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The Role of Cytokines in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gynaecological Cancers: A Systematic Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030416. [PMID: 36766756 PMCID: PMC9913821 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been closely linked to the development and progression of various cancers. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process involving the acquisition of mesenchymal features by carcinoma cells and is an important link between inflammation and cancer development. Inflammatory mediators in the tumour micro-environment, such as cytokines and chemokines, can promote EMT changes in cancer cells. The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the effect of cytokines on EMT in gynaecological cancers and discuss their possible therapeutic implications. A search of the databases CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, PubMed, TRIP, and Web of Science was performed using the keywords: "cytokines" AND "epithelial mesenchymal transition OR transformation" AND "gynaecological cancer". Seventy-one articles reported that various cytokines, such as TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-6, etc., promoted EMT changes in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers. The EMT changes included from epithelial to mesenchymal morphological change, downregulation of the epithelial markers E-cadherin/β-catenin, upregulation of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin/vimentin/fibronectin, and upregulation of the EMT-transformation factors (EMT-TF) SNAI1/SNAI2/TWIST/ZEB. Cytokine-induced EMT can lead to gynaecological cancer development and metastasis and hence novel therapies targeting the cytokines or their EMT signalling pathways could possibly prevent cancer progression, reduce cancer recurrence, and prevent drug-resistance.
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Chen W, Zhang Y, Li R, Huang W, Wei X, Zeng D, Liang Y, Zeng Y, Chen M, Zhang L, Gao W, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhang G. Notch3 Transactivates Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3-Beta and Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182872. [PMID: 36139447 PMCID: PMC9497076 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a critical transformational process in the attributes of epithelial cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment, which contributes to the ultimate death of some patients with breast cancer. Glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK3β) is thought to be an EMT suppressor that down-regulates the protein, snail, a zinc finger transcription inhibitor, and regulates E-cadherin expression and the Wnt signaling pathway. Our previous studies have shown that Notch3 also inhibits EMT in breast cancer. In mammary gland cells, GSK3β physically bound and phosphorylated the intracellular domain of two Notch paralogs: N1ICD was positively regulated, but N2ICD was negatively regulated; however, the relationship between Notch3, GSK3β, and EMT in breast cancer is still unclear and crosstalk between Notch3 and GSK3β has not been widely investigated. In this study, we revealed that Notch3 was an essential antagonist of EMT in breast cancer cells by transcriptionally upregulating GSK3β. In breast cancer, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, the silencing of Notch3 reduced GSK3β expression, which is sufficient to induce EMT. Conversely, ectopic Notch3 expression re-activated GSK3β and E-cadherin. Mechanistically, Notch3 can bind to the GSK3β promoter directly and activate GSK3β transcription. In human breast cancer samples, Notch3 expression is positively associated with GSK3β (r = 0.416, p = 0.001); moreover, high expressions of Notch3 and GSK3β mRNA are correlated to better relapse-free survival in all breast cancer patients via analysis in "the Kaplan-Meier plotter" database. In summary, our preliminary results suggested that Notch3 might inhibit EMT by trans-activating GSK3β in breast cancer cells. The suppression of Notch3 expression may contribute to EMT by transcriptionally downregulating GSK3β in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Chen
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yongqu Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Ronghui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Wenhe Huang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - De Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuanke Liang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yunzhu Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Wenliang Gao
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- Department of Central Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine of Xiamen, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, No. 2000 Xiang’an East Road, Xiamen 361101, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.Z.)
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Punicalagin in Cancer Prevention-Via Signaling Pathways Targeting. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082733. [PMID: 34444893 PMCID: PMC8400644 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) has been applied in medicine since ancient times due to its broad-spectrum health-beneficial properties. It is a rich source of hydrolyzable tannins and anthocyanins, exhibiting strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. Anticancer activities of pomegranate with reference to modulated signaling pathways in various cancer diseases have been recently reviewed. However, less is known about punicalagin (Pug), a prevailing compound in pomegranate, seemingly responsible for its most beneficial properties. In this review, the newest data derived from recent scientific reports addressing Pug impact on neoplastic cells are summarized and discussed. Its attenuating effect on signaling circuits promoting cancer growth and invasion is depicted. The Pug-induced redirection of signal-transduction pathways from survival and proliferation into cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy (thus compromising neoplastic progression) is delineated. Considerations presented in this review are based mainly on data obtained from in vitro cell line models and concern the influence of Pug on human cervical, ovarian, breast, lung, thyroid, colorectal, central nervous system, bone, as well as other cancer types.
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Parfenyev SE, Shabelnikov SV, Pozdnyakov DY, Gnedina OO, Adonin LS, Barlev NA, Mittenberg AG. Proteomic Analysis of Zeb1 Interactome in Breast Carcinoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113143. [PMID: 34074001 PMCID: PMC8197395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) plays a critical role in the organism development, providing cell migration and tissue formation. However, its erroneous activation in malignancies can serve as the basis for the dissemination of cancer cells and metastasis. The Zeb1 transcription factor, which regulates the EMT activation, has been shown to play an essential role in malignant transformation. This factor is involved in many signaling pathways that influence a wide range of cellular functions via interacting with many proteins that affect its transcriptional functions. Importantly, the interactome of Zeb1 depends on the cellular context. Here, using the inducible expression of Zeb1 in epithelial breast cancer cells, we identified a substantial list of novel potential Zeb1 interaction partners, including proteins involved in the formation of malignant neoplasms, such as ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX17and a component of the NURD repressor complex, CTBP2. We confirmed the presence of the selected interactors by immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Further, we demonstrated that co-expression of Zeb1 and CTBP2 in breast cancer patients correlated with the poor survival prognosis, thus signifying the functionality of the Zeb1–CTBP2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E. Parfenyev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Sergey V. Shabelnikov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Danila Y. Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Olga O. Gnedina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Leonid S. Adonin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Alexey G. Mittenberg
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.E.P.); (S.V.S.); (D.Y.P.); (O.O.G.); (N.A.B.)
