1
|
Ke R, Viswakarma N, Menhart M, Singh SK, Kumar S, Srivastava P, Vishnoi K, Kashyap T, Srivastava D, Nair RS, Maienschein-Cline M, Wang X, Rana A, Rana B. MLK3 promotes prooncogenic signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma via TGFβ pathway. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03055-8. [PMID: 38858590 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal disease, with limited therapeutic options. Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) is a key regulator of liver diseases, although its role in HCC remains unclear. Analysis of TCGA databases suggested elevated MAP3K11 (MLK3 gene) expression, and TMA studies showed higher MLK3 activation in human HCCs. To understand MLK3's role in HCC, we utlized carcinogen-induced HCC model and compared between wild-type and MLK3 knockout (MLK3-/-) mice. Our studies showed that MLK3 kinase activity is upregulated in HCC, and MLK3 deficiency alleviates HCC progression. MLK3 deficiency reduced proliferation in vivo and MLK3 inhibition reduced proliferation and colony formation in vitro. To obtain further insight into the mechanism and identify newer targets mediating MLK3-induced HCCs, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed. These showed that MLK3 deficiency modulates various gene signatures, including EMT, and reduces TGFB1&2 expressions. HCC cells overexpressing MLK3 promoted EMT via autocrine TGFβ signaling. Moreover, MLK3 deficiency attenuated activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) signature, which is increased in wild-type. Interestingly, MLK3 promotes HSC activation via paracrine TGFβ signaling. These findings reveal TGFβ playing a key role at different steps of HCC, downstream of MLK3, implying MLK3-TGFβ axis to be an ideal drug target for advanced HCC management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ke
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- O2M Technologies, LLC, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mary Menhart
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Piush Srivastava
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kanchan Vishnoi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tanushree Kashyap
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rakesh Sathish Nair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García-Sáez J, Figueroa-Fuentes M, González-Corralejo C, Roncero C, Lazcanoiturburu N, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Vaquero J, González-Sánchez E, Bhutia K, Calero-Pérez S, Maina F, Traba J, Valverde ÁM, Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Uncovering a Novel Functional Interaction Between Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells, Inflammation and EGFR Signaling During Bile Acids-Induced Injury. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2339-2355. [PMID: 38725853 PMCID: PMC11077361 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.90645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic damage is associated to both accumulation of cytotoxic levels of bile acids and expansion of adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) as part of the ductular reaction contributing to the regenerative response. Here, we report a bile acid-specific cytotoxic response in mouse HPC, which is partially impaired by EGF signaling. Additionally, we show that EGF synergizes with bile acids to trigger inflammatory signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HPC. Aiming at understanding the impact of this HPC specific response on the liver microenvironment we run a proteomic analysis of HPC secretome. Data show an enrichment in immune and TGF-β regulators, ECM components and remodeling proteins in HPC secretome. Consistently, HPC-derived conditioned medium promotes hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and macrophage M1-like polarization. Strikingly, EGF and bile acids co-treatment leads to profound changes in the secretome composition, illustrated by an abolishment of HSC activating effect and by promoting macrophage M2-like polarization. Collectively, we provide new specific mechanisms behind HPC regulatory action during cholestatic liver injury, with an active role in cellular interactome and inflammatory response regulation. Moreover, findings prove a key contribution for EGFR signaling jointly with bile acids in HPC-mediated actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Sáez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Figueroa-Fuentes
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Corralejo
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Lazcanoiturburu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester González-Sánchez
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kunzangla Bhutia
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calero-Pérez
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Traba
- Dept. for Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Biomedical Research Institute Sols-Morreale, Spanish National Research Council and Autonomous University of Madrid (IIBM, CSIC-UAM); Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders of the Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERdem-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the “Hospital Clínico San Carlos” (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamed FEZA, Dewidar B, Lin T, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Meindl‐Beinker NM, Hammad S. TGFβR1 inhibition drives hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation through induction of toll-like-receptor signalling. Int J Exp Pathol 2024; 105:64-74. [PMID: 38328944 PMCID: PMC10951419 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to independently modulate the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since a direct cross-talk between these two signalling pathways in HCC has not been clearly described before, we aimed here to explore the possibility of such interaction. A human HCC tissue array (n = 20 vs. four control samples), human HCC samples (n = 10) and steatohepatitis-driven murine HCC samples (control, NASH and HCC; n = 6/group) were immunostained for TGFβR1, pSMAD2, TRAF6, IRAK1 and PCNA. The results were confirmed by immunoblotting. Effects of constant activation of the SMAD pathway by constitutive expression of ALK5 or knockdown of mediators of TLR signalling, IRAK1 and MyD88, on HCC proliferation, were investigated in the HCC cell line (HUH-7) after treatment with