1
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Shih P, Ding P, Carter SM, Stanaway F, Horvath AR, Langguth D, Saad M, St John A, Bell K. Direct-to-consumer tests advertised online in Australia and their implications for medical overuse: systematic online review and a typology of clinical utility. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074205. [PMID: 38151277 PMCID: PMC10759116 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to map the range and variety of direct-to-consumer (DTC) tests advertised online in Australia and analyse their potential clinical utility and implications for medical overuse. DESIGN Systematic online search of DTC test products in Google and Google Shopping. DTC test advertisements data were collected and analysed to develop a typology of potential clinical utility of the tests at population level, assessing their potential benefits and harms using available evidence, informed by concepts of medical overuse. RESULTS We identified 484 DTC tests (103 unique products), ranging from $A12.99 to $A1947 in cost (mean $A197.83; median $A148.50). Using our typology, we assigned the tests into one of four categories: tests with potential clinical utility (10.7%); tests with limited clinical utility (30.6%); non-evidence-based commercial 'health checks' (41.9%); and tests whose methods and/or target conditions are not recognised by the general medical community (16.7%). Of the products identified, 56% did not state that they offered pretest or post-test consultation, and 51% did not report analytical performance of the test or laboratory accreditation. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-Australia study shows most DTC tests sold online have low potential clinical utility, with healthy consumers constituting the main target market. Harms may be caused by overdiagnosis, high rates of false positives and treatment decisions led by non-evidence-based tests, as well as financial costs of unnecessary and inappropriate testing. Regulatory mechanisms should demand a higher standard of evidence of clinical utility and efficacy for DTC tests. Better transparency and reporting of health outcomes, and the development of decision-support resources for consumers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti Shih
- School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pauline Ding
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacy M Carter
- School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Stanaway
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea R Horvath
- NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daman Langguth
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mirette Saad
- Australian Clinical Labs, Victorian Central Laboratory Headquarters, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Katy Bell
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Lemke LK, Cicali EJ, Williams R, Nguyen KA, Cavallari LH, Wiisanen K. Clinician Response to Pharmacogenetic Clinical Decision Support Alerts. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1350-1357. [PMID: 37716912 PMCID: PMC10726431 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize clinician response following standardization of pharmacogenetic (PGx) clinical decision support alerts at University of Florida (UF) Health. A retrospective analysis of all PGx alerts that fired at a tertiary academic medical center from August 2020 through May 2022 was performed. Alert acceptance rate was calculated and compared across six gene-drug pairs, patient care setting, and clinician specialty. The disposition of the triggering medication was compared with the alert response and evaluated for congruence. There were a total of 818 alerts included for analysis of alert response, 557 alerts included in acceptance rate calculations, and 392 alerts with sufficient information to assess clinical response. The overall acceptance rate was 63%. The alert response and clinical response were congruent for 47% of alerts. Alert response was influenced by the triggering gene-drug pair, clinician specialty, patient care setting, and specialty of the provider who initially ordered the PGx test. Clinical response was mostly incongruent with alert response. Alert acceptance is influenced by the triggering gene-drug pair, clinician specialty, and care setting. Alert response is not a reliable surrogate marker for clinical action. Any future research into the impact of clinical decision support (CDS) alerts should focus on clinical response rather than alert response. Given the reliance on CDS alerts to enhance uptake of PGx, it is worthwhile to further investigate their impact on prescribing and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Lemke
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Emily J Cicali
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Khoa A Nguyen
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Larisa H Cavallari
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kristin Wiisanen
- Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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3
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Cernat A, Bashir NS, Ungar WJ. Considerations for developing regulations for direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a scoping review using the 3-I framework. J Community Genet 2022; 13:155-170. [PMID: 35171498 PMCID: PMC8941003 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-022-00582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing exists largely outside of any regulatory schemes, and studies providing a comprehensive overview of the ethical, social, legal, and technological considerations for regulating these types of technologies are lacking. This paper uses the 3-I framework for policy analysis to analyze the ideas, interests, and institutions relevant to policy development for DTC genetic testing in North America and internationally. A scoping review was conducted. Citation databases were searched for papers addressing the ethical, social, legal, and technological implications of DTC genetic testing; stakeholder perspectives on and experiences with DTC genetic testing; or the effect of such testing on the healthcare system. Ninety-nine publications, organizational reports, governmental documents, or pieces of legislation were included. The ideas included are autonomy, informed decision making, privacy, and clinical validity and utility. The interests discussed are those of the public and healthcare providers. The institutions included are regulatory organizations such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, laws governing the implementation or delivery of genetic testing in general, and legislation created to protect against genetic discrimination. This analysis clarifies the ethical, social, legal, and technological issues of DTC genetic testing regulation. This information can be used by policy makers to develop or strengthen regulations for DTC genetic testing such as requiring an assessment of the clinical validity of tests before they become publicly available, controlling how tests are marketed, and stipulating requirements for healthcare provider involvement and informed consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cernat
