1
|
Ooi LC, Ho V, Zhu JZ, Lim S, Chung L, Abubakar A, Rutland T, Chua W, Ng W, Lee M, Morgan M, MacKenzie S, Lee CS. p21 as a Predictor and Prognostic Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Rectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:725. [PMID: 38255799 PMCID: PMC10815780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle plays a key and complex role in the development of human cancers. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) involved in the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the regulation of cellular senescence. Altered p21 expression in rectal cancer cells may affect tumor cells' behavior and resistance to neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Our study aimed to ascertain the relationship between the differential expression of p21 in rectal cancer and patient survival outcomes. Using tissue microarrays, 266 rectal cancer specimens were immunohistochemically stained for p21. The expression patterns were scored separately in cancer cells retrieved from the center and the periphery of the tumor; compared with clinicopathological data, tumor regression grade (TRG), disease-free, and overall survival. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was significantly associated with longer overall survival upon the univariate (p = 0.001) and multivariable analysis (p = 0.003, HR = 2.068). Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was also associated with longer disease-free survival in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.040, HR = 1.769). Longer overall survival times also correlated with lower tumor grades (p= 0.011), the absence of vascular and perineural invasion (p = 0.001; p < 0.005), the absence of metastases (p < 0.005), and adjuvant treatment (p = 0.009). p21 expression is a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes in rectal cancer patients. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells demonstrated significant association with longer overall survival and disease-free survival. Larger prospective studies are warranted to investigate the ability of p21 to identify rectal cancer patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ching Ooi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Jing Zhou Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Stephanie Lim
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Liping Chung
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Askar Abubakar
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Tristan Rutland
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Wei Chua
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Weng Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Mark Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Scott MacKenzie
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du YX, Mamun AA, Lyu AP, Zhang HJ. Natural Compounds Targeting the Autophagy Pathway in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087310. [PMID: 37108476 PMCID: PMC10138367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway by which misfolded proteins or damaged organelles are delivered in a double-membrane vacuolar vesicle and finally degraded by lysosomes. The risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is high, and there is growing evidence that autophagy plays a critical role in regulating the initiation and metastasis of CRC; however, whether autophagy promotes or suppresses tumor progression is still controversial. Many natural compounds have been reported to exert anticancer effects or enhance current clinical therapies by modulating autophagy. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in regulating CRC. We also highlight the research on natural compounds that are particularly promising autophagy modulators for CRC treatment with clinical evidence. Overall, this review illustrates the importance of autophagy in CRC and provides perspectives for these natural autophagy regulators as new therapeutic candidates for CRC drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xiao Du
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moxidectin induces autophagy arrest in colorectal cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:211. [PMID: 36175702 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cancer with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hence, developing new therapeutic drugs for CRC is very important. Moxidectin (MOX) has shown good anti-glioblastoma effect both in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-CRC effect of MOX and its potential mechanism by investigating the influence of MOX on the viability, apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy of colorectal cancer cells (HCT15 and SW620) and its underlying mechanisms. It was found that MOX can induce autophagy arrest, promote autophagy initiation, inhibit autophagic flux and cell proliferation, simultaneously PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and microtubule acetylation. Furthermore, MOX suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors, which was consistent with the in vitro results.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nuclear Beclin 1 Destabilizes Retinoblastoma Protein to Promote Cell Cycle Progression and Colorectal Cancer Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194735. [PMID: 36230664 PMCID: PMC9563141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of autophagy core-protein Beclin 1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) development remains controversial. Here, we show that nuclear Beclin 1 is up-regulated in CRC with a negative correlation to RB protein expression. Silencing of BECN1 up-regulates RB expression resulting in cell cycle G1 arrest and inhibition of xenograft tumor growth independent of p53. Ablation of BECN1 facilitates MDM2–MDMX complex formation to promote MDMX polyubiquitination and degradation, consequently leading to RB protein stabilization. These results reveal that nuclear Beclin 1 can promote CRC growth through modulation of RB protein stability and imply that nuclear Beclin 1 may be a prognostic indicator in human colorectal cancer. Abstract Autophagy is elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is generally associated with poor prognosis. However, the role of autophagy core-protein Beclin 1 remains controversial in CRC development. Here, we show that the expression of nuclear Beclin 1 protein is upregulated in CRC with a negative correlation to retinoblastoma (RB) protein expression. Silencing of BECN1 upregulates RB resulting in cell cycle G1 arrest and growth inhibition of CRC cells independent of p53. Furthermore, ablation of BECN1 inhibits xenograft tumor growth through elevated RB expression and reduced autophagy, while simultaneous silencing of RB1 restores tumor growth but has little effect on autophagy. Mechanistically, knockdown of BECN1 promotes the complex formation of MDM2 and MDMX, resulting in MDM2-dependent MDMX instability and RB stabilization. Our results demonstrate that nuclear Beclin 1 can promote cell cycle progression through modulation of the MDM2/X-RB pathway and suggest that Beclin 1 promotes CRC development by facilitating both cell cycle progression and autophagy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng Y, Wu L, Ding Q, Yu H. AGXT2L1 is downregulated in carcinomas of the digestive system. