang Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Tao Z. Combined Use of Fecal Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Oncostatin M and Calprotectin. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6409-6419. [PMID: 34880643 PMCID: PMC8647726 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s342846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fecal biomarkers have emerged as one of the most useful tools for clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Oncostatin M (OSM), like fecal calprotectin (FC), is highly expressed in the inflamed intestinal mucosa which may have potential usefulness. We aimed to evaluate the additional utility of these two fecal biomarkers for IBD diagnosis, activity, and prediction of infliximab response over FC alone. Methods In group 1, 236 IBD patients (145 Crohn’s disease, 91 ulcerative colitis), 50 disease controls, and 32 healthy controls were recruited for IBD diagnosis and activity. In group 2, baseline stool samples were collected from 62 patients to predict infliximab response at week 28 and 52. The performance of fecal biomarkers for IBD management was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results Fecal OSM and FC levels were increased in IBD patients and were positively correlated with clinical and endoscopic activity. Their combination showed a better ability for disease diagnosis (AUC = 0.93) and slightly improved the capability to identify mucosal healing (AUC = 0.923). Baseline OSM and FC levels were elevated in non-responders at week 28 and 52. The AUCs of OSM, FC, and their combination to predict therapeutic response were 0.763, 0.834, and 0.859 at week 28, 0.638, 0.661, and 0.704 at week 52, respectively. Combined use of fecal and blood biomarkers improved predictive accuracy with an AUC of 0.919 at week 28 and 0.887 at week 52. Conclusion In addition to FC, OSM is a novel fecal biomarker, and their combination is more beneficial for disease diagnosis and prediction of infliximab response but not for disease activity in IBD patients. Further larger-scale studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ping
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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36
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Cao Y, Dai Y, Zhang L, Wang D, Yu Q, Hu W, Wang X, Yu P, Ping Y, Sun T, Sang Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Tao Z. Serum oncostatin M is a potential biomarker of disease activity and infliximab response in inflammatory bowel disease measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Clin Biochem 2021; 100:35-41. [PMID: 34843732 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endoscopy is the gold standard to assess disease activity and infliximab efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the invasive, costly, and time-consuming procedure limits its routine applications. We aimed to investigate the clinical value of serum oncostatin M (OSM) as a surrogate biomarker. METHODS Fifty healthy controls, 34 non-IBD patients, and 189 IBD patients who were pre-infliximab treatment (n = 122) or in infliximab maintenance (n = 67) were enrolled. A chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was constructed to quantify serum OSM concentrations. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of blood biomarkers for IBD management. RESULTS The methodology of CLIA exhibited great analytical performance with a wide linear range of 31.25-25000 pg/mL, a low detection limit of 23.2 pg/mL, acceptable precision, and applicable accuracy. Patients with IBD (121.5 [43.3-249.4] pg/mL, p < 0.001) and non-IBD (72.4 [51.4-129.6] pg/mL, p = 0.005) had higher serum OSM levels than healthy controls (35.8 [23.2-56.4] pg/mL). In the analysis of clinical and endoscopic activity, serum OSM levels were elevated in moderate and severe patients compared to those in remission. IBD patients without mucosal healing had higher serum OSM levels than those with mucosal healing (AUC = 0.843). Besides, serum OSM levels were increased in clinical non-responders (287.3 [127.9-438] pg/mL) compared to responders (24.1 [23.2-53.4] pg/mL, p < 0.001), and showed great recognition ability with an AUC of 0.898. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed methodology of CLIA had great potential for use in the clinic. Elevated serum OSM expression was a promising biomarker of severe disease and infliximab non-response in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yibei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Danhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Ping
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
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37
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Targownik LE, Bernstein CN, Lakatos PL, Murthy SK, Benchimol EI, Bitton A, Huang JG, Kuenzig ME, Jones JL, Kaplan GG, Lee K, Mukhtar MS, Tandon P, Windsor JW, Panaccione R. Crohn's and Colitis Canada's 2021 Impact of COVID-19 and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: Risk Factors and Medications. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2021; 4:S40-S45. [PMID: 34755038 PMCID: PMC8570417 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease that results from dysregulation of the immune system and frequently requires medications that can affect the immune response to infections; therefore, it was imperative to quickly understand the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on persons living with IBD and how that risk may be increased by commonly used IBD medications. The IBD research community in Canada and beyond quickly established collaborative efforts to better understand the specific risk posed by COVID-19 on persons with IBD. We learned that IBD itself was not a risk factor for death or serious complications of COVID-19, and that most commonly used drug classes (with the notable exception of corticosteroids) do not increase the risk of COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. The risk factors for serious complications and death from COVID-19 appear to be similar to those identified in the wider population; those being advanced age, having pre-existing heart or lung disease, and smoking. We recommend that persons with IBD do not alter their course of therapy to avoid complications of COVID-19, though the indiscriminate use of corticosteroids should be avoided. Persons with IBD should follow the same public health recommendations as the general population to reduce their personal risk of acquiring COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Targownik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter L Lakatos
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sanjay K Murthy
- The Ottawa Hospital IBD Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Bitton
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Guoxian Huang
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Ellen Kuenzig
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Jones
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kate Lee
- Crohn's and Colitis Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariam S Mukhtar
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parul Tandon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph W Windsor
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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