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Naazish S Bashir
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Wendy J Ungar
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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4
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Barker CIS, Groeneweg G, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Rieder MJ, Hawcutt DB, Hubbard TJ, Swen JJ, Carleton BC. Pharmacogenomic testing in paediatrics: clinical implementation strategies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:4297-4310. [PMID: 34907575 PMCID: PMC9544158 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) relates to the study of genetic factors determining variability in drug response. Implementing PGx testing in paediatric patients can enhance drug safety, helping to improve drug efficacy or reduce the risk of toxicity. Despite its clinical relevance, the implementation of PGx testing in paediatric practice to date has been variable and limited. As with most paediatric pharmacological studies, there are well‐recognised barriers to obtaining high‐quality PGx evidence, particularly when patient numbers may be small, and off‐label or unlicensed prescribing remains widespread. Furthermore, trials enrolling small numbers of children can rarely, in isolation, provide sufficient PGx evidence to change clinical practice, so extrapolation from larger PGx studies in adult patients, where scientifically sound, is essential. This review paper discusses the relevance of PGx to paediatrics and considers implementation strategies from a child health perspective. Examples are provided from Canada, the Netherlands and the UK, with consideration of the different healthcare systems and their distinct approaches to implementation, followed by future recommendations based on these cumulative experiences. Improving the evidence base demonstrating the clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness of paediatric PGx testing will be critical to drive implementation forwards. International, interdisciplinary collaborations will enhance paediatric data collation, interpretation and evidence curation, while also supporting dedicated paediatric PGx educational initiatives. PGx consortia and paediatric clinical research networks will continue to play a central role in the streamlined development of effective PGx implementation strategies to help optimise paediatric pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte I S Barker
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Groeneweg
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Respiratory Medicine/Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael J Rieder
- Departments of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tim J Hubbard
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK.,Genomics England, London, UK
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Isbell TS. Direct-to-Consumer Tests on the Market Today: Identifying Valuable Tests from Those with Limited Utility. Clin Lab Med 2021; 40:13-23. [PMID: 32008636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Debate exists between the consumer and the health care provider when it comes to the value of direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing. At the heart of the issue is the observation that consumers are identifying value in DTC testing as evidenced by an expanding market, and health care providers are skeptical of their value from an analytical and clinical utility perspective. The aim of this article is to briefly review the subject of DTC testing with a specific focus on value from the perspective of the consumer and the health care provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Scott Isbell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Johengen EK, Ward KM, Coe AB, Pasternak AL. Assessing the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of primary care clinicians toward pharmacogenetics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen M. Ward
- Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Antoinette B. Coe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Amy L. Pasternak
- Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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7
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Perceptions of best practices for return of results in an international survey of psychiatric genetics researchers. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:231-240. [PMID: 33011736 PMCID: PMC7532738 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research sponsors and genetic researchers agree that some medically relevant genetic findings should be offered to participants. The scarcity of research specific to returning genetic results related to psychiatric disorders hinders the ability to develop ethically justified and empirically informed guidelines for responsible return of results for these conditions. We surveyed 407 psychiatric genetics researchers from 39 countries to examine their perceptions of challenges to returning individual results and views about best practices for the process of offering and returning results. Most researchers believed that disclosure of results should be delayed if a patient-participant is experiencing significant psychiatric symptoms. Respondents felt that there is little research on the impact of returning results to participants with psychiatric disorders and agreed that return of psychiatric genetics results to patient-participants may lead to discrimination by insurance companies or other third parties. Almost half of researchers believed results should be returned through a participant's treating psychiatrist, but many felt that clinicians lack knowledge about how to manage genetic research results. Most researchers thought results should be disclosed by genetic counselors or medical geneticists and in person; however, almost half also supported disclosure via telemedicine. This is the first global survey to examine the perspectives of researchers with experience working with this patient population and with these conditions. Their perspectives can help inform the development of much-needed guidelines to promote responsible return of results related to psychiatric conditions to patients with psychiatric disorders.
