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Kyncl J, Angulo FJ, Orlikova H, Zhang P, Vlckova I, Maly M, Krivohlavkova D, Harper LR, Edwards J, Bender C, Pilz A, Erber W, Madhava H, Moïsi JC. Effectiveness of Vaccination Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the Czech Republic, 2018-2022. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:607-613. [PMID: 38946629 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV infection can cause symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and result in severe consequences including death. TBE is an increasing health threat in the Czech Republic and elsewhere in Europe. In 2020, 23% of 3734 TBE cases reported to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were from the Czech Republic. TBE vaccination is universally recommended in the Czech Republic, but a full analysis of TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the Czech Republic has not been published. Methods: TBE is a notifiable disease in the Czech Republic with mandatory reporting of cases (i.e., laboratory-confirmed TBEV infected patient with symptoms of CNS inflammation) and vaccination history to public health authorities. TBE VE was estimated using the screening method utilizing public health surveillance data from 2018 to 2022 and online household surveys of the general population on TBE vaccine uptake conducted in 2019-2022. Results: In 2018-2022, 3648 TBE cases were reported in the Czech Republic; 98.1% (3105/3166) of TBE cases with known vaccination history were unvaccinated. Among 42,671 persons surveyed from the general population who had known TBE vaccination history, 66.5% were unvaccinated. VE against TBE was 97.6% (95% confidence interval 95.7-98.7). When stratified by age group, VE was 97.1% (88.4-99.3) in 1-15 years of age, 97.9% (95.3-99.0) in 16-59 years of age, and 96.9% (90.5-99.0) in ≥60 years of age. TBE vaccination averted an estimated 1020 TBE cases in the Czech Republic from 2018 to 2022. Conclusions: This first published study with a full analysis of TBE VE in the Czech Republic showed that vaccination was highly effective for the prevention of TBE including in children, an age group with increasing TBE disease burden. Vaccination averted hundreds of TBE cases and hospitalizations despite the relatively low compliance with TBE vaccine recommendations. To prevent additional TBE cases in the Czech Republic, enhanced efforts to increase TBE vaccine uptake are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kyncl
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frederick J Angulo
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hana Orlikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iva Vlckova
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Maly
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lisa R Harper
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juanita Edwards
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cody Bender
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andreas Pilz
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Erber
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harish Madhava
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, London, England
| | - Jennifer C Moïsi
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Paris, France
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Zens KD, Altpeter E, Wymann MN, Mack A, Baer NB, Haile SR, Steffen R, Fehr JS, Lang P. A combined cross-sectional analysis and case-control study evaluating tick-borne encephalitis vaccination coverage, disease and vaccine effectiveness in children and adolescents, Switzerland, 2005 to 2022. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300558. [PMID: 38699900 PMCID: PMC11067431 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.18.2300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe, vaccine-preventable viral infection of the central nervous system. Symptoms are generally milder in children and adolescents than in adults, though severe disease does occur. A better understanding of the disease burden and duration of vaccine-mediated protection is important for vaccination recommendations.AimTo estimate TBE vaccination coverage, disease severity and vaccine effectiveness (VE) among individuals aged 0-17 years in Switzerland.MethodsVaccination coverage between 2005 and 2022 was estimated using the Swiss National Vaccination Coverage Survey (SNVCS), a nationwide, repeated cross-sectional study assessing vaccine uptake. Incidence and severity of TBE between 2005 and 2022 were determined using data from the Swiss disease surveillance system and VE was calculated using a case-control analysis, matching TBE cases with SNVCS controls.ResultsOver the study period, vaccination coverage increased substantially, from 4.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.1-5.5%) to 50.1% (95% CI: 48.3-52.0%). Reported clinical symptoms in TBE cases were similar irrespective of age. Neurological involvement was less likely in incompletely (1-2 doses) and completely (≥ 3 doses) vaccinated cases compared with unvaccinated ones. For incomplete vaccination, VE was 66.2% (95% CI: 42.3-80.2), whereas VE for complete vaccination was 90.8% (95% CI: 87.7-96.4). Vaccine effectiveness remained high, 83.9% (95% CI: 69.0-91.7) up to 10 years since last vaccination.ConclusionsEven children younger than 5 years can experience severe TBE. Incomplete and complete vaccination protect against neurological manifestations of the disease. Complete vaccination offers durable protection up to 10 years against TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra D Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehardt Altpeter
- Communicable Diseases Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monica N Wymann
- Communicable Diseases Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annora Mack
- Communicable Diseases Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nora B Baer