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1318-1326. [PMID: 32724374 PMCID: PMC7377163 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 1 (AGXT2L1) is a modulator of phospholipid metabolism, and its role in tumor biology is obscure. Previously, significant downregulation of AGXT2L1 has been observed in hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate AGXT2L1 expression and its association with the clinical characteristics of common carcinomas of the digestive system. In the present study, the expression levels of AGXT2L1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining in colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer tissues. The associations between AGXT2L1 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed using public gene expression datasets. Small interfering RNA was transfected into SW480 and HCT116 cells to explore the role of AGXT2L1 in CRC cells. AGXT2L1 expression was significantly decreased in cancerous tissues compared with in normal tissues, and low AGXT2L1 expression was associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients. Furthermore, it was revealed that AGXT2L1 may regulate phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine metabolism in cancerous tissues, and that decreased AGXT2L1 expression could induce autophagy in CRC cells. Overall, the present study provides a basis for further understanding of the role of AGXT2L1 and its association with autophagy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qianshan Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mo S, Dai W, Xiang W, Li Y, Feng Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Cai G. Prognostic and predictive value of an autophagy-related signature for early relapse in stages I-III colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:861-870. [PMID: 30933267 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We postulated that expression differences of autophagy-related genes are instrumental in stratifying the risk of early relapse after surgery and evaluating the prognosis of patients with stages I-III colon cancer. Therefore, propensity score matching analysis was performed between patients in early relapse group and long-term survival group from GSE39582 test series and internal validation series. Using Cox regression model, a nine-autophagy-related signature (CAPN2, ATG16L2, TP63, SIRT1, RPS6KB1, PEX3, ATG5, UVRAG, NAF1) was established to classify patients into those at high risk of early relapse (high-risk group), and those at low risk of early relapse (low-risk group). Relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly different between the two groups in test [hazard ratio (HR): 2.019, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.362-2.992, P < 0.001], internal validation (HR: 2.464, 95% CI: 1.196-5.079, P < 0.001) and another two external validation series (GSE14333-HR: 2.250, 95% CI: 1.227-4.126, P = 0.007; GSE33113-HR: 5.552, 95% CI: 2.098-14.693, P < 0.001). Then, based on RFS, we developed a nomogram, integrating the nine-autophagy-related classifier and four clinicopathological risk factors to evaluate prognosis of stages I-III colon cancer patients. Time-dependent receiver operating curve at 2 years showed that the integrated signature (area under curve = 0.758) had better prognostic accuracy than American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM stage (area under curve = 0.620). In conclusion, we identified and built a nine-autophagy-related signature, a credible approach to early relapse prediction in stages I-III colon cancer patients, which can assist physicians in devising more efficient therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Mo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Dai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He Y, Zhang L, Tan F, Wang LF, Liu DH, Wang RJ, Yin XZ. MiR-153-5p promotes sensibility of colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin via targeting Bcl-2-mediated autophagy pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1645-1651. [PMID: 32380907 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1760784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is one of the effective chemotherapeutic drugs for colorectal cancer (CRC). Further investigation into the molecular mechanism of chemoresistance could improve outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer. Recently, microRNAs have been reported as a key in drug resistance of tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-153-5p in L-OHP-resistant CRC cells, and its underlying mechanism. Downregulation of miR-153-5p was observed in CRC cells, while upregulation of miR-153-5p enhances the chemosensitivity of CRC/L-OHP cells. The autophagy of CRC/L-OHP cells was markedly increased after exposure to L-OHP but abolished by the upregulation of miR-153-5p. Dual-luciferase reporter assays validated that Bcl-2 was a direct target of miR-153-5p. In conclusion, our data suggested that miR-153-5p was a mediator of cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer by affecting Bcl-2-mediated autophagy, indicating a new therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Intravenous drugs dispensing center, Ganzhou People's Hospital , Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The FirstPeople's Hospital of Xiantao , Xiantao, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Intravenous drugs dispensing center, Ganzhou People's Hospital , Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Intravenous drugs dispensing center, Ganzhou People's Hospital , Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - De-Hui Liu
- Intravenous drugs dispensing center, Ganzhou People's Hospital , Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong-Juan Wang
- Intravenous drugs dispensing center, Ganzhou People's Hospital , Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiong-Zhang Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen L, Fu H, Lu T, Cai J, Liu W, Yao J, Liang J, Zhao H, Zhang J, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Yang Y. An Integrated Nomogram Combining Clinical Factors and Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3B Expression to Predict Postoperative Prognosis in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 52:469-480. [PMID: 31588704 PMCID: PMC7176971 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) serves as a key
component of autophagy, which is associated with the progression of
carcinoma. Yet, it is still unclear whether LC3B is also an independent risk
factor for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). We aim to explore the
predictive value of LC3B on prognosis of ICC, and to establish a novel and
available nomogram to predict relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall
survival (OS) for these patients after curative-intent hepatectomy. Materials and Methods From August 2004 to March 2017, 105 ICC patients were eligibly enrolled in
the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Preoperative
clinical information of enrolled patients was collected. Expression LC3B in
the ICC specimen was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The 5-year RFS and OS in this cohort were 15.7% and 29.6%, respectively. On
multivariate Cox regression analysis, independent risk factors for 5-year OS
were cancer antigen 125, microvascular invasion, LC3B expression and lymph
node metastasis. Except for the above 4 factors, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio
and tumor differentiation were independent factors for 5-year RFS. The area
under the curve of nomograms for OS and RFS were 0.820 and 0.747,
respectively. Conclusion The nomograms based on LC3B can be considered as effective models to predict
