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Brault MA, Peskin MF, Jones AN, Saikia A, Bhutia RO, Cheruvu SS, Jagtap VM, Singh R, Nair P, Vedanthan R, Vermund SH, Maitra S. A Mixed Methods Exploration of Young Women's Agency and Mental Health during COVID-19 in Low-Income Communities in Mumbai, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1007. [PMID: 39200618 PMCID: PMC11354834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in India face additional health inequities compared to their male peers, as gender norms constrain agency for prevention and self-care. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns deepened health inequities and often worsened mental health, but the impacts on agency are unclear. This exploratory sequential mixed methods paper examined mental health and COVID-19 elements that exacerbated or mitigated adverse consequences for AGYW in low-income communities in Mumbai. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with AGYW (aged 15-25 years; N = 60) and adults (parents, healthcare providers, community-based organization representative; N = 30). We administered a structured survey to AGYW (N = 150) to assess health concerns, depression and anxiety symptoms (using the PHQ-8 and GAD-7 scales), and experiences during COVID-19. We analyzed qualitative data using the constant comparative approach in Atlas.ti, and quantitative data using R and SPSS. RESULTS Qualitative data revealed that AGYW faced stressors and had limited agency during lockdowns due to limited access to education, financial insecurity, and community violence. Quantitative data indicated that limited agency in the context of COVID-19 was significantly associated with depression and anxiety. Financial resources to address COVID-19 created new employment and leadership opportunities for AGYW to become COVID educators and preschool teachers; participation in these opportunities was associated with less anxiety. DISCUSSION Pandemic stress was difficult for low-income AGYW in Mumbai. Mitigating programs for COVID-19 control helped address acute needs and enable capabilities. Exploring similar themes among a broader population of youth can help design strategies and opportunities for young people in low-income communities during health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Brault
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Melissa F. Peskin
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anastasia N. Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Amrita Saikia
- Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai 400088, India;
| | - Rinchen O. Bhutia
- Centre for Public Health, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai 400088, India;
| | - Sai Sammitha Cheruvu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) Asia Office, New Delhi 110018, India;
| | - Poornima Nair
- Health and Disability, Apnalaya, Mumbai 400071, India;
| | - Rajesh Vedanthan
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Sten H. Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Shubhada Maitra
- Centre for Health and Mental Health, School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai 400088, India;
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Chatterji S, Johns NE, Ghule M, Begum S, Averbach S, Battala M, Raj A. Assessing the impact of CHARM2, a family planning program on gender attitudes, intimate partner violence, reproductive coercion, and marital quality in India. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003220. [PMID: 38771823 PMCID: PMC11108161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Using a two-armed cluster randomised controlled trial, CHARM2 (Counselling Husbands to Achieve Reproductive health and Marital equity), a 5-session gender equity and family planning intervention for couples in rural India, showed an impact on family planning outcomes in primary trial analyses. This study examines its effects on gender-equitable attitudes, intimate partner violence, reproductive coercion, and marital quality. We used multilevel mixed-effects models to assess the intervention impact on each outcome. Both male (aIRR at 9 months: 0.64, C.I.: 0.45,0.90; aIRR at 18 months: 0.25, C.I.: 0.18,0.39) and female (aIRR at 9 months: 0.57, C.I.: 0.46,0.71; aIRR at 18 months: 0.38, C.I.: 0.23,0.61) intervention participants were less likely than corresponding control participants to endorse attitudes accepting physical IPV at 9- and 18-month follow-ups. Men in the intervention, compared to those in the control condition, reported more gender-equitable attitudes at 9- and 18 months (ß at 9 months: 0.13, C.I.: 0.06,0.20; ß at 18 months: 0.26, C.I.: 0.19,0.34) and higher marital quality at the 18-month follow-up (ß: 0.03, C.I.: 0.01,0.05). However, we found no effects on women's experiences of IPV, reproductive coercion, or marital quality. CHARM2 shows promise in improving men's and women's attitudes towards gender equality and male perceptions of marital quality. Still, IPV and reproductive coercion reductions may require more intensive programming than that provided within this 5-session model focused on family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chatterji
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole E. Johns
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mohan Ghule
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shahina Begum