- Correspondence: or
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5
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Pan L, Duan Y, Ma F, Lou L. Punicalagin inhibits the viability, migration, invasion, and EMT by regulating GOLPH3 in breast cancer cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:173-180. [PMID: 32024401 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1719152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Punicalagin (PN), which is a type of polyphenol, has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PN on cellular process in BC and its molecular mechanism. The effects of various doses of PN on cell viability, migration, and invasion capacities of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by CCK-8, wound-healing, and Transwell assays. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) was then transfected into the cells with or without PN treatment, and GPLPH3 expression level was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, and expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), E-Cadherin, and N-Cadherin were measured by Western blot. High dose of PN treatment (50 μM or higher) significantly inhibited viability, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while overexpressed GOLPH3 promoted cell viability, migration, and invasion, and partially reversed the effects of PN treatment on the BC cells. PN inhibited the expressions of GOLPH3, MMP-2, MMP-9, and N-Cadherin, and promoted E-Cadherin expression, while overexpression of GOLPH3 partly reversed above effects attributing to PN. Thus, PN suppresses cell viability and metastasis via regulating GOLPH3 in BC, which provides a possible therapeutic direction to the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- The First School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feixia Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Lou
- The First School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Zhang L, Hui TL, Wei YX, Cao ZM, Feng F, Ren GS, Li F. The expression and biological function of the PHF2 gene in breast cancer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39520-39528. [PMID: 35558021 PMCID: PMC9090935 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PHD Finger Protein 2 (PHF2), as a protein code and a transcription regulatory gene, is a member of the Jumonji-C domain (JmjC). PHF2 is located at human chromosome 9q22.31 and is frequently decreased in various malignancies. However, the definite role of PHF2 in breast cancer remains unclear. To detect the expression and function of PHF2 in breast cancer, a q-PCR assay was used to detect the mRNA expression of PHF2 in breast cancer cell lines and paired breast cancer tissues, and immunohistochemistry was used to test the protein expression in breast cancer tissues and adjacent tissues. In addition, an adenovirus vector system was utilized to upregulate the expression of PHF2 in breast cancer cells. In our study, we found that PHF2 was down-expressed in breast cancer on both the mRNA and protein levels and the low expression of PHF2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, Ki67 positive rate, ER negative expression and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. The ectopic expression of PHF2 obviously inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines and the growth of xenograft tumors. Due to the tumor suppressor signature of PHF2 in breast cancer, we have reasons to believe that it could be a promoting marker and target for the prognosis and therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Tian-Li Hui
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Yu-Xian Wei
- Department of Endocrine Surgery and Breast Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University #1 YouYi Road, YuZhong District Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Zhu-Min Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Women's Hospital Zhejiang 310000 China
| | - Guo-Sheng Ren
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University China
- Department of Endocrine Surgery and Breast Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University #1 YouYi Road, YuZhong District Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Endocrine Surgery and Breast Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University #1 YouYi Road, YuZhong District Chongqing 400016 China
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7
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Nagle AM, Levine KM, Tasdemir N, Scott JA, Burlbaugh K, Kehm J, Katz TA, Boone DN, Jacobsen BM, Atkinson JM, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. Loss of E-cadherin Enhances IGF1-IGF1R Pathway Activation and Sensitizes Breast Cancers to Anti-IGF1R/InsR Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5165-5177. [PMID: 29941485 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling regulates breast cancer initiation and progression and associated cancer phenotypes. We previously identified E-cadherin (CDH1) as a repressor of IGF1 signaling and in this study examined how loss of E-cadherin affects IGF1R signaling and response to anti-IGF1R/insulin receptor (InsR) therapies in breast cancer.Experimental Design: Breast cancer cell lines were used to assess how altered E-cadherin levels regulate IGF1R signaling and response to two anti-IGF1R/InsR therapies. In situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to define interaction between IGF1R and E-cadherin. TCGA RNA-seq and RPPA data were used to compare IGF1R/InsR activation in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tumors. ER+ ILC cell lines and xenograft tumor explant cultures were used to evaluate efficacy to IGF1R pathway inhibition in combination with endocrine therapy.Results: Diminished functional E-cadherin increased both activation of IGF1R signaling and efficacy to anti-IGF1R/InsR therapies. PLA demonstrated a direct endogenous interaction between IGF1R and E-cadherin at points of cell-cell contact. Increased expression of IGF1 ligand and levels of IGF1R/InsR phosphorylation were observed in E-cadherin-deficient ER+ ILC compared with IDC tumors. IGF1R pathway inhibitors were effective in inhibiting growth in ER+ ILC cell lines and synergized with endocrine therapy and similarly IGF1R/InsR inhibition reduced proliferation in ILC tumor explant culture.Conclusions: We provide evidence that loss of E-cadherin hyperactivates the IGF1R pathway and increases sensitivity to IGF1R/InsR targeted therapy, thus identifying the IGF1R pathway as a potential novel target in E-cadherin-deficient breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5165-77. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Nagle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin M Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kara Burlbaugh
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin Kehm
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany A Katz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David N Boone
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Britta M Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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The novel long non-coding RNA TALNEC2, regulates tumor cell growth and the stemness and radiation response of glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31785-31801. [PMID: 28423669 PMCID: PMC5458248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the median survival of 12-14 months has not changed significantly. Therefore, there is an imperative need to identify molecular mechanisms that play a role in patient survival. Here, we analyzed the expression and functions of a novel lncRNA, TALNEC2 that was identified using RNA seq of E2F1-regulated lncRNAs. TALNEC2 was localized to the cytosol and its expression was E2F1-regulated and cell-cycle dependent. TALNEC2 was highly expressed in GBM with poor prognosis, in GBM specimens derived from short-term survivors and in glioma cells and glioma stem cells (GSCs). Silencing of TALNEC2 inhibited cell proliferation and arrested the cells in the G1\S phase of the cell cycle in various cancer cell lines. In addition, silencing of TALNEC2 decreased the self-renewal and mesenchymal transformation of GSCs, increased sensitivity of these cells to radiation and prolonged survival of mice bearing GSC-derived xenografts. Using miRNA array analysis, we identified specific miRNAs that were altered in the silenced cells that were associated with cell-cycle progression, proliferation and mesenchymal transformation. Two of the downregulated miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-191, mediated some of TALNEC2 effects on the stemness and mesenchymal transformation of GSCs. In conclusion, we identified a novel E2F1-regulated lncRNA that is highly expressed in GBM and in tumors from patients of short-term survival. The expression of TALNEC2 is associated with the increased tumorigenic potential of GSCs and their resistance to radiation. We conclude that TALNEC2 is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM.