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8
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Yin Z, Song L, Clayton EW, Malin BA. Health and kinship matter: Learning about direct-to-consumer genetic testing user experiences via online discussions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238644. [PMID: 32898148 PMCID: PMC7478842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Millions of people have undergone direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT), but little is known about individuals' motivations and experiences (e.g., discussion topics and emotions after obtaining the test results) in engaging with DTC-GT services. Previous studies either involved only a small number of DTC-GT consumers or were based on hypothetical scenarios. Objective Our study aimed to fill this gap by investigating online discussions about DTC-GT that developed naturally among tens of thousands of social media users. Methods We focused on the posts that were published in the r/23andme and r/AncestryDNA subreddits, which correspond to the two companies with the largest number of consumers in the DTC-GT market. We applied computational methods to infer and examine the topics discussed, temporal trends in posting rates and themes (e.g., aggregation of related topics), and emotions expressed in these online forums. Results We collected 157,000 posts published by 16,500 Reddit users between 2013 and 2019. We found that the posting rates increased sharply after popular promotional events (e.g., each Amazon Prime Day and Black Friday) and most posts were inquiries into, or status updates about, testing progress. The inferred themes of Ancestral Origin and Kinship/Feelings were the two most frequently discussed, while discussions about the Health Risks theme focused primarily on submitting DTC-GT raw data to third parties for interpretation. The Kinship/Feelings theme exhibited the largest range of emotional response. A qualitative review of the posts with extreme emotions showed that some people became excited because they found their biological parents or other kin, while others became upset because they unexpectedly found that their parents or other kin were not biologically related to them. Conclusion This research demonstrates that online social media platforms can serve as a rich resource for characterizing actual DTC-GT experiences. The findings suggest that DTC-GT consumers' purchasing behaviors are associated with societal events and that future investigations should consider how DTC-GT challenges our understanding of kinship structure and function, genomic privacy, and the interpretation of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lijun Song
- Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ellen W Clayton
- Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley A Malin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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9
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McCarthy MJ, Chen Y, Demodena A, Fisher E, Golshan S, Suppes T, Kelsoe JR. Attitudes on pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatric patients with treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:842-850. [PMID: 32667102 PMCID: PMC7484047 DOI: 10.1002/da.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel technologies make it possible to incorporate pharmacogenetic testing into the medical management of depression. However, previous studies indicate that there may be a subset of subjects who have concerns about genetic testing and may be psychologically vulnerable. If so, pharmacogenetic testing in depressed subjects could negatively impact their mental health and undermine treatment goals. METHODS In this study, we developed a standardized instrument to assess motivations and attitudes around pharmacogenetic testing in a cohort of 170 depressed Veterans participating in a multi-center clinic trial. RESULTS Testing reveals that subjects were largely positive about the use of genetic testing to guide pharmacological treatment and help plan their future. Most subjects showed only modest concerns about the impact on family, inability to cope with the results, and fear of discrimination. The severity of depression did not predict the concern expressed about negative outcomes. However, non-Caucasian subjects were more likely on average to endorse concerns about poor coping and fear of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that while the overall risk is modest, some patients with depression may face psychosocial challenges in the context of pharmacogenetic testing. Future work should identify factors that predict distress and aim to tailor test results to different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Yucui Chen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Anna Demodena
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California
| | - Eileen Fisher
- VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto California,Stanford University Department of Psychiatry
| | - Shahrokh Golshan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto California,Stanford University Department of Psychiatry
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
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10
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Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Counseling: Exploring Participant Questions about PGx Test Results. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020029. [PMID: 32340147 PMCID: PMC7354504 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As pharmacogenomic (PGx) use in healthcare increases, a better understanding of patient needs will be necessary to guide PGx result delivery. The Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC) is a prospective study investigating the utility of personalized medicine. Participants received online genetic risk reports for 27 potentially actionable complex diseases and 7 drug–gene pairs and could request free, telephone-based genetic counseling (GC). To explore the needs of individuals receiving PGx results, we conducted a retrospective qualitative review of inquiries from CPMC participants who requested counseling from March 2009 to February 2017. Eighty out of 690 (12%) total GC inquiries were focused on the discussion of PGx results, and six salient themes emerged: “general help”, “issues with drugs”, “relevant disease experience”, “what do I do now?”, “sharing results”, and “other drugs”. The number of reported medications with a corresponding PGx result and participant engagement were significantly associated with PGx GC requests (p < 0.01 and p < 0.02, respectively). Our work illustrates a range of questions raised by study participants receiving PGx test results, most of which were addressed by a genetic counselor with few requiring referrals to prescribing providers or pharmacists. These results further support a role for genetic counselors in the team-based approach to optimal PGx result delivery.
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11
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a powerful tool that can predict increased risks of adverse effects and sub-therapeutic response to medications. This article establishes the core principles necessary for a primary care provider to meaningfully and prudently use PGx testing. Key topics include in which patients PGx testing should be considered, how PGx tests are ordered, how the results are translated into clinical recommendations, and what further advancements are likely in the near future. This will provide clinicians with a foundational knowledge of PGx that can allow incorporation of this tool into their practice or support further personal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyson T Wake