TGFβ1 cytokine or TGFβR1 kinase inhibitor (LY2157299) using PCNA and MTS assay. TGFβR1 expression is decreased in human and murine HCC and associated with downregulated pSMAD2, but increased IRAK1, TRAF6 and PCNA staining. TGFβR1 kinase inhibition abolished the cytostatic effects of TGFβ1 and led to the induction of IRAK1, pIRAK1 and elevated mRNA levels of TLR-9. Overexpression of ALK5 and knockdown of MyD88 or IRAK1 augmented the cytostatic effects of TGFβ1 on HUH-7. In another epithelial HCC cell line, that is, HepG2, TGFβR1 kinase inhibitor similarly elevated cellular proliferation. There is a balance between the canonical SMAD-driven tumour-suppressing arm and the non-canonical tumour-promoting arm of TGFβ signalling. Disruption of this balance, by inhibition of the canonical pathway, induces HCC proliferation through TLR signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma El Zahraa Ammar Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineMinia UniversityMiniaEgypt
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Bedair Dewidar
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes CenterLeibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tao Lin
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Matthias P. Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Nadja M. Meindl‐Beinker
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ceci L, Gaudio E, Kennedy L. Cellular Interactions and Crosstalk Facilitating Biliary Fibrosis in Cholestasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:553-565. [PMID: 38216052 PMCID: PMC10883986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Biliary fibrosis is seen in cholangiopathies, including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In PBC and PSC, biliary fibrosis is associated with worse outcomes and histologic scores. Within the liver, both hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and portal fibroblasts (PFs) contribute to biliary fibrosis, but their roles can differ. PFs reside near the bile ducts and may be the first responders to biliary damage, whereas HSCs may be recruited later and initiate bridging fibrosis. Indeed, different models of biliary fibrosis can activate PFs and HSCs to varying degrees. The portal niche can be composed of cholangiocytes, HSCs, PFs, endothelial cells, and various immune cells, and interactions between these cell types drive biliary fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of biliary fibrosis and the roles of PFs and HSCs in this process. We will also evaluate cellular interactions and mechanisms that contribute to biliary fibrosis in different models and highlight future perspectives and potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casari M, Siegl D, Deppermann C, Schuppan D. Macrophages and platelets in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277808. [PMID: 38116017 PMCID: PMC10728659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During fibrosis, (myo)fibroblasts deposit large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins, thereby replacing healthy functional tissue. In liver fibrosis, this leads to the loss of hepatocyte function, portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, and increased susceptibility to infection. At an early stage, liver fibrosis is a dynamic and reversible process, however, from the cirrhotic stage, there is significant progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Both liver-resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers of fibrosis progression, but can also induce its regression once triggers of chronic inflammation are eliminated. In liver cancer, they are attracted to the tumor site to become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarized towards a M2- anti-inflammatory/tumor-promoting phenotype. Besides their role in thrombosis and hemostasis, platelets can also stimulate fibrosis and tumor development by secreting profibrogenic factors and regulating the innate immune response, e.g., by interacting with monocytes and macrophages. Here, we review recent literature on the role of macrophages and platelets and their interplay in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Casari
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Siegl
- Institute for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immune Therapy Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immune Therapy Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding X, Zhu XL, Xu DH, Li S, Yang Q, Feng X, Wei YG, Li H, Yang L, Zhang YJ, Deng XL, Liu KC, Shi SL. NPM promotes hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis by inhibiting ROS-induced apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells and upregulating lncMIAT-induced TGF-β2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:575. [PMID: 37648688 PMCID: PMC10469196 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is caused by a variety of chronic liver injuries and has caused significant morbidity and mortality in the world with increasing tendency. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of liver fibrosis is the basis for intervention of this pathological process and drug development. Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a widely expressed nucleolar phosphorylated protein, which is particularly important for cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. The biological role of NPM in liver fibrosis remains unknown. Here we show that NPM promotes liver fibrosis through multiple pathways. Our study found that NPM was up-regulated in cirrhosis tissues and activated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). NPM inhibition reduced liver fibrosis markers expression in HSCs and inhibited the HSCs proliferation and migration. In mice model, NPM knockdown in HSCs or application of specific NPM inhibitor can remarkably attenuate hepatic fibrosis. Mechanistic analysis showed that NPM promotes hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSCs apoptosis through Akt/ROS pathway and by upregulating TGF-β2 through Akt-induced lncMIAT. LncMIAT up-regulated TGF-β2 mRNA by competitively sponging miR-16-5p. In response to liver injury, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and HSCs up-regulated NPM to increase TGF-β2 secretion to activate HSCs in a paracrine or autocrine manner, leading to increased liver fibrosis. Our study demonstrated that NPM regulated hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis through Akt/ROS-induced apoptosis of HSCs and via the Akt/lncMIAT-up-regulated TGF-β2. Inhibition of NPM or application of NPM inhibitor CIGB300 remarkably attenuated liver fibrosis. NPM serves a potential new drug target for liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ding
