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Tekin C, Ercelik M, Dunaev P, Galembikova A, Tezcan G, Aksoy SA, Budak F, Isık O, Ugras N, Boichuk S, Tunca B. Leaf Extract from European Olive (Olea europaea L.) Post-Transcriptionally Suppresses the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Sensitizes Gastric Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:97-115. [PMID: 38467548 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The overall survival of patients with the advanced and recurrent gastric cancer (GC) remains unfavorable. In particular, this is due to cancer spreading and resistance to chemotherapy associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. EMT can be identified by the transcriptome profiling of GC for EMT markers. Indeed, analysis of the TCGA and GTEx databases (n = 408) and a cohort of GC patients (n = 43) revealed that expression of the CDH2 gene was significantly decreased in the tumors vs. non-tumor tissues and correlated with the overall survival of GC patients. Expression of the EMT-promoting transcription factors SNAIL and ZEB1 was significantly increased in GC. These data suggest that targeting the EMT might be an attractive therapeutic approach for patients with GC. Previously, we demonstrated a potent anti-cancer activity of the olive leaf extract (OLE). However, its effect on the EMT regulation in GC remained unknown. Here, we showed that OLE efficiently potentiated the inhibitory effect of the chemotherapeutic agents 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (Cis) on the EMT and their pro-apoptotic activity, as was demonstrated by changes in the expression of the EMT markers (E- and N-cadherins, vimentin, claudin-1) in GC cells treated with the aforementioned chemotherapeutic agents in the presence of OLE. Thus, culturing GC cells with 5-FU + OLE or Cis + OLE attenuated the invasive properties of cancer cells. Importantly, upregulation of expression of the apoptotic markers (PARP cleaved form) and increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis (annexin V-positive) were observed for GC cells treated with a combination of OLE and 5-FU or Cis. Collectively, our data illustrate that OLE efficiently interferes with the EMT in GC cells and potentiates the pro-apoptotic activity of certain chemotherapeutic agents used for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Tekin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Melis Ercelik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Pavel Dunaev
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aigul Galembikova
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Secil Ak Aksoy
- Inegol Vocation School, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Experimental Animal Breeding and Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ferah Budak
- Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Bursa Uludag University Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Isık
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Bursa Uludag University Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Ugras
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sergei Boichuk
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
- "Biomarker" Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
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Marrone G, Urciuoli S, Candi E, Bernini R, Vanni G, Masci C, Guerriero C, Mancini M, De Lorenzo A, Vignolini P, Noce A. Biological Activities of Molecules Derived from Olea europaea L. Tested In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:49. [PMID: 38255664 PMCID: PMC10820526 DOI: 10.3390/life14010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra virgin olive oil is a typical food of the Mediterranean area, obtained by pressing Olea europaea L. fruits. Its polyphenols have been studied for their antioxidant function and protective action against cancer and chronic kidney disease. In this in vitro study, we tested titrated extracts from Olea europaea L. on a human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293E) cell line, regarding their pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative capacities, using " IncuCyte® S3 Live-Cell Analysis System". MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected Olea europaea L. active compounds like hydroxytyrosol (HT) and oleuropein (OLE). These extracts were tested at different concentrations and characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS for the content in secondary active metabolites. The real-time observation of cell behavior was performed by IncuCyte, which can quantitatively analyze the cell proliferation and death. RESULTS This study showed that all the tested extracts can significantly inhibit cellular growth at 50 µM but the reduced proliferation is not related to an increase in cellular apoptosis. Instead, the same analysis performed by using extracts at 100 µM reveals that they can inhibit cellular growth, further inducing cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The results on the HEK-293E cells confirmed the antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of active compounds from an Olea europaea L. matrix in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marrone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Urciuoli
- PHYTOLAB (Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Food Supplement, Technology and Analysis)—DiSIA, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.U.)
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Dermatopatico Dell’Immacolata—IDI, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico—IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vanni
- Breast Unit, Department of Surgical Science, Policlinico Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Masci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Guerriero
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Mancini
- Istituto Dermatopatico Dell’Immacolata—IDI, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico—IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Vignolini
- PHYTOLAB (Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Food Supplement, Technology and Analysis)—DiSIA, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.U.)
| | - Annalisa Noce
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- UOSD Nephrology and Dialysis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials of the Olive and Sesame Mixture against Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Wistar Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5440773. [PMID: 36262974 PMCID: PMC9576397 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5440773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and natural agents have shown some promise in fighting it. Thus, the present study tried to evaluate the healing potential of an equal combination of olive and sesame extract (MOS) against the colorectal cancerous lesions that were induced by dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male rats and also compare the anticarcinogenic potential of the MOS and vitamin E with each other. Therefore, the mixture of equal olive and sesame extract (MOS) was used as the main treatment, alongside vitamin E as a parallel treatment. This study examined the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) levels, biochemical indices, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein (TP), creatine kinase (CPK), albumin, and the colon tissue pathology, as well as the level of protein expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Also, the tissue stress markers including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. Overall, the results represented a significant reduction in the congestion, mitotic index, inflammation, and cell destruction in the MOS group compared to the DMH group. In terms of the oxidative stress level, a significant increase was observed in the DMH group in comparison with the DMH-MOS group (P < 0.05), and the MOS significantly increased TAC level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the DMH+MOS-exposed group exhibited a significantly lower expression of the PCNA, CEA, and PDGF proteins than those of the DMH group. Overall, the MOS showed that it can effectively prevent DMH-induced colon lesions. This mixture, as a strong antioxidant agent, can be clinically applied for preventing and treating colorectal cancer, the effectiveness of which is higher than that of vitamin E.
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Correlation between Olive Oil Intake and Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183749. [PMID: 36145125 PMCID: PMC9504660 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a mainstay of the Mediterranean diet with its excellent balance of fats and antioxidant bioactive compounds. Both the phenolic and lipid fractions of EVOO contain a variety of antioxidant and anticancer substances which might protect from the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The function of the intestinal microbiome is essential for the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, being protective against pathogens and maintaining immunity. Indeed, dysbiosis of the microbiota alters the physiological functions of the organ, leading to the onset of different diseases including CRC. It is known that some factors, including diet, could deeply influence and modulate the colon microenvironment. Although coming from animal models, there is increasing evidence that a diet rich in EVOO is linked to a significant reduction in the diversity of gut microbiome (GM), causing a switch from predominant bacteria to a more protective group of bacteria. The potential beneficial effect of the EVOO compounds in the carcinogenesis of CRC is only partially known and further trials are needed in order to clarify this issue. With this narrative review, we aim at discussing the available evidence on the effect of olive oil consumption on GM in the prevention of CRC.
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David SRN, Mohammad MS, Chee LY, Rajabalaya R. Is Sunflower Cooking Oil Beneficial for Colorectal Cancer? In Vivo
Studies on Azoxymethane-induced Colon Cancer in Rats. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401317666211208144625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The incorporation of oils in the diet may have promoting or inhibitory
effects on Colorectal Cancer (CRC). In this study, azoxymethane (AOM) was used to mimic CRC
in rats, and the effect of sunflower oil on cancer progression in the colon of the rats was tested.