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Mali AV, Joshi AA, Hegde MV, Kadam SS. Enterolactone modulates the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to revert the TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15:137-156. [PMID: 29951338 PMCID: PMC5994556 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly metastatic, and there is an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies leading to the new drug discoveries against metastasis. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to promote the invasive and migratory potential of breast cancer cells through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway, leading to breast cancer metastasis. Targeting this pathway to revert the EMT would be an attractive, novel therapeutic strategy to halt breast cancer metastasis. Methods Effects of enterolactone (EL) on the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry and a cleaved caspase-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Effects of TGF-β induction and EL treatment on the functional malignancy of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were investigated using migration and chemo-invasion assays. The effects of EL on EMT markers and the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway after TGF-β induction were studied using confocal microscopy, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry. Results Herein, we report that EL exhibits a significant antimetastatic effect on MDA-MB-231 cells by almost reverting the TGF-β-induced EMT in vitro. EL downregulates the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, and upregulates the epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin. It represses actin stress fiber formation via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase p-38 (MAPK-p38) and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). EL also suppresses ERK-1/2, NF-κB, and Snail at the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions Briefly, EL was found to inhibit TGF-β-induced EMT by blocking the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway, which is a promising target for breast cancer metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket V Mali
- Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health and Disease (CINHD), Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Asavari A Joshi
- Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health and Disease (CINHD), Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India
| | - Mahabaleshwar V Hegde
- Center for Innovation in Nutrition Health and Disease (CINHD), Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India
| | - Shivajirao S Kadam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University (BVDU), Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
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10
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Brucine suppresses breast cancer metastasis via inhibiting epithelial mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloproteinases expressions. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 24:40-46. [PMID: 28795388 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of brucine on the migration, invasion, adhesion and expressions of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and Hs578-T. METHODS MDA-MB-231 and Hs578-T cells were divided to 4 groups: the control group (0.1% DMSO), and 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L brucine groups. The cell viability was determined using a CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability. The scratch wound healing assay and tanswell migration assay were used to determine the migration ability of these cells treated by different concentrations of brucine. The proliferation rate, invasive potential and adhesive ability were respectively performed by colony formation assay, transwell invasion assay and adhension assay. The protein and mRNA expressions of EMT biomarkers, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the control group, brucine had little effect on cell viability or proliferation (P>0.05), but led to a dose-dependent decrease on migration, invasion, adhension of MDA-MB-231 and Hs578-T cells (P<0.01). Furthermore, brucine increased the protein and mRNA levels of EMT markers such as E-cadherin and β-catenin in MDA-MB-231 and Hs578-T cells, and decreased the protein and mRNA levels of mesenychmal markers such as vimentin and fibronectin, as well as the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION Brucine inhibited triple negative breast cancer cells metastasis potentially through EMT reversion and MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibition.