postoperative survival for ICC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyuan Fu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongyu Lu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinliang Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiebin Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingcai Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bretin L, Pinon A, Bouramtane S, Ouk C, Richard L, Perrin ML, Chaunavel A, Carrion C, Bregier F, Sol V, Chaleix V, Leger DY, Liagre B. Photodynamic Therapy Activity of New Porphyrin-Xylan-Coated Silica Nanoparticles in Human Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101474. [PMID: 31575052 PMCID: PMC6826978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using porphyrins has been approved for treatment of several solid tumors due to the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, low physiological solubility and lack of selectivity towards tumor sites are the main limitations of their clinical use. Nanoparticles are able to spontaneously accumulate in solid tumors through an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect due to leaky vasculature, poor lymphatic drainage, and increased vessel permeability. Herein, we proved the added value of nanoparticle vectorization on anticancer efficacy and tumor-targeting by 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (TPPOH). Using 80 nm silica nanoparticles (SNPs) coated with xylan-TPPOH conjugate (TPPOH-X), we first showed very significant phototoxic effects of TPPOH-X SNPs mediated by post-PDT ROS generation and stronger cell uptake in human colorectal cancer cell lines compared to free TPPOH. Additionally, we demonstrated apoptotic cell death induced by TPPOH-X SNPs-PDT and the interest of autophagy inhibition to increase anticancer efficacy. Finally, we highlighted in vivo, without toxicity, elevated anticancer efficacy of TPPOH-X SNPs through improvement of tumor-targeting compared to a free TPPOH protocol. Our work demonstrated for the first time the strong anticancer efficacy of TPPOH in vitro and in vivo and the merit of SNPs vectorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bretin
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Aline Pinon
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Soukaina Bouramtane
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, Université de Limoges 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Ouk
- BISCEm Pôle Cytométrie en flux/Microscopie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Laurence Richard
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges 2, Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Perrin
- Laboratoire Bio EM XLIM UMR CNRS 7252, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Alain Chaunavel
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges 2, Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Claire Carrion
- BISCEm Pôle Cytométrie en flux/Microscopie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Frédérique Bregier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, Université de Limoges 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, Université de Limoges 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Vincent Chaleix
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences & Techniques, Université de Limoges 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - David Yannick Leger
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges 2, Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adenine Inhibits the Growth of Colon Cancer Cells via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediated Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9151070. [PMID: 31611925 PMCID: PMC6757274 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9151070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Adenine is involved in a variety of cell biological processes and has been explored for pharmacological uses. Its therapeutic use for managing cancer is of great interest. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of adenine and the underlying mechanism in colon cancer cells. Methods Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Levels of phosphorylation and protein expression were determined using western blotting. qPCR was carried out to determine the changes in mRNA expression of genes of interest. Results Adenine significantly inhibited the viability of colon cancer cells, HT29 and Caco-2 cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Adenine induced significant apoptosis in HT29 cells, whereas Caco-2 cells exhibited less apoptotic responses. The data showed that adenine activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling contributing to autophagic cell death through mTOR in both colon cancer cell lines. Conclusions Our findings suggest that adenine inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Anticancer activity of adenine in colon cancer cells is attributable to the activation of apoptotic signaling and in turn the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Adenine represents a natural compound with anticancer potency.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu C, Ji L, Song X. Long non coding RNA UCA1 contributes to the autophagy and survival of colorectal cancer cells via sponging miR-185-5p to up-regulate the WISP2/β-catenin pathway. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14160-14166. [PMID: 35519332 PMCID: PMC9064001 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimated number of new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) will increase to 140 250 in 2018 worldwide. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) has recently been shown to be dysregulated in CRC, which plays an important role in the progression of CRC. However, the biological role and the underling mechanism of UCA1 in the carcinogenesis of CRC remain unclear. Herein, we found that UCA1 was aberrantly upregulated in two CRC cell lines (SW620 and HT29) compared to colorectal cell CCD-18Co. UCA1 knockdown inhibited the apoptosis, growth and autophagy of CRC cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, UCA1 could act as an endogenous sponge by directly interacting with miR-185-5p and downregulation miR-185-5p expression. In addition, UCA1 could reverse the inhibitory effect of miR-185-5p on the growth and autophagy of CRC cells, which might be involved in the derepression of member 1 (WNT1)-inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2, a target gene of miR-185-5p) expression and the activation of the WISP2/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo, the present study elucidates a novel UCA1-miR-185-5p-WISP2-Wnt/β-catenin axis in CRC, which may help us to understand the pathogenesis and the feasibility of lncRNA-directed diagnosis and therapy of CRC. The estimated number of new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) will increase to 140 250 in 2018 worldwide.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University No. 43 North Street Yan'an 716000 Shaanxi China +86 09112881486
| | - Le Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University No. 43 North Street Yan'an 716000 Shaanxi China +86 09112881486
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University No. 43 North Street Yan'an 716000 Shaanxi China +86 09112881486