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarah Averbach
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Newcomb Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Ramasubramani P, Krishnamoorthy Y, Vijayakumar K, Rushender R. Burden, trend and determinants of various forms of domestic violence among reproductive age-group women in India: findings from nationally representative surveys. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:e1-e14. [PMID: 37717950 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence, a notable human rights concern, has a public health impact across the globe. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of domestic violence among ever-married women aged 18-49 years in India. METHODS Secondary data analysis with National Family Health Survey 5, 2019-21 data (NFHS-5) was conducted. The complex sampling design of the survey was accounted-for during analysis. The primary outcome was domestic violence. Prevalence was reported with 95% confidence interval (CI). Prevalence ratio was reported to provide the factors associated with domestic violence using Poisson regression. RESULTS About 63 796 ever-married women aged 18-49 years covered under domestic violence module of NFHS-5 survey were included. Prevalence of domestic violence (12 months preceding the survey) was 31.9% (95% CI: 30.9-32.9%). Physical violence (28.3%) was the most common form followed by emotional (14.1%) and sexual violence (6.1%). Women with low education, being employed, husband being uneducated or with coercive behavior had significantly higher prevalence of domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS One-third of the reproductive age-group women were facing some form of domestic violence. Target group interventions like violence awareness campaigns, women supportive services and stringent law enforcement should be implemented to eliminate domestic violence by year 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Ramasubramani
- Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, K.K. Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - Karthiga Vijayakumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajan Rushender
- Department of Community Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Puducherry, India
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Palfreyman A, Vijayaraj K, Riyaz S, Rizwan Z, Sivayokan S, Thenakoon THS, Dayabandara M, Hanwella R, Devakumar D. What Women Want: Mental Health in the Context of Violence Against Women in Sri Lanka-A Qualitative Study of Priorities and Capacities for Care. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241230326. [PMID: 38400515 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241230326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient evidence guides mental health service development for survivors of violence against women in Sri Lanka. Provider and survivor perspectives on (1) what constitutes mental health, (2) quality of care, and (3) priority areas and stakeholders for intervention were identified through framework analysis of 53 in-depth interviews. Desired care is chiefly psychosocial-not psychological-prioritizing socioeconomic, parenting, and safe environment needs in non-clinical community settings. Our evidence points strongly to the need to strengthen non-mental health community-based providers as "first contacts" and reassessment of health system-centric interventions which neglect preferred community responses and more holistic approaches accounting for women's full circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raveen Hanwella
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Delan Devakumar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Eapen DJ, Tsusaki RB, Mullassery DG, Goolsby C, Lee K, Wardell DW. A Systematic Review of Women's Experiences of Interpersonal Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nurs Womens Health 2023; 27:435-447. [PMID: 37866396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore and synthesize women's experiences of interpersonal violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases were searched to identify articles published between December 2019 and November 2022. STUDY SELECTION Seventeen peer-reviewed studies were included, for a total of 2,046 women. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS COVID-19 brought many challenges for women experiencing interpersonal violence. Women reported worsening of abuse during the pandemic. The pandemic led to severe economic challenges, which eventually precipitated more abuse. Additionally, women experienced mental health distress from social isolation and increased surveillance and control from their abusive partners. Several factors affected their ability to access health care and support services; these included limited availability of services, fear of contracting the virus, and an abusive partner who restricted their movement outside the home. CONCLUSION The pandemic presented multiple challenges and additional stressors for women who experienced interpersonal violence during pandemic-related restrictions on services, gatherings, and work and school outside of the home. The findings from this review signify the need to raise public awareness about violence against women and to plan for coordinated efforts to decrease violence against women and address victims' needs in the event of future pandemics or other public health emergencies.