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11
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Melzer C, Hass R, von der Ohe J, Lehnert H, Ungefroren H. The role of TGF-β and its crosstalk with RAC1/RAC1b signaling in breast and pancreas carcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:19. [PMID: 28499439 PMCID: PMC5429551 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focusses on the role of TGF-β and its signaling crosstalk with the RHO family GTPases RAC1 and RAC1b in the progression of breast and pancreatic carcinoma. The aggressive nature of these tumor types is mainly due to metastatic dissemination. Metastasis is facilitated by desmoplasia, a peculiar tumor microenvironment and the ability of the tumor cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to adopt a motile and invasive phenotype. These processes are controlled entirely or in part by TGF-β and the small RHO GTPase RAC1 with both proteins acting as tumor promoters in late-stage cancers. Data from our and other studies point to signaling crosstalk between TGF-β and RAC1 and the related isoform, RAC1b, in pancreatic and mammary carcinoma cells. Based on the exciting observation that RAC1b functions as an endogenous inhibitor of RAC1, we propose a model on how the relative abundance or activity of RAC1 and RAC1b in the tumor cells may determine their responses to TGF-β and, ultimately, the metastatic capacity of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Melzer
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.,First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany. .,First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany. .,Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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12
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Regev M, Sabanay H, Kartvelishvily E, Kam Z, Bershadsky AD. Involvement of Rho GAP GRAF1 in maintenance of epithelial phenotype. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:367-383. [PMID: 27588930 PMCID: PMC5569970 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1227910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of epithelial cell to each other and to extracellular matrix, as well as cell migration ability and cytoskeleton organization undergo significant alterations in the course of neoplastic transformation, but regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we studied the role of a Rho GAP protein GRAF1 (GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase-1) in the regulation of the epithelial phenotype in cells of breast derived, non-malignant, MCF10A cell line. GRAF1 was shown to be localized to cell-cell junctions, and its depletion resulted in accelerated cell migration velocity, elongation of the cells and cell colonies, impaired monolayer integrity and significant disruption of desmosomes with a loss of associated keratin filaments. These processes were accompanied by formation of larger focal adhesions, an increased number of contractile actin stress fibers, reduction in epithelial markers and increase in mesenchymal markers such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-specific transcription factors Snail-1 and Snail-2, as well as N-cadherin, and vimentin. Moreover, unlike control cells, GRAF1 knocked-down cells demonstrated anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. GRAF1 expression in several highly invasive breast cancer cell lines was low, as compared to the non-malignant MCF10A cells, while overexpressing of GRAF1 in the malignant BT-549 cell line led to a decrease of mesenchymal markers, especially the Snail-1 and 2. Altogether, our analysis suggests that GRAF1 plays a role in the maintenance of normal epithelial phenotype and its depletion leads to an EMT-like process that might be involved in neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Regev
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,b The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer Hospital , Israel
| | - Helena Sabanay
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Elena Kartvelishvily
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Zvi Kam
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,c Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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13
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Sheng X, Sun X, Sun K, Sui H, Qin J, Li Q. Inhibitory effect of bufalin combined with Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors on proliferation and invasion and metastasis of liver cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1513-1524. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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14
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Loo SY, Hirpara JL, Pandey V, Tan TZ, Yap CT, Lobie PE, Thiery JP, Goh BC, Pervaiz S, Clément MV, Kumar AP. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression Regulates the Switch Between an Epithelial and a Mesenchymal-Like Phenotype in Breast Carcinoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:283-99. [PMID: 27400860 PMCID: PMC4991580 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is characterized by the acquisition of invasive fibroblast-like morphology by epithelial cells that are highly polarized. EMT is recognized as a crucial mechanism in cancer progression and metastasis. In this study, we sought to assess the involvement of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) during the switch between epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like phenotypes in breast carcinoma. RESULTS Analysis of breast carcinomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed strong positive correlation between tumors' EMT score and the expression of MnSOD. This positive correlation between MnSOD and EMT score was significant and consistent across all breast cancer subtypes. Similarly, a positive correlation of EMT score and MnSOD expression was observed in established cell lines derived from breast cancers exhibiting phenotypes ranging from the most epithelial to the most mesenchymal. Interestingly, using phenotypically distinct breast cancer cell lines, we provide evidence that constitutively high or induced expression of MnSOD promotes the EMT-like phenotype by way of a redox milieu predominantly driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Conversely, gene knockdown of MnSOD results in the reversal of EMT to a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)-like program, which appears to be a function of superoxide (O2(-•))-directed signaling. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data underscore the involvement of MnSOD in regulating the switch between the EMT and MET-associated phenotype by influencing cellular redox environment via its effect on the intracellular ratio between O2(-•) and H2O2. Strategies to manipulate MnSOD expression and/or the cellular redox milieu vis-a-vis O2(-•):H2O2 could have potential therapeutic implications. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 283-299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser Yue Loo
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,2 Genome Institute of Singapore , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayshree L Hirpara
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vijay Pandey
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celestial T Yap
- 4 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter E Lobie
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,6 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,7 Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 4 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,8 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia .,9 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Véronique Clément
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,9 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,6 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,8 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia .,10 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas
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15
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Giladi ND, Ziv-Av A, Lee HK, Finniss S, Cazacu S, Xiang C, Waldman Ben-Asher H, deCarvalho A, Mikkelsen T, Poisson L, Brodie C. RTVP-1 promotes mesenchymal transformation of glioma via a STAT-3/IL-6-dependent positive feedback loop. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22680-97. [PMID: 26267319 PMCID: PMC4673191 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs), the most aggressive primary brain tumors, exhibit increased invasiveness and resistance to anti-tumor treatments. We explored the role of RTVP-1, a glioma-associated protein that promotes glioma cell migration, in the mesenchymal transformation of GBM. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated that RTVP-1 expression was higher in mesenchymal GBM and predicted tumor recurrence and poor clinical outcome. ChiP analysis revealed that the RTVP-1 promoter binds STAT3 and C/EBPβ, two master transcription factors that regulate mesenchymal transformation of GBM. In addition, IL-6 induced RTVP-1 expression in a STAT3-dependent manner. RTVP-1 increased the migration and mesenchymal transformation of glioma cells. Similarly, overexpression of RTVP-1 in human neural stem cells induced mesenchymal differentiation, whereas silencing of RTVP-1 in glioma stem cells (GSCs) decreased the mesenchymal transformation and stemness of these cells. Silencing of RTVP-1 also increased the survival of mice bearing GSC-derived xenografts. Using gene array analysis of RTVP-1 silenced glioma cells we identified IL-6 as a mediator of RTVP-1 effects on the mesenchymal transformation and migration of GSCs, therefore acting in a positive feedback loop by upregulating RTVP-1 expression via the STAT3 pathway. Collectively, these results implicate RTVP-1 as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis David Giladi