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Skarkova V, Kralova V, Vitovcova B, Rudolf E. Selected Aspects of Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinoma-A Focus on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030234. [PMID: 30871055 PMCID: PMC6468859 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been found in all malignant tumors including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nowadays chemoresistance is understood as a major reason for therapy failure, with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading ultimately to the patient's premature death. The chemotherapy-related resistance of malignant colonocytes may be manifested in diverse mechanisms that may exist both prior to the onset of the therapy or after it. The ultimate function of this chemoresistance is to ensure the survival of malignant cells through continuing adaptation within an organism, therefore, the nature and spectrum of cell-survival strategies in CRC represent a highly significant target of scientific inquiry. Among these survival strategies employed by CRC cells, three unique but significantly linked phenomena stand out-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cell death. In this mini-review, current knowledge concerning all three mechanisms including their emergence, timeline, regulation, and mutual relationships will be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Kralova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma L, Dong L, Chang P. CD44v6 engages in colorectal cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 30631039 PMCID: PMC6328617 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein. When the CD44 gene is expressed, its pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) can be alternatively spliced into mature mRNAs that encode several CD44 isoforms. The mRNA assembles with ten standard exons, and the sixth variant exon encodes CD44v6, which engages in a variety of biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, CD44v6 interacts with hyaluronic acid (HA) or osteopontin, or it acts as a coreceptor for various cytokines, such as epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and C-X-C motif chemokine 12. In this context, the receptor tyrosine kinase or G protein-coupled receptor-associated signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt, are activated. Using these actions, homeostasis or regeneration can be facilitated among normal tissues. However, overexpression of the mature mRNA encoding CD44v6 can induce cancer progression. For example, CD44v6 assists colorectal cancer stem cells in colonization, invasion, and metastasis. Overexpression of CD44v6 predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer, as patients with a large number of CD44v6-positive cells in their tumors are generally diagnosed at late stages. Thus, the clinical significance of CD44v6 in colorectal cancer deserves consideration. Preclinical results have indicated satisfactory efficacies of anti-CD44 therapy among several cancers, including prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. Moreover, clinical trials aiming to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and toxicity of a commercialized anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody developed by Roche (RO5429083) have been conducted among patients with CD44-expressing malignant tumors, and a clinical trial focusing on the dose escalation of this antibody is ongoing. Thus, we are hopeful that anti-CD44 therapy will be applied in the treatment of colorectal cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China.
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu J, Li W, Ning J, Yu W, Rao T, Cheng F. Long noncoding RNA UCA1 targets miR-582-5p and contributes to the progression and drug resistance of bladder cancer cells through ATG7-mediated autophagy inhibition. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:495-508. [PMID: 30666128 PMCID: PMC6331189 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rently, the incidence of bladder cancer has been on the rise. Accumulating researches have been conducted to clarify the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of bladder cancer. The present study aims to explore the regulatory mechanism of the urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1)-miR-582-5p-ATG7 axis in bladder cancer. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA level. Relative protein expression was detected by western blot. wound healing assay and transwell were used to determine migration and invasion of cells. in addtion, luciferase reporter assay and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS UCA1 expression was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells, while the depletion of UCA1 by shRNA resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance. Further studies demonstrated that UCA1 could directly interact with miR-582-5p, and that there was an inverse correlation between miR-582-5p and UCA1. In addition, we found that ATG7 is a target of miR-582-5p and can be downregulated by either miR-582-5p overexpression or UCA1 knockdown. In particular, the autophagy is reduced when UCA1 shRNA is introduced. Moreover, the in vivo experiment further demonstrated the contribution of UCA1 in bladder cancer including tumor growth, invasion, and migration, and UCA1 knockdown can inhibit the aforementioned activities. CONCLUSION These results provided evidence for a novel UCA1 interaction regulatory network in bladder cancer, that is, UCA1-miR-582-5p-ATG7-autophagy axis. Our study provides a new insight into the treatment of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinzhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lai K, Matthews S, Wilmott JS, Killingsworth MC, Yong JL, Caixeiro NJ, Wykes J, Samakeh A, Forstner D, Lee M, McGuinness J, Niles N, Hong A, Ebrahimi A, Lee CS. Differences in LC3B expression and prognostic implications in oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:624. [PMID: 29859041 PMCID: PMC5984815 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the prognostic significance of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) expression in oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The prognostic significance of LC3B expression in relation to human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal SCC was also examined. Methods Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oropharyngeal (n = 47) and oral cavity (n = 95) SCC tissue blocks from patients with long-term recurrence and overall survival data (median = 47 months). LC3B expression on tumour was assessed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated for associations with clinicopathological variables. LC3B expression was stratified into high and low expression cohorts using ROC curves with Manhattan distance minimisation, followed by Kaplan–Meier and multivariable survival analyses. Interaction terms between HPV status and LC3B expression in oropharyngeal SCC patients were also examined by joint-effects and stratified analyses. Results Kaplan–Meier survival and univariate analyses revealed that high LC3B expression was correlated with poor overall survival in oropharyngeal SCC patients (p = 0.007 and HR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.31–7.71, p = 0.01 respectively). High LC3B expression was also an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival in oropharyngeal SCC patients (HR = 4.02, 95% CI 1.38–11.47, p = 0.011). In contrast, in oral cavity SCC, only disease-free survival remained statistically significant after univariate analysis (HR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.19–4.67, p = 0.014), although Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high LC3B expression correlated with poor overall and disease-free survival (p = 0.046 and 0.011 respectively). Furthermore, oropharyngeal SCC patients with HPV-negative/high LC3B expression were correlated with poor overall survival in both joint-effects and stratified presentations (p = 0.024 and 0.032 respectively). Conclusions High LC3B expression correlates with poor prognosis in oropharyngeal and oral cavity SCC, which highlights the importance of autophagy in these malignancies. High LC3B expression appears to be an independent prognostic marker for oropharyngeal SCC but not for oral cavity SCC patients. The difference in the prognostic significance of LC3B between oropharyngeal and oral cavity SCCs further supports the biological differences between these malignancies. The possibility that oropharyngeal SCC patients with negative HPV status and high LC3B expression were at particular risk of a poor outcome warrants further investigation in prospective studies with larger numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lai
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. .,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. .,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell St, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia.