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Wyckoff KG, Narasimhan S, Stephenson K, Zeidan AJ, Smith RN, Evans DP. "COVID gave him an opportunity to tighten the reins around my throat": perceptions of COVID-19 movement restrictions among survivors of intimate partner violence. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:199. [PMID: 36717878 PMCID: PMC9885388 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) poses a serious public health threat globally and within the United States. Preliminary evidence highlighted surges in IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic offers a unique context, with many states and countries enacting movement-restrictions (i.e., shelter-in-place orders) that exacerbated IPV. Although these movement restrictions and other infection control methods (i.e., isolation, quarantine orders) have proven successful in reducing the spread of COVID-19, their impacts on IPV have not been thoroughly investigated. Specifically, public health measures restricting movement reinforce and socially legitimize isolation and coercive control tactics enacted by perpetrators of abuse. The purpose of this study was to understand the impacts of COVID-19, including the impacts of movement restrictions (i.e., shelter in place orders, quarantine, isolation orders) on experiences of IPV from the perspective of survivors. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with ten survivors who presented at a large, public hospital or sought community IPV resources (i.e., domestic violence shelter, therapy services) in Atlanta, Georgia between March and December 2020. Thematic analysis was carried out to describe the impact of COVID-19 movement restrictions on IPV and help-seeking behaviors among survivors, in addition to identifying resources to improve IPV response during pandemics. RESULTS Through discussion of their experiences, survivors indicated how movement restrictions, social distancing measures, and the repercussions of the pandemic influenced their relationship challenges, including the occurrence of new or a higher frequency and/or severity of IPV episodes. Survivors cited relationship challenges that were amplified by either movement restrictions or consequences of COVID-19, including reinforced control tactics, and increased financial or life stressors resulting from the pandemic. COVID-19 movement restrictions catalyzed new relationships quickly and sparked new or intensified violence in existing relationships, revealing gaps in IPV support services. CONCLUSION These findings suggest COVID-19 movement restrictions and social distancing measures amplify IPV and experiences of trauma due to new or exacerbated relationship challenges. Further, results highlight how partners cited COVID-19 movement restrictions to justify methods of coercive control. Public health professionals engaged in pandemic preparedness must give serious consideration to how social distancing measures may amplify trauma in those experiencing IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Wyckoff
- Department of Behavioral Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, 30322, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Subasri Narasimhan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, 30322, Atlanta, USA
| | - Kaylee Stephenson
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, 30322, Atlanta, USA
| | - Amy J Zeidan
- Emory School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Randi N Smith
- Emory School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dabney P Evans
- Department of Behavioral Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, 30322, Atlanta, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, 30322, Atlanta, USA
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Pitis A, Diamantopoulou M, Tzavella F. The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic and Social Determinants of Health on the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence. A Systematic Review. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:295-303. [PMID: 38380279 PMCID: PMC10875957 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.295-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic has increased the rates of violent behavior towards women by their partners worldwide. Increased time spent living with the abusive partner, working at home and limited social contact combined with socioeconomic characteristics contributed to the increase in this type of violence. Objective To investigate the impact of pandemic COVID-19 and social determinants of health (SDOH) on the intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by women from their partners. Methods A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impact of COVID-19 and social determinants of health on violence experienced by women from their partner(s) as a consequence of incarceration. The Pubmed and Scopus databases were searched during December 2022, using the keywords "intimate partner violence", "women", "COVID-19", "socioeconomic factors", "social determinants of health". Results Of the 917 studies initially retrieved, 38 studies found an increased prevalence of women's reported violence by their partners, 10 found a low prevalence, and 9 found no difference in prevalence before and during restraint. The most common forms of violence were psychological, physical and sexual. In 30 studies, social determinants such as socioeconomic level, education and living conditions were found to be associated with the prevalence of violence. Conclusion There was an increase in violence against women during quarantine which was associated with the effect of social determinants. However, due to research limitations of the studies, additional research is needed to draw firm conclusions that can be generalized to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Pitis
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Maria Diamantopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Tzavella
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
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Ferragina F, Barca I, Sorrentino A, Kallaverja E, Piloni S, Arrotta A, Cristofaro MG. Effect of COVID-19 Italian Lockdown on Maxillofacial Trauma Related to Domestic Violence: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1463. [PMID: 36294899 PMCID: PMC9604664 DOI: 10.3390/life12101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This retrospective study aims to identify the potential reasons for the increase in maxillofacial trauma from domestic violence in the first COVID-19 lockdown and propose some strategies that could be effective in fighting it during any future pandemic events. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on patients with maxillofacial trauma who arrived at the Maxillofacial Unit of the Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro from 9 March to 3 May 2020, who were compared with those registered in the same period in 2019. Inclusion criteria were: patients of both sexes and admission diagnosed with maxillofacial trauma with or without bone fracture. Exclusion criteria were: patients less than 7 years of age, maxillofacial trauma that occurred outside the established period, and patients unconscious or with unclear clinical history. Patients were divided into two groups according to the mechanism of injury (MOI): “domestic” and “non-domestic” trauma. Both descriptive and regressive statistical analysis was conducted using a Student’s t-test with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The total number of maxillofacial fractures in 2020 was similar to 2019 (31 pcs in 2020 vs. 38 pcs in 2019). Before the lockdown, most of the trauma occurred in non-domestic settings (25% in 2020 vs. 76.67% in 2019), especially in road accidents (4.17% in 2020 vs. 20% in 2019). During the lockdown, most of the trauma occurred in a domestic setting (75% in 2020 vs. 23.33% in 2019), especially interpersonal violence (31.58% in 2020 vs. 14.28% in 2019). There were 7 cases of interpersonal violence recorded in 2020 (1 male and 6 female), compared to only one case (female) recorded in 2019, with a statistically significant p-Value (0.0475). Conclusions: The first COVID-19 lockdown has provided the opportunity to study the aetiology of domestic trauma due to interpersonal violence attributable to economic and social problems, all of which were aggravated by the impediment to requesting help due to the difficulty of contacting the services and the general slowdown in the ways out of violence. The analysis conducted and compared with data in the literature suggests the adoption of a proactive (and non-reactive) approach to combat domestic violence during pandemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferragina
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ida Barca
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfonso Sorrentino
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Hospital of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvis Kallaverja
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Piloni
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Hospital of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giulia Cristofaro
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Leigh JK, Peña LD, Anurudran A, Pai A. "Are you safe to talk?": Perspectives of Service Providers on Experiences of Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:215-225. [PMID: 35068672 PMCID: PMC8759221 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand the factors driving reported trends in domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the effect of the pandemic on survivors' experiences of violence and ability to seek support. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 32 DV service providers operating in organizations across 24 U.S. cities. The majority of providers described a decrease in contact volume when shelter-in-place orders were first established, which they attributed to safety concerns, competing survival priorities, and miscommunication about what resources were available. For most organizations, this decrease was followed by an increase in contacts after the lifting of shelter-in-place orders, often surpassing typical contact counts from the pre-pandemic period. Providers identified survivors' ability to return to some aspects of their pre-pandemic lives, increased stress levels, and increased lethality of cases as key factors driving this increase. In addition, providers described several unique challenges faced by DV survivors during the pandemic, such as the use of the virus as an additional tool for control by abusers and an exacerbated lack of social support. These findings provide insight into the lived experiences driving observed trends in DV rates during COVID-19. Understanding the impact of the pandemic on survivors can help to shape public health and policy interventions to better support this vulnerable population during future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K. Leigh
- Present Address: COVID-19 Task Force On Domestic Violence, 1629 K Street, NW #300, Washington DC, 20006 USA
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Lita Danielle Peña
- Present Address: COVID-19 Task Force On Domestic Violence, 1629 K Street, NW #300, Washington DC, 20006 USA
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ashri Anurudran
- Present Address: COVID-19 Task Force On Domestic Violence, 1629 K Street, NW #300, Washington DC, 20006 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Anant Pai
- Present Address: COVID-19 Task Force On Domestic Violence, 1629 K Street, NW #300, Washington DC, 20006 USA
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