Objective:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sunflower oil on preneoplastic
cancer properties of the colonic mucosal surface of tumors and the aberrant crypt foci (ACF).
Methods:
Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into 4 groups of 6 rats each,
namely naïve, positive control, negative control, and sunflower oil-fed. CRC was induced by AOM
by subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg. After CRC induction, the rats were given the respective
treatment of either basal diet (naïve group), 10 mg/kg indomethacin (positive control), 0.9 % saline
(negative control), or 7 % sunflower oil (experimental group) daily by oral gavage for 42 days.
Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; colon samples were visually observed for any tumors
on the colonic mucosal surface and evaluated for ACF; histopathological examinations were also
performed.
Results:
The mean body weights of the rats were similar in all groups as per one-way ANOVA. A
total of 3 ACF were found in the negative group, while none were observed in other groups. The
crypts appeared regular with circular luminal openings and were closely packed together in the
naïve group. Crypts in the positive and treated group had a similar appearance to the naïve group.
Conclusion:
Sunflower oil inhibition of the preneoplastic cancer ACF properties were tested but
were found to be insignificant when administered during CRC treatment or management. However,
long-term experiments with a greater number of days will yield better development of tumor
and ACF development and will be useful in identifying the molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba R. Nakka David
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, Bandar Seri
Begawan-BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Miza Syazwina Mohammad
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, Bandar Seri
Begawan-BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Lim Ya Chee
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, Bandar Seri
Begawan-BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Rajan Rajabalaya
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, Bandar Seri
Begawan-BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Larsson SC. Can Small Amounts of Olive Oil Keep the Death Away? J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:113-115. [PMID: 35027107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Potential of olive oil and its phenolic compounds as therapeutic intervention against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1257-1273. [PMID: 34338174 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of death across the world and incidence rate of CRC increasing alarmingly each passing year. Diet, genomic anomalies, inflammation and deregulated signalling pathways are among the major causes of CRC. Because of numerous side effects of CRC therapies available now, researchers all over the world looking for alternative treatment/preventive strategy with lesser/no side effects. Olive oil which is part of Mediterranean diet contains numerous phenolic compounds that fight against free radicals and inflammation and also well-known for protective role against CRC. The current review focused on the recent evidences where olive oil and its phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and oleocanthal showed activities against CRC as well to analyse the cellular and molecular signalling mechanism through which these compounds act on. These compounds shown to combat CRC by reducing proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis through regulation of numerous signalling pathways including MAPK pathway, PI3K-Akt pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway and at the same time, induce apoptosis in different CRC model. However, further research is an absolute necessity to establish these compounds as nutritional supplements and develop therapeutic strategy in CRC.
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Beneficial effects of olive oil and Mediterranean diet on cancer physio-pathology and incidence. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:178-195. [PMID: 33249203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virgin olive oil is a characteristic component and the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet. It is a mix of high-value health compounds, including monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid), simple phenols (such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol), secoiridoids (such as oleuropein, oleocanthal), flavonoids, and terpenoids (such as squalene). Olive oil consumption has been shown to improve different aspects of human health and has been associated with a lower risk of cancer. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in such effects are still poorly defined, but seem to be related to a promotion of apoptosis, modulation of epigenetic patterns, blockade of cell cycle, and angiogenesis regulation. The aim of this review is to update the current associations of cancer risk with the Mediterranean diet, olive oil consumption and its main components. In addition, the identification of key olive oil components involved in anticarcinogenic mechanisms and pathways according to experimental models is also addressed.
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Di Caprio R, Monfrecola G, Gasparri F, Micillo R, Balato A, Lembo S. Milk thistle and olive extract: old substances with a new mission against sun-induced skin damage. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2020; 155:286-293. [PMID: 29192469 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural antioxidants represent an effective option in the prevention and/or improvement of ultraviolet radiations (UVR)-induced/aggravated skin conditions. UVR cause DNA damage in keratinocytes, directly, in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), or indirectly, through oxidative stress production. Failure of the repair system can result in genetic mutations primarily responsible for the initiation of NMSCs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the in vitro protective effect of milk thistle and olive purified extracts on cultured keratinocytes after solar simulator irradiations (SSR). METHODS Immortalized keratinocytes were pre-incubated with different concentrations of milk thistle and olive purified extracts, and irradiated with increasing doses of SSR. Thereafter, CPDs and p53 expression were evaluated to assess DNA damage, whereas cellular antioxidants consumption and lipid membranes peroxidation were measured to analyze oxidative stress. RESULTS The study substances were well tolerated by cells and displayed good cytoprotective and antioxidant activities, being milk thistle dry extract more effective in limiting the direct DNA damage, and olive extract particularly able to reduce lipid membrane peroxidation and to increase cellular antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS Both study substances can be defined as safe compounds, showing differential cytoprotective and antioxidant activities and might represent interesting options for NMSCs chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Caprio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy -
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Gasparri
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFARMA), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaella Micillo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Lembo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Mutlu M, Tunca B, Ak Aksoy S, Tekin C, Egeli U, Cecener G. Inhibitory Effects of Olea europaea Leaf Extract on Mesenchymal Transition Mechanism in Glioblastoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:713-720. [PMID: 32406277 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1765260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor. Despite the current treatment methods, the survival rate of patients is very low. Therefore, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. The migration and invasion capacity of GB cells is related to mesenchymal transition (MT) mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of OLE on MT was determined by analysis of the Twist, Snail, Zeb1, N-cadherin and E-cadherin genes in the EMT mechanism. The effect of OLE on cell migration was determined by wound healing test. RESULTS 2 mg/ml OLE reduced Twist, Snail, Zeb1 and N-cadherin expression and the combination of OLE + TMZ (2 mg/ml OLE + 350 mM TMZ) increased E-cadherin and reduced Twist, Zeb1 and N-cadherin. In addition, co-treatment with OLE increased TMZ-induced anti-invasion properties thought suppressing transcription factors of MT mechanism. CONCLUSION OLE can enhance the anti-MT activities of TMZ against GB and provide strong evidence that combined treatment with OLE and TMZ has the potential to be an effective alternative approach in GB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Mutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Secil Ak Aksoy
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cagla Tekin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Extra-Virgin Olive Oil from Apulian Cultivars and Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041084. [PMID: 32295122 PMCID: PMC7230776 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial intestinal disorder characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is still unclear, although genetic, environmental and host factors have been associated to the disease. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVO) is a central component of the Mediterranean diet and it decreases chronic inflammation by interfering with arachidonic acid and NF-κB signaling pathways. Specifically, the different components of EVO are able to confer advantages in terms of health in their site of action. For instance, oleic acid displays a protective effect in liver dysfunction and gut inflammation, whereas phenolic compounds protect colon cells against oxidative damage and improve the symptoms of chronic inflammation in IBD. Given the biological properties of EVO, we investigated whether its administration is able to confer protection in a mouse model of dextrane sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Four EVO cultivars from the Apulian Region of Italy, namely Ogliarola (Cima di Bitonto), Coratina, Peranzana and Cima di Mola, respectively, were used. Administration of EVO resulted in reduced body weight loss in our colitis model. Furthermore, mice treated with Ogliarola, Coratina and Cima di Mola EVO displayed a reduction of rectal bleeding and IL-1β, TGFβ, IL-6 gene expression levels. Furthermore, Ogliarola, Coratina and Peranzana EVO administration ameliorated intestinal permeability and histopathological features of inflammation. Our data further validate the well-known positive effects of EVO supplementation in promoting human health and suggest the bona fide contribution of EVO in preventing onset and reducing progression of intestinal inflammation.