- Everard and Mina Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amotz Ziv-Av
- Everard and Mina Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hae Kyung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Susan Finniss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Simona Cazacu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Cunli Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher
- Everard and Mina Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ana deCarvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Laila Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaya Brodie
- Everard and Mina Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Davidson Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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Keitel U, Scheel A, Thomale J, Halpape R, Kaulfuß S, Scheel C, Dobbelstein M. Bcl-xL mediates therapeutic resistance of a mesenchymal breast cancer cell subpopulation. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11778-91. [PMID: 25473892 PMCID: PMC4322974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) confers increased invasiveness and clonogenic potential to tumor cells. We used a breast epithelium-derived cell culture model to evaluate the impact of EMT on the cellular sensitivity towards chemotherapeutics and apoptotic stimuli. Cells that had passed through an EMT acquired resistance towards chemotherapeutics and death ligands. Mechanistically, we found that the levels of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-xL were strongly enhanced in mesenchymal versus epithelial cells, whereas the pro-apoptotic proteins Bim and Puma were diminished. Clinical samples from breast cancer showed enhanced Bcl-xL staining in cells that had dispersed into the desmoplastic stroma, as compared to cells that were part of large tumor cell aggregates, suggesting increased Bcl-xL expression when cells invade the stroma. Bcl-xL was necessary for apoptotic resistance in mesenchymal cells, and its expression was sufficient to confer such resistance to epithelial cells. To antagonize Bcl-xL, BH3-mimetics were used. They successfully interfered with the proliferation and survival of mesenchymal cells, and also inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors raised from the mesenchymal subpopulation. We conclude that enhanced Bcl-xL levels confer resistance to cells upon EMT, and that Bcl-xL represents a promising target for therapy directed against invasive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Keitel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Andreas Scheel
- Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Kassel 34119, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Rovena Halpape
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Christina Scheel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholz Center Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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17
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Huang J, Li H, Ren G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug resistance in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26202679 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Insensitivity of tumor cells to drug therapies is an essential reason arousing such high mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is defined by the loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype. It is well known that EMT plays an important role in breast cancer progression. Recently, mounting evidence has demonstrated involvement of EMT in antagonizing chemotherapy in breast cancer. Here, we discuss the biological significance and clinical implications of these findings, with an emphasis on novel approaches that effectively target EMT to increase the efficacy of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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18
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Cheung SY, Boey YJY, Koh VCY, Thike AA, Lim JCT, Iqbal J, Tan PH. Role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 152:489-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Nieh S, Jao SW, Yang CY, Lin YS, Tseng YH, Liu CL, Lee TY, Liu TY, Chu YH, Chen SF. Regulation of tumor progression via the Snail-RKIP signaling pathway by nicotine exposure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 37:1712-21. [PMID: 24986226 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that long-term exposure of the carcinogen 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK) found in tobacco smoke is involved in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The underlying nicotine-mediated mechanism remains unclear. METHODS An analysis of SCC-25 and Fadu cells with or without NNK exposure focusing on the evaluation of migration and invasion abilities, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug-resistance-related genes, properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and anti-apoptosis was performed. RESULTS Long-term NNK exposure enhances migration and invasion with morphological alterations in a dose-dependently manner. Furthermore, NNK exposure also upregulates Snail, promotes sphere-forming ability, and overexpresses aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), Nanog, OCT4, ABCG2, and MDR1. CONCLUSION The current study confirmed that long-term NNK exposure plays a role in HNSCC by increasing anti-apoptosis and therapeutic resistance via the Snail-RKIP signaling pathway. Our data also suggest that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) inhibition or targeting Snail may provide a feasible rationale for preventing the progression of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nieh
- Department and Graduate School of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Jao
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuh Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Cheng Hsin Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaoh-Shiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Tseng
- Department and Graduate School of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Lee
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueng-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Feng Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Srinivasan A, Thangavel C, Liu Y, Shoyele S, Den RB, Selvakumar P, Lakshmikuttyamma A. Quercetin regulates β-catenin signaling and reduces the migration of triple negative breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:743-56. [PMID: 25968914 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by a lack in estrogen, progesterone, and epidermal growth factor 2 receptors. TNBC exhibits most of the characteristics of basal-like and claudin-low breast cancer subtypes. The main contributor in the mortality of TNBC is due to the higher invasive and migratory ability of these tumor cells. Some plant flavonoids inhibit the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells and suppress cancer metastasis. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the flavonoid quercetin is effective in modulating the molecular signaling associated with EMT in TNBC. Our data indicated that quercetin can induce the expression of E-cadherin and also downregulate vimentin levels in TNBC. The ability of quercetin to modulate these EMT markers resulted in a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Quercetin-induced MET was linked with the alteration of nuclear localization of β-catenin and modulation of β-catenin target genes such as cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Furthermore, we observed that quercetin induced the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin by inhibiting the migratory ability of TNBC cells. These results suggested that quercetin may inhibit TNBC metastasis and also improve the therapeutic efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunday Shoyele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ponniah Selvakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashakumary Lakshmikuttyamma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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GUO WENLI, ZHANG SHUPING, LIU SIJIN. Establishment of a novel orthotopic model of breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2992-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Gao J, Yan Q, Wang J, Liu S, Yang X. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 is mediated by AP1-dependent EpCAM expression in MCF-7 cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:775-82. [PMID: 25205054 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involving the breakdown of cell-cell junctions and loss of epithelial polarity, is closely related to cancer metastasis and invasion. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane protein expressed in the majority of normal epithelial tissues and overexpressed in the majority of human epithelial cancers including breast cancer. EpCAM plays an important role in cancer progression. We showed that EpCAM participated in TGF-β1-induced EMT. TGF-β1 treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was shown to induce EpCAM expression, which promoted the EMT and cell migration. EpCAM overexpression further enhanced TGF-β1-induced EMT and EpCAM knockdown inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT. We further demonstrated that TGF-β1 treatment induced the phosphorylation of JNK that was in turn responsible for the increased expression of Jun and Fos. This result suggests an important role of the JNK to AP-1 signaling to EpCAM downstream of TGF-β1 for the induction of EMT in the breast cancer cells. Collectively, our study highlights a novel function for EpCAM in TGF-β1-induced EMT process and suggests that targeting of EpCAM may be an attractive strategy to treat breast cancer. This study implicates the potential value of EpCAM as a molecular marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, P. R. China
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Matsumoto H, Koo SL, Dent R, Tan PH, Iqbal J. Role of inflammatory infiltrates in triple negative breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:506-10. [PMID: 25750267 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogenous disease often characterised by aggressive biology and poor prognosis. Efforts to precisely treat TNBC have been compounded by the lack of specific therapeutic molecular targets. Recent transcriptomic studies have revealed, among others, an immunomodulatory subtype of TNBC, whereby activated immune response genes are associated with good prognosis. Since then, a great deal of effort has been made to understand the immune microenvironment of some TNBC subtype, which comprises several immune cell populations including lymphocytes and macrophages. There is increasing evidence that the basal subtype may be significantly regulated by tumour-infiltrating T-cells and that high levels of tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells may be a reflection of improved prognosis with chemotherapy sensitivity in TNBC. On the other hand, tumour-associated macrophages have been associated with a relatively poor outcome in TNBC. Comparison of the immune signatures in TNBC with non-TNBC may furthermore help us to understand these immune mechanisms potentially leading to new therapeutic approaches. Within this short review, we discuss the current scientific evidence regarding (a) the role of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in the clinical outcome in TNBC and (b) the newly discovered immunomodulatory genotype that may provide for a therapeutic target in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore Department of Pathology, Ryukyu University Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Si-lin Koo
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Dent
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Nienhuis H, Gaykema S, Timmer-Bosscha H, Jalving M, Brouwers A, Lub-de Hooge M, van der Vegt B, Overmoyer B, de Vries E, Schröder C. Targeting breast cancer through its microenvironment: Current status of preclinical and clinical research in finding relevant targets. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:63-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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Khajah MA, Mathew PM, Alam-Eldin NS, Luqmani YA. Bleb formation is induced by alkaline but not acidic pH in estrogen receptor silenced breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1685-98. [PMID: 25672508 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo and acquired resistance to endocrine-based therapies in breast cancer occurs in parallel with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is associated with enhanced proliferative and metastatic potential, and poor clinical outcome. We have established several endocrine insensitive breast cancer lines by shRNA-induced depletion of estrogen receptor (ER) by transfection of MCF7 cells. All of these exhibit EMT. We have previously reported that brief exposure of specifically ER- breast cancer cells, to extracellular alkaline pH, results in cell rounding and segregation, and leads to enhanced invasive potential. In this study we describe more detailed morphological changes and compare these with cell exposure to acidic pH. Morphological changes and localization of various molecules critical for cell adhesion and motility, associated with pH effects, were assessed by live cell microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Exposure of either ER- or ER+ breast cancer cells to extracellular acidic pH did not induce significant changes in morphological appearance. Conversely, brief exposure of specifically ER silenced cells, to alkaline pH, resulted in cell contractolation and formation of bleb-like actin-rich structures which were evenly distributed on the outer membrane. Integrin α2, FAK, and JAM-1 were found in the cytoplasm streaming into the newly formed blebs. These blebs appear to be related to cell polarity and movement. Pre-treatment with cytochalasin-D or inhibitors of Rho or MLCK prevented both contractolation and bleb formation. Our data suggest that the effect of pH on the microenvironment of endocrine resistant breast cancer cells needs to be more extensively investigated. Alkaline, rather than acidic pH, appears to induce dramatic morphological changes, and enhances their invasive capabilities, through re-organization of cortical actin.
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Cao J, Yang X, Li WT, Zhao CL, Lv SJ. Silencing of COX-2 by RNAi modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells partially dependent on the PGE2 cascade. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:9967-72. [PMID: 25520137 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to prove whether downregulation of COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) could modulate the epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer, celecoxib and siRNA were respectively used to inhibit COX-2 function and expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. The EMT reversal effect in the RNAi treated group was better than that of the celecoxib group while there were no obvious differences in the medium PGE2 levels between the two groups. The results show that COX-2 pathways may contribute considerably to EMT of breast cancer cells, partially dependent on the PGE2 cascade. Akt2, ZEB2 and Snail were measured to clarify the underlying mechanisms of COX-2 on EMT; COX-2 may modulate EMT of breast cancer by regulating these factors. This finding may be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms of selective COX-2 inhibitor action in EMT modulation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cao
- Department of Health Care, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China E-mail :
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28
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Lim S, Yoo BK, Kim HS, Gilmore HL, Lee Y, Lee HP, Kim SJ, Letterio J, Lee HG. Amyloid-β precursor protein promotes cell proliferation and motility of advanced breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:928. [PMID: 25491510 PMCID: PMC4295427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is a highly conserved single transmembrane protein that has been linked to Alzheimer disease. Recently, the increased expression of APP in multiple types of cancers has been reported where it has significant correlation with the cancer cell proliferation. However, the function of APP in the pathogenesis of breast cancer has not previously been determined. In this study, we studied the pathological role of APP in breast cancer and revealed its potential mechanism. Methods The expression level of APP in multiple breast cancer cell lines was measured by Western blot analysis and the breast cancer tissue microarray was utilized to analyze the expression pattern of APP in human patient specimens. To interrogate the functional role of APP in cell growth and apoptosis, the effect of APP knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed. Specifically, multiple signal transduction pathways and functional alterations linked to cell survival and motility were examined in in vivo animal model as well as in vitro cell culture with the manipulation of APP expression. Results We found that the expression of APP is increased in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines, especially in the cell line possessing higher metastatic potential. Moreover, the analysis of human breast cancer tissues revealed a significant correlation between the level of APP and tumor development. Knockdown of APP (APP-kd) in breast cancer cells caused the retardation of cell growth in vitro and in vivo, with both the induction of p27kip1 and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. APP-kd cells also had higher sensitivity to treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, TRAIL and 5-FU. Such anti-tumorigenic effects shown in the APP-kd cells partially came from reduced pro-survival AKT activation in response to IGF-1, leading to activation of key signaling regulators for cell growth, survival, and pro-apoptotic events such as GSK3-β and FOXO1. Notably, knock-down of APP in metastatic breast cancer cells limited cell migration and invasion ability upon stimulation of IGF-1. Conclusion The present data strongly suggest that the increase of APP expression is causally linked to tumorigenicity as well as invasion of aggressive breast cancer and, therefore, the targeting of APP may be an effective therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Zheng CH, Quan Y, Li YY, Deng WG, Shao WJ, Fu Y. Expression of transcription factor FOXC2 in cervical cancer and effects of silencing on cervical cancer cell proliferation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1589-95. [PMID: 24641373 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.4.