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin-Le Zhu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong-Hui Xu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Feng
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Gui Wei
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Deng
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kuan-Can Liu
- Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic fatty liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Currently, there are no therapies for NAFLD that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we examine the rationale for using ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in NAFLD therapy. This focus is based on the finding that NAFLD severity is associated with a reduction of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFAs. Because C20-22 ω3 PUFAs are pleiotropic regulators of cell function, loss of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs has the potential to significantly impact hepatic function. We describe NAFLD prevalence and pathophysiology as well as current NAFLD therapies. We also present evidence from clinical and preclinical studies that evaluated the capacity of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs to treat NAFLD. Given the clinical and preclinical evidence, dietary C20-22 ω3 PUFA supplementation has the potential to decrease human NAFLD severity by reducing hepatosteatosis and liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda H Spooner
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - Donald B Jump
- Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ceci L, Han Y, Krutsinger K, Baiocchi L, Wu N, Kundu D, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Kennedy L. Gallstone and Gallbladder Disease: Biliary Tract and Cholangiopathies. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4909-4943. [PMID: 37358507 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are named primarily due to the blockage of bile flow and buildup of bile acids in the liver. Cholestasis can occur in cholangiopathies, fatty liver diseases, and during COVID-19 infection. Most literature evaluates damage occurring to the intrahepatic biliary tree during cholestasis; however, there may be associations between liver damage and gallbladder damage. Gallbladder damage can manifest as acute or chronic inflammation, perforation, polyps, cancer, and most commonly gallstones. Considering the gallbladder is an extension of the intrahepatic biliary network, and both tissues are lined by biliary epithelial cells that share common mechanisms and properties, it is worth further evaluation to understand the association between bile duct and gallbladder damage. In this comprehensive article, we discuss background information of the biliary tree and gallbladder, from function, damage, and therapeutic approaches. We then discuss published findings that identify gallbladder disorders in various liver diseases. Lastly, we provide the clinical aspect of gallbladder disorders in liver diseases and ways to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for congruent diagnosis. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4909-4943, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuyan Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelsey Krutsinger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu K, Fan Q, Zou X. Antisense oligonucleotide is a promising intervention for liver diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1061842. [PMID: 36569303 PMCID: PMC9780395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body's critical metabolic organ, the liver plays an essential role in maintaining proper body homeostasis. However, as people's living standards have improved and the number of unhealthy lifestyles has increased, the liver has become overburdened. These have made liver disease one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Under the influence of adverse factors, liver disease progresses from simple steatosis to hepatitis, to liver fibrosis, and finally to cirrhosis and cancer, followed by increased mortality. Until now, there has been a lack of accepted effective treatments for liver disease. Based on current research, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), as an alternative intervention for liver diseases, is expected to be an effective treatment due to its high efficiency, low toxicity, low dosage, strong specificity, and additional positive characteristics. In this review, we will first introduce the design, modification, delivery, and the mechanisms of ASO, and then summarize the application of ASO in liver disease treatment, including in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives on the transfer of ASO drugs into clinical use. This review provides a current and comprehensive understanding of the integrative and systematic functions of ASO for its use in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Lu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qijing Fan
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoju Zou
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoju Zou,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
TGF-β1 contributes to the hepatic inflammation in animal models with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Smad3/TLR2 signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:129-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