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Baer-Dubowska W, Szaefer H, Majchrzak-Celińska A, Krajka-Kuźniak V. Tannic Acid: Specific Form of Tannins in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy-Old and New Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This short review is aimed at providing an updated and comprehensive report on tannic acid biological activities and molecular mechanisms of action most important for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy.
Recent Findings
Tannic acid (TA), a mixture of digallic acid esters of glucose, is a common ingredient of many foods. The early studies of its anti-mutagenic and anti-tumorigenic activity were mostly demonstrated in the mouse skin model. This activity has been explained by its ability to inhibit carcinogens activation, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, the cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, reduced rate of proliferation, and cell migration and adhesion of several cancer cell lines as a result of TA treatment were described. The underlining mechanisms include modulation of signaling pathways such as EGFR/Jak2/STATs, or inhibition of PKM2 glycolytic enzyme. Moreover, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition prevention and decrease of cancer stem cells formation by TA were also reported. Besides, TA was found to be potent chemosensitizer overcoming multidrug resistance. Eventually, its specific physicochemical features were found useful for generation of drug-loaded nanoparticles.
Summary
TA was shown to be a very versatile molecule with possible application not only in cancer prophylaxis, as was initially thought, but also in adjuvant cancer therapy. The latter may refer to chemosensitization and its application as a part of drug delivery systems. More studies are required to better explore this subject. In addition, the effect of TA on normal cells and its bioavailability have to better characterized.
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Storniolo CE, Martínez-Hovelman N, Martínez-Huélamo M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Moreno JJ. Extra Virgin Olive Oil Minor Compounds Modulate Mitogenic Action of Oleic Acid on Colon Cancer Cell Line. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11420-11427. [PMID: 31545039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings suggest that olive oil has a protective effect, whereas oleic acid consumption induces colorectal cancer (CRC). Considering this apparent contradiction and that olive oil is a complex mix of fatty acids, mainly oleic acid and minor compounds such as phenolic compounds, lignans, hydrocarbons, and triterpenes, we study its effects on intestinal epithelial cell growth. Our results show that oleic acid (1-100 μM) but not elaidic acid induced DNA synthesis and Caco-2 cell growth (2-fold higher than cells without growth factors, p < 0.05). These effects were inhibited by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors as well as the leukotriene antagonist (p < 0.05), suggesting the implication of this pathway in this mitogenic action. Hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, pinoresinol, squalene, and maslinic acid (0.1-10 μM) reverted DNA synthesis and Caco-2 cell growth induced by oleic acid. These effects were not the consequence of the cell cycle arrest or the impairment of cell viability with the exception of hydroxytyrosol and maslinic acid that induced cell detachment and apoptosis (35.6 ± 2.3 and 43.2 ± 2.4%, respectively) at the higher concentration assayed. Oleuropein effects can be related with hydroxytyrosol release as a consequence of oleuropein hydrolysis by Caco-2 cells (up to 25%). Furthermore, hydroxytyrosol modulates the arachidonic acid cascade, and this event can be associated with its antimitogenic action. In conclusion, oleic acid and oleic acid in the presence of olive oil representative minor components have opposite effects, suggesting that the consumption of seed oils, high oleic acid seed oils, or olive oil will probably have different effects on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Juan J Moreno
- CIBER 06/003 Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
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Choi S, Snider AJ. Diet, lipids and colon cancer. CELLULAR NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CANCER 2019; 347:105-144. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Olive Oil Effects on Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010032. [PMID: 30583613 PMCID: PMC6357067 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. A Mediterranean diet showed protective action against colorectal cancer due to the intake of different substances. Olive oil is a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil is rich in high-value health compounds (such as monounsaturated free fatty acids, squalene, phytosterols, and phenols). Phenolic compounds exert favourable effects on free radicals, inflammation, gut microbiota, and carcinogenesis. The interaction between gut microbiota and olive oil consumption could modulate colonic microbial composition or activity, with a possible role in cancer prevention. Gut microbiota is able to degrade some substances found in olive oil, producing active metabolites with chemopreventive action. Further clinical research is needed to clarify the beneficial effects of olive oil and its components. A better knowledge of the compounds found in olive oil could lead to the development of nutritional supplements or chemotherapeutic agents with a potential in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Bernardini G, Minetti M, Polizzotto G, Biazzo M, Santucci A. Pro-Apoptotic Activity of French Polynesian Padina pavonica Extract on Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E504. [PMID: 30551628 PMCID: PMC6316765 DOI: 10.3390/md16120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, seaweeds and their extracts have attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of bioactive compounds. Studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of macroalgae towards different types of cancer cell models, and their consumption has been suggested as a chemo-preventive agent against several cancers such as breast, cervix and colon cancers. Reports relevant to the chemical properties of brown algae Padina sp. are limited and those accompanied to a comprehensive evaluation of the biological activity on osteosarcoma (OS) are non existent. In this report, we explored the chemical composition of French Polynesian Padina pavonica extract (EPP) by spectrophotometric assays (total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content, and antioxidant activity) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and provided EPP lipid and sterols profiles. Several compounds with relevant biological activity were also identified that suggest interesting pharmacological and health-protecting effects for EPP. Moreover, we demonstrated that EPP presents good anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against two OS cell lines, SaOS-2 and MNNG, with different cancer-related phenotypes. Finally, our data suggest that EPP might target different properties associated with cancer development and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Mariagiulia Minetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Institute of Cellular Pharmacology (ICP Concepts Ltd.), F24, Triq Valletta, Mosta Technopark, MST 3000 Mosta, Malta.
| | - Giuseppe Polizzotto
- Institute of Cellular Pharmacology (ICP Concepts Ltd.), F24, Triq Valletta, Mosta Technopark, MST 3000 Mosta, Malta.
| | - Manuele Biazzo
- Institute of Cellular Pharmacology (ICP Concepts Ltd.), F24, Triq Valletta, Mosta Technopark, MST 3000 Mosta, Malta.