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Forkhead box C2 (FOXC2) is a member of the winged helix/forkhead box (Fox) family of transcription factors. It has been suggested to regulate tumor vasculature, growth, invasion and metastasis, although it has not been studied in cervical cancer. Here, we analyzed FOXC2 expression in cervical tissues corresponding to different stages of cervical cancer development and examined its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. In addition, we examined the effects of targeting FOXC2 on the biological behavior of human cervical cancer cells. METHODS The expression of FOXC2 in normal human cervix, CIN I-III and cervical cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry and compared among the three groups and between cervical cancers with different pathological subtypes. Endogenous expression of FOXC2 was transiently knocked down in human Hela and SiHa cervical cells by siRNA, and cell viability and migration were examined by scratch and CCK8 assays, respectively. RESULTS In normal cervical tissue the frequency of positive staining was 25% (10/40 cases), with a staining intensity (PI) of 0.297 ± 0.520, in CIN was 65% (26/40 cases), with a PI of 3.00 ± 3.29, and in cancer was 91.8% (68/74 cases), with a PI of 5.568 ± 3.449. The frequency was 100% in adenocarcinoma (5/5 cases) and 91.3% in SCCs (63/69 cases). The FOXC2 positive expression rate was 88.5% in patients with cervical SCC stage I and 100% in stage II, showing significant differences compared with normal cervix and CIN. With age, pathologic differentiation degree and tumor size, FOXC2 expression showed no significant variation. On transient transfection of Hela and SiHa cells, FOXC2-siRNA inhibition rates were 76.2% and 75.7%; CCK8 results showed reduced proliferation and relative migration (in Hela cells from 64.5 ± 3.16 to 49.5 ± 9.24 and in SiHa cells from 60.1 ± 3.05 to 44.3 ± 3.98) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION FOXC2 gene expression increases with malignancy, especially with blood vessel hyperplasia and invasion degree. Targeted silencing was associated with reduced cell proliferation as well as invasion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Zheng
- Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China E-mail : FU Yan:
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30
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Soncini D, Caffa I, Zoppoli G, Cea M, Cagnetta A, Passalacqua M, Mastracci L, Boero S, Montecucco F, Sociali G, Lasigliè D, Damonte P, Grozio A, Mannino E, Poggi A, D'Agostino VG, Monacelli F, Provenzani A, Odetti P, Ballestrero A, Bruzzone S, Nencioni A. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a soluble factor independent of its enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34189-204. [PMID: 25331943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting NAD(+) biosynthesis with NAD(+) intermediates has been proposed as a strategy for preventing and treating age-associated diseases, including cancer. However, concerns in this area were raised by observations that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme in mammalian NAD(+) biosynthesis, is frequently up-regulated in human malignancies, including breast cancer, suggesting possible protumorigenic effects for this protein. We addressed this issue by studying NAMPT expression and function in human breast cancer in vivo and in vitro. Our data indicate that high NAMPT levels are associated with aggressive pathological and molecular features, such as estrogen receptor negativity as well as HER2-enriched and basal-like PAM50 phenotypes. Consistent with these findings, we found that NAMPT overexpression in mammary epithelial cells induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a morphological and functional switch that confers cancer cells an increased metastatic potential. However, importantly, NAMPT-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was found to be independent of NAMPT enzymatic activity and of the NAMPT product nicotinamide mononucleotide. Instead, it was mediated by secreted NAMPT through its ability to activate the TGFβ signaling pathway via increased TGFβ1 production. These findings have implications for the design of therapeutic strategies exploiting NAD(+) biosynthesis via NAMPT in aging and cancer and also suggest the potential of anticancer agents designed to specifically neutralize extracellular NAMPT. Notably, because high levels of circulating NAMPT are found in obese and diabetic patients, our data could also explain the increased predisposition to cancer of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Zoppoli
- the Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium, the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michele Cea
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Antonia Cagnetta
- the Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Italian Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Department of Integrated Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy, the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Boero
- the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Sociali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, and
| | | | | | - Alessia Grozio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, and
| | - Elena Mannino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, and
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vito G D'Agostino
- the Laboratory of Genomic Screening, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, and
| | | | - Alessandro Provenzani
- the Laboratory of Genomic Screening, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy, and
| | - Patrizio Odetti
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballestrero
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, and
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Scientifico Tumori, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy,
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Inflammatory factors of the tumor microenvironment induce plasticity in nontransformed breast epithelial cells: EMT, invasion, and collapse of normally organized breast textures. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1330-46. [PMID: 24403855 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontransformed breast epithelial cells that are adjacent to tumor cells are constantly exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), two inflammatory cytokines identified as having pro-tumoral causative roles. We show that continuous stimulation of nontransformed breast epithelial cells by TNFα + IL-1β for 2 to 3 weeks induced their spreading and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanistic bases for this slow induction of EMT by TNFα + IL-1β are: 1) it took 2 to 3 weeks for the cytokines to induce the expression of the EMT activators Zeb1 and Snail; 2) although Twist has amplified the EMT-inducing activities of Zeb1 + Snail, its expression was reduced by TNFα + IL-1β; however, the lack of Twist was compensated by prolonged stimulation with TNFα + IL-1β that has potentiated the EMT-inducing activities of Zeb1 + Snail. Stimulation by TNFα + IL-1β has induced the following dissemination-related properties in the nontransformed cells: 1) up-regulation of functional matrix metalloproteinases; 2) induction of migratory and invasive capabilities; 3) disruption of the normal phenotype of organized three-dimensional acini structures typically formed only by nontransformed breast cells and spreading of nontransformed cells out of such acini. Our findings suggest that TNFα + IL-1β induce dissemination of nontransformed breast epithelial cells and their reseeding at the primary tumor site; if, then, such detached cells are exposed to transforming events, they may form secondary malignant focus and lead to disease recurrence. Thus, our study reveals novel pathways through which the inflammatory microenvironment may contribute to relapsed disease in breast cancer.