BMP2 as a promising anticancer approach: functions and molecular mechanisms. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:1322-1332. [PMID: 36040572 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a pluripotent factor, is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily and is implicated in embryonic development and postnatal homeostasis in tissues and organs. Experimental research in the contexts of physiology and pathology has indicated that BMP2 can induce macrophages to differentiate into osteoclasts and accelerate the osteolytic mechanism, aggravating cancer cell bone metastasis. Emerging studies have stressed the potent regulatory effect of BMP2 in cancer cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Complicated signaling networks involving multiple regulatory proteins imply the significant biological functions of BMP2 in cancer. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the current evidence related to the modulation of BMP2 in tumorigenesis and development, including evidence related to the roles and molecular mechanisms of BMP2 in regulating cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME). All these findings suggest that BMP2 may be an effective therapeutic target for cancer and a new marker for assessing treatment efficacy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sakurai M, Weber P, Wolff G, Wieder A, Szendroedi J, Herzig S, Ekim Üstünel B. TSC22D4 promotes TGFβ1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:46-53. [PMID: 35714570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis emerge as progressive liver diseases that accompany metabolic syndrome usually characterized by obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Currently no FDA approved treatments exist for the treatment of NASH and liver fibrosis, which requires a better knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms. TSC22D4 belongs to the TSC-22 protein family, the members of which are regulated by inflammatory and stress signals. Interestingly, patients with type 2 diabetes, with NAFLD as well as with NASH all have elevated levels of hepatic TSC22D4 expression. Previous studies with targeted deletion of TSC22D4 specifically in hepatocytes showed that TSC22D4 not only acts as a critical controller of diabetic hyperglycemia, but also contributes to NAFLD/NASH progression. To gain better insight into the development of progressive liver diseases, here we studied the function of TSC22D4 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Our results indicated that TSC22D4 contributes to TGFβ1-mediated activation of HSCs and promotes their proliferation and migration. RNA-Sequencing analysis revealed that TSC22D4 initiates transcriptional events associated with HSC activation. Overall, our findings establish TSC22D4 as a key hub in the development of liver fibrosis, acting across different cellular compartments. Combinatorial TSC22D4 targeting in both hepatocytes and HSC may thus show superior efficacy against progressive liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minako Sakurai
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer," Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gretchen Wolff
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annika Wieder
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bilgen Ekim Üstünel
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qiu JL, Zhang GF, Chai YN, Han XY, Zheng HT, Li XF, Duan F, Chen LY. Ligustrazine attenuates liver fibrosis by targeting miR-145 mediated TGF-β/Smad signaling in an animal model of biliary atresia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:257-265. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
14
|
Biological Effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Human Cholangiocytes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040566. [PMID: 35453765 PMCID: PMC9033039 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β is a cytokine implicated in multiple cellular responses, including cell cycle regulation, fibrogenesis, angiogenesis and immune modulation. In response to pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines and growth factors, cholangiocytes prime biliary damage, characteristic of cholangiopathies and pathologies that affect biliary tree. The effects and signaling related to TGF-β in cholangiocyte remains poorly investigated. In this study, the cellular response of human cholangiocytes to TGF-β was examined. Wound-healing assay, proliferation assay and cell cycle analyses were used to monitor the changes in cholangiocyte behavior following 24 and 48 h of TGF-β stimulation. Moreover, proteomic approach was used to identify proteins modulated by TGF-β treatment. Our study highlighted a reduction in cholangiocyte proliferation and a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase following TGF-β treatment. Moreover, proteomic analysis allowed the identification of four downregulated proteins (CaM kinase II subunit delta, caveolin-1, NipSnap1 and calumin) involved in Ca2+ homeostasis. Accordingly, Gene Ontology analysis highlighted that the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum are the cellular compartments most affected by TGF-β. These results suggested that the effects of TGF-β in human cholangiocytes could be related to an imbalance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. In addition, for the first time, we correlated calumin and NipSnap1 to TGF-β signaling.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Fan W, Link F, Wang S, Dooley S. Transforming growth factor β latency: A mechanism of cytokine storage and signalling regulation in liver homeostasis and disease. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100397. [PMID: 35059619 PMCID: PMC8760520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent effector in the liver, which is involved in a plethora of processes initiated upon liver injury. TGF-β affects parenchymal, non-parenchymal, and inflammatory cells in a highly context-dependent manner. Its bioavailability is critical for a fast response to various insults. In the liver – and probably in other organs – this is made possible by the deposition of a large portion of TGF-β in the extracellular matrix as an inactivated precursor form termed latent TGF-β (L-TGF-β). Several matrisomal proteins participate in matrix deposition, latent complex stabilisation, and activation of L-TGF-β. Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) was recently identified as a critical factor in maintaining the latency of deposited L-TGF-β in the healthy liver. Indeed, its depletion causes spontaneous TGF-β signalling activation with deleterious effects on liver architecture and function. This review article presents the current knowledge on intracellular L-TGF-β complex formation, secretion, matrix deposition, and activation and describes the proteins and processes involved. Further, we emphasise the therapeutic potential of toning down L-TGF-β activation in liver fibrosis and liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Weiguo Fan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Frederik Link
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sai Wang
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Tel.: 06213835595.