- Pharmacogenomics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nadim Ilbawi
- Department of Family Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 6810 North McCormick Boulevard, Lincolnwood, IL 60712, USA
| | - Henry Mark Dunnenberger
- Pharmacogenomics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Medical Genetics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 1000 Central Street Suite 610, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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12
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Long C, Lv G, Fu X. Development of a general logistic model for disease risk prediction using multiple SNPs. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:2006-2012. [PMID: 31423732 PMCID: PMC6823278 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases are usually linked to multiloci genetic alterations, including single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods to use these SNPs for disease risk prediction (DRP) are of clinical interest. DRP algorithms explored by commercial companies to date have tended to be complex and led to controversial prediction results. Here, we present a general approach for establishing a logistic model‐based DRP algorithm, in which multiple SNP risk factors from different publications are directly used. In particular, the coefficient β of each SNP is set as the natural logarithm of the reported odds ratio, and the constant coefficient β0 is comprehensively determined by the coefficient and frequency of each SNP and the average disease risk in populations. Furthermore, homozygous SNP is considered a dummy variable, and the SNPs are updated (addition, deletion and modification) if necessary. Importantly, we validated this algorithm as a proof of concept: two patients with lung cancer were identified as the maximum risk cases from 57 Chinese individuals. Our logistic model‐based DRP algorithm is apparently more intuitive and self‐evident than the algorithms explored by commercial companies, and it may facilitate DRP commercialization in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guanting Lv
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Fu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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13
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Physicians' perspectives on receiving unsolicited genomic results. Genet Med 2018; 21:311-318. [PMID: 29904163 PMCID: PMC6294706 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Physicians increasingly receive genomic test results they did not order, which we term “unsolicited genomic results” (UGRs). We asked physicians how they think such results will affect them and their patients. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adult and pediatric primary care and subspecialty physicians at four sites affiliated with a large-scale return-of-results project led by the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network. Twenty-five physicians addressed UGRs and: 1) perceived need for actionability, 2) impact on patients, 3) health care workflow, 4) return of results process, and 5) responsibility for results. Results Physicians prioritize actionability of UGRs and the need for clear, evidence-based “paths” for action coupled with clinical decision support (CDS). They identified potential harms to patients including anxiety, false reassurance, and clinical disutility. Clinicians worried about anticipated workflow issues including responding to UGRs and unreimbursed time. They disagreed about who was responsible for responding to UGRs. Conclusion The prospect of receiving UGRs for otherwise healthy patients raises important concerns for physicians. Their responses informed development of an in-depth survey for physicians following return of UGRs. Strategic workflow integration of UGRs will likely be necessary to empower physicians to serve their patients effectively.
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14
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Metcalfe SA, Hickerton C, Savard J, Terrill B, Turbitt E, Gaff C, Gray K, Middleton A, Wilson B, Newson AJ. Australians' views on personal genomic testing: focus group findings from the Genioz study. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1101-1112. [PMID: 29706641 PMCID: PMC6057916 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal genomic testing provides healthy individuals with access to information about their genetic makeup for purposes including ancestry, paternity, sporting ability and health. Such tests are available commercially and globally, with accessibility expected to continue to grow, including in Australia; yet little is known of the views/expectations of Australians. Focus groups were conducted within a multi-stage, cross-disciplinary project (Genioz) to explore this. In mid-2015, 56 members of the public participated in seven focus groups, allocated into three age groups: 18–24, 25–49, and ≥50 years. Three researchers coded transcripts independently and generated themes. Awareness of personal genomic testing was low, but most could deduce what “personal genomics” might entail. Very few had heard of the term “direct-to-consumer” testing, which has implications for organisations developing information to support individuals in their decision-making. Participants’ understanding of genetics was varied and drawn from several sources. There were diverse perceptions of the relative influence of genetics and environment on health, mental health, behavior, talent, or personality. Views about having a personal genomic test were mixed, with greater interest in health-related tests if they believed there was a reason for doing so. However, many expressed scepticisms about the types of tests available, and how the information might be used; concerns were also raised about privacy and the potential for discrimination. These exploratory findings inform subsequent stages of the Genioz study, thereby contributing to strategies of supporting Australians to understand and make meaningful and well-considered decisions about the benefits, harms, and implications of personal genomic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia A Metcalfe
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Chriselle Hickerton
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Savard
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Terrill
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Genome.One, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erin Turbitt
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clara Gaff
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathleen Gray
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Middleton
- Society and Ethics Research, Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brenda Wilson
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ainsley J Newson