| | - Slade Matthews
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Murray C Killingsworth
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jim L Yong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole J Caixeiro
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Wykes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Allan Samakeh
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dion Forstner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - John McGuinness
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Navin Niles
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Hong
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ardalan Ebrahimi
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Wang Y, Qian L, Wang X, Gu H, Dong X, Huang S, Jin M, Ge H, Xu C, Zhang Y. RNF216 contributes to proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer via suppressing BECN1-dependent autophagy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51174-51183. [PMID: 27203674 PMCID: PMC5239467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as an E3 ligase regulating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, ring finger protein 216 (RNF216) also plays an essential role in autophagy, which is fundamental to cellular homeostasis. Autophagy dysfunction leads to an array of pathological events, including tumor formation. In this study, we found that RNF216 was upregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cell lines, and was associated with progression of CRC. RNF216 promoted CRC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo, largely by enhancing proteasomal degradation of BECN1, a key autophagy regulator and tumor suppressor. RNF216 restricted CRC cell autophagy through BECN1 inhibition under nutritional starvation conditions. RNF216 knockdown increased the autophagy, limiting CRC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, BECN1 knockdown or autophagy inhibition restored proliferation and migration of RNF216-knockdown CRC cells. Collectively, our results suggested that RNF216 promoted CRC cell proliferation and migration by negatively regulating BECN1-dependent autophagy. This makes RNF216 as a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target for inhibiting CRC development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Congfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao C, Zheng K, Li Y, Xu H, Kang Q, Fan L, Hu X, Jin Z, Zeng Y, Kong X, Zhang J, Wu X, Wu H, Liu L, Xiao X, Wang Y, He Z. Gypenoside L inhibits autophagic flux and induces cell death in human esophageal cancer cells through endoplasm reticulum stress-mediated Ca2+ release. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47387-47402. [PMID: 27329722 PMCID: PMC5216949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Due to the increased drug and radiation tolerance, it is urgent to develop novel anticancer agent that triggers nonapoptotic cell death to compensate for apoptosis resistance. In this study, we show that treatment with gypenoside L (Gyp-L), a saponin isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, induced nonapoptotic, lysosome-associated cell death in human esophageal cancer cells. Gyp-L-induced cell death was associated with lysosomal swelling and autophagic flux inhibition. Mechanistic investigations revealed that through increasing the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Gyp-L triggered protein ubiquitination and endoplasm reticulum (ER) stress response, leading to Ca2+ release from ER inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-operated stores and finally cell death. Interestingly, there existed a reciprocal positive-regulatory loop between Ca2+ release and ER stress in response to Gyp-L. In addition, protein synthesis was critical for Gyp-L-mediated ER stress and cell death. Taken together, this work suggested a novel therapeutic option by Gyp-L through the induction of an unconventional ROS-ER-Ca2+-mediated cell death in human esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiangrong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoli Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuli Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mastorci K, Montico B, Faè DA, Sigalotti L, Ponzoni M, Inghirami G, Dolcetti R, Dal Col J. Phospholipid scramblase 1 as a critical node at the crossroad between autophagy and apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41913-41928. [PMID: 27248824 PMCID: PMC5173105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive haematological malignancy in which the response to therapy can be limited by aberrantly activated molecular and cellular pathways, among which autophagy was recently listed. Our study shows that the 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA)/Interferon(IFN)-α combination induces protective autophagy in MCL cell lines and primary cultures reducing the extent of drug-induced apoptosis. The treatment significantly up-regulates phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), a protein which bi-directionally flips lipids across membranes. In particular, RA/IFN-α combination concomitantly increases PLSCR1 transcription and controls PLSCR1 protein levels via lysosomal degradation. Herein we describe a new function for PLSCR1 as negative regulator of autophagy. Indeed, PLSCR1 overexpression reduced MCL cell susceptibility to autophagy induced by RA/IFN-α, serum deprivation or mTOR pharmacological inhibition. Moreover, PLSCR1 can bind the ATG12/ATG5 complex preventing ATG16L1 recruitment and its full activation, as indicated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. The combination of doxorubicin or bortezomib with RA/IFN-α strengthened PLSCR1 up-regulation and enhanced apoptosis, as a likely consequence of the blockade of RA/IFN-α-induced autophagy. Immunohistochemical analysis of 32 MCL biopsies revealed heterogeneous expression of PLSCR1 and suggests its possible implication in the response to anticancer therapies, especially to drugs promoting protective autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Mastorci
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Barbara Montico
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Damiana A Faè
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit and Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessica Dal Col