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018⁻2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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17
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Imran M, Nadeem M, Gilani SA, Khan S, Sajid MW, Amir RM. Antitumor Perspectives of Oleuropein and Its Metabolite Hydroxytyrosol: Recent Updates. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1781-1791. [PMID: 29928786 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Olive fruit is a significant and promising source of potential bioactive compounds such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Oleuropein is the ester of elenolic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (HT). It is the main glycoside in olives, the degradation of which results in the formation of hydroxytyrosol in olive oil. Both plays a significant role in the reduction of coronary heart diseases and a certain type of cancers. Both olive oil phenols have an effective role counter to cell proliferation, cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. They down regulate the expression of BCL-2 and COX-2 proteins, and reduced DNA damage. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein inhibited the multiple stages in colon carcinogenesis; initiation, promotion, and metastasis. They also provide protection against various human cancers including colorectal, skin, breast, thyroid, digestive, lung, brain, blood, and cervical. This review article discusses the anticancer perspectives and mechanisms of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in cell cultures and animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Univ. Inst. of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Univ. of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
| | - Syed Amir Gilani
- Univ. Inst. of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Univ. of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Khan
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Shah Abdul University, Khairpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Rai Muhammad Amir
- Inst. of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture Univ., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid profile of the fecal metabolome and its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully evaluated. AIMS We aimed to compare the fecal fatty acid profiles of CRC patients and healthy controls. METHODS We enrolled 26 newly diagnosed CRC patients and 28 healthy individuals between July 2014 and August 2014 from our institute. Long- and short-chain fatty acids were extracted from fecal samples and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Regarding fecal long-chain fatty acids, the levels of total ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and, particularly, of linoleic acid (C18:2ω-6) were significantly higher in male CRC patients than in healthy men (2.750 ± 2.583 vs. 1.254 ± 0.966 µg/mg feces, P = 0.040; 2.670 ± 2.507 vs. 1.226 ± 0.940 µg/mg feces, P = 0.034, respectively). In addition, the levels of total monounsaturated fatty acid and, particularly, of oleic acid (C18:1ω-9) were significantly higher in male CRC patients than in healthy men (1.802 ± 1.331 vs. 0.977 ± 0.625 µg/mg feces, P = 0.027; 1.749 ± 1.320 vs. 0.932 ± 0.626 µg/mg feces, P = 0.011, respectively). However, those differences were not shown in female gender. The level of fecal short-chain fatty acids was not different between CRC patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS There were changes in the profiles of fecal fatty acid metabolomes in CRC patients compared to healthy controls, implying that fecal fatty acids could be used as a novel screening tool for CRC.
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Deiana M, Serra G, Corona G. Modulation of intestinal epithelium homeostasis by extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds. Food Funct 2018; 9:4085-4099. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil polyphenols concentrate at the intestinal level and, by modulating the microbiota, oxidative status and inflammation, contribute to prevent the onset or delay the progression of inflammatory/degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Gessica Serra
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
| | - Giulia Corona
- Health Sciences Research Centre
- University of Roehampton
- SW15 4JD London
- UK
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20
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Amani H, Ajami M, Nasseri Maleki S, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Daglia M, Tsetegho Sokeng AJ, Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Devi KP, Nabavi SM. Targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) in human cancer by dietary polyphenolic antioxidants. Biochimie 2017; 142:63-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chiou A, Kalogeropoulos N. Virgin Olive Oil as Frying Oil. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:632-646. [PMID: 33371562 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Frying is one of the oldest cooking procedures and is still among the most popular ones for food preparation. Due to their unique sensory characteristics, fried foods are consumed often and with pleasure. During frying, part of the oil is absorbed by the food, thereby becoming part of our diet; most interestingly, in the Mediterranean area approximately 50% of total fat intake is provided by cooking fats. Olive oil is the key lipid component of the Mediterranean diet, the health-promoting effects of which have been largely attributed to olive oil intake. Olive oil is unique among vegetable oils due to its desirable lipid profile and some of its minor components. Scientific evidence now indicates that during frying olive oil behavior is usually equal or superior to that of refined vegetable oils. Herein, an overview of virgin olive oil performance under frying is given, with special reference to the fate of olive oil microconstituents. The compositional changes of foods fried in olive oil are also reviewed and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Chiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry - Biochemistry - Physical Chemistry of Foods, Dept. of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio Univ., 70 El. Venizelou Ave., Kallithea, 176 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Laboratory of Chemistry - Biochemistry - Physical Chemistry of Foods, Dept. of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio Univ., 70 El. Venizelou Ave., Kallithea, 176 71, Athens, Greece
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22
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Leik CE, Walsh SW. Linoleic Acid, but not Oleic Acid, Upregulates Production of Interleukin-8 by Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Under Conditions of Oxidative Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:593-8. [PMID: 16325749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is associated with oxidative stress, elevated plasma levels of linoleic acid (LA), and increased vascular smooth muscle expression of the inflammatory chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8). We hypothesized that increased levels of LA under conditions of oxidative stress would increased production of IL-8 by vascular smooth muscle cells because LA is the dietary precursor to arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites that mediate inflammation. We also hypothesized that oleic acid (OA), which is not metabolized to AA metabolites, would not increase IL-8 under conditions of oxidative stress. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we cultured placental arterial smooth muscle (PASM) cells with an oxidizing solution enriched with LA (OxLA) or OA (OxOA). Media concentrations were analyzed for IL-8 and AA metabolites. Inhibitors were used to block the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. RESULTS Exposure of cells to OxLA, but not to OxOA, significantly increased production of IL-8. OxLA also significantly increased production of AA metabolites. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway, blocked IL-8 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production induced by OxLA, whereas indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway, blocked IL-8, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated gene expression in PASM cells for representative lipoxygenase (LTB4) and cyclooxygenase (thromboxane) metabolite receptors. CONCLUSION PASM cells produced IL-8 in response to LA, but not OA, under conditions of oxidative stress. The IL-8 response was mediated by AA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Leik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0034, USA
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23
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Sidahmed E, Sen A, Ren J, Patel A, Turgeon DK, Ruffin MT, Brenner DE, Djuric Z. Colonic Saturated Fatty Acid Concentrations and Expression of COX-1, but not Diet, Predict Prostaglandin E2 in Normal Human Colon Tissue. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1192-201. [PMID: 27548026 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1213866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the colon is a pro-inflammatory mediator that is associated with increased risk of colon cancer. In this study, expression of genes in the PGE2 pathway were quantified in colon biopsies from a trial of a Mediterranean versus a Healthy Eating diet in 113 individuals at high risk for colon cancer. Colon biopsies were obtained before and after 6 months of intervention. Quantitative, real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression of prostaglandin H synthases (PTGS1 and 2), prostaglandin E synthases (PTGES1 and 3), prostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD), and PGE2 receptors (PTGER2, PTGER4). The most highly expressed genes were HPGD and PTGS1. In multivariate linear regression models of baseline data, both colon saturated fatty acid concentrations and PTGS1 expression were significant, positive predictors of colon PGE2 concentrations after controlling for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, gender, age, and smoking status. The effects of dietary intervention on gene expression were minimal with small increases in expression noted for PTGES3 in both arms and in PTGER4 in the Mediterranean arm. These results indicate that short-term dietary change had little effect on enzymes in the prostaglandin pathway in the colon and other factors, such as differences in fatty acid metabolism, might be more influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElKhansa Sidahmed
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Nutrition , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,d Department of Biostatistics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Arsh Patel