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Tel.: 06213833768;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elevated platelet distribution width and red cell distribution width are associated with autoimmune liver diseases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:e905-e908. [PMID: 34643621 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are reported to be associated with inflammation. We aimed to determine the association between RDW and PDW with autoimmune liver disease (ALD). MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 126 patients who were diagnosed with ALD. Sixty-nine healthy individuals represented the control group. Characteristics and laboratory parameters of the ALD patients and control subjects were compared. RESULTS The aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.001), alanine transaminase (ALT) (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (P < 0.001), RDW (P < 0.001) and PDW (P < 0.001) levels of the ALD group were significantly higher than those of the control subjects. RDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.17, P = 0.02) and CRP (r = 0.19, P = 0.01) levels. Moreover, PDW was significantly correlated with AST (r = 0.23, P = 0.002), ALT (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) and CRP (r = 0.23, P = 0.001) levels. The sensitivity and specificity of RDW higher than 13.7% level were 76% and 62%, respectively [AUC: 0.74, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67-0.81]. The sensitivity and specificity of PDW higher than 17.9% level were 80% and 71%, respectively (AUC: 0.85, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.79-0.90). The sensitivity and specificity of CRP higher than 2.9 U/l level were 92% and 85%, respectively (AUC: 0.91, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that RDW and PDW have considerable sensitivity and specificity in determining ALD.
Collapse
|
17
|
The Hepatic Sinusoid in Chronic Liver Disease: The Optimal Milieu for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225719. [PMID: 34830874 PMCID: PMC8616349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the development of chronic liver disease, the hepatic sinusoid undergoes major changes that further compromise the hepatic function, inducing persistent inflammation and the formation of scar tissue, together with alterations in liver hemodynamics. This diseased background may induce the formation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most common form of primary liver cancer and a major cause of mortality. In this review, we describe the ways in which the dysregulation of hepatic sinusoidal cells—including liver sinusoidal cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells—may have an important role in the development of HCC. Our review summarizes all of the known sinusoidal processes in both health and disease, and possible treatments focusing on the dysregulation of the sinusoid; finally, we discuss how some of these alterations occurring during chronic injury are shared with the pathology of HCC and may contribute to its development. Abstract The liver sinusoids are a unique type of microvascular beds. The specialized phenotype of sinusoidal cells is essential for their communication, and for the function of all hepatic cell types, including hepatocytes. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) conform the inner layer of the sinusoids, which is permeable due to the fenestrae across the cytoplasm; hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) surround LSECs, regulate the vascular tone, and synthetize the extracellular matrix, and Kupffer cells (KCs) are the liver-resident macrophages. Upon injury, the harmonic equilibrium in sinusoidal communication is disrupted, leading to phenotypic alterations that may affect the function of the whole liver if the damage persists. Understanding how the specialized sinusoidal cells work in coordination with each other in healthy livers and chronic liver disease is of the utmost importance for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the design of novel pharmacological strategies. In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of sinusoidal cells and their communication both in health and chronic liver diseases, and their potential pharmacologic modulation. Finally, we discuss how alterations occurring during chronic injury may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is usually developed in the background of chronic liver disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen J, Martin-Mateos R, Li J, Yin Z, Chen J, Lu X, Glaser KJ, Mounajjed T, Yashiro H, Siegelman J, Winkelmann CT, Wang J, Ehman RL, Shah VH, Yin M. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance elastography assesses progression and regression of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in alcohol-associated liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2103-2117. [PMID: 34486129 PMCID: PMC8602761 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI-based elastography (MRE) are the most promising noninvasive techniques in assessing liver diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an advanced multiparametric imaging method for staging disease and assessing treatment response in realistic preclinical alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). METHODS We utilized four different preclinical mouse models in our study: Model 1-mice were fed a fast-food diet and fructose water for 48 weeks to induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Model 2-mice were fed chronic-binge ethanol (EtOH) for 10 days or 8 weeks to induce liver steatosis/inflammation. Two groups of mice were treated with interleukin-22 at different time points to induce disease regression; Model 3-mice were administered CCl4 for 2 to 4 weeks to establish liver fibrosis followed by 2 or 4 weeks of recovery; and Model 4-mice were administered EtOH plus CCl4 for 12 weeks. Mouse liver imaging biomarkers including proton density fat fraction (PDFF), liver stiffness (LS), loss modulus (LM), and damping ratio (DR) were assessed. Liver