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao H, Yang M, Zhao B. Beclin 1 and LC3 as predictive biomarkers for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59058-59067. [PMID: 28938618 PMCID: PMC5601714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-destructive process that disassembles dysfunctional or unnecessary cellular components. It plays an important role in cancer metastasis, which is of particular interest considering metastatic disease is the major cause of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) related mortality. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin 1 and Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) within surgical CRC specimens, first in a training cohort (205 patients), then in an inner validation cohort (160 patients) and an independent cohort (161 patients). The expressions of Beclin 1 and LC3 were lower in metastatic CRC compared with non-metastatic CRC. Furthermore, we developed an autophagy-based classifier for metastatic prediction. This classifier, including Beclin 1, LC3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, resulted in 82.9% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity for metastatic detection in the training cohort. In the independent cohort, it achieved 77.9% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity in predicting the metastasis of CRC. These results suggested that low expression of Beclin 1 and LC3 contributed to a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype, and our autophagy-based classifier was a reliable tool for metastatic prediction in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Maopeng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lai K, Killingsworth M, Yong J, Matthews S, Ebrahimi A, McGuinness J, Ngo Q, Caixeiro N, Hong A, Lee CS. Specific localization of LC3B in autophagosome: A correlative labelling study with nanoparticle in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:422-427. [PMID: 28506764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lai
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Murray Killingsworth
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jim Yong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Slade Matthews
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ardalan Ebrahimi
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - John McGuinness
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Quan Ngo
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Caixeiro
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Hong
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sydney South West Pathology Service (SSWPS) Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sambandam Y, Sakamuri S, Balasubramanian S, Haque A. RANK Ligand Modulation of Autophagy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:118-25. [PMID: 26095774 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process to recycle nutrients and has been implicated in cancer treatment. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer which ranks 3% of cancers in men and 2% in women. In this study, immunohistochemical staining of OSCC tumor specimens from human subjects and an athymic mouse model demonstrated high levels of autophagy markers LC3-II and ATG5 expression. Further, we identified high levels LC3-II expression in OSCC tumor cell lines (SCC-1, SCC-12, and SCC-14a) compared to normal human epithelial (RWPE-1) cells. OSCC cells express high levels of RANK ligand (RANKL); however, a functional role in autophagy is unknown. Interestingly, RANKL stimulation significantly increased autophagosome-related gene expressions such as LC3, ATG5, BECN1, and PI3KC3 mRNA expression in OSCC cells. Further, Western blot analysis of total cell lysates demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in LC3-II and ATG5 expression in RANKL-stimulated cells. In addition, RANKL increased expression of LC3-I and LC3-II, essential for autophagosome formation. Confocal microscopy analysis of LC3-II and localization with lysosome further confirms autophagosome formation in response to RANKL treatment in OSCC cells. Collectively, our results indicate a novel function of RANKL to induce autophagosome formation, and could be a potential therapeutic target to control OSCC tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Sambandam
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | - Sashank Sakamuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | | | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sumis A, Cook KL, Andrade FO, Hu R, Kidney E, Zhang X, Kim D, Carney E, Nguyen N, Yu W, Bouker KB, Cruz I, Clarke R, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Social isolation induces autophagy in the mouse mammary gland: link to increased mammary cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:839-56. [PMID: 27550962 PMCID: PMC5894876 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a strong predictor of early all-cause mortality and consistently increases breast cancer risk in both women and animal models. Because social isolation increases body weight, we compared its effects to those caused by a consumption of obesity-inducing diet (OID) in C57BL/6 mice. Social isolation and OID impaired insulin and glucose sensitivity. In socially isolated, OID-fed mice (I-OID), insulin resistance was linked to reduced Pparg expression and increased neuropeptide Y levels, but in group-housed OID fed mice (G-OID), it was linked to increased leptin and reduced adiponectin levels, indicating that the pathways leading to insulin resistance are different. Carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis was significantly higher in I-OID mice than in the other groups, but cancer risk was also increased in socially isolated, control diet-fed mice (I-C) and G-OID mice compared with that in controls. Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling (GRP78; IRE1) was upregulated in the mammary glands of OID-fed mice, but not in control diet-fed, socially isolated I-C mice. In contrast, expression of BECLIN1, ATG7 and LC3II were increased, and p62 was downregulated by social isolation, indicating increased autophagy. In the mammary glands of socially isolated mice, but not in G-OID mice, mRNA expressions of p53 and the p53-regulated autophagy inducer Dram1 were upregulated, and nuclear p53 staining was strong. Our findings further indicated that autophagy and tumorigenesis were not increased in Atg7(+/-) mice kept in social isolation and fed OID. Thus, social isolation may increase breast cancer risk by inducing autophagy, independent of changes in body weight.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Diet
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Female
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/psychology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Social Isolation
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sumis
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine L Cook
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of SurgeryWake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fabia O Andrade
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emma Kidney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dominic Kim
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elissa Carney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kerrie B Bouker
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Idalia Cruz