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- e Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- e Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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24
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Tayyem RF, Bawadi HA, Shehadah I, AbuMweis SS, Agraib LM, Al-Jaberi T, Al-Nusairr M, Heath DD, Bani-Hani KE. Meats, milk and fat consumption in colorectal cancer. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:746-756. [PMID: 27302247 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from several studies suggest that a diet high in meat, including processed meat and fat, may have an association with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between meats, dairy products, fat consumption and the risk of CRC in Jordanians. A case-control study was performed at the five largest hospitals in Jordan. Dietary data were collected from 220 diagnosed cases of CRC and 281 healthy disease-free controls. The CRC cases were matched as closely as possible to controls using age, sex, occupation and marital status. RESULTS The consumption of different levels and frequencies of several food types, including meats, chicken, milk and fish, was found to be associated with the risk of developing CRC. Added fats and oils were inversely associated with CRC risk with odds ratio = 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.83, Ptrend = 0.005). The predominant fat added by cases and controls was olive oil, followed by corn oil. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study suggest that the consumption of some types of meat, processed meats and Labaneh (strained yogurt) may be associated with the risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - H A Bawadi
- Human Nutrition, Department College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - I Shehadah
- King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - S S AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - L M Agraib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - T Al-Jaberi
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - D D Heath
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - K E Bani-Hani
- Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Inhibition of colon cancer growth by docosahexaenoic acid involves autocrine production of TNFα. Oncogene 2016; 35:4611-22. [PMID: 26853468 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Among pro-inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a paradoxical role in cancer biology with induction of cancer cell death or survival depending on the cellular context. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of TNFα in DHA-mediated tumor growth inhibition and colon cancer cell death. The treatment of human colorectal cancer cells, HCT-116 and HCT-8 cells, with DHA triggered apoptosis in autocrine TNFα-dependent manner. We demonstrated that DHA-induced increased content of TNFα mRNA occurred through a post-transcriptional regulation via the down-regulation of microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression. Treatment with DHA led to nuclear accumulation of Foxo3a that bounds to the miR-21 promoter triggering its transcriptional repression. Moreover, inhibition of RIP1 kinase and AMP-activated protein kinase α reduced Foxo3a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and subsequent increase of TNFα expression through a decrease of miR-21 expression in DHA-treated colon cancer cells. Finally, we were able to show in HCT-116 xenograft tumor-bearing nude mice that a DHA-enriched diet induced a decrease of human miR-21 expression and an increase of human TNFα mRNA expression limiting tumor growth in a cancer cell-derived TNFα dependent manner. Altogether, the present work highlights a novel mechanism for anti-cancer action of DHA involving colon cancer cell death mediated through autocrine action of TNFα.
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Terzuoli E, Giachetti A, Ziche M, Donnini S. Hydroxytyrosol, a product from olive oil, reduces colon cancer growth by enhancing epidermal growth factor receptor degradation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:519-29. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Terzuoli
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | | | - Marina Ziche
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT); Florence Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT); Florence Italy
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Banks LD, Amoah P, Niaz MS, Washington MK, Adunyah SE, Ramesh A. Olive oil prevents benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced colon carcinogenesis through altered B(a)P metabolism and decreased oxidative damage in Apc(Min) mouse model. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 28:37-50. [PMID: 26878781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer ranks third in cancer-related mortalities in the United States. Many studies have investigated factors that contribute to colon cancer in which dietary and environmental factors have been shown to play an integral role in the etiology of this disease. Specifically, human dietary intake of environmental carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has generated interest in looking at how it exerts its effects in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the preventative effects of olive oil on benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced colon carcinogenesis in adult Apc(Min) mice. Mice were assigned to a control (n=8) or treatment group (n=8) consisting of 25, 50 and 100-μg B(a)P/kg body weight (bw) dissolved in tricaprylin [B(a)P-only group] or olive oil daily via oral gavage for 60 days. Our studies showed that Apc(Min) mice exposed to B(a)P developed a significantly higher number (P<0.05) of larger dysplastic adenomas compared to those exposed to B(a)P + olive oil. Treatment of mice with B(a)P and olive oil significantly altered (P<0.05) the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in both the colon and liver tissues. However, only GST activity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the liver of mice treated with 50- and 100-μg B(a)P/kg bw + olive oil. Lastly, olive oil promoted rapid detoxification of B(a)P by decreasing its organic metabolite concentrations and also decreasing the extent of DNA damage to colon and liver tissues (P<0.05). These results suggest that olive oil has a protective effect against B(a)P-induced colon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Banks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208
| | - Priscilla Amoah
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208
| | - Mohammad S Niaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208
| | - Mary K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Samuel E Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208.
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He XQ, Duan JL, Zhou J, Song ZY, Cichello SA. Effects of Two Traditional Chinese Cooking Oils, Canola and Pork, on pH and Cholic Acid Content of Faeces and Colon Tumorigenesis in Kunming Mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6225-9. [PMID: 26434820 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal pH and cholate are two important factors that can affect colon tumorigenesis, and can be modified by diet. In this study, the effects of two Chinese traditional cooking oils (pork oil and canola/rapeseed oil) on the pH and the cholic acid content in feces, in addition to colon tumorigenesis, were studied in mice. Kunming mice were randomized into various groups; negative control group (NCG), azoxymethane control group (ACG), pork oil group (POG), and canola oil Ggroup (COG). Mice in the ACG were fed a basic rodent chow; mice in POG and COG were given 10% cooking oil rodent chow with the respective oil type. All mice were given four weekly AOM (azoxymethane) i.p. injections (10 mg/kg). The pH and cholic acid of the feces were examined every two weeks. Colon tumors, aberrant crypt foci and organ weights were examined 32 weeks following the final AOM injection. The results showed that canola oil significantly decreased faecal pH in female mice (P<0.05), but had no influence on feces pH in male mice (P>0.05). Pork oil significantly increased the feces pH in both male and female mice (P<0.05). No significant change was found in feces cholic acid content when mice were fed 10% pork oil or canola oil compared with the ACG. Although Kunming mice were not susceptible to AOM-induced tumorigenesis in terms of colon tumor incidence, pork oil significantly increased the ACF number in male mice. Canola oil showed no influence on ACF in either male or female mice. Our results indicate that cooking oil effects faecal pH, but does not affect the faecal cholic acid content and thus AOM-induced colon neoplastic ACF is modified by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiong He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, China E-mail :
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29
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Singab AN, El-Taher EMM, Elgindi MR, Kassem MES. Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien DNA profiling, bioactive constituents, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Xu Y, Li H, Chen Q, Zhao J, Ouyang Q. Rapid Detection of Adulteration in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil using Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Technology with Selected Multivariate Calibrations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2014.963869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Pampaloni B, Mavilia C, Fabbri S, Romani A, Ieri F, Tanini A, Tonelli F, Brandi ML. In Vitro Effects of Extracts of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Human Colon Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:1228-36. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.951727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Paunescu AC, Ayotte P, Dewailly E, Dodin S. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid status is associated with bone strength estimated by calcaneal ultrasonography in Inuit women from Nunavik (Canada): a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:663-71. [PMID: 25226104 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the status in selected saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids and the Stiffness Index (SI) in Inuit women from Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada). DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING Inuit population from 14 communities who participated to Qanuippitaa? How are we? Nunavik Inuit Health Survey in 2004. PARTICIPANTS 187 Inuit women aged 35-72 years. MEASUREMENTS SI was determined by ultrasonography (Achilles InSight device) at the right calcaneus of participants. SFAs and MUFAs contents of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were measured after transmethylation by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector. Several factors known to be associated with bone strength were concomitantly recorded. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate relations between selected SFAs, MUFAs and SI, taking into consideration several potential confounders and covariates. RESULTS Total SFAs, in particular behenic acid, and cis-vaccenic acid among MUFAs were negatively associated with SI (β = -0.028, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0084; β = -0.060, SE = 0.023, p = 0.0093 and β = -0.087, SE = 0.019, p <0.0001, respectively), whereas total cis-MUFAs and specifically oleic acid were positively associated with SI (β = 0.036, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0008; β = 0.037, SE = 0.011, p = 0.0014, respectively) after adjustment for several covariates. CONCLUSION Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid status is associated with bone strength estimated by calcaneal SI values in Inuit women from Nunavik.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Paunescu