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TRPM8 promotes aggressiveness of breast cancer cells by regulating EMT via activating AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8969-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Chen Y, Zhang L. WITHDRAWN: MiR-200 family and cancer: Function, regulation and signaling. Surg Oncol 2014:S0960-7404(14)00010-3. [PMID: 24679605 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, China
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Brix DM, Clemmensen KKB, Kallunki T. When Good Turns Bad: Regulation of Invasion and Metastasis by ErbB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Cells 2014; 3:53-78. [PMID: 24709902 PMCID: PMC3980748 DOI: 10.3390/cells3010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase in breast cancer is strongly linked to an aggressive disease with high potential for invasion and metastasis. In addition to inducing very aggressive, metastatic cancer, ErbB2 activation mediates processes such as increased cancer cell proliferation and survival and is needed for normal physiological activities, such as heart function and development of the nervous system. How does ErbB2 activation make cancer cells invasive and when? Comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms leading to ErbB2-induced malignant processes is necessary for answering these questions. Here we present current knowledge about the invasion-promoting function of ErbB2 and the mechanisms involved in it. Obtaining detailed information about the "bad" behavior of ErbB2 can facilitate development of novel treatments against ErbB2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Brix
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Knut Kristoffer Bundgaard Clemmensen
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yang Z, Garcia A, Xu S, Powell DR, Vertino PM, Singh S, Marcus AI. Withania somnifera root extract inhibits mammary cancer metastasis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75069. [PMID: 24069380 PMCID: PMC3771884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though clinicians can predict which patients are at risk for developing metastases, traditional therapies often prove ineffective and metastatic disease is the primary cause of cancer patient death; therefore, there is a need to develop anti-metastatic therapies that can be administered over long durations to specifically inhibit the motility of cancer cells. Withaniasomnifera root extracts (WRE) have anti-proliferative activity and the active component, Withaferin A, inhibits the pro-metastatic protein, vimentin. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein and is part of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program to promote metastasis. Here, we determined whether WRE standardized to Withaferin A (sWRE) possesses anti-metastatic activity and whether it inhibits cancer motility via inhibition of vimentin and the EMT program. Several formulations of sWRE were created to enrich for Withaferin A and a stock solution of sWRE in EtOH could recover over 90% of the Withaferin A found in the original extract powder. This sWRE formulation inhibited breast cancer cell motility and invasion at concentrations less than 1µM while having negligible cytotoxicity at this dose. sWRE treatment disrupted vimentin morphology in cell lines, confirming its vimentin inhibitory activity. To determine if sWRE inhibited EMT, TGF-β was used to induce EMT in MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells. In this case, sWRE prevented EMT induction and inhibited 3-D spheroid invasion. These studies were taken into a human xenograft and mouse mammary carcinoma model. In both models, sWRE and Withaferin A showed dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic lung nodule formation with minimal systemic toxicity. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that low concentrations of sWRE inhibit cancer metastasis potentially through EMT inhibition. Moreover, these doses of sWRE have nearly no toxicity in normal mouse organs, suggesting the potential for clinical use of orally administered WRE capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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36
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Ding SZ, Yang YX, Li XL, Michelli-Rivera A, Han SY, Wang L, Pratheeshkumar P, Wang X, Lu J, Yin YQ, Budhraja A, Hitron AJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:61-71. [PMID: 23518002 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an important human carcinogen associated with pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Exposure to Cr(VI) induces DNA damage, cell morphological change and malignant transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, it is also not known if Cr(VI)-induced transformation might accompany with invasive properties to facilitate metastasis. We aimed to study Cr(VI)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells. The results showed that Cr(VI) at low doses represses E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression, enhances mesenchymal marker vimentin expression and transforms the epithelial cell into fibroblastoid morphology. Cr(VI) also increases cell invasion and promotes colony formation. Further studies indicated that Cr(VI) uses multiple mechanisms to repress E-cadherin expression, including activation of E-cadherin repressors such as Slug, ZEB1, KLF8 and enhancement the binding of HDAC1 in E-cadherin gene promoter, but DNA methylation is not responsible for the loss of E-cadherin. Catalase reduces Cr(VI)-induced E-cadherin and vimentin protein expression, attenuates cell invasion in matrigel and colony formation on soft agar. These results demonstrate that exposure to a common human carcinogen, Cr(VI), induces EMT and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells and implicate in cancer metastasis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ze Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Wei-Wu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China.
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