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang HY, Ma YD, Zhang Y, Cui J, Wang ZM. Elevated levels of autophagy-related marker ULK1 and mitochondrion-associated autophagy inhibitor LRPPRC are associated with biochemical progression and overall survival after androgen deprivation therapy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:383-389. [PMID: 27679555 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the expression levels and prognostic significance of autophagy-related markers, UNC-51-like kinase1 (ULK1), Beclin1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) and mitochondrion-associated autophagy inhibitor, LRPPRC, in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). METHODS Expressions of ULK1, Beclin1, LC3, ATG5 and LRPPRC were assessed by immunohistochemical examination in 198 patients with metastatic PCa who were receiving ADT (goserelin and bicalutamide). RESULTS High expression levels of LRPPRC and ULK1were significantly associated with Gleason score, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, PSA levels after ADT and number of metastatic sites. High expression of ULK1 in patients with concomitant high expression of LRPPRC was significantly associated with multiple metastases, shorter biochemical progression (BCP)-free survival and shorter overall survival (OS). ULK1 expression, LRPPRC expression, Gleason score, PSA levels after ADT and number of metastatic sites were independently associated with shorter BCP-free survival and OS on multivariate analysis. Furthermore, two-year BCP rate of patients with ≥3 risk factors was found to be significantly higher as compared with that of patients with ≤1 and 2 risk factors. Three-year OS rate in patients with ≥3 risk factors was significantly lower than that of those with ≤1 and 2 risk factors. CONCLUSIONS High expression of ULK1 concomitant with high expression of LRPPRC may serve as useful markers for shorter BCP-free survival and OS in patients with metastatic PCa after ADT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Ma
- Department of Urology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Urology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wiersma VR, de Bruyn M, Wei Y, van Ginkel RJ, Hirashima M, Niki T, Nishi N, Zhou J, Pouwels SD, Samplonius DF, Nijman HW, Eggleton P, Helfrich W, Bremer E. The epithelial polarity regulator LGALS9/galectin-9 induces fatal frustrated autophagy in KRAS mutant colon carcinoma that depends on elevated basal autophagic flux. Autophagy 2016; 11:1373-88. [PMID: 26086204 PMCID: PMC4590647 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutation of KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) in colorectal cancer (CRC) confers resistance to both chemotherapy and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-targeted therapy. We uncovered that KRAS mutant (KRASmut) CRC is uniquely sensitive to treatment with recombinant LGALS9/Galectin-9 (rLGALS9), a recently established regulator of epithelial polarity. Upon treatment of CRC cells, rLGALS9 rapidly internalizes via early- and late-endosomes and accumulates in the lysosomal compartment. Treatment with rLGALS9 is accompanied by induction of frustrated autophagy in KRASmut CRC, but not in CRC with BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) mutations (BRAFmut). In KRASmut CRC, rLGALS9 acts as a lysosomal inhibitor that inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion, leading to autophagosome accumulation, excessive lysosomal swelling and cell death. This antitumor activity of rLGALS9 directly correlates with elevated basal autophagic flux in KRASmut cancer cells. Thus, rLGALS9 has potent antitumor activity toward refractory KRASmut CRC cells that may be exploitable for therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Wiersma
- a University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Surgery; Translational Surgical Oncology ; Groningen , The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Autophagy-based survival prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7084-103. [PMID: 25762626 PMCID: PMC4466671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in cancers is controversial. Here we aim to determine the prognostic significance of autophagy in colorectal carcinoma patients, thereby allowing more rational development of therapeutic strategies. Through transmission electron microscopy, our data first demonstrated high frequency of defective mitochondria was strongly associated with poor overall survival in colorectal carcinoma. Next immunohistochemical study showed the expressions of Beclin 1, LC3B and Bcl-xL in both the center of tumor and adjacent noncancerous mucosal region were also correlated with overall survivals. We developed an autophagy signature for prognosis based on these three major autophagic proteins, further analysis suggested it was an independent prognostic biomarker and had its value even within single clinical stage. Combined TNM stage and this signature could significantly improve the accuracy of survival prognosis. To validate these immunohistochemical results, an internal testing cohort and an independent population were also included. Our findings suggest that autophagy plays an important role in the clinical cancer progression. Therefore autophagic proteins may be valuable prognostic biomarkers in the therapy of colorectal carcinoma and possibly other types of cancers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Upregulation of CD44v6 contributes to acquired chemoresistance via the modulation of autophagy in colon cancer SW480 cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8811-24. [PMID: 26747179 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD44 isoform containing variant exon v6 (CD44v6) plays an important role in the progression, metastasis, and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, it was found that CD44v6 is involved in acquired drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of CD44v6 in the resistance of CRC cells to chemotherapy. A stable CD44v6 overexpression model in SW480 cells was established via lentiviral transduction. The chemosensitivity of cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) was determined by cell counting kit (CCK)-8, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and colony formation assays. Immunohistochemical staining of CD44v6 was performed in human CRC tissues. The key components in cell apoptosis, drug efflux and metabolism, mismatch repair, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the PI3K-Akt and MAPK-Ras-Erk1/2 pathways were assessed using flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blot assays. The CD44v6 overexpression cells showed a higher viability, a lower LDH release rate, and an increased clonogenicity than the control cells under drug treatment. Moreover, overexpression of CD44v6 resulted in enhanced autophagy flux, EMT, and phosphorylation of Akt and Erk in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, high CD44v6 expression in the primary tumor was closely associated with an early recurrence in CRC patients who underwent curative surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, overexpression of CD44v6 contributes to chemoresistance in SW480 cells under cytotoxic stress via the modulation of autophagy, EMT, and activation of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK-Ras-Erk pathways.