- Pierre Ayotte, Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2875 boulevard Laurier, Édifice Delta 2, bureau 600, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 2M2,
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Barone M, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Scavo MP, Viggiani MT, Tutino V, Polimeno L, Pesetti B, Di Leo A, Francavilla A. Olive oil and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress intestinal polyp growth by modulating the apoptotic process in ApcMin/+ mice. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1613-9. [PMID: 24632492 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The promotion and progression of carcinogenesis are susceptible to nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting cancer development. Lipid metabolism is essential in the onset and progression of tumors and for cancer cell survival. In this study, we tested the effects of diets enriched with natural compounds, such as olive oil and salmon oil, in mice that spontaneously develop intestinal polyps (Apc(Min/+) mice). For this purpose, we evaluated polyp number and volume, intestinal mucosa proliferation/apoptosis, estrogen receptors (ERs) expression, fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase gene expression and enzymatic activity. Compared with the standard diet, the salmon oil-enriched diet, containing a high percentage of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and, to a lesser extent, olive oil-enriched diet reduced polyp number and volume through a reduction of proliferation and a marked proapoptotic effect. These biological effects were mediated by an inhibition of fatty acid synthase and HMGCoA reductase gene expression and activity and an increase of ERβ/ERα ratio. Our findings suggest that a proper dietary lifestyle could contribute to primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria G Caruso
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria P Scavo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria T Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Barbara Pesetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Francavilla
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
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Rahmani AH, Albutti AS, Aly SM. Therapeutics role of olive fruits/oil in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-oxidant, anti-tumour and genetic activity. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:799-808. [PMID: 24955148 PMCID: PMC4057827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current mode of treatment for various diseases is based on synthetic drugs are effective but they show adverse effect and also alter the genetic and metabolic activity. Moreover, some drugs prepared from plants and their constituents show potentiality with more efficacy than synthetic agents used in clinical therapy. Earlier report has shown that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is strongly related with reduced risk of developing various diseases. Several epidemiological studies has shown that, the incidence heart disease and cancers is lowest in the Mediterranean basin as compared to the part of the world because of their diet rich in olives and olive products. Olives are commonly consumed in Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula and also have been documented in Holy Quran and modern scientific literatures. Earlier studies have shown that, the constituents from olive such as oleuropein, squalene and hydroxytyrosol modulate the genes functions and other activities. In this review, the medicinal value of olives and their constituents are summarized in terms of therapeutic approach in the diseases management through regulation of various activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - Aqel S Albutti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fac. of Applied Med. Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - Salah M Aly
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal UniversityIsmailia, Egypt
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Chan SSM, Luben R, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Kaaks R, Lindgren S, Grip O, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Hallmans G, Karling P, Overvad K, Venø SK, van Schaik F, Bueno‐de‐Mesquita B, Oldenburg B, Khaw K, Riboli E, Hart AR. Association between high dietary intake of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and reduced risk of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:834-42. [PMID: 24611981 PMCID: PMC4114542 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are plausible mechanisms for how dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, could prevent Crohn's disease (CD). AIM To conduct a prospective study to investigate the association between increased intake of DHA and risk of CD. METHODS Overall, 229 702 participants were recruited from nine European centres between 1991 and 1998. At recruitment, dietary intakes of DHA and fatty acids were measured using validated food frequency questionnaires. The cohort was monitored through to June 2004 to identify participants who developed incident CD. In a nested case-control analysis, each case was matched with four controls; odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for quintiles of DHA intake, adjusted for total energy intake, smoking, other dietary fatty acids, dietary vitamin D and body mass index. RESULTS Seventy-three participants developed incident CD. All higher quintiles of DHA intake were inversely associated with development of CD; the highest quintile had the greatest effect size (OR = 0.07; 95% CI = 0.02-0.81). The OR trend across quintiles of DHA was 0.54 (95% CI = 0.30-0.99, Ptrend = 0.04). Including BMI in the multivariate analysis, due to its correlation with dietary fat showed similar associations. There were no associations with the other dietary fatty acids studied. CONCLUSION There were inverse associations, with a biological gradient between increasing dietary docosahexaenoic acid intakes and incident Crohn's disease. Further studies in other populations should measure docosahexaenoic acid to determine if the association is consistent and the hypothesis tested in randomised controlled trials of purely docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. M. Chan
- Department of MedicineNorwich Medical School University of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS TrustNorwichUK
| | - R. Luben
- Strangeways Research LaboratoryInstitute of Public HealthUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - A. Olsen
- Institute of Cancer EpidemiologyDanish Cancer SocietyCopenhagenDenmark
| | - A. Tjonneland
- Institute of Cancer EpidemiologyDanish Cancer SocietyCopenhagenDenmark
| | - R. Kaaks
- Division of Clinical EpidemiologyDKFZ‐German Cancer Research CentreHeidelbergGermany
| | - S. Lindgren
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - O. Grip
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - M. M. Bergmann
- Department of EpidemiologyGerman Institute of Human NutritionPotsdamGermany
| | - H. Boeing
- Department of EpidemiologyGerman Institute of Human NutritionPotsdamGermany
| | - G. Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical MedicineNutritional ResearchUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - P. Karling
- Department of Public Health and Clinical MedicineGI unitUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - K. Overvad
- Section for EpidemiologyDepartment of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - S. K. Venø
- Department of CardiologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - F. van Schaik
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - B. Bueno‐de‐Mesquita
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
- The School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - B. Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - K.‐T. Khaw
- Strangeways Research LaboratoryInstitute of Public HealthUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - E. Riboli
- Division of EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. R. Hart
- Department of MedicineNorwich Medical School University of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS TrustNorwichUK
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Takashima T, Sakata Y, Iwakiri R, Shiraishi R, Oda Y, Inoue N, Nakayama A, Toda S, Fujimoto K. Feeding with olive oil attenuates inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rat. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Li S, Han Z, Ma Y, Song R, Pei T, Zheng T, Wang J, Xu D, Fang X, Jiang H, Liu L. Hydroxytyrosol inhibits cholangiocarcinoma tumor growth: an in vivo and in vitro study. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:145-52. [PMID: 24247752 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of digestive tumor that is associated with a high rate of mortality due to the difficulty of early diagnosis and the resistance of this tumor type to chemotherapy. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), which is derived from virgin olive oil (VOO), has recently been reported to inhibit the proliferation of various types of human cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HT on CCA. The antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of HT on CCA were evaluated in the human CCA cell lines TFK-1 and KMBC and the human gallbladder cancer cell line GBS-SD. We also assessed this effect in vivo. We found that 75 µM HT inhibited the proliferation of the TFK-1, KMBC and GBS-SD cell lines. However, 200 µM HT treatment did not affect the proliferation of the human bile duct cell line HIBEpiC. More importantly, HT (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) markedly inhibited the growth of CCA xenografts in mice. G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were observed using flow cytometry and western blotting, and we also noted a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of phospho-ERK, with no changes in total-ERK, during treatment with HT. The present study showed that HT induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that HT, which possesses excellent biocompatibility and few side-effects, could be developed as a novel agent against CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
