1
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Molin AN, Contentin R, Angelozzi M, Karvande A, Kc R, Haseeb A, Voskamp C, de Charleroy C, Lefebvre V. Skeletal growth is enhanced by a shared role for SOX8 and SOX9 in promoting reserve chondrocyte commitment to columnar proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316969121. [PMID: 38346197 PMCID: PMC10895259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316969121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
SOX8 was linked in a genome-wide association study to human height heritability, but roles in chondrocytes for this close relative of the master chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9 remain unknown. We undertook here to fill this knowledge gap. High-throughput assays demonstrate expression of human SOX8 and mouse Sox8 in growth plate cartilage. In situ assays show that Sox8 is expressed at a similar level as Sox9 in reserve and early columnar chondrocytes and turned off when Sox9 expression peaks in late columnar and prehypertrophic chondrocytes. Sox8-/- mice and Sox8fl/flPrx1Cre and Sox9fl/+Prx1Cre mice (inactivation in limb skeletal cells) have a normal or near normal skeletal size. In contrast, juvenile and adult Sox8fl/flSox9fl/+Prx1Cre compound mutants exhibit a 15 to 20% shortening of long bones. Their growth plate reserve chondrocytes progress slowly toward the columnar stage, as witnessed by a delay in down-regulating Pthlh expression, in packing in columns and in elevating their proliferation rate. SOX8 or SOX9 overexpression in chondrocytes reveals not only that SOX8 can promote growth plate cell proliferation and differentiation, even upon inactivation of endogenous Sox9, but also that it is more efficient than SOX9, possibly due to greater protein stability. Altogether, these findings uncover a major role for SOX8 and SOX9 in promoting skeletal growth by stimulating commitment of growth plate reserve chondrocytes to actively proliferating columnar cells. Further, by showing that SOX8 is more chondrogenic than SOX9, they suggest that SOX8 could be preferred over SOX9 in therapies to promote cartilage formation or regeneration in developmental and degenerative cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud N. Molin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Romain Contentin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Marco Angelozzi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Anirudha Karvande
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ranjan Kc
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Chantal Voskamp
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Charles de Charleroy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
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2
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Freudenstein D, Lippert M, Popp JS, Aprato J, Wegner M, Sock E, Haase S, Linker RA, González Alvarado MN. Endogenous Sox8 is a critical factor for timely remyelination and oligodendroglial cell repletion in the cuprizone model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22272. [PMID: 38097655 PMCID: PMC10721603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) downstream of the transcription factor Sox8, associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sox8 is known to influence oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation and is involved in myelin maintenance by mature oligodendrocytes. The possible link of a Sox8 related SNP and MS risk, along with the role of Sox8 in oligodendrocyte physiology prompted us to investigate its relevance during de- and remyelination using the cuprizone model. Sox8-/- mice and wildtype littermates received a cuprizone diet for 5 weeks (wk). Sox8-/- mice showed reduced motor performance and weight compared to wildtype controls. Brains were histologically analysed at the maximum of demyelination (wk 5) and on two time points during remyelination (wk 5.5 and wk 6) for oligodendroglial, astroglial, microglial and myelin markers. We identified reduced proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells at wk 5 as well as reduced numbers of mature oligodendrocytes in Sox8-/- mice at wk 6. Moreover, analysis of myelin markers revealed a delay in remyelination in the Sox8-/- group, demonstrating the potential importance of Sox8 in remyelination processes. Our findings present, for the first time, compelling evidence of a significant role of Sox8 in the context of a disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Freudenstein
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lippert
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janina Sophie Popp
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Aprato
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haase
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - María Nazareth González Alvarado
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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3
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Hossain N, Igawa T, Suzuki M, Tazawa I, Nakao Y, Hayashi T, Suzuki N, Ogino H. Phenotype-genotype relationships in Xenopus sox9 crispants provide insights into campomelic dysplasia and vertebrate jaw evolution. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:481-497. [PMID: 37505799 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Since CRISPR-based genome editing technology works effectively in the diploid frog Xenopus tropicalis, a growing number of studies have successfully modeled human genetic diseases in this species. However, most of their targets were limited to non-syndromic diseases that exhibit abnormalities in a small fraction of tissues or organs in the body. This is likely because of the complexity of interpreting the phenotypic variations resulting from somatic mosaic mutations generated in the founder animals (crispants). In this study, we attempted to model the syndromic disease campomelic dysplasia (CD) by generating sox9 crispants in X. tropicalis. The resulting crispants failed to form neural crest cells at neurula stages and exhibited various combinations of jaw, gill, ear, heart, and gut defects at tadpole stages, recapitulating part of the syndromic phenotype of CD patients. Genotyping of the crispants with a variety of allelic series of mutations suggested that the heart and gut defects depend primarily on frame-shift mutations expected to be null, whereas the jaw, gill, and ear defects could be induced not only by such mutations but also by in-frame deletion mutations expected to delete part of the jawed vertebrate-specific domain from the encoded Sox9 protein. These results demonstrate that Xenopus crispants are useful for investigating the phenotype-genotype relationships behind syndromic diseases and examining the tissue-specific role of each functional domain within a single protein, providing novel insights into vertebrate jaw evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Hossain
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tazawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakao
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nanoka Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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4
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Veithen M, Huyghe A, Van Den Ackerveken P, Fukada SI, Kokubo H, Breuskin I, Nguyen L, Delacroix L, Malgrange B. Sox9 Inhibits Cochlear Hair Cell Fate by Upregulating Hey1 and HeyL Antagonists of Atoh1. Cells 2023; 12:2148. [PMID: 37681879 PMCID: PMC10486728 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cell fate determination in the cochlea is tightly controlled by different transcription factors (TFs) that remain to be fully defined. Here, we show that Sox9, initially expressed in the entire sensory epithelium of the cochlea, progressively disappears from differentiating hair cells (HCs) and is finally restricted to supporting cells (SCs). By performing ex vivo electroporation of E13.5-E14.5 cochleae, we demonstrate that maintenance of Sox9 expression in the progenitors committed to HC fate blocks their differentiation, even if co-expressed with Atoh1, a transcription factor necessary and sufficient to form HC. Sox9 inhibits Atoh1 transcriptional activity by upregulating Hey1 and HeyL antagonists, and genetic ablation of these genes induces extra HCs along the cochlea. Although Sox9 suppression from sensory progenitors ex vivo leads to a modest increase in the number of HCs, it is not sufficient in vivo to induce supernumerary HC production in an inducible Sox9 knockout model. Taken together, these data show that Sox9 is downregulated from nascent HCs to allow the unfolding of their differentiation program. This may be critical for future strategies to promote fully mature HC formation in regeneration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Veithen
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Aurélia Huyghe
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Priscilla Van Den Ackerveken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regeneration and Adaptation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Ingrid Breuskin
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Laurence Delacroix
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (M.V.); (A.H.); (P.V.D.A.); (I.B.); (L.D.)