Collapse
|
27
|
Koehler BC, Jassowicz A, Scherr AL, Lorenz S, Radhakrishnan P, Kautz N, Elssner C, Weiss J, Jaeger D, Schneider M, Schulze-Bergkamen H. Pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor Obatoclax is a potent late stage autophagy inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells independent of canonical autophagy signaling. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:919. [PMID: 26585594 PMCID: PMC4653869 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy in humans and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved cellular process by which cells collect unnecessary organelles or misfolded proteins and subsequently degrade them in vesicular structures in order to refuel cells with energy. Dysregulation of the complex autophagy signaling network has been shown to contribute to the onset and progression of cancer in various models. The Bcl-2 family of proteins comprises central regulators of apoptosis signaling and has been linked to processes involved in autophagy. The antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins have been identified as promising anticancer drug targets and small molecules inhibiting those proteins are in clinical trials. METHODS Flow cytometry and colorimetric assays were used to assess cell growth and cell death. Long term 3D cell culture was used to assess autophagy in a tissue mimicking environment in vitro. RNA interference was applied to modulate autophagy signaling. Immunoblotting and q-RT PCR were used to investigate autophagy signaling. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect autophagosome formation and autophagy flux. RESULTS This study demonstrates that autophagy inhibition by obatoclax induces cell death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in an autophagy prone environment. Here, we demonstrate that pan-Bcl-2 inhibition by obatoclax causes a striking, late stage inhibition of autophagy in CRC cells. In contrast, ABT-737, a Mcl-1 sparing Bcl-2 inhibitor, failed to interfere with autophagy signaling. Accumulation of p62 as well as Light Chain 3 (LC3) was observed in cells treated with obatoclax. Autophagy inhibition caused by obatoclax is further augmented in stressful conditions such as starvation. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy caused by obatoclax is independent of the essential pro-autophagy proteins Beclin-1, Atg7 and Atg12. CONCLUSIONS The objective of this study was to dissect the contribution of Bcl-2 proteins to autophagy in CRC cells and to explore the potential of Bcl-2 inhibitors for autophagy modulation. Collectively, our data argue for a Beclin-1 independent autophagy inhibition by obatoclax. Based on this study, we recommend the concept of autophagy inhibition as therapeutic strategy for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christian Koehler
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adam Jassowicz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Scherr
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Lorenz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Kautz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christin Elssner
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine II, Marien-Hospital, Wesel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancer treatment--The state of the art in preclinical research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:158-174. [PMID: 26238625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used in many different oncologic fields. Also in gastroenterology, where have been a few attempts to treat both the premalignant lesion and advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). This review aims to give a general overview of preclinical photodynamic studies related to CRC cells and animal studies of photodynamic effects related to CRC treatment to emphasize their potential in study of PDT mechanism, safety and efficiency to translate these results into clinical benefit in CRC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHOD Literature on in vitro preclinical photodynamic studies related to CRC cells and animal studies of photodynamic effects related to CRC treatment with the fallowing medical subject headings search terms: colorectal cancer, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizer(s), in vitro, cell culture(s), in vivo, animal experiment(s). The articles were selected by their relevance to the topic. RESULTS The majority of preclinical studies concerning possibility of PDT application in colon and rectal cancer is focused on phototoxic action of photosensitizers toward cultured colorectal tumor cells in vitro. The purposes of animal experiments are usually elucidation of mechanisms of observed photodynamic effects in scale of organism, estimation of PDT safety and efficiency and translation of these results into clinical benefit. CONCLUDING REMARKS In vitro photodynamic studies and animal experiments can be useful for studies of mechanisms and efficiency of photodynamic method as a start point on PDT clinical research. The primary disadvantage of in vitro experiments is a risk of over-interpretation of their results during extrapolation to the entire CRC.
Collapse
|
29
|
The natural product peiminine represses colorectal carcinoma tumor growth by inducing autophagic cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
PIK3CA encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which through its role in the PI3K/Akt pathway is important for the regulation of important cellular functions such as proliferation, metabolism and protein synthesis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Mutations in PIK3CA are known to be involved in a wide range of human cancers and mutant PIK3CA is thought to act as an oncogene. The specific PIK3CA inhibitor, NVP-BYL719, has displayed promising results in cancer therapy and is currently under clinical trials. Furthermore, PI3K regulates autophagy, a cellular process that recycles proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation and has recently been recognised as an attractive therapeutic target due to its pro- and anti-cancer properties. Several studies have attempted to investigate the effects of combining the inhibition of both PI3K and autophagy in cancer therapy, and an in vivo model has demonstrated that the combined use of a concomitant PI3K and autophagy inhibitor induced apoptosis in glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lai
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M C Killingsworth
- Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C S Lee
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Cancer Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim J, Shin J, Ha J. Screening methods for AMP-activated protein kinase modulators: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:261-77. [PMID: 25535089 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.995626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a cellular energy gauge that maintains cellular homeostasis and has been suggested to play important roles in tumorigenesis, lifespan and autophagy. Accordingly, AMPK is a potential target of drugs for controlling a growing number of human diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to cancer, highlighting the need for rational and robust screening systems for identifying compounds that modulate AMPK. AREAS COVERED The relevant screening methods in the patent and scientific literature were analyzed, and key features of direct AMPK modulators are discussed in the context of their physiological relevance and the three-dimensional structure of the AMPK complex. EXPERT OPINION The mechanism of action of modulators is important in designing drugs with enhanced efficacy, specificity and stability. Most patented assay formats for identifying AMPK modulators are based on classical enzyme assays that monitor AMPK activity or changes in AMPK-dependent cellular physiology. However, these systems do not provide information about underlying mechanisms. Two patented assay systems use a specific domain or the three-dimensional structure of AMPK to identify AMPK modulators. The recent identification of two AMPK modulators, A-769662 and C-2 (or its prodrug, C-13), suggests the promise of structure-based assays in discovering more potent and specific modulators of AMPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- Kyung Hee University, School of Dentistry, Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chetty R, Montgomery EA, Lee CS. Gastrointestinal pathology: recent developments and concepts. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:847. [PMID: 25473686 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|