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Sidahmed E, Cornellier ML, Ren J, Askew LM, Li Y, Talaat N, Rapai MS, Ruffin MT, Turgeon DK, Brenner D, Sen A, Djuric Z. Development of exchange lists for Mediterranean and Healthy Eating diets: implementation in an intervention trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 27:413-25. [PMID: 24112099 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been little research published on the adaptation of diabetic exchange list diet approaches for the design of intervention diets in health research despite their clinical utility. The exchange list approach can provide clear and precise guidance on multiple dietary changes simultaneously. The present study aimed to develop exchange list diets for Mediterranean and Healthy Eating, and to evaluate adherence, dietary intakes and markers of health risks with each counselling approach in 120 subjects at increased risk for developing colon cancer. METHODS A randomised clinical trial was implemented in the USA involving telephone counselling. The Mediterranean diet had 10 dietary goals targeting increases in mono-unsaturated fats, n-3 fats, whole grains and the amount and variety of fruits and vegetables. The Healthy Eating diet had five dietary goals that were based on the US Healthy People 2010 recommendations. RESULTS Dietary compliance was similar in both diet arms, with 82-88% of goals being met at 6 months, although subjects took more time to achieve the Mediterranean goals than the Healthy Eating goals. The relatively modest fruit and vegetable goals in the Healthy Eating arm were exceeded, resulting in fruit and vegetable intakes of approximately eight servings per day in each arm after 6 months. A significant (P < 0.05) weight loss and a decrease in serum C-reactive protein concentrations were observed in the overweight/obese subgroup of subjects in the Mediterranean arm in the absence of weight loss goals. CONCLUSIONS Counselling for the Mediterranean diet may be useful for both improving diet quality and for achieving a modest weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sidahmed
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Porenta SR, Ko YA, Gruber SB, Mukherjee B, Baylin A, Ren J, Djuric Z. Interaction of fatty acid genotype and diet on changes in colonic fatty acids in a Mediterranean diet intervention study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1212-21. [PMID: 24022589 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Mediterranean diet increases intakes of n-3 and n-9 fatty acids and lowers intake of n-6 fatty acids. This can impact colon cancer risk as n-6 fatty acids are metabolized to proinflammatory eicosanoids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interactions of polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes, FADS1 and FADS2, and changes in diet on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. A total of 108 individuals at increased risk of colon cancer were randomized to either a Mediterranean or a Healthy Eating diet. Fatty acids were measured in both serum and colonic mucosa at baseline and after six months. Each individual was genotyped for four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster. Linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of diet, genotype, and the diet by genotype interaction on fatty acid concentrations in serum and colon. Genetic variation in the FADS genes was strongly associated with baseline serum arachidonic acid (n-6) but serum eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3) and colonic fatty acid concentrations were not significantly associated with genotype. After intervention, there was a significant diet by genotype interaction for arachidonic acid concentrations in colon. Subjects who had all major alleles for FADS1/2 and were following a Mediterranean diet had 16% lower arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon after six months of intervention than subjects following the Healthy Eating diet. These results indicate that FADS genotype could modify the effects of changes in dietary fat intakes on arachidonic acid concentrations in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Porenta
- University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 2150 Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5930.
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Stephenson JA, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, West AL, Calder PC, Morgan B, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. Unsaturated fatty acids differ between hepatic colorectal metastases and liver tissue without tumour in humans: results from a randomised controlled trial of intravenous eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:405-10. [PMID: 23647811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mediators derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid oxidation have been shown to have tumour promoting effects in experimental models, while n-3 PUFAs are thought to be protective. Here we report fatty acid concentrations in hepatic colorectal metastases compared to liver tissue without tumour in humans. METHODS Twenty patients with colorectal liver metastasis were randomized to receive a 72 h infusion of parenteral nutrition with or without n-3 PUFAs. Histological samples from liver metastases and liver tissue without tumour were obtained from 15 patients at the time of their subsequent liver resection (mean 8 days (range 4-12) post-infusion) and the fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the two intervention groups. When data from all patients were combined, liver tissue without tumour had a higher content of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and a lower content of oleic acid and total n-9 fatty acids compared with tumour tissue (p<0.0001, 0.0002,<0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively). The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found to be higher in tumour tissue than tissue without tumour (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases have a higher content of n-9 fatty acids and a lower content of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs than liver tissue without tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Stephenson
- Department of Imaging, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom.
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Casaburi I, Puoci F, Chimento A, Sirianni R, Ruggiero C, Avena P, Pezzi V. Potential of olive oil phenols as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against cancer: A review of in vitro studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Francesco Puoci
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Carmen Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Calabria; Italy
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Charoenprasert S, Mitchell A. Factors influencing phenolic compounds in table olives (Olea europaea). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7081-95. [PMID: 22720792 DOI: 10.1021/jf3017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet appears to be associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Olive products (mainly olive oil and table olives) are important components of the Mediterranean diet. Olives contain a range of phenolic compounds; these natural antioxidants may contribute to the prevention of these chronic conditions. Consequently, the consumption of table olives and olive oil continues to increase worldwide by health-conscious consumers. There are numerous factors that can affect the phenolics in table olives including the cultivar, degree of ripening, and, importantly, the methods used for curing and processing table olives. The predominant phenolic compound found in fresh olive is the bitter secoiridoid oleuropein. Table olive processing decreases levels of oleuropein with concomitant increases in the hydrolysis products hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Many of the health benefits reported for olives are thought to be associated with the levels of hydroxytyrosol. Herein the pre- and post-harvest factors influencing the phenolics in olives, debittering methods, and health benefits of phenolics in table olives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthawan Charoenprasert
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer: novel approaches for prevention/intervention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:363-85. [PMID: 22134655 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase (EPOX) pathways leads to the generation of biologically active eicosanoids, including prostanoids, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Eicosanoid expression levels vary during tumor development and progression of a range of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. The actions of these autocoids are also directly influenced by diet, as demonstrated by recent evidence for omega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and/or treatment. Eicosanoids regulate CRC development and progression, while inhibition of these pathways has generally been shown to inhibit tumor growth/progression. A progressive sequence of colorectal cancer development has been identified, ranging from normal colon, to colitis, dysplasia, and carcinoma. While both COX and LOX inhibition are both promising candidates for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms through which these signalling pathways mediate their effects on tumorigenesis. This will allow identification of safer, more effective strategies for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment. In particular, binding to/signalling through prostanoid receptors have recently been the subject of considerable interest in this area. In this review, we discuss the role of the eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. We discuss the effects of the eicosanoids on tumor cell proliferation, their roles in cell death induction, effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion and their regulation of the immune response. Signal transduction pathways involved in these processes are also discussed. Finally, novel approaches targeting these arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (using pharmacological or natural agents) for chemoprevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer are outlined.
