Has the difference in mortality between percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting in people with heart disease and diabetes changed over the years? A systematic review and meta-regression

The Effect of Glycemic Control on Cardiac Outcomes in Saudi Diabetic Patients who Underwent Coronary Angiogram

Background:

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes impaired insulin secretion or cellular dysfunction. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) indicates the long-term level of glucose. Diabetes can lead to cardiovascular complications such as acute coronary syndrome , which might require coronary intervention.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of glycemic control measured by HbA1c levels on cardiac complications in Saudi diabetic patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Methodology:

It was a cohort retrospective study conducted at King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center with a total sample size of 379 patients. The charts of all those diabetic patients were reviewed and their HbA1c level, type of intervention were compared to determine their effect on cardiac outcomes and complications. Inclusion criteria involved the age group 50–70 years within follow-up period of 3 years. Any patient known to have renal failure, liver dysfunction, type one diabetes, and cancer were excluded. The HbA1c level was divided into two groups (<7.5%, ≥7.5%).

Results:

Total sample size was 379, and the mean age was (60.33 ± 5.98) with male being (66.5%). HbA1c levels at admission were (mean 9.15 ± 2.03), whereas the mean after 3 years was (8.629 ± 1.518). The uncontrolled group was more likely to have PCI (n = 302), in comparison to the controlled group (n = 77) with a P value of 0.04. However, the controlled group was more likely to undergo medical treatment P value of 0.001. Patients with uncontrolled Hba1c after the intervention had a higher readmission rate with a P value of 0.018.

Conclusions:

Patients with an elevated level of HbA1c were more likely to be managed with PCI. Furthermore, they are at a higher risk of multiple readmissions. Patients who had CABG were at a lower risk of cardiac complications. Further studies are required in our population to consider different approaches of diabetes control for preventing adverse outcomes.

Long-term survival in patients who had CABG with or without prior coronary artery stenting

Objective

To conduct a large-scale, single-centre retrospective cohort study to understand the impact of prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on long-term survival of patients who then undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Methods

Between 1999 and 2017, a total of 11 332 patients underwent CABG at a hospital in the UK. The patients were stratified into those who received PCI (n=1090) or no PCI (n=10 242) prior to CABG. A total of 1058 patients from each group were matched using propensity score matching. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to assess risk-adjusted survival in patients with prior PCI. Cox proportional hazards (CoxPH) model was then used to assess the effect of prior PCI and other variables in patients undergoing CABG.

Results

The immediate postoperative outcome showed no difference in number of grafts per patients, blood transfusion, hospital stay or 30 days mortality between the groups. There was no significant difference in 5 years (90.8% vs 87.9), 10-year (76.5% vs 74.6%) and 15-year (64.4% vs 64.7%) survival between the non-PCI versus PCI groups. The Cox proportional hazards model further supports the null hypothesis as the PCI variable was found to be non-significant (CoxPH=1.03, p=0.75, CI=0.87–1.22) implying there was no difference in hazard of death for CABG patients with or without previous PCI. However, the model did yield information on the covariates that do affect the hazard of death.

Conclusion

There is no difference in 5-year, 10-year and 15-year survival between patients undergoing CABG with or without prior PCI. However, certain patient, preoperative and intraoperative risk factors were identified with high hazard of death which needs to be investigated further.

Bypassing the blues: Insomnia in the depressed post-CABG population

BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND: Recovery from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery often is complicated by depression and insomnia, resulting in poorer health-related quality of life and clinical outcomes. We explored the relationships among depression, insomnia, quality of life, and the impact of a collaborative care strategy on reducing insomnia in patients after CABG surgery.

METHODS

METHODS: Patients with a Patient Health Questionnaire score ≥10 were randomized to nurse-delivered collaborative care for depression (n = 150) or their physician’s usual care (n = 152). A convenience sample of patients without depression (n = 151) served as the control group. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale sleep questions, we created an “insomnia index.”

RESULTS

RESULTS: At baseline, 63% of participants who were depressed vs 12% of those who were not depressed reported insomnia. Compared with usual care, fewer collaborative care participants reported insomnia at 8 months, and they tended to have a lower insomnia score (insomnia index change score −0.95 and −1.47, respectively; P = .05) with no time-by- randomization interaction, Cohen’s d = 0.22 (95% confidence interval, −0.001 to 0.43). Participants with baseline insomnia reported greater improvements in mental health–related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Survey 36-item Short Form Mental Component Summary score; −3.32, P = .02), but insomnia was not a significant moderator of the effect of collaborative care.

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the long-term impact on insomnia among post-CABG patients treated for depression. Future collaborative care studies could consider including a therapeutic focus for insomnia.

Impact of treatment strategies on outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus according to presenting angina severity: A pooled analysis of three federally-funded randomized trials

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The impact of treatment strategies on outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to presenting angina has not been rigorously assessed.

METHODS

We performed a patient-level pooled-analysis (n = 5027) of patients with stable CAD and T2DM randomized to optimal medical therapy [OMT], percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] + OMT, or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] + OMT. Endpoints were death/myocardial infarction (MI)/stroke, post-randomization revascularization (both over 5 years), and angina control at 1 year.

RESULTS

Increasing severity of baseline angina was associated with higher rates of death/MI/stroke (p = 0.009) and increased need for post-randomization revascularization (p = 0.001); after multivariable adjustment, only association with post-randomization revascularization remained significant. Baseline angina severity did not influence the superiority of CABG + OMT to reduce the rate of death/MI/stroke and post-randomization revascularization compared to other strategies. CABG + OMT was superior for angina control at 1 year compared to both PCI + OMT and OMT alone but only in patients with ≥ Class II severity at baseline. Comparisons between PCI + OMT and OMT were neutral except that PCI + OMT was superior to OMT for reducing the rate of post-randomization revascularization irrespective of presenting angina severity.

CONCLUSIONS

Presenting angina severity did not influence the superiority of CABG + OMT with respect to 5-year rates of death/MI/stroke and need for post-randomization revascularization. Presenting angina severity minimally influenced relative benefits for angina control at 1 year.

Differential Event Rates and Independent Predictors of Long-Term Major Cardiovascular Events and Death in 5795 Patients With Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease Treated With Stents, Bypass Surgery, or Medication: Insights From a Large International Multicenter Registry

BACKGROUND

Identifying predictive factors for major cardiovascular events and death in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease is of great clinical value for risk stratification and possible guidance for tailored preventive strategies.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The Interventional Research Incorporation Society-Left MAIN Revascularization registry included 5795 patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease (percutaneous coronary intervention, n=2850; coronary-artery bypass grafting, n=2337; medication alone, n=608). We analyzed the incidence and independent predictors of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE; a composite of death, MI, stroke, or repeat revascularization) and all-cause mortality in each treatment stratum. During follow-up (median, 4.3 years), the rates of MACCE and death were substantially higher in the medical group than in the percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary-artery bypass grafting groups (P<0.001). In the percutaneous coronary intervention group, the 3 strongest predictors for MACCE were chronic renal failure, old age (≥65 years), and previous heart failure; those for all-cause mortality were chronic renal failure, old age, and low ejection fraction. In the coronary-artery bypass grafting group, old age, chronic renal failure, and low ejection fraction were the 3 strongest predictors of MACCE and death. In the medication group, old age, low ejection fraction, and diabetes mellitus were the 3 strongest predictors of MACCE and death.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease, the key clinical predictors for MACCE and death were generally similar regardless of index treatment. This study provides effect estimates for clinically relevant predictors of long-term clinical outcomes in real-world left main coronary artery patients, providing possible guidance for tailored preventive strategies.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01341327.