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phung Lang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ackermann-Gäumann R, Lang P, Zens KD. Defining the "Correlate(s) of Protection" to tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and infection - key points and outstanding questions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352720. [PMID: 38318179 PMCID: PMC10840404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a severe disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The generation of protective immunity after TBEV infection or TBE vaccination relies on the integrated responses of many distinct cell types at distinct physical locations. While long-lasting memory immune responses, in particular, form the basis for the correlates of protection against many diseases, these correlates of protection have not yet been clearly defined for TBE. This review addresses the immune control of TBEV infection and responses to TBE vaccination. Potential correlates of protection and the durability of protection against disease are discussed, along with outstanding questions in the field and possible areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
- Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-transmitted Diseases, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Phung Lang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyra D. Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Schelling J, Einmahl S, Torgler R, Larsen CS. Evidence for a 10-year TBE vaccine booster interval: an evaluation of current data. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:226-236. [PMID: 38288983 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2311359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is rapidly spreading to new areas in many parts of Europe. While vaccination remains the most effective method of protection against the disease, vaccine uptake is low in many endemic countries. AREAS COVERED We conducted a literature search of the MEDLINE database to identify articles published from 2018 to 2023 that evaluated the immunogenicity and effectiveness of TBE vaccines, particularly Encepur, when booster doses were administered up to 10 years apart. We searched PubMed with the MeSH terms 'Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention and control' and 'Vaccination' for articles published in the English language. EXPERT OPINION Long-term immunogenicity data for Encepur and real-world data on vaccine effectiveness and breakthrough infections following the two European TBE vaccines, Encepur and FSME-Immun, have shown that extending the booster interval from 3-5 years to 10 years does not negatively impact protection against TBE, regardless of age. Such extension not only streamlines the vaccination schedules but may also increase vaccine uptake and compliance among those living in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schelling
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Suzanne Einmahl
- Department of Medical Strategy, Bavarian Nordic AG, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Torgler
- Department of Medical Strategy, Bavarian Nordic AG, Zug, Switzerland
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Angulo FJ, Zhang P, Halsby K, Kelly P, Pilz A, Madhava H, Moïsi JC, Jodar L. A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines in Europe. Vaccine 2023; 41:6914-6921. [PMID: 37858450 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in patients with symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. More than 25 European countries have one or more TBE-endemic areas. Although two TBE vaccines, FSME-IMMUN® and Encepur®, are commonly used in Europe, there are no published reviews of the real-world effectiveness of TBE vaccines in Europe or elsewhere. METHODS We searched PubMed for TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) articles and extracted information on country, study design, study period, study population, number of TBEV-infected cases, number of participants, and VE against TBEV infection and outcomes. RESULTS We identified 13 studies, conducted in Austria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Germany, and Switzerland, published in 2003-2023. One study was a cohort investigation of a milk-borne outbreak. In the other studies, 11 (91.7%) used the screening method and two (16.7%) used a case-control design (one study used both). TBE vaccines were highly effective (VE estimates >92%) against TBEV infection in all age groups. Vaccines were also highly protective against mild infections (i.e., infections in patients without symptoms of CNS inflammation), and against infections resulting in TBE and hospitalization. Vaccines were also highly protective against the most serious outcomes such as hospitalization greater than 12 days. Product-specific VE estimates were also high, though limited data were available. Studies in Austria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, and Switzerland estimated that TBE vaccines prevented >1,000 TBE cases a year, avoiding many hospitalizations and deaths, in these countries combined. CONCLUSIONS Published VE studies demonstrate a high real-world effectiveness of the commercially available TBE vaccines in Europe. Although cases averted have been estimated in only four countries, TBE vaccination prevents thousands of cases in Europe each year. To prevent life-threatening TBE, TBE vaccine uptake and compliance with the vaccination schedule should be increased in residents of, and travelers to, TBE-endemic countries in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Angulo
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, Collegeville, PA, United States.
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Medical Affairs Evidence Generation Statistics, Pfizer Research and Development, Collegeville, PA, United States.
| | - Kate Halsby
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, London, England.