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Abstract
A Mediterranean diet appears to have health benefits in many domains of human health, mediated perhaps by its anti-inflammatory effects. Metabolism of fatty acids and subsequent eicosanoid production is a key mechanism by which a Mediterranean diet can exert anti-inflammatory effects. Both dietary fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism determine fatty acid availability for cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-dependent production of eicosanoids, namely prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In dietary intervention studies and in observational studies of the Mediterranean diet, blood levels of fatty acids do reflect dietary intakes but are attenuated. Small differences in fatty acid levels, however, appear to be important, especially when exposures occur over long periods of time. This review summarizes how fat intakes from a Greek-style Mediterranean diet can be expected to affect fatty acid metabolizing proteins, with an emphasis on the metabolic pathways that lead to the formation of proinflammatory eicosanoids. The proteins involved in these pathways are ripe for investigation using proteomic approaches and may be targets for colon cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5930, USA.
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Hwang J, Chang YH, Park JH, Kim SY, Chung H, Shim E, Hwang HJ. Dietary saturated and monounsaturated fats protect against acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by altering fatty acid composition of liver microsomal membrane in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:184. [PMID: 22011590 PMCID: PMC3214864 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary polyunsaturated fats increase liver injury in response to ethanol feeding. We evaluated the effect of dietary corn oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and beef tallow (BT) on fatty acid composition of liver microsomal membrane and acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 15% (wt/wt) CO, OO or BT for 6 weeks. After treatment with acetaminophen (600 mg/kg), samples of plasma and liver were taken for analyses of the fatty acid composition and toxicity. Results Treatment with acetaminophen significantly elevated levels of plasma GOT and GPT as well as hepatic TBARS but reduced hepatic GSH levels in CO compared to OO and BT groups. Acetaminophen significantly induced protein expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the CO group. In comparison with the CO diet, lower levels of linoleic acid, higher levels of oleic acids and therefore much lower ratios of linoleic to oleic acid were detected in rats fed OO and BT diets. Conclusions Dietary OO and BT produces similar liver microsomal fatty acid composition and may account for less severe liver injury after acetaminophen treatment compared to animals fed diets with CO rich in linoleic acid. These findings imply that types of dietary fat may be important in the nutritional management of drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Hwang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, YongIn 449-728, Republic of Korea.
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Oleic acid inhibits store-operated calcium entry in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:677-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park H, Kim M, Kwon GT, Lim DY, Yu R, Sung MK, Lee KW, Daily JW, Park JHY. A high-fat diet increases angiogenesis, solid tumor growth, and lung metastasis of CT26 colon cancer cells in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:869-80. [PMID: 21919080 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether high-fat diet (HFD), in the absence of increased calorie intake, increases colon cancer growth and metastasis. Four-week-old male BALB/c mice were fed on an HFD (60 kcal% fat) or control diet (10 kcal% fat) for 16 wk, after which CT26 colon cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into the right flank. Solid tumor growth and the number and volume of tumor nodules in the lung were increased markedly in the HFD group with only a slight increase in body weight (5.9%). HFD feeding increased tumor tissue levels of Ki67, cyclin A, cyclin D1, CDK2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2; reduced p53 levels and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells; increased the levels of CD45, CD68, CD31, VEGF, P-VEGF receptor-2, iNOS, and COX-2 as well as hemoglobin content; and increased the levels of HIF-1α, P-STAT3-Y705, P-STAT3-S727, P-IκB-α, P-p65, p65, P-c-Jun, P-Akt, P-ERK1/2, P-p38, and P-SAPK/JNK. HFD feeding increased the serum levels of EGF, insulin, IGF-I, IFN-γ, leptin, RANTES, MCP-1, IL-1ra, and SDF-1α and media conditioned by epididymal fat tissue explants from HFD-fed mice caused an increase in microvessel outgrowth from the mouse aorta and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that the chronic consumption of an HFD increases colon cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, and lung metastasis in mice in the absence of discernible weight gain. HFD feeding increases the levels of growth factors which activate transcription factors, thereby inducing the expression of many genes involved in the stimulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesook Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Davidson LA, Chowdhary BP, Lupton JR, Chapkin RS. Classification of diet-modulated gene signatures at the colon cancer initiation and progression stages. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2595-604. [PMID: 21409376 PMCID: PMC3139012 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of dietary polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on intestinal cytokinetics within the context of colon cancer initiation and progression have been extensively studied. n-3 PUFAs have received the most attention due to their potential protective role. However, further investigation of the epigenetic perturbations caused by fatty acids in the context of colon cancer development is needed. METHODS We used DNA microarrays to identify discriminative gene signatures (gene combinations) for the purpose of classifying n-3 PUFA-fed, carcinogen-injected, Sprague-Dawley rats at the initiation and progression stages. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid). RESULTS The effects of diet on colonic mucosal gene expression signatures during tumor initiation and progression were subsequently compared (12 h and 10 weeks after azoxymethane injection). Microarray analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in each of the three diet comparisons increased with the progression of colon cancer. Each dietary lipid source exhibited its own unique transcriptional profile, as assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Applying this novel approach, we identified the single genes and the two- to three-gene combinations that best distinguished the dietary treatment groups. For the chemoprotective (fish oil) diet, mediators of stem cell homeostasis, e.g., ephrin B1 and bone morphogenic protein 4, were the top-performing gene classifiers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary chemoprotective n-3 PUFA impact genes that regulate the colon stem cell niche and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kachroo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 422C VMR Bldg, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Kleberg Center, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2253, USA
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Rasmy GE, Khalil WK, Moharib SA, Kawkab AA, Jwanny EW. Dietary fish oil modulates the effect of dimethylhydrazine- induced colon cancer in rats. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2011. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Polyphenols and human health: prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients 2010; 2:1106-31. [PMID: 22254000 PMCID: PMC3257622 DOI: 10.3390/nu2111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are found ubiquitously in plants and their regular consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurodegenerative disorders. Rather than exerting direct antioxidant effects, the mechanisms by which polyphenols express these beneficial properties appear to involve their interaction with cellular signaling pathways and related machinery that mediate cell function under both normal and pathological conditions. We illustrate that their interactions with two such pathways, the MAP kinase (ERK, JNK, p38) and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling cascades, allow them to impact upon normal and abnormal cell function, thus influencing the cellular processes involved in the initiation and progression of cancer, CVD and neurodegeneration. For example, their ability to activate ERK in neurons leads to a promotion of neuronal survival and cognitive enhancements, both of which influence the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, whilst ERK activation by polyphenols in vascular endothelial cells influences nitric oxide production, blood pressure and ultimately CVD risk. The main focus of this review is to provide an overview of the role that polyphenols play in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. We present epidemiological data, human intervention study findings, as well as animal and in vitro studies in support of these actions and in each case we consider how their actions at the cellular level may underpin their physiological effects.
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