and serum samples were obtained for histologic and biochemical analyses. Ordinal logistic regression and generalized linear regression analyses were used to model the severity of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, and to assess the regression of these conditions. RESULTS Multiparametric models with combinations of biomarkers (LS, LM, DR, and PDFF) used noninvasively to predict the histologic severity and regression of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis were highly accurate (area under the curve > 0.84 for all). A three-parameter model that incorporates LS, DR, and ALT predicted histologic fibrosis progression (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001) and regression (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) as measured by collagen content in livers. CONCLUSION This preclinical study provides evidence that multiparametric MRI/MRE can be used noninvasively to assess disease severity and monitor treatment response in ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbiao Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rosa Martin-Mateos
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiahui Li
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ziying Yin
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research and Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenifer Siegelman
- Research and Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jin Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Vijay H. Shah
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meng Yin
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jung YS, Kim YH, Radhakrishnan K, Kim J, Lee IK, Cho SJ, Kim DK, Dooley S, Lee CH, Choi HS. Orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ regulates hepatic TGF-β2 expression and fibrogenic response in CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3071-3084. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
|
20
|
Sofias AM, De Lorenzi F, Peña Q, Azadkhah Shalmani A, Vucur M, Wang JW, Kiessling F, Shi Y, Consolino L, Storm G, Lammers T. Therapeutic and diagnostic targeting of fibrosis in metabolic, proliferative and viral disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113831. [PMID: 34139255 PMCID: PMC7611899 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common denominator in many pathologies and crucially affects disease progression, drug delivery efficiency and therapy outcome. We here summarize therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for fibrosis targeting in atherosclerosis and cardiac disease, cancer, diabetes, liver diseases and viral infections. We address various anti-fibrotic targets, ranging from cells and genes to metabolites and proteins, primarily focusing on fibrosis-promoting features that are conserved among the different diseases. We discuss how anti-fibrotic therapies have progressed over the years, and how nanomedicine formulations can potentiate anti-fibrotic treatment efficacy. From a diagnostic point of view, we discuss how medical imaging can be employed to facilitate the diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring of fibrotic disorders. Altogether, this comprehensive overview serves as a basis for developing individualized and improved treatment strategies for patients suffering from fibrosis-associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Marios Sofias
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology (MSSO), Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO(ABCD)), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Federica De Lorenzi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Quim Peña
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Armin Azadkhah Shalmani
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) is recognized as a versatile cytokine that plays a vital role in regulation of joint development, homeostasis, and diseases, but its role as a biological mechanism is understood far less than that of its counterpart, TGF-β1. Cartilage as a load-resisting structure in vertebrates however displays a fragile performance when any tissue disturbance occurs, due to its lack of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Recent reports have indicated that TGF-β2 is involved in the physiological processes of chondrocytes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and the pathological progress of cartilage such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TGF-β2 also shows its potent capacity in the repair of cartilage defects by recruiting autologous mesenchymal stem cells and promoting secretion of other growth factor clusters. In addition, some pioneering studies have already considered it as a potential target in the treatment of OA and RA. This article aims to summarize the current progress of TGF-β2 in cartilage development and diseases, which might provide new cues for remodelling of cartilage defect and intervention of cartilage diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ regulates hepatic TGF-β2 expression and fibrogenic response in CCl 4-induced acute liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3071-3084. [PMID: 34191077 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury results from the complex interactions of various pathological processes. The TGF-β superfamily plays a crucial role in orchestrating fibrogenic response. In contrast to TGF-β1, a role of TGF-β2 in hepatic fibrogenic response has not been fully investigated. In this study, we showed that TGF-β2 gene expression and secretion are induced in the liver of CCl4 (1 ml/kg)-treated WT mice. Studies with hepatocyte specific ERRγ knockout mice or treatment with an ERRγ-specific inverse agonist, GSK5182 (40 mg/kg), indicated that CCl4-induced hepatic TGF-β2 production is ERRγ dependent. Moreover, IL6 was found as upstream signal to induce hepatic ERRγ and TGF-β2 gene expression in CCl4-mediated acute toxicity model. Over-expression of ERRγ was sufficient to induce hepatic TGF-β2 expression, whereas ERRγ depletion markedly reduces IL6-induced TGF-β2 gene expression and secretion in vitro and in vivo. Promoter assays showed that ERRγ directly binds to an ERR response element in the TGF-β2 promoter to induce TGF-β2 transcription. Finally, GSK5182 diminished CCl4-induced fibrogenic response through inhibition of ERRγ-mediated TGF-β2 production. Taken together, these results firstly demonstrate that ERRγ can regulate the TGF-β2-mediated fibrogenic response in a mouse model of CC14-induced acute liver injury.