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Mählmann L, Schee Gen Halfmann S, von Wyl A, Brand A. Attitudes towards Personal Genomics and Sharing of Genetic Data among Older Swiss Adults: A Qualitative Study. Public Health Genomics 2018; 20:293-306. [PMID: 29414817 DOI: 10.1159/000486588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the willingness of older Swiss adults to share genetic data for research purposes and to investigate factors that might impact their willingness to share data. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 40 participants (19 male and 21 female) aged between 67 and 92 years, between December 2013 and April 2014 attending the Seniorenuniversität Zürich, Switzerland. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and anonymized. For the analysis of the interviews, an initial coding scheme was developed, refined over time, and applied afterwards to all interviews. RESULTS The majority of participants were in favor of placing genetic data to research's disposal. Participant's motivations to share data were mainly driven by altruistic reasons and by contributing to the greater good. Furthermore, several factors which might impact the willingness to share data such as sharing data with private companies, generational differences, differences between sharing genetic data or health data, and sharing due to financial incentives were highlighted. Last, some participants indicated concerns regarding data sharing such as misuse of data, the fear of becoming a transparent citizen, and data safety. However, 20% of the participants express confidence in data protection. Even participants who were skeptical in the beginning of the interviews admitted the benefits of data sharing. DISCUSSION Overall, this study suggests older citizens are willing to share their data for research purposes. However, most of them will only contribute if their data is appropriately protected and if they trust the research institution to use the shared data responsibly. More transparency and detailed information regarding the data usage are urgently needed. There is a great need to increase the engagement of older adults in research since they present a large segment of our society - one which is often underexamined in research. CONCLUSION Increased focus on general public engagement, especially of older adults, in scientific research activities known as "citizen science" is needed to further strengthen the uptake of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mählmann
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Centre for Affective, Stress, and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schee Gen Halfmann
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Agnes von Wyl
- Psychological Institute, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Brand
- United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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16
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McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Armstrong PW. Finding the right balance between precision medicine and personalized care. CMAJ 2017; 189:E1065-E1068. [PMID: 28827437 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Finlay A McAlister
- Division of General Internal Medicine (McAlister), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine - Cardiology (McAlister, Armstrong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; St. Michael's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Andreas Laupacis
- Division of General Internal Medicine (McAlister), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine - Cardiology (McAlister, Armstrong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; St. Michael's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Paul W Armstrong
- Division of General Internal Medicine (McAlister), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine - Cardiology (McAlister, Armstrong), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; St. Michael's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine (Laupacis), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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17
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Myers MF, Zhang X, McLaughlin B, Kissell D, Perry CL, Veerkamp M, Zhang K, Holm IA, Prows CA. Prior opioid exposure influences parents' sharing of their children's CYP2D6 research results. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1199-1213. [PMID: 28745549 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine parents' use of their children's CYP2D6 research result. We hypothesized that perceived utility, likelihood of sharing and actual sharing of results would differ between parents with children previously exposed (cases) or unexposed (controls) to opioids. METHODS We returned results by phone (baseline). We surveyed parents about perceived utility and likelihood of sharing their child's research result at baseline, and actual sharing at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS Cases were more likely than controls to agree that they (p = 0.022) and the doctors (p = 0.041) could use the results to care for their child, to report higher likelihood of sharing (p = 0.042) and to actually share results with the child's doctor (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION Prior opioid exposure influenced perceived clinical utility and sharing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie F Myers
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Brooke McLaughlin
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Diane Kissell
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Cassandra L Perry
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Veerkamp
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics & Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics & Genomics & The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia A Prows
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Patient Services, Department of Clinical Shared Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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18
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Di Minno G, Tremoli E. Tailoring of medical treatment: hemostasis and thrombosis towards precision medicine. Haematologica 2017; 102:411-418. [PMID: 28250003 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.156000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Minno
- Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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19
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Psychological and behavioural impact of returning personal results from whole-genome sequencing: the HealthSeq project. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:280-292. [PMID: 28051073 PMCID: PMC5315514 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing ostensibly healthy individuals with personal results from whole-genome sequencing could lead to improved health and well-being via enhanced disease risk prediction, prevention, and diagnosis, but also poses practical and ethical challenges. Understanding how individuals react psychologically and behaviourally will be key in assessing the potential utility of personal whole-genome sequencing. We conducted an exploratory longitudinal cohort study in which quantitative surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted before and after personal results were returned to individuals who underwent whole-genome sequencing. The participants were offered a range of interpreted results, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, pharmacogenomics, rare disease-associated variants, and ancestry. They were also offered their raw data. Of the 35 participants at baseline, 29 (82.9%) completed the 6-month follow-up. In the quantitative surveys, test-related distress was low, although it was higher at 1-week than 6-month follow-up (Z=2.68, P=0.007). In the 6-month qualitative interviews, most participants felt happy or relieved about their results. A few were concerned, particularly about rare disease-associated variants and Alzheimer's disease results. Two of the 29 participants had sought clinical follow-up as a direct or indirect consequence of rare disease-associated variants results. Several had mentioned their results to their doctors. Some participants felt having their raw data might be medically useful to them in the future. The majority reported positive reactions to having their genomes sequenced, but there were notable exceptions to this. The impact and value of returning personal results from whole-genome sequencing when implemented on a larger scale remains to be seen.