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, Collegeville, PA, United States.
| | - Andreas Pilz
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Harish Madhava
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, London, England.
| | - Jennifer C Moïsi
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, Paris, France.
| | - Luis Jodar
- Vaccines, Antivirals, and Evidence Generation, Pfizer Biopharma, Collegeville, PA, United States.
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Zavadska D, Freimane Z, Karelis G, Ermina I, Harper LR, Bender C, Zhang P, Angulo FJ, Erber W, Bormane A, Gutmane E, Litauniece ZA, Tihonovs J, Griskevica A, Madhava H, Jodar L. Effectiveness of tick-borne encephalitis vaccination in Latvia, 2018-2020: an observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1443-1448. [PMID: 37422077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) that results in symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. TBE is endemic in Latvia and other European countries. TBE vaccines are commonly used in Latvia, but vaccine effectiveness estimates are limited. METHODS Study staff at Rīga Stradinš University conducted nationwide active surveillance for TBEV infections. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were ELISA-tested for TBEV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Vaccination history was collected by interview and medical record review. Utilizing data from surveillance and population surveys, vaccine effectiveness (with 95% CIs) and cases averted were estimated using the screening method. RESULTS There were 587 laboratory-identified TBE cases from 2018 to 2020; 98.1% (576/587) were unvaccinated, 1.5% (9/587) were unknown or partially vaccinated, and 0.3% (2/587) were fully vaccinated (three-dose primary series and appropriately timed boosters). TBE resulted in the death of 1.7% (10/587) of TBE cases. TBE vaccine history was ascertained from 92.0% (13 247/14 399) people from the general population: 38.6% (5113/13 247) were unvaccinated, 26.3% (3484/13 247) were fully vaccinated, and 35.1% (4650/13 247) were partially vaccinated. TBE vaccine effectiveness was 99.5% (98.0-99.9) against TBE, 99.5% (97.9-99.9) against TBE hospitalization, 99.3% (94.8-99.9) against moderate/severe TBE, and 99.2% (94.4-99.9) against TBE hospitalization >12 days. From 2018 to 2020, vaccination averted 906 TBE cases, including 20 deaths. DISCUSSION TBE vaccine was highly effective in preventing TBE, moderate and severe disease, and prolonged hospitalization. To prevent life-threatening TBE, TBE vaccine uptake and compliance should be increased in Latvia and other European regions where TBE is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Zavadska
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Freimane
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Karelis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ineta Ermina
- Research Department, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lisa R Harper
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Cody Bender
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Frederick J Angulo
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - Wilhelm Erber
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antra Bormane
- Infectious Disease Surveillance and Immunization Unit, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Evija Gutmane
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane A Litauniece
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jevgenijs Tihonovs
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rezekne Regional Hospital, Rezekne, Latvia
| | - Aija Griskevica
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Riga, Latvia
| | - Harish Madhava
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, London, UK
| | - Luis Jodar
- Vaccines/Antivirals & Evidence Generation, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Zavadska D, Freimane Z, Karelis G, Ermina I, Harper LR, Bender C, Zhang P, Angulo FJ, Erber W, Bormane A, Griskevica A, Moïsi JC, Jodar L. Effectiveness of Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccines in Children, Latvia, 2018-2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:927-931. [PMID: 37406220 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) with symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. TBE is endemic in Latvia and other parts of Europe. TBE vaccination is recommended for children in Latvia. TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated in Latvia, a country with high TBE incidence, providing the first VE estimates against a range of TBEV infection outcomes in children 1-15 years-of-age. METHODS Rīga Stradinš University conducted nationwide surveillance for suspected TBE cases. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid were ELISA tested for TBEV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. A fully vaccinated child was an individual who had received the 3-dose primary series and appropriately timed boosters. The proportion of laboratory-confirmed TBE cases fully vaccinated (PCV) was determined from interviews and medical records. The proportion of the general population fully vaccinated (PPV) was determined from national surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020. TBE VE in children 1-15 years-of-age was estimated using the screening method: VE = 1 - [PCV/(1 - PCV)/PPV/(1 - PPV)]. RESULTS From 2018 to 2020, surveillance identified 36 TBE cases in children 1-15 years-of-age; all were hospitalized, 5 (13.9%) for >12 days. Of the TBE cases, 94.4% (34/36) were unvaccinated compared with 43.8% of children in the general population. VE against TBE hospitalization in children 1-15 years-of-age was 94.9% (95% confidence interval 63.1-99.3). In 2018-2020, vaccination in children 1-15 years-of-age averted 39 hospitalized TBE cases. CONCLUSION Pediatric TBE vaccines were highly effective in preventing TBE in children. Increasing TBE vaccine uptake in children is essential to maximize the public health impact of TBE vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Zavadska
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Freimane
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Karelis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ineta Ermina
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Rīga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lisa R Harper