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fan Y, Yin X. Potential therapeutic targets and biological mechanisms of Centella asiatica on hepatic fibrosis: a study of network pharmacology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:932. [PMID: 34350247 PMCID: PMC8263891 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a common result of the repair process of various chronic liver diseases. This study is a network pharmacology study on the potential therapeutic targets and biological mechanisms of Centella asiatica for liver fibrosis. Methods The chemical components and potential targets of Centella asiatica were screened through TCMSP, PubChem database, and Swiss Target Prediction database. The DisGeNET and GeneCards databases were used to obtain targets of HF. Venn diagrams were used to find key targets, and draw protein interaction maps. Cytoscape software was used to construct an interaction network map of drug-component-target-disease-pathway. The mechanisms of action were predicted through enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis. Results In total, 6 main components, 297 drug targets, 337 HF targets, and 48 drug-disease targets were obtained in Centella asiatica. The key targets involved IL6, TNF, VEGFA, TP53, IL1β, MMP9, CXCL8, EGFR, JUN, SRC, MMP2, and TGF-β, among others. A total of 1293 entries were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, which mainly involved the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, the regulation of smooth muscle cells, and the regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment mainly screened 191 pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway, the relaxin signaling pathway, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, among others. Conclusions Centella asiatica may have a therapeutic effect on HF through multiple targets and pathways. Its mechanism is mainly related to the MAPK signaling pathway and the relaxin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Fan
- Department of Clinical Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu H, Chen C, Ziani S, Nelson LJ, Ávila MA, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ. Fibrotic Events in the Progression of Cholestatic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051107. [PMID: 34062960 PMCID: PMC8147992 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis. However, the exact relationship between the development of liver fibrosis and the progression of cholestatic liver disease remains elusive. Periductular fibroblasts located around the bile ducts seem biologically different from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The fibrotic events in these clinical conditions appear to be related to complex crosstalk between immune/inflammatory mechanisms, cytokine signalling, and perturbed homeostasis between cholangiocytes and mesenchymal cells. Several animal models including bile duct ligation (BDL) and the Mdr2-knockout mice have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying chronic cholestasis. In the present review, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis in order to help to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Siham Ziani
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Leonard J. Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, UK;
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1385; Fax: +34-91-394-1641
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Herranz-Itúrbide M, López-Luque J, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Caballero-Díaz D, Crosas-Molist E, Martín-Mur B, Gut M, Esteve-Codina A, Jaquet V, Jiang JX, Török NJ, Fabregat I. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) deletion accelerates liver regeneration in mice. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101841. [PMID: 33493901 PMCID: PMC7823210 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is a unique organ in displaying a reparative and regenerative response after acute/chronic damage or partial hepatectomy, when all the cell types must proliferate to re-establish the liver mass. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 mediates Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) actions, including apoptosis in hepatocytes and activation of stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Aim of this work was to analyze the impact of NOX4 in liver regeneration by using two mouse models where Nox4 was deleted: 1) general deletion of Nox4 (NOX4-/-) and 2) hepatocyte-specific deletion of Nox4 (NOX4hepKO). Liver regeneration was analyzed after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH). Results indicated an earlier recovery of the liver-to-body weight ratio in both NOX4-/- and NOX4hepKO mice and an increased survival, when compared to corresponding WT mice. The regenerative hepatocellular fat accumulation and the parenchyma organization recovered faster in NOX4 deleted livers. Hepatocyte proliferation, analyzed by Ki67 and phospho-Histone3 immunohistochemistry, was accelerated and increased in NOX4 deleted mice, coincident with an earlier and increased Myc expression. Primary hepatocytes isolated from NOX4 deleted mice showed higher proliferative capacity and increased expression of Myc and different cyclins in response to serum. Transcriptomic analysis through RNA-seq revealed significant changes after PH in NOX4-/- mice and support a relevant role for Myc in a node of regulation of proliferation-related genes. Interestingly, RNA-seq also revealed changes in the expression of genes related to activation of the TGF-β pathway. In fact, levels of active TGF-β1, phosphorylation of Smads and levels of its target p21 were lower at 24 h in NOX4 deleted mice. Nox4 did not appear to be essential for the termination of liver regeneration in vivo, neither for the in vitro hepatocyte response to TGF-β1 in terms of growth inhibition, which suggest its potential as therapeutic target to improve liver regeneration, without adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Herranz-Itúrbide