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20
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Gray SW, Gollust SE, Carere DA, Chen CA, Cronin A, Kalia SS, Rana HQ, Ruffin MT, Wang C, Roberts JS, Green RC. Personal Genomic Testing for Cancer Risk: Results From the Impact of Personal Genomics Study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 35:636-644. [PMID: 27937091 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.67.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Significant concerns exist regarding the potential for unwarranted behavior changes and the overuse of health care resources in response to direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (PGT). However, little is known about customers' behaviors after PGT. Methods Longitudinal surveys were given to new customers of 23andMe (Mountain View, CA) and Pathway Genomics (San Diego, CA). Survey data were linked to individual-level PGT results through a secure data transfer process. Results Of the 1,042 customers who completed baseline and 6-month surveys (response rate, 71.2%), 762 had complete cancer-related data and were analyzed. Most customers reported that learning about their genetic risk of cancers was a motivation for testing (colorectal, 88%; prostate, 95%; breast, 94%). No customers tested positive for pathogenic mutations in highly penetrant cancer susceptibility genes. A minority of individuals received elevated single nucleotide polymorphism-based PGT cancer risk estimates (colorectal, 24%; prostate, 24%; breast, 12%). At 6 months, customers who received elevated PGT cancer risk estimates were not significantly more likely to change their diet, exercise, or advanced planning behaviors or engage in cancer screening, compared with individuals at average or reduced risk. Men who received elevated PGT prostate cancer risk estimates changed their vitamin and supplement use more than those at average or reduced risk (22% v 7.6%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.44 to 8.18). Predictors of 6-month behavior include baseline behavior (exercise, vitamin or supplement use, and screening), worse health status (diet and vitamin or supplement use), and older age (advanced planning, screening). Conclusion Most adults receiving elevated direct-to-consumer PGT single nucleotide polymorphism-based cancer risk estimates did not significantly change their diet, exercise, advanced care planning, or cancer screening behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy W Gray
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deanna Alexis Carere
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Clara A Chen
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Angel Cronin
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sarah S Kalia
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Huma Q Rana
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Catharine Wang
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert C Green
- Stacy W. Gray, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Sarah E. Gollust, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Deanna Alexis Carere, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Clara A. Chen and Catharine Wang, Boston University School of Public Health; Angel Cronin and Huma Q. Rana, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Sarah S. Kalia and Robert C. Green, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Huma Q. Rana and Robert C. Green, Harvard Medical School; Robert C. Green, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA; Mack T. Ruffin IV, University of Michigan School of Medicine; and J. Scott Roberts, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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21
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Chung MWH, Ng JCF. Personal utility is inherent to direct-to-consumer genomic testing. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2016; 42:649-652. [PMID: 27250638 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
People for and against direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomic tests are arguing around two issues: first, on whether an autonomy-based account can justify the tests; second, on whether the tests bring any personal utility. Bunnik et al, in an article published in this journal, were doubtful on the latter, especially in clinically irrelevant and uninterpretable sequences, and how far this claim could go in the justification. Here we argue that personal utility is inherent to DTC genomic tests and their results. We discuss Bunnik et al's account of personal utility and identify problems in its motivation and application. We then explore concepts like utility and entertainment which suggest that DTC genomic tests bring personal utility to their consumers, both in the motivation and the content of the tests. This points to an alternative account of personal utility which entails that entertainment value alone is adequate to justify DTC genomic tests, given appropriate strategies to communicate tests results with the consumers. It supports the autonomy-based justification of the test by showing that DTC genomic test itself stands as a valuable option and facilitates meaningful choice of the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wai Heng Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Chi Fung Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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22
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St Sauver JL, Bielinski SJ, Olson JE, Bell EJ, Mc Gree ME, Jacobson DJ, McCormick JB, Caraballo PJ, Takahashi PY, Roger VL, Rohrer Vitek CR. Integrating Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Practice: Promise vs Reality. Am J Med 2016; 129:1093-1099.e1. [PMID: 27155109 PMCID: PMC5600492 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available regarding primary care clinicians' response to pharmacogenomic clinical decision support (PGx-CDS) alerts integrated in the electronic health record. METHODS In February 2015, 159 clinicians in the Mayo Clinic primary care practice were sent e-mail surveys to understand their perspectives on the implementation and use of pharmacogenomic testing in their clinical practice. Surveys assessed how the clinicians felt about pharmacogenomics and whether they thought electronic PGx-CDS alerts were useful. Information was abstracted on the number of CDS alerts the clinicians received between October 2013 and the date their survey was returned. CDS alerts were grouped into 2 categories: the alert recommended caution using the prescription, or the alert recommended an alternate prescription. Finally, data were abstracted regarding whether the clinician changed their prescription in response to the alert recommendation. RESULTS The survey response rate was 57% (n = 90). Overall, 52% of the clinicians did not expect to use or did not know whether they would use pharmacogenomic information in their future prescribing practices. Additionally, 53% of the clinicians felt that the alerts were confusing, irritating, frustrating, or that it was difficult to find additional information. Finally, only 30% of the clinicians that received a CDS alert changed their prescription to an alternative medication. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a lack of clinician comfort with integration of pharmacogenomic data into primary care. Further efforts to refine PGx-CDS alerts to make them as useful and user-friendly as possible are needed to improve clinician satisfaction with these new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L St Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
| | - Suzette J Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Janet E Olson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Elizabeth J Bell
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Michaela E Mc Gree
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Debra J Jacobson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Pedro J Caraballo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Paul Y Takahashi
- Department of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Veronique L Roger
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
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23