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5
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Au TYK, Yip RKH, Wynn SL, Tan TY, Fu A, Geng YH, Szeto IYY, Niu B, Yip KY, Cheung MCH, Lovell-Badge R, Cheah KSE. Hypomorphic and dominant-negative impact of truncated SOX9 dysregulates Hedgehog-Wnt signaling, causing campomelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208623119. [PMID: 36584300 PMCID: PMC9910594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208623119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for SOX9, the master chondrogenesis transcription factor, can underlie campomelic dysplasia (CD), an autosomal dominant skeletal malformation syndrome, because heterozygous Sox9 null mice recapitulate the bent limb (campomelia) and some other phenotypes associated with CD. However, in vitro cell assays suggest haploinsufficiency may not apply for certain mutations, notably those that truncate the protein, but in these cases in vivo evidence is lacking and underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, using conditional mouse mutants, we compared the impact of a heterozygous Sox9 null mutation (Sox9+/-) with the Sox9+/Y440X CD mutation that truncates the C-terminal transactivation domain but spares the DNA-binding domain. While some Sox9+/Y440X mice survived, all Sox9+/- mice died perinatally. However, the skeletal defects were more severe and IHH signaling in developing limb cartilage was significantly enhanced in Sox9+/Y440X compared with Sox9+/-. Activating Sox9Y440X specifically in the chondrocyte-osteoblast lineage caused milder campomelia, and revealed cell- and noncell autonomous mechanisms acting on chondrocyte differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium. Transcriptome analyses of developing Sox9+/Y440X limbs revealed dysregulated expression of genes for the extracellular matrix, as well as changes consistent with aberrant WNT and HH signaling. SOX9Y440X failed to interact with β-catenin and was unable to suppress transactivation of Ihh in cell-based assays. We propose enhanced HH signaling in the adjacent perichondrium induces asymmetrically localized excessive perichondrial osteogenesis resulting in campomelia. Our study implicates combined haploinsufficiency/hypomorphic and dominant-negative actions of SOX9Y440X, cell-autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms, and dysregulated WNT and HH signaling, as the cause of human campomelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y. K. Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond K. H. Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah L. Wynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiong Y. Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex Fu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Hong Geng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Y. Y. Szeto
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y. Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin C. H. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Liu X, Wang J, Yang M, Tian T, Hu T. Case report: Cystic hygroma accompanied with campomelic dysplasia in the first trimester caused by haploinsufficiency with SOX9 deletion. Front Genet 2022; 13:950271. [PMID: 36105084 PMCID: PMC9465627 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.950271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal malformation syndrome characterized by shortness and bowing of the lower extremities with or without XY sex reversal. Diagnosis using ultrasonography is most often made in the latter half of pregnancy. Intragenic heterozygous mutations in SOX9 are responsible for most cases of CD. CD caused by SOX9 deletion is a rare condition.Case presentation: We present a single case report of an individual with cystic hygroma accompanied by CD, which was detected by ultrasound in the first trimester. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed to determine copy number variants, whereas whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to elucidate single-nucleotide variants. Chorionic villus sampling was performed to enable such analyses. Ultimately, CMA detected a 606 kb deletion in the 17q24.3 region with only one protein-coding gene (SOX9). However, no mutation in the SOX9 protein-coding sequence was detected by WES.Conclusion: When cystic hygroma is detected, prenatal diagnoses for skeletal dysplasia by ultrasound are likely to be confirmed in the first trimester. We propose a comprehensive prenatal diagnostic strategy that combines CMA and WES to diagnose fetuses with cystic hygroma accompanied by skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tian Tian, ; Ting Hu,
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tian Tian, ; Ting Hu,
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7
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Gong L, Wang C, Xie H, Gao J, Li T, Qi S, Wang B, Wang J. Identification of a novel heterozygous SOX9 variant in a Chinese family with congenital heart disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1909. [PMID: 35218327 PMCID: PMC9034670 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of individuals with hereditary or sporadic congenital heart disease (CHD) have provided strong evidence for a genetic basis for CHD. The aim of this study was to identify novel pathogenic genes and variants in a Chinese CHD family. Methods Three generations of a family with CHD were recruited. We performed whole exome sequencing for the affected individuals and the proband's unaffected aunt to investigate the genetic causes of CHD in this family. Heterozygous variants carried by the proband and her maternal grandmother, but not the proband's aunt, were selected. The frequencies of the variants detected were assessed using public databases, and their influences on protein function were predicted using online prediction software. The candidate variant was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing of other members of the family. Results On the basis of the family's pedigree, the mode of inheritance was speculated to be autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. We identified a novel heterozygous missense variant in SOX9 in all affected individuals and one asymptomatic family member, suggesting an inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. The variant was not found in any public database. In addition, the variant was highly conserved among mammals, and was predicted to be deleterious by online software programs. Conclusions We report for the first time a novel heterozygous missense variant in SOX9 (NM_000346:c.931G>T:p.Gly311Cys) in a Chinese CHD family. Our results provide further evidence supporting a causative role for SOX9 variants in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Ultrasound imaging, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengyan Li
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Shenggui Qi
- Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Smith AE, Sigurbjörnsdóttir ES, Steingrímsson E, Sigurbjörnsdóttir S. Hedgehog signalling in bone and osteoarthritis: the role of Smoothened and cholesterol. FEBS J 2022. [PMID: 35305060 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signalling is essential for development, crucial for normal anatomical arrangement and activated during tissue damage repair. Dysregulation of hedgehog signalling is associated with cancer, developmental disorders and other diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). The hedgehog gene was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, and the pathway is evolutionarily conserved in most animals. Although there are several hedgehog ligands with different protein expression patterns, they share a common plasma membrane receptor, Patched1 and hedgehog signalling pathway activation is transduced through the G-protein-coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (SMO) and downstream effectors. Functional assays revealed that activation of SMO is dependent on sterol binding, and cholesterol was observed bound to SMO in crystallography experiments. In vertebrates, hedgehog signalling coordinates endochondral ossification and balances osteoblast and osteoclast activation to maintain homeostasis. A recently discovered mutation of SMO in humans (SMOR173C ) is predicted to alter cholesterol binding and is associated with a higher risk of hip OA. Functional studies in mice and human tissue analysis provide evidence that hedgehog signalling is pathologically activated in chondrocytes of osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi Elise Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elín Sóley Sigurbjörnsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sara Sigurbjörnsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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9
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Haseeb A, Kc R, Angelozzi M, de Charleroy C, Rux D, Tower RJ, Yao L, Pellegrino da Silva R, Pacifici M, Qin L, Lefebvre V. SOX9 keeps growth plates and articular cartilage healthy by inhibiting chondrocyte dedifferentiation/osteoblastic redifferentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019152118. [PMID: 33597301 PMCID: PMC7923381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019152118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is essential throughout vertebrate life. It starts developing in embryos when osteochondroprogenitor cells commit to chondrogenesis, activate a pancartilaginous program to form cartilaginous skeletal primordia, and also embrace a growth-plate program to drive skeletal growth or an articular program to build permanent joint cartilage. Various forms of cartilage malformation and degeneration diseases afflict humans, but underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood and treatment options suboptimal. The transcription factor SOX9 is required for embryonic chondrogenesis, but its postnatal roles remain unclear, despite evidence that it is down-regulated in osteoarthritis and heterozygously inactivated in campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal dysplasia characterized postnatally by small stature and kyphoscoliosis. Using conditional knockout mice and high-throughput sequencing assays, we show here that SOX9 is required postnatally to prevent growth-plate closure and preosteoarthritic deterioration of articular cartilage. Its deficiency prompts growth-plate chondrocytes at all stages to swiftly reach a terminal/dedifferentiated stage marked by expression of chondrocyte-specific (Mgp) and progenitor-specific (Nt5e and Sox4) genes. Up-regulation of osteogenic genes (Runx2, Sp7, and Postn) and overt osteoblastogenesis quickly ensue. SOX9 deficiency does not perturb the articular program, except in load-bearing regions, where it also provokes chondrocyte-to-osteoblast conversion via a progenitor stage. Pathway analyses support roles for SOX9 in controlling TGFβ and BMP signaling activities during this cell lineage transition. Altogether, these findings deepen our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that specifically ensure lifelong growth-plate and articular cartilage vigor by identifying osteogenic plasticity of growth-plate and articular chondrocytes and a SOX9-countered chondrocyte dedifferentiation/osteoblast redifferentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haseeb
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ranjan Kc
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marco Angelozzi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Charles de Charleroy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Danielle Rux
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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10
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Lee HN, Kim CY, Jung E, Lee BH, Lee BS, Kim EAR, Kim KS. Campomelic Dysplasia with Sex Reversal Harboring a Novel Frameshift Mutation. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2020.27.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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11
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Svandova E, Anthwal N, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Diverse Fate of an Enigmatic Structure: 200 Years of Meckel's Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:821. [PMID: 32984323 PMCID: PMC7484903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel's cartilage was first described by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger in 1820 from his analysis of human embryos. Two hundred years after its discovery this paper follows the development and largely transient nature of the mammalian Meckel's cartilage, and its role in jaw development. Meckel's cartilage acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. In mammals, its anterior domain links the two arms of the dentary together at the symphysis while the posterior domain ossifies to form two of the three ear ossicles of the middle ear. In between, Meckel's cartilage transforms to a ligament or disappears, subsumed by the growing dentary bone. Several human syndromes have been linked, directly or indirectly, to abnormal Meckel's cartilage formation. Herein, the evolution, development and fate of the cartilage and its impact on jaw development is mapped. The review focuses on developmental and cellular processes that shed light on the mechanisms behind the different fates of this cartilage, examining the control of Meckel's cartilage patterning, initiation and maturation. Importantly, human disorders and mouse models with disrupted Meckel's cartilage development are highlighted, in order to understand how changes in this cartilage impact on later development of the dentary and the craniofacial complex as a whole. Finally, the relative roles of tissue interactions, apoptosis, autophagy, macrophages and clast cells in the removal process are discussed. Meckel's cartilage is a unique and enigmatic structure, the development and function of which is starting to be understood but many interesting questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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12
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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13
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Morel G, Duhamel C, Boussion S, Frénois F, Lesca G, Chatron N, Labalme A, Sanlaville D, Edery P, Thevenon J, Faivre L, Fassier A, Prodhomme O, Escande F, Manouvrier S, Petit F, Geneviève D, Rossi M. Mandibular-pelvic-patellar syndrome is a novel PITX1-related disorder due to alteration of PITX1 transactivation ability. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1499-1506. [PMID: 32598510 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PITX1 is a homeobox transcription factor essential for hindlimb morphogenesis. Two PITX1-related human disorders have been reported to date: PITX1 ectopic expression causes Liebenberg syndrome, characterized by malformation of upper limbs showing a "lower limb" appearance; PITX1 deletions or missense variation cause a syndromic picture including clubfoot, tibial hemimelia, and preaxial polydactyly. We report two novel PITX1 missense variants, altering PITX1 transactivation ability, in three individuals from two unrelated families showing a distinct recognizable autosomal dominant syndrome, including first branchial arch, pelvic, patellar, and male genital abnormalities. This syndrome shows striking similarities with the Pitx1-/- mouse model. A partial phenotypic overlap is also observed with Ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome caused by TBX4 haploinsufficiency, and with the phenotypic spectrum caused by SOX9 anomalies, both genes being PITX1 downstream targets. Our study findings expand the spectrum of PITX1-related disorders and suggest a common pattern of developmental abnormalities in disorders of the PITX1-TBX4-SOX9 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Morel
- Service de Génétique, Centre de compétences Anomalies du Développement, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.,Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | | | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Bron, France
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Bron, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Bron, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Dijon, and Inserm - Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
| | - Alice Fassier
- Service d'orthopédie pédiatrique, Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Olivier Prodhomme
- Service d'imagerie pédiatrique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Escande
- Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut de Biochimie et Génétique moléculaire, CBP, CHU de Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Université de Lille, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Université de Lille, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique, IRMB, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares ADSOOR, Filière AnDDI-Rare, INSERM U1183, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de Génétique, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Centre de Compétences Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Bron, France
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14
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Angelozzi M, Lefebvre V. SOXopathies: Growing Family of Developmental Disorders Due to SOX Mutations. Trends Genet 2019; 35:658-671. [PMID: 31288943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-related (SOX) transcription factor family pivotally contributes to determining cell fate and identity in many lineages. Since the original discovery that SRY deletions cause sex reversal, mutations in half of the 20 human SOX genes have been associated with rare congenital disorders, henceforward called SOXopathies. Mutations are generally de novo, heterozygous, and inactivating, revealing gene haploinsufficiency, but other types, including duplications, have been reported too. Missense variants primarily target the HMG domain, the SOX hallmark that mediates DNA binding and bending, nuclear trafficking, and protein-protein interactions. We here review key clinical and molecular features of SOXopathies and discuss the prospect that the disease family likely involves more SOX genes and larger clinical and genetic spectrums than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Angelozzi
- Department of Surgery/Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery/Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Amano K, Otsuki K, Kurioka K, Fujiwara M, Kogo M. A case of modified Furlow palatoplasty applied to a Campomelic dysplasia patient. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the neonatal presentation of disorders of sex development, summarize the current approach to the evaluation of newborns and describes recent advances in understanding of underlying genetic aetiology of these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Several possible candidate genes as well as other adverse environmental factors have been described as contributing to several clinical subgroups of 46,XY DSDs. Moreover, registry-based studies showed that infants with suspected DSD may have extragenital anomalies and in 46,XY cases, being small for gestational age (SGA), cardiac and neurological malformations are the commonest concomitant conditions. SUMMARY Considering that children and adults with DSD may be at risk of several comorbidities a clear aetiological diagnosis will guide further management. To date, a firm diagnosis is not reached in over half of the cases of 46,XY DSD. Whilst it is likely that improved diagnostic resources will bridge this gap in the future, the next challenge to the clinical community will be to show that such advances will result in an improvement in clinical care.
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17
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Cha S, Lim JE, Park AY, Do JH, Lee SW, Shin C, Cho NH, Kang JO, Nam JM, Kim JS, Woo KM, Lee SH, Kim JY, Oh B. Identification of five novel genetic loci related to facial morphology by genome-wide association studies. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:481. [PMID: 29921221 PMCID: PMC6008943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Face morphology is strongly determined by genetic factors. However, only a small number of genes related to face morphology have been identified to date. Here, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 85 face morphological traits in 7569 Koreans (5643 in the discovery set and 1926 in the replication set). RESULTS In this study, we analyzed 85 facial traits, including facial angles. After discovery GWAS, 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing an association of P < 5 × 10- 6 were selected to determine the replication of the associations, and meta-analysis of discovery GWAS and the replication analysis resulted in five genome-wide significant loci. The OSR1-WDR35 [rs7567283, G allele, beta (se) = -0.536 (0.096), P = 2.75 × 10- 8] locus was associated with the facial frontal contour; the HOXD1-MTX2 [rs970797, A allele, beta (se) = 0.015 (0.003), P = 3.97 × 10- 9] and WDR27 [rs3736712, C allele, beta (se) = 0.293 (0.048), P = 8.44 × 10- 10] loci were associated with eye shape; and the SOX9 [rs2193054, C allele, beta (se) (ln-transformed) = -0.007 (0.001), P = 6.17 × 10- 17] and DHX35 [rs2206437, A allele, beta (se) = -0.283 (0.047), P = 1.61 × 10- 9] loci were associated with nose shape. WDR35 and SOX9 were related to known craniofacial malformations, i.e., cranioectodermal dysplasia 2 and campomelic dysplasia, respectively. In addition, we found three independent association signals in the SOX9 locus, and six known loci for nose size and shape were replicated in this study population. Interestingly, four SNPs within these five face morphology-related loci showed discrepancies in allele frequencies among ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS We identified five novel face morphology loci that were associated with facial frontal contour, nose shape, and eye shape. Our findings provide useful genetic information for the determination of face morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwon Cha
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Yeon Park
- Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Do
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital and Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Han Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-One Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Nam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Kim
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Man Woo
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- DNA Forensic Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seoul, 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Antwi P, Hong CS, Duran D, Jin SC, Dong W, DiLuna M, Kahle KT. A novel association of campomelic dysplasia and hydrocephalus with an unbalanced chromosomal translocation upstream of SOX9. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:a002766. [PMID: 29695406 PMCID: PMC5983176 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by Pierre Robin sequence, craniofacial dysmorphism, shortening and angulation of long bones, tracheobronchomalacia, and occasionally sex reversal. The disease is due to mutations in SOX9 or chromosomal rearrangements involving the long arm of Chromosome 17 harboring the SOX9 locus. SOX9, a transcription factor, is indispensible in establishing and maintaining neural stem cells in the central nervous system. We present a patient with angulation of long bones and external female genitalia on prenatal ultrasound who was subsequently found to harbor the chromosomal abnormality 46, XY, t(6;17) (p21.1;q24.3) on prenatal genetic testing. Comparative genomic hybridization revealed deletions at 6p21.1 and 17q24.3, the latter being 2.3 Mb upstream of SOX9 Whole-exome sequencing did not identify pathogenic variants in SOX9, suggesting that the 17q24.3 deletion represents a translocation breakpoint farther upstream of SOX9 than previously identified. At 2 mo of age the patient developed progressive communicating ventriculomegaly and thinning of the cortical mantle without clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure. This case suggests ventriculomegaly in some cases represents not a primary impairment of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, but an epiphenomenon driven by a genetic dysregulation of neural progenitor cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Antwi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michael DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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19
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Matsumoto A, Imagawa E, Miyake N, Ikeda T, Kobayashi M, Goto M, Matsumoto N, Yamagata T, Osaka H. The presence of diminished white matter and corpus callosal thinning in a case with a SOX9 mutation. Brain Dev 2018; 40:325-329. [PMID: 28965976 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 is responsible for campomelic dysplasia (CMPD). Symptoms of CMPD include recurrent apnea, upper respiratory infection, facial features, and shortening of the lower extremities. The variant acampomelic CMPD (ACMPD) lacks long bone curvature. A patient showed macrocephaly (+3.9 standard deviations [SD]) and minor anomalies, such as hypertelorism, palpebronasal fold, small mandible, and a cleft of soft palate without long bone curvature. From three months of age, he required tracheal intubation and artificial respiration under sedation because of tracheomalacia. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was normal at one month of age but showed ventriculomegaly, hydrocephaly, and the corpus callosum thinning at two years of age. Exome sequencing revealed a de novo novel mutation, c. 236A>C, p (Q79P), in SOX9. Sox9 is thought to be crucial in neural stem cell development in the central and peripheral nervous system along with Sox8 and Sox10 in mice. In humans, neuronal abnormalities have been reported in cases of CMPD and ACMPD, including relative macrocephaly in 11 out of 22 and mild lateral ventriculomegaly in 2 out of 22 patients. We encountered a two-year old boy with ACMPD presenting with tracheomalacia and macrocephaly with a SOX9 mutation. We described for the first time an ACMPD patient with acquired diminished white matter and corpus callosal thinning, indicating the failure of oligodendrocyte/astrocyte development postnatally. This phenotype suggests that SOX9 plays a crucial role in human central nervous system development. Further cases are needed to clarify the relationship between human neural development and SOX9 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eri Imagawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masahide Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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20
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Barter MJ, Gomez R, Hyatt S, Cheung K, Skelton AJ, Xu Y, Clark IM, Young DA. The long non-coding RNA ROCR contributes to SOX9 expression and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Development 2017; 144:4510-4521. [PMID: 29084806 PMCID: PMC5769619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner and function in various aspects of cell biology, often as key regulators of gene expression. In this study, we established a role for lncRNAs in chondrocyte differentiation. Using RNA sequencing we identified a human articular chondrocyte repertoire of lncRNAs from normal hip cartilage donated by neck of femur fracture patients. Of particular interest are lncRNAs upstream of the master chondrocyte transcription factor SOX9 locus. SOX9 is an HMG-box transcription factor that plays an essential role in chondrocyte development by directing the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes. Two of these lncRNAs are upregulated during chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Depletion of one of these lncRNAs, LOC102723505, which we termed ROCR (regulator of chondrogenesis RNA), by RNA interference disrupted MSC chondrogenesis, concomitant with reduced cartilage-specific gene expression and incomplete matrix component production, indicating an important role in chondrocyte biology. Specifically, SOX9 induction was significantly ablated in the absence of ROCR, and overexpression of SOX9 rescued the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes. Our work sheds further light on chondrocyte-specific SOX9 expression and highlights a novel method of chondrocyte gene regulation involving a lncRNA. Summary: This study identified a chondrocyte repertoire of lncRNAs and discovered that ROCR (regulator of chondrogenesis RNA) is important for MSC chondrogenesis and cartilage gene expression by promoting the expression of SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Barter
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rodolfo Gomez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Travesia choupana s/n, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Sam Hyatt
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kat Cheung
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Skelton
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian M Clark
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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21
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Absent pedicles in campomelic dysplasia. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:987-992. [PMID: 28447148 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study is to report a case of campomelic dysplasia illustrating the absence of cervical and thoracic pedicles. This report reiterates the importance of this clinical peculiarity in the setting of spine instrumentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 10-year-old female patient with campomelic dysplasia presented with progressive kyphoscoliosis and signs of neural compromise. Imaging studies confirmed thoracic level stenosis and demonstrated absence of multiple pedicles in cervical and thoracic spine. The patient underwent decompression and instrumentation/fusion for her spinal deformity. RESULTS The patient was instrumented between C2 and L4 with pedicle screws and sublaminar cables. However, pedicle fixation was not possible for the lower cervical and upper-mid thoracic spine. Also, floating posterior elements precluded the use of laminar fixation in the lower cervical spine. Cervicothoracic lumbosacral orthosis (CTLSO) was used for external immobilization to supplement the tenuous fixation in the cervicothoracic area. The patient improved neurologically with no signs of implant failure at the 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Absence of pedicles and floating posterior elements present a challenge during spine surgery in campomelic dysplasia. Surgeons should prepare for alternative fixation methods and external immobilization when planning on spinal instrumentation in affected patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV Case Report.
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von Bohlen AE, Böhm J, Pop R, Johnson DS, Tolmie J, Stücker R, Morris-Rosendahl D, Scherer G. A mutation creating an upstream initiation codon in the SOX9 5' UTR causes acampomelic campomelic dysplasia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:261-268. [PMID: 28546996 PMCID: PMC5441400 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a semilethal developmental disorder caused by mutations in and around SOX9. CD is characterized by multiple skeletal malformations including bending (campomelia) of long bones. Surviving patients frequently have the acampomelic form of CD (ACD). Methods This is a single case report on a patient with clinical and radiological features of ACD who has no mutation in the SOX9 protein‐coding sequence nor a translocation with breakpoint in the SOX9 regulatory domain. We include functional studies of the novel mutant protein in vitro and in cultured cells. Results The patient was found to have a de novo heterozygous mutation c.‐185G>A in the SOX9 5′UTR. The mutation creates an upstream translation start codon, uAUG, with a much better fit of its flanking sequence to the Kozak consensus than the wild‐type AUG. By in vitro transcription‐translation and transient transfection into COS‐7 cells, we show that the uAUG leads to translation of a short peptide from a reading frame that terminates just after the wild‐type AUG start codon. This results in reduced translation of the wild‐type protein, compatible with the milder phenotype of the patient. Conclusion Findings support the notion that more mildly affected, surviving CD/ACD patients carry mutant SOX9 alleles with residual expression of SOX9 wild‐type protein. Although rarely described in human genetic disease and for the first time here for CD, mutations creating upstream AUG codons may be more common than generally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E von Bohlen
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany.,Present address: Klinik für AnästhesiologieOperative Intensivmedizin und SchmerztherapieUniklinikum Gießen und MarburgGießenGermany
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany.,Present address: Department of Translational Medicine and NeurogeneticsIGBMCIllkirchFrance
| | - Ramona Pop
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany.,Present address: Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusetts02142USA.,Present address: Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA.,Present address: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
| | - Diana S Johnson
- Institute of Medical GeneticsYorkhill NHS TrustGlasgowUK.,Present address: Clinical GeneticsSheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldUK
| | - John Tolmie
- Institute of Medical GeneticsYorkhill NHS TrustGlasgowUK
| | | | - Deborah Morris-Rosendahl
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany.,Present address: Clinical Genetics and GenomicsRoyal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gerd Scherer
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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23
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Egunsola AT, Bae Y, Jiang MM, Liu DS, Chen-Evenson Y, Bertin T, Chen S, Lu JT, Nevarez L, Magal N, Raas-Rothschild A, Swindell EC, Cohn DH, Gibbs RA, Campeau PM, Shohat M, Lee BH. Loss of DDRGK1 modulates SOX9 ubiquitination in spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1475-1484. [PMID: 28263186 DOI: 10.1172/jci90193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shohat-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a skeletal dysplasia that affects cartilage development. Similar skeletal disorders, such as spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, are linked to mutations in type II collagen (COL2A1), but the causative gene in SEMD is not known. Here, we have performed whole-exome sequencing to identify a recurrent homozygous c.408+1G>A donor splice site loss-of-function mutation in DDRGK domain containing 1 (DDRGK1) in 4 families affected by SEMD. In zebrafish, ddrgk1 deficiency disrupted craniofacial cartilage development and led to decreased levels of the chondrogenic master transcription factor sox9 and its downstream target, col2a1. Overexpression of sox9 rescued the zebrafish chondrogenic and craniofacial phenotype generated by ddrgk1 knockdown, thus identifying DDRGK1 as a regulator of SOX9. Consistent with these results, Ddrgk1-/- mice displayed delayed limb bud chondrogenic condensation, decreased SOX9 protein expression and Col2a1 transcript levels, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, we determined that DDRGK1 can directly bind to SOX9 to inhibit its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Taken together, these data indicate that loss of DDRGK1 decreases SOX9 expression and causes a human skeletal dysplasia, identifying a mechanism that regulates chondrogenesis via modulation of SOX9 ubiquitination.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Craniofacial disorders are among the most common human birth defects and present an enormous health care and social burden. The development of animal models has been instrumental to investigate fundamental questions in craniofacial biology and this knowledge is critical to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The vast majority of craniofacial disorders arise from abnormal development of the neural crest, a multipotent and migratory cell population. Therefore, defining the pathogenesis of these conditions starts with a deep understanding of the mechanisms that preside over neural crest formation and its role in craniofacial development. SUMMARY This review discusses several studies using Xenopus embryos to model human craniofacial conditions, and emphasizes the strength of this system to inform important biological processes as they relate to human craniofacial development and disease.
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25
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Wagner MW, Poretti A, Benson JE, Huisman TAGM. Neuroimaging Findings in Pediatric Genetic Skeletal Disorders: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2016; 27:162-209. [PMID: 28000960 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic skeletal disorders (GSDs) are a heterogeneous group characterized by an intrinsic abnormality in growth and (re-)modeling of cartilage and bone. A large subgroup of GSDs has additional involvement of other structures/organs beside the skeleton, such as the central nervous system (CNS). CNS abnormalities have an important role in long-term prognosis of children with GSDs and should consequently not be missed. Sensitive and specific identification of CNS lesions while evaluating a child with a GSD requires a detailed knowledge of the possible associated CNS abnormalities. Here, we provide a pattern-recognition approach for neuroimaging findings in GSDs guided by the obvious skeletal manifestations of GSD. In particular, we summarize which CNS findings should be ruled out with each GSD. The diseases (n = 180) are classified based on the skeletal involvement (1. abnormal metaphysis or epiphysis, 2. abnormal size/number of bones, 3. abnormal shape of bones and joints, and 4. abnormal dynamic or structural changes). For each disease, skeletal involvement was defined in accordance with Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Morphological CNS involvement has been described based on extensive literature search. Selected examples will be shown based on prevalence of the diseases and significance of the CNS involvement. CNS involvement is common in GSDs. A wide spectrum of morphological abnormalities is associated with GSDs. Early diagnosis of CNS involvement is important in the management of children with GSDs. This pattern-recognition approach aims to assist and guide physicians in the diagnostic work-up of CNS involvement in children with GSDs and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Wagner
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jane E Benson
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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26
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Benítez-Burraco A, Lattanzi W, Murphy E. Language Impairments in ASD Resulting from a Failed Domestication of the Human Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:373. [PMID: 27621700 PMCID: PMC5002430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders entailing social and cognitive deficits, including marked problems with language. Numerous genes have been associated with ASD, but it is unclear how language deficits arise from gene mutation or dysregulation. It is also unclear why ASD shows such high prevalence within human populations. Interestingly, the emergence of a modern faculty of language has been hypothesized to be linked to changes in the human brain/skull, but also to the process of self-domestication of the human species. It is our intention to show that people with ASD exhibit less marked domesticated traits at the morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We also discuss many ASD candidates represented among the genes known to be involved in the “domestication syndrome” (the constellation of traits exhibited by domesticated mammals, which seemingly results from the hypofunction of the neural crest) and among the set of genes involved in language function closely connected to them. Moreover, many of these genes show altered expression profiles in the brain of autists. In addition, some candidates for domestication and language-readiness show the same expression profile in people with ASD and chimps in different brain areas involved in language processing. Similarities regarding the brain oscillatory behavior of these areas can be expected too. We conclude that ASD may represent an abnormal ontogenetic itinerary for the human faculty of language resulting in part from changes in genes important for the “domestication syndrome” and, ultimately, from the normal functioning of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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27
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Hong X, Liu W, Song R, Shah JJ, Feng X, Tsang CK, Morgan KM, Bunting SF, Inuzuka H, Zheng XFS, Shen Z, Sabaawy HE, Liu L, Pine SR. SOX9 is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the E3 ligase FBW7 in response to DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8855-8869. [PMID: 27566146 PMCID: PMC5062998 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX9 encodes a transcription factor that governs cell fate specification throughout development and tissue homeostasis. Elevated SOX9 is implicated in the genesis and progression of human tumors by increasing cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We found that in response to UV irradiation or genotoxic chemotherapeutics, SOX9 is actively degraded in various cancer types and in normal epithelial cells, through a pathway independent of p53, ATM, ATR and DNA-PK. SOX9 is phosphorylated by GSK3β, facilitating the binding of SOX9 to the F-box protein FBW7α, an E3 ligase that functions in the DNA damage response pathway. The binding of FBW7α to the SOX9 K2 domain at T236-T240 targets SOX9 for subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction. Exogenous overexpression of SOX9 after genotoxic stress increases cell survival. Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for SOX9 stability and uncover a unique function of SOX9 in the cellular response to DNA damage. This new mechanism underlying a FBW7-SOX9 axis in cancer could have implications in therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Hong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ruipeng Song
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jamie J Shah
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xing Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Katherine M Morgan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Samuel F Bunting
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hatem E Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA
| | - LianXin Liu
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sharon R Pine
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA
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28
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Biosse Duplan M, Komla-Ebri D, Heuzé Y, Estibals V, Gaudas E, Kaci N, Benoist-Lasselin C, Zerah M, Kramer I, Kneissel M, Porta DG, Di Rocco F, Legeai-Mallet L. Meckel's and condylar cartilages anomalies in achondroplasia result in defective development and growth of the mandible. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2997-3010. [PMID: 27260401 PMCID: PMC5181594 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating FGFR3 mutations in human result in achondroplasia (ACH), the most frequent form of dwarfism, where cartilages are severely disturbed causing long bones, cranial base and vertebrae defects. Because mandibular development and growth rely on cartilages that guide or directly participate to the ossification process, we investigated the impact of FGFR3 mutations on mandibular shape, size and position. By using CT scan imaging of ACH children and by analyzing Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice, a model of ACH, we show that FGFR3 gain-of-function mutations lead to structural anomalies of primary (Meckel’s) and secondary (condylar) cartilages of the mandible, resulting in mandibular hypoplasia and dysmorphogenesis. These defects are likely related to a defective chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor NVP-BGJ398 corrects Meckel’s and condylar cartilages defects ex vivo. Moreover, we show that low dose of NVP-BGJ398 improves in vivo condyle growth and corrects dysmorphologies in Fgfr3Y367C/+ mice, suggesting that postnatal treatment with NVP-BGJ398 mice might offer a new therapeutic strategy to improve mandible anomalies in ACH and others FGFR3-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Biosse Duplan
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Yann Heuzé
- UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Archaeological Sciences Cluster Of Excellence, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valentin Estibals
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Gaudas
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Kaci
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Zerah
- Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ina Kramer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Federico Di Rocco
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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29
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Castori M, Bottillo I, Morlino S, Barone C, Cascone P, Grammatico P, Laino L. Variability in a three-generation family with Pierre Robin sequence, acampomelic campomelic dysplasia, and intellectual disability due to a novel ∼1 Mb deletion upstream of SOX9, and including KCNJ2 and KCNJ16. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 106:61-8. [PMID: 26663529 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campomelic dysplasia and acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) are allelic disorders due to heterozygous mutations in or around SOX9. Translocations and deletions involving the SOX9 5' regulatory region are rare causes of these disorders, as well as Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) and 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Genotype-phenotype correlations are not straightforward due to the complex epigenetic regulation of SOX9 expression during development. METHODS We report a three-generation pedigree with a novel ∼1 Mb deletion upstream of SOX9 and including KCNJ2 and KCNJ16, and ascertained for dominant transmission of PRS. RESULTS Further characterization of the family identified subtle appendicular anomalies and a variable constellation of axial skeletal features evocative of ACD in several members. Affected males showed learning disability. CONCLUSION The identified deletion was smaller than all other chromosome rearrangements associated with ACD. Comparison with other reported translocations and deletions involving this region allowed further refining of genotype-phenotype correlations and an update of the smallest regions of overlap associated with the different phenotypes. Intrafamilial variability in this pedigree suggests a phenotypic continuity between ACD and PRS in patients carrying mutations in the SOX9 5' regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Bottillo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Morlino
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Barone
- Center for Genetic Counseling and Reproductive Teratology, Maternal and Child Health Department, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Piero Cascone
- Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Grammatico
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Laino
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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30
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Developmental dysplasia of the hip associated with aplasia of the pubic bone (hook-pelvis): report of a case and review of the literature. J Pediatr Orthop B 2014; 23:537-40. [PMID: 25153647 DOI: 10.1097/bpb.0000000000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aplasia of the pubic bone associated with congenital hip dislocation is rare. Various dysmorphic conditions featuring absence or hypoplasia of the ischiopubic bone, associated with congenital hip dislocation, have been distinguished in the literature. We report the case of an 18-month-old boy with developmental dysplasia of the hip associated with isolated total aplasia of the pubic bone. Patient was successfully treated with modified Salter osteotomy and reverse U-shaped capsuloplasty.