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - J López-Luque
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - E Gonzalez-Sanchez
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Caballero-Díaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - E Crosas-Molist
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Martín-Mur
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; RE.A.D.S Unit, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J X Jiang
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - N J Török
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - I Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dual Pharmacological Targeting of HDACs and PDE5 Inhibits Liver Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Biliary Inflammation and Fibrosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123748. [PMID: 33322158 PMCID: PMC7763137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic liver injury and inflammation leads to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, known as liver fibrosis, and the distortion of the hepatic parenchyma. Liver fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, a condition in which hepatic function is impaired and most cases of liver tumors occur. Currently, there are no effective therapies to inhibit and reverse the progression of liver fibrosis, and therefore, chronic liver disease remains a global health problem. In this study we have tested the efficacy of a new class of molecules that simultaneously target two molecular pathways known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. In a clinically relevant mouse model of liver injury and inflammation we show that the combined inhibition of histones deacetylases and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) results in potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Our findings open new avenues for the treatment of liver fibrosis and therefore, the prevention of hepatic carcinogenesis. Abstract Liver fibrosis, a common hallmark of chronic liver disease (CLD), is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix secreted by activated hepatic fibroblasts and stellate cells (HSC). Fibrogenesis involves multiple cellular and molecular processes and is intimately linked to chronic hepatic inflammation. Importantly, it has been shown to promote the loss of liver function and liver carcinogenesis. No effective therapies for liver fibrosis are currently available. We examined the anti-fibrogenic potential of a new drug (CM414) that simultaneously inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), more precisely HDAC1, 2, and 3 (Class I) and HDAC6 (Class II) and stimulates the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway activity through phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibition, two mechanisms independently involved in liver fibrosis. To this end, we treated Mdr2-KO mice, a clinically relevant model of liver inflammation and fibrosis, with our dual HDAC/PDE5 inhibitor CM414. We observed a decrease in the expression of fibrogenic markers and collagen deposition, together with a marked reduction in inflammation. No signs of hepatic or systemic toxicity were recorded. Mechanistic studies in cultured human HSC and cholangiocytes (LX2 and H69 cell lines, respectively) demonstrated that CM414 inhibited pro-fibrogenic and inflammatory responses, including those triggered by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Our study supports the notion that simultaneous targeting of pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic mechanisms controlled by HDACs and PDE5 with a single molecule, such as CM414, can be a new disease-modifying strategy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Meurer SK, Karsdal MA, Weiskirchen R. Advances in the clinical use of collagen as biomarker of liver fibrosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:947-969. [PMID: 32865433 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1814746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic fibrosis is the excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix including collagen in the tissue. Chronic liver insult leads to progressive parenchymal damage, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis. Determination of hepatic collagen by invasive liver biopsy is the gold standard to estimate severity and stage of fibrosis. However, this procedure is associated with pain, carries the risk of infection and bleeding, and is afflicted with a high degree of sampling error. Therefore, there is urgent need for serological collagen-derived markers to assess collagen synthesis/turnover. AREAS COVERED Biochemical properties of collagens, cellular sources of hepatic collagen synthesis, and regulatory aspects in collagen expression. Markers are discussed suitable to estimate hepatic collagen synthesis and/or turnover. Discussed studies were identified through a PubMed search done in May 2020 and the authors' topic knowledge. EXPERT OPINION Hepatic fibrosis is mainly characterized by accumulation of collagen-rich scar tissue. Although traditionally performed liver biopsy is still standard in estimating hepatic fibrosis, there is evidence that noninvasive diagnostic scores and collagen-derived neo-epitopes provide clinical useful information. These noninvasive tests are less expensive than liver biopsy, better tolerated, safer, and more acceptable to patients. Therefore, these tests will lead to dramatic changes in diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen , Aachen, Germany
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Fibrosis Biomarkers and Research , Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen , Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|