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Carere DA, VanderWeele TJ, Vassy JL, van der Wouden CH, Roberts JS, Kraft P, Green RC. Prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing: findings from the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study. Genet Med 2016; 19:537-545. [PMID: 27657683 PMCID: PMC5362351 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure the frequency of prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (DTC-PGT) and their association with the pharmacogenomic results received. Methods New DTC-PGT customers were enrolled in 2012 and completed surveys prior to return of results and 6 months post-results; DTC-PGT results were linked to survey data. ‘Atypical response’ pharmacogenomic results were defined as those indicating an increase or decrease in risk of an adverse drug event or likelihood of therapeutic benefit. At follow-up, participants reported prescription medication changes and health care provider consultation. Results Follow-up data were available from 961 participants, of which 54 (5.6%) reported changing a medication they were taking, or starting a new medication, due to their DTC-PGT results. Of these, 45 (83.3%) reported consulting with a health care provider regarding the change. Pharmacogenomic results were available for 961 participants, of which 875 (91.2%) received ≥1 atypical response result. For each such result received, the odds of reporting a prescription medication change increased 1.57 times (95% confidence interval = 1.17, 2.11). Conclusion Receipt of pharmacogenomic results indicating atypical drug response is common with DTC-PGT, and associated with prescription medication changes; however, fewer than 1% of consumers report unsupervised changes at 6 months post-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Alexis Carere
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Vassy
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Haga SB, Mills R, Moaddeb J, Allen Lapointe N, Cho A, Ginsburg GS. Patient experiences with pharmacogenetic testing in a primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1629-1636. [PMID: 27648637 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate patient experiences with pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing. METHODS Patients were offered PGx testing through a study on pharmacist-assisted delivery of PGx testing and invited to complete pre- and post-testing surveys about their experience. RESULTS Of 63 patients tested, 17 completed the baseline survey (27%). Interest in testing was mostly impacted by desire to inform selection of best treatment (n = 13). Seven of 12 patients that completed the follow-up survey indicated that their provider discussed the test result with them. Five patients understood their test result very or somewhat well. All would be likely to have PGx testing again. CONCLUSION Patients perceived PGx testing to be useful, though more effort may be needed to improve patient-provider communication of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jivan Moaddeb
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Alex Cho
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Precision Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease and Hunting Elephants. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 58:651-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mählmann L, Röcke C, Brand A, Hafen E, Vayena E. Attitudes towards personal genomics among older Swiss adults: An exploratory study. Appl Transl Genom 2016; 8:9-15. [PMID: 27047754 PMCID: PMC4796807 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore attitudes of Swiss older adults towards personal genomics (PG). METHODS Using an anonymized voluntary paper-and-pencil survey, data were collected from 151 men and women aged 60-89 years attending the Seniorenuniversität Zurich, Switzerland (Seniors' University). Analyses were conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS One third of the respondents were aware of PG, and more than half indicated interest in undergoing PG testing. The primary motivation provided was respondents' interest in finding out about their own disease risk, followed by willingness to contribute to scientific research. Forty-four percent were not interested in undergoing testing because results might be worrisome, or due to concerns about the validity of the results. Only a minority of respondents mentioned privacy-related concerns. Further, 66% were interested in undergoing clinic-based PG motivated by the opportunity to contribute to scientific research (78%) and 75% of all study participants indicated strong preferences to donate genomic data to public research institutions. CONCLUSION This study indicates a relatively positive overall attitude towards personal genomic testing among older Swiss adults, a group not typically represented in surveys about personal genomics. Genomic data of older adults can be highly relevant to late life health and maintenance of quality of life. In addition they can be an invaluable source for better understanding of longevity, health and disease. Understanding the attitudes of this population towards genomic analyses, although important, remains under-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mählmann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Public Health Genomics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Röcke
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15/Box 2, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Brand
- Institute for Public Health Genomics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Hafen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Effy Vayena
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
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Covolo L, Rubinelli S, Ceretti E, Gelatti U. Internet-Based Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e279. [PMID: 26677835 PMCID: PMC4704942 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GT) are easily purchased through the Internet, independent of a physician referral or approval for testing, allowing the retrieval of genetic information outside the clinical context. There is a broad debate about the testing validity, their impact on individuals, and what people know and perceive about them. Objective The aim of this review was to collect evidence on DTC-GT from a comprehensive perspective that unravels the complexity of the phenomenon. Methods A systematic search was carried out through PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Embase, in addition to Google Scholar according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist with the key term “Direct-to-consumer genetic test.” Results In the final sample, 118 articles were identified. Articles were summarized in five categories according to their focus on (1) knowledge of, attitude toward use of, and perception of DTC-GT (n=37), (2) the impact of genetic risk information on users (n=37), (3) the opinion of health professionals (n=20), (4) the content of websites selling DTC-GT (n=16), and (5) the scientific evidence and clinical utility of the tests (n=14). Most of the articles analyzed the attitude, knowledge, and perception of DTC-GT, highlighting an interest in using DTC-GT, along with the need for a health care professional to help interpret the results. The articles investigating the content analysis of the websites selling these tests are in agreement that the information provided by the companies about genetic testing is not completely comprehensive for the consumer. Given that risk information can modify consumers’ health behavior, there are surprisingly few studies carried out on actual consumers and they do not confirm the overall concerns on the possible impact of DTC-GT. Data from studies that investigate the quality of the tests offered confirm that they are not informative, have little predictive power, and do not measure genetic risk appropriately. Conclusions The impact of DTC-GT on consumers’ health perceptions and behaviors is an emerging concern. However, negative effects on consumers or health benefits have yet to be observed. Nevertheless, since the online market of DTC-GT is expected to grow, it is important to remain aware of a possible impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Covolo
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy, Brescia, Italy.
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Botkin JR, Belmont JW, Berg JS, Berkman BE, Bombard Y, Holm IA, Levy HP, Ormond KE, Saal HM, Spinner NB, Wilfond BS, McInerney JD. Points to Consider: Ethical, Legal, and Psychosocial Implications of Genetic Testing in Children and Adolescents. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:6-21. [PMID: 26140447 PMCID: PMC4570999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1995, the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) jointly published a statement on genetic testing in children and adolescents. In the past 20 years, much has changed in the field of genetics, including the development of powerful new technologies, new data from genetic research on children and adolescents, and substantial clinical experience. This statement represents current opinion by the ASHG on the ethical, legal, and social issues concerning genetic testing in children. These recommendations are relevant to families, clinicians, and investigators. After a brief review of the 1995 statement and major changes in genetic technologies in recent years, this statement offers points to consider on a broad range of test technologies and their applications in clinical medicine and research. Recommendations are also made for record and communication issues in this domain and for professional education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan S Berg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Yvonne Bombard
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Howard M Saal
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nancy B Spinner
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Awareness, attitudes and perspectives of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Greece: a survey of potential consumers. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:515-23. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Oliveri S, Renzi C, Pravettoni G. Toward an in-depth profiling of DTC users. Clin Genet 2015; 88:505-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oliveri
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Decision Making Processes IRIDe; Department of Health Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science; Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO); Milan Italy
| | - C. Renzi
- Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science; Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO); Milan Italy
| | - G. Pravettoni
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Decision Making Processes IRIDe; Department of Health Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science; Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO); Milan Italy
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Has Neo-Darwinism failed clinical medicine: does systems biology have to? PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 117:107-12. [PMID: 25481704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this essay I argue that Neo-Darwinism ultimately led to an oversimplified genotype equals phenotype view of human disease. This view has been called into question by the unexpected results of the Human Genome Project which has painted a far more complex picture of the genetic features of human disease than was anticipated. Cell centric Systems Biology is now attempting to reconcile this complexity. However, it too is limited because most common chronic diseases have systemic components not predicted by their intracellular responses alone. In this context, congestive heart failure is a classic example of this general problem and I discuss it as a systemic disease vs. one solely related to dysfunctional cardiomyocytes. I close by arguing that a physiological perspective is essential to reconcile reductionism with what is required to understand and treat disease.
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Potamias G, Lakiotaki K, Katsila T, Lee MTM, Topouzis S, Cooper DN, Patrinos GP. Deciphering next-generation pharmacogenomics: an information technology perspective. Open Biol 2014; 4:140071. [PMID: 25030607 PMCID: PMC4118603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, the rapid evolution of high-throughput genotyping technologies and the increased pace of production of genetic research data are continually prompting the development of appropriate informatics tools, systems and databases as we attempt to cope with the flood of incoming genetic information. Alongside new technologies that serve to enhance data connectivity, emerging information systems should contribute to the creation of a powerful knowledge environment for genotype-to-phenotype information in the context of translational medicine. In the area of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, it has become evident that database applications providing important information on the occurrence and consequences of gene variants involved in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug efficacy and drug toxicity will become an integral tool for researchers and medical practitioners alike. At the same time, two fundamental issues are inextricably linked to current developments, namely data sharing and data protection. Here, we discuss high-throughput and next-generation sequencing technology and its impact on pharmacogenomics research. In addition, we present advances and challenges in the field of pharmacogenomics information systems which have in turn triggered the development of an integrated electronic 'pharmacogenomics assistant'. The system is designed to provide personalized drug recommendations based on linked genotype-to-phenotype pharmacogenomics data, as well as to support biomedical researchers in the identification of pharmacogenomics-related gene variants. The provisioned services are tuned in the framework of a single-access pharmacogenomics portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Potamias
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Kleanthi Lakiotaki
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Ming Ta Michael Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stavros Topouzis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
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Joyner MJ, Prendergast FG. Chasing Mendel: five questions for personalized medicine. J Physiol 2014; 592:2381-8. [PMID: 24882820 PMCID: PMC4048096 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ideas about personalized medicine are underpinned in part by evolutionary biology's Modern Synthesis. In this essay we link personalized medicine to the efforts of the early statistical investigators who quantified the heritability of human phenotype and then attempted to reconcile their observations with Mendelian genetics. As information about the heritability of common diseases was obtained, similar efforts were directed at understanding the genetic basis of disease phenotypes. These ideas were part of the rationale driving the Human Genome Project and subsequently the personalized medicine movement. In this context, we discuss: (1) the current state of the genotype-phenotype relationship in humans, (2) the common-disease-common-variant hypothesis, (3) the current ability of 'omic' information to inform clinical decision making, (4) emerging ideas about the therapeutic insight available from rare genetic variants, and (5) the social and behavioural barriers to the wider potential success of personalized medicine. There are significant gaps in knowledge as well as conceptual, intellectual, and philosophical limitations in each of these five areas. We then provide specific recommendations to mitigate these limitations and close by asking if it is time for the biomedical research community to 'stop chasing Mendel?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Franklyn G Prendergast
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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