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31
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Barone C, Bartoloni G, Baffico AM, Pappalardo E, Mura I, Ettore G, Bianca S. Novel c.358C>T mutation of SOX9 gene in prenatal diagnosis of campomelic dysplasia. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:193-4. [PMID: 24451061 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barone
- Center for Genetic Counseling and Reproductive Teratology, Maternal and Child Health Department, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
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32
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Khor YH, Walker S, Rautela L, Chao C, Robinson A, Howard M. Successful pregnancy in ventilatory failure due to campomelic dysplasia with severe kyphoscoliosis. Intern Med J 2014; 44:712-3. [PMID: 25041778 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Khor
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Tan TY, Kilpatrick N, Farlie PG. Developmental and genetic perspectives on Pierre Robin sequence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:295-305. [PMID: 24127256 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a craniofacial anomaly comprising mandibular hypoplasia, cleft secondary palate and glossoptosis leading to life-threatening obstructive apnea and feeding difficulties during the neonatal period. The respiratory issues require careful management and in severe cases may require extended stays in neonatal intensive care units and surgical intervention such as lengthening the lower jaw or tracheotomy to relieve airway obstruction. These feeding and respiratory complications frequently continue well into childhood, affecting not only growth and development but also impacting on long term educational attainment. The diagnosis of PRS depends on readily recognizable clinical features but the phenotypic similarity of many PRS individuals conceals considerable etiological heterogeneity. Defects in the growth of the mandible sit at the core of PRS and the natural history of PRS can be classified into two major streams: primary defects of mandibular outgrowth and elongation and issues that are external to the mandibular skeleton but that secondarily impact on its growth. These altered developmental trajectories appear to be driven by a range of influences including defects in cartilage growth, neuromuscular function and fetal constraint. Various genetic and cytogenetic associations have been made with PRS and the diversity of these associations highlights the fact that there are numerous ways to arrive at this common phenotypic endpoint.
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34
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Matsushita M, Kitoh H, Kaneko H, Mishima K, Kadono I, Ishiguro N, Nishimura G. A novel SOX9 H169Q mutation in a family with overlapping phenotype of mild campomelic dysplasia and small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2528-34. [PMID: 24038782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic similarities have been demonstrated between non-lethal campomelic dysplasia (CD) and small patella syndrome (SPS), in which different genetic defects have been identified. We report on a familial case of skeletal dysplasia with overlapping phenotype of mild CD and SPS, including defective ischio-pubic ossification, elongated femoral neck, hypoplastic patellae, and increased space between the first and the second toes (sandal gap). Direct sequencing analysis demonstrated a novel missense mutation (p.H169Q) within the coding region of the SOX9 gene and negative for TBX4 mutations. Functional analysis of the p.H169Q mutant revealed reduced but not fully abolished transactivation capacity of the mutated protein. Retained residual SOX9 function might contribute to an extremely mild CD phenotype in the present cases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Tonni G, Ventura A, Pattacini P, Bonasoni MP, Baffico AM. p.His165Pro: a novel SOX9 missense mutation of campomelic dysplasia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39:1085-91. [PMID: 23551858 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare skeletal dysplasia caused by mutation in the SOX9 gene located on chromosome 17q24.3-q25.1, which regulates testis and chondrocyte development. Severe bowing of the long bones was seen at second-trimester scan. DNA analysis demonstrated a previously unreported de novo missense mutation in p.His165Pro. Ultrasound-based, molecular biology diagnosis led to early therapeutic termination of pregnancy. Histologic examination of the femoral epyphyseal growth plate confirmed scanty proliferation zone and maturation zone with degenerated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tonni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Guastalla, Italy.
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36
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Mead TJ, Wang Q, Bhattaram P, Dy P, Afelik S, Jensen J, Lefebvre V. A far-upstream (-70 kb) enhancer mediates Sox9 auto-regulation in somatic tissues during development and adult regeneration. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4459-69. [PMID: 23449223 PMCID: PMC3632127 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX9 encodes a transcription factor that presides over the specification and differentiation of numerous progenitor and differentiated cell types, and although SOX9 haploinsufficiency and overexpression cause severe diseases in humans, including campomelic dysplasia, sex reversal and cancer, the mechanisms underlying SOX9 transcription remain largely unsolved. We identify here an evolutionarily conserved enhancer located 70-kb upstream of mouse Sox9 and call it SOM because it specifically activates a Sox9 promoter reporter in most Sox9-expressing somatic tissues in transgenic mice. Moreover, SOM-null fetuses and pups reduce Sox9 expression by 18–37% in the pancreas, lung, kidney, salivary gland, gut and liver. Weanlings exhibit half-size pancreatic islets and underproduce insulin and glucagon, and adults slowly recover from acute pancreatitis due to a 2-fold impairment in Sox9 upregulation. Molecular and genetic experiments reveal that Sox9 protein dimers bind to multiple recognition sites in the SOM sequence and are thereby both necessary and sufficient for enhancer activity. These findings thus uncover that Sox9 directly enhances its functions in somatic tissue development and adult regeneration through SOM-mediated positive auto-regulation. They provide thereby novel insights on molecular mechanisms controlling developmental and disease processes and suggest new strategies to improve disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mead
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Scherer G, Zabel B, Nishimura G. Clinical Utility Gene Card for: campomelic dysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:ejhg2012228. [PMID: 23047745 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Scherer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Paradis FH, Hales BF. Exposure to valproic acid inhibits chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mid-organogenesis mouse limbs. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:234-41. [PMID: 23042728 PMCID: PMC3537135 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, causes neural tube, heart, and limb defects. Valpromide (VPD), the amide derivative of VPA, does not inhibit HDAC activity and is a weak teratogen in vivo. The detailed mechanism of action of VPA as a teratogen is not known. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that VPA disrupts regulation of the expression of genes that are critical in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during limb development. Murine gestation day-12 embryonic forelimbs were excised and exposed to VPA or VPD in a limb bud culture system. VPA caused a significant concentration- dependent increase in limb abnormalities, which was correlated with its HDAC inhibitory effect. The signaling of both Sox9 and Runx2, key regulators of chondrogenesis, was downregulated by VPA. In contrast, VPD had little effect on limb morphology and no significant effect on HDAC activity or the expression of marker genes. Thus, VPA exposure dysregulated the expression of target genes directly involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the developing limb. Disturbances in these signaling pathways are likