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De Beaudrap P, Mouté C, Pasquier E, Tchoumkeu A, Temgoua CD, Zerbo A, Mac-Seing M, Beninguisse G. Burden of and risk factors for sexual violence among women with and without disabilities in two sub-Saharan African countries. Glob Health Action 2022; 15:2077904. [PMID: 35775278 PMCID: PMC9255210 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2022.2077904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Available data suggest that women with disabilities have an increased risk of sexual violence, but little is known about the situation of those women living in resource-limited settings. Objectives To assess the burden and examine the drivers of sexual violence among women with disabilities. Methods This is a pooled analysis of two population-based surveys conducted in Cameroon and Burundi. Adults with and without disabilities were randomly recruited from the general population. Structured interviews were conducted at both sites to collect data on participants’ functional limitations, life-course history of sexual violence, education, employment, and resources. Only women with disabilities whose impairments started before the age of 10 years (n = 359) and women without disabilities (n = 720) are included in this analysis. The age-adjusted prevalence of violence was computed, and risk factors were assessed using a discrete survival regression and mediation analysis. Results At both sites, the participants with disabilities had a lower education level and had an increased risk of food insecurity. The pooled age-adjusted prevalence of lifetime sexual violence was 19.8% (95%CI:15.3–24.3) among women with disabilities and 11.7% (95%CI:9.3–14.1) among those without disabilities (ORap: 2.0, 95%CI:1.4–2.8). Women with cognitive limitations and those with visual impairments had the highest risk of sexual violence (ORap: 3.5 (95%CI:2.0–6.3) and 2.7 (95%CI:1.4–5.0), respectively). Over the life course, the risk of sexual violence was especially high among women with disabilities who had lived with an intimate partner before the age of 25 years (p < 0.001). Education level mediated approximately one-third of the total association between disability and sexual violence (p = 0.001). There was no evidence of an indirect effect through food insecurity. Conclusion This study provides evidence of the high burden of sexual violence among women with disabilities who live in urban African contexts. The social environment and access to education may be key contributors to this vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Beaudrap
- CEPED, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Charles Mouté
- CEPED, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France.,Direction de la Recherche, de la Coopération et de l'Appui Technique, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographique (IFORD), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Bureau Central des Recensements et des Etudes de Population (BUCREP), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Estelle Pasquier
- Health Department, Initiative HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Paris, France.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alice Tchoumkeu
- CEPED, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France.,Direction de la Recherche, de la Coopération et de l'Appui Technique, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographique (IFORD), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carole Dongmo Temgoua
- Direction de la Recherche, de la Coopération et de l'Appui Technique, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographique (IFORD), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aida Zerbo
- Health Department, Initiative HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Mac-Seing
- Centre for Global Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gervais Beninguisse
- Direction de la Recherche, de la Coopération et de l'Appui Technique, Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographique (IFORD), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RRA, Congdon N, Jones I, Ah Tong BAM, Arunga S, Bachani D, Bascaran C, Bastawrous A, Blanchet K, Braithwaite T, Buchan JC, Cairns J, Cama A, Chagunda M, Chuluunkhuu C, Cooper A, Crofts-Lawrence J, Dean WH, Denniston AK, Ehrlich JR, Emerson PM, Evans JR, Frick KD, Friedman DS, Furtado JM, Gichangi MM, Gichuhi S, Gilbert SS, Gurung R, Habtamu E, Holland P, Jonas JB, Keane PA, Keay L, Khanna RC, Khaw PT, Kuper H, Kyari F, Lansingh VC, Mactaggart I, Mafwiri MM, Mathenge W, McCormick I, Morjaria P, Mowatt L, Muirhead D, Murthy GVS, Mwangi N, Patel DB, Peto T, Qureshi BM, Salomão SR, Sarah V, Shilio BR, Solomon AW, Swenor BK, Taylor HR, Wang N, Webson A, West SK, Wong TY, Wormald R, Yasmin S, Yusufu M, Silva JC, Resnikoff S, Ravilla T, Gilbert CE, Foster A, Faal HB. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e489-e551. [PMID: 33607016 PMCID: PMC7966694 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ana Patricia Marques
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rupert R A Bourne
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Simon Arunga
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Damodar Bachani
- John Snow India, New Delhi, India; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Covadonga Bascaran
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Peek Vision, London, UK
| | - Karl Blanchet
- Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - John C Buchan
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - John Cairns
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Chimgee Chuluunkhuu
- Orbis International, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Mongolian Ophthalmology Society, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - William H Dean
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Joshua R Ehrlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative and Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Evans
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kevin D Frick
- Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David S Friedman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - João M Furtado
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Reeta Gurung
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Eyu-Ethiopia Eye Health Research, Training, and Service Centre, Bahirdar, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Holland
- International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, London, UK
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Institute of Clinical and Scientific Ophthalmology and Acupuncture Jonas and Panda, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Lisa Keay
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rohit C Khanna
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatima Kyari
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Van C Lansingh
- Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, Queretaro, Mexico; Centro Mexicano de Salud Visual Preventiva, Mexico City, Mexico; Help Me See, New York, NY, USA
| | - Islay Mactaggart
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Milka M Mafwiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Ian McCormick
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lizette Mowatt
- University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Debbie Muirhead
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, Australia; Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gudlavalleti V S Murthy
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nyawira Mwangi
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daksha B Patel
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Solange R Salomão
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bernadetha R Shilio
- Department of Curative Services, Ministry of Health Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bonnielin K Swenor
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hugh R Taylor
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Aubrey Webson
- Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheila K West
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Richard Wormald
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Mayinuer Yusufu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | | | - Serge Resnikoff
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of New South of Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Clare E Gilbert
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah B Faal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Africa Vision Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
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8
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van der Ham AJ, van der Aa HP, Brunes A, Heir T, de Vries R, van Rens GH, van Nispen RM. The development of posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with visual impairment: a systematic search and review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:331-341. [PMID: 33481297 PMCID: PMC8049069 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem with a negative impact on quality of life. Little is known about the relationship between PTSD and visual impairment. According to diagnostic criteria for PTSD, vision loss in itself is generally not considered as a traumatic event. PTSD in people with visual impairment is more likely to be the result of traumatic events, which are not directly related, or are only indirectly related to, visual impairment. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe and discuss the literature on the development of PTSD in people with visual impairment. METHODS A literature search in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science was performed up to 15 November 2019 in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Additional search strategies included hand searches of references of retrieved papers and free-text hand searches in Google Scholar. Thematic content analysis of the extracted data was carried out in order to identify main themes and subthemes. RESULTS Findings from 13 articles are presented in a narrative manner along three main themes: (1) posttraumatic stress disorder; (2) traumatic events and (3) impact of traumatic events. People with visual impairments may be at higher risk of being exposed to certain potentially traumatic events. Limited/restricted access to situational information during events may contribute to the stressfulness of the experience. Furthermore, visual impairment may shape the impact of traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence suggests some unique experiences and challenges for people who are visually impaired. PTSD was prevalent in this population, and prevalence rates ranged from 4% to 50%. Future research may focus on gaining insight into the extent and burden of PTSD, and exploring help-seeking behaviour and treatment needs among those with visual impairment and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida J van der Ham
- Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Robert Coppes Foundation, Vught, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Pa van der Aa
- Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Robert Coppes Foundation, Vught, The Netherlands
| | - Audun Brunes
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration - Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Section for Trauma, Catastrophes and Forced Migration - Adults and Elderly, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger Hmb van Rens
- Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Elkerliek Hospital, Helmond, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Ma van Nispen
- Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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