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennslyvania
| | - Cody Bender
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennslyvania
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennslyvania
| | - Frederick J Angulo
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennslyvania
| | - Wilhelm Erber
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antra Bormane
- Infectious Disease Surveillance and Immunization Unit, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia
| | | | - Jennifer C Moïsi
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France
| | - Luis Jodar
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennslyvania
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Miazga W, Wnuk K, Tatara T, Świtalski J, Matera A, Religioni U, Gujski M. The long-term efficacy of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines available in Europe - a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:621. [PMID: 37735357 PMCID: PMC10515056 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of vaccination, TBE (tick-borne encephalitis) remains a global public health problem. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the long-term efficacy of vaccinations against tick-borne encephalitis using vaccines available on the European market. METHODS The analysis was conducted on the results of a systematic review conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The search was performed in three databases, namely Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library database. The authors followed the PRISMA method and the selection of the articles was performed with two independent researchers. RESULTS From a total of 199 citations, 9 studies were included in this review. According to the primary studies identified in the search, the efficacy of available anti-TBE vaccines ranges from 90.1% to 98.9%; however, in individuals above the age of 60, the protection wanes as early as one year after vaccination. Administration of a booster dose 3 years after completion of the basic vaccination schedule significantly extended the period of protection against TBE. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TBE vaccines available in Europe have a high level of efficacy. However, the level of protection against TBE is decreasing after vaccination. Therefore, in addition to the conventional schedule, booster vaccines should be administered every 5 years in individuals before the age of 60 and more frequently, e.g. every 3 years, in individuals aged 60 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Miazga
- Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, 00032, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, Kleczewska 61/63, 01826, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wnuk
- Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, 00032, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, Kleczewska 61/63, 01826, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tatara
- Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, 00032, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Świtalski
- Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, 00032, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 01445, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Matera
- Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Health Technology Assessment, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, 00032, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Religioni
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, Kleczewska 61/63, 01826, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Gujski
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02091, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Beran J, Lattanzi M, Costantini M, Pammolli A, Galgani I. Sustained antibody persistence for at least 15 years after a booster vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis following different primary vaccination schedules: Third 5-year follow-up. Vaccine 2023; 41:3518-3524. [PMID: 37142462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is the best mode of protection against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and its sequelae. The duration of protection and the optimal interval of repeat booster doses are still debated. The current study evaluated the persistence of the antibody response 11-15 years after a first booster vaccination following different primary vaccination schedules with a TBE vaccine (Encepur Adults, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic, previously by GSK). METHODS This phase IV, open-label, mono-centric extension study enrolled adults who had received (at ≥ 12 years of age) primary vaccination with one of three randomly assigned TBE vaccine schedules (rapid [group R], conventional [group C], or accelerated conventional schedule [group A]) followed by a booster dose 3 years later. The antibody response was measured annually from 11 to 15 years post-booster using a TBE virus neutralization test (NT). An NT titer of ≥ 10 was considered as a clinically meaningful threshold and surrogate for protection. RESULTS In total, 194 participants were enrolled and included in the per-protocol set; 188 completed the study. The percentage of participants with an NT titer ≥ 10 was 100% in group R and 99.0% in group A at all visits and ranged from 100% (year 11) to 95.8% (year 15) in group C. NT geometric mean titers were similar in the three study groups (181-267 in group R, 142-227 in group C, 141-209 in group A). NT geometric mean titers also remained high among participants ≥ 50 years old (98-206) and ≥ 60 years old (91-191) across study groups and time points. CONCLUSIONS This study showed neutralizing antibody persistence for at least 15 years after a first booster dose of the Encepur Adults TBE vaccine in all age groups evaluated, regardless of which primary vaccination schedule was given to adolescents or adults. Trialregistry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03294135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Beran
- Vaccination and Travel Medicine Center, Tylovo nábřeží 418/6, 500 02 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department for Tropical, Travel Medicine and Immunization, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, Ruská 2412/85, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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10
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Thalmann P, Ehrhard S, Summerfield A, Ricklin ME. Retrospective Study of Tick Bites Associated with Neurological Disease in a Level Three University Hospital in Switzerland. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:150-157. [PMID: 36960968 PMCID: PMC10037620 DOI: 10.3390/idr15020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks represent very important vectors of human and zoonotic pathogens, and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are diagnosed with increasing frequency. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was to describe patients presenting with a complaint of tick bite in the emergency department (ED) of a large university hospital in Switzerland. METHODS Data were collected by searching for keywords in the routine clinic database to identify cases from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2020. The patients' data were screened for preexisting diseases and demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS We included 415 patients collected over a period of 8 years, with highest admission frequencies from May to July. Of these, 82% were outpatients, 15.9% admitted to a hospital ward, and five to intensive care. The patients were allocated to three groups. The first group represented patients with erythema chronica migrans (ECM), which is pathognomonic for Lyme borreliosis (n = 45). Accordingly, 89% of cases in this group of patients were treated with antibiotics. The second group represented patients with other tick bite-associated erythema (n = 139). In this group, no particular clinical symptoms or laboratory findings were found. Finally, the largest group represented patients in which the tick bite was no longer visible (n = 201). This group of patients had significantly more evidence of neurological disorders (52%) and were treated at a higher rate with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (29%) or antiviral (13%) drugs. Although the vaccination status for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was not systematically evaluated, at least 10% of the latter group was vaccinated, indicating another source for neurological disease. Furthermore, only 14% of the tested patients were positive for IgM or IgG against TBEV. CONCLUSION This retrospective study indicates the presence of many undiagnosed neurological diseases following tick bites that could be caused by TBEV or an unknown infectious agent. Taken together, although tick bites were not very frequently seen in the present tertiary ED, the frequent presence of neurological symptoms demands a more systematic assessment of vaccination status and TBEV serology as well as further diagnostic evaluations in patients that report tick bites and neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Thalmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ehrhard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret Elisabeth Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Kunze M, Banović P, Bogovič P, Briciu V, Čivljak R, Dobler G, Hristea A, Kerlik J, Kuivanen S, Kynčl J, Lebech AM, Lindquist L, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I, Roglić S, Smíšková D, Strle F, Vapalahti O, Vranješ N, Vynograd N, Zajkowska JM, Pilz A, Palmborg A, Erber W. Recommendations to Improve Tick-Borne Encephalitis Surveillance and Vaccine Uptake in Europe. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1283. [PMID: 35889002 PMCID: PMC9322045 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in reported TBE cases in Europe since 2015, reaching a peak in some countries in 2020, highlighting the need for better management of TBE risk in Europe. TBE surveillance is currently limited, in part, due to varying diagnostic guidelines, access to testing, and awareness of TBE. Consequently, TBE prevalence is underestimated and vaccination recommendations inadequate. TBE vaccine uptake is unsatisfactory in many TBE-endemic European countries. This review summarizes the findings of a scientific workshop of experts to improve TBE surveillance and vaccine uptake in Europe. Strategies to improve TBE surveillance and vaccine uptake should focus on: aligning diagnostic criteria and testing across Europe; expanding current vaccine recommendations and reducing their complexity; and increasing public education of the potential risks posed by TBEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kunze
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Pavle Banović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Petra Bogovič
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Violeta Briciu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Rok Čivljak
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.Č.); (S.R.)
- Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- National Reference Laboratory for TBEV, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany;
| | - Adriana Hristea
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Jana Kerlik
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Authority of Public Health in Banská Bystrica, 97556 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia;
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.K.); (O.V.)
| | - Jan Kynčl
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anne-Mette Lebech
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene—National Research Institute, 00791 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Srđan Roglić
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.Č.); (S.R.)
- Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dita Smíšková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.K.); (O.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nenad Vranješ
- Department for Research & Monitoring of Rabies & Other Zoonoses, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Nataliya Vynograd
- Department of Epidemiology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Joanna Maria Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-540 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Andreas Pilz
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andreas Palmborg
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, 19138 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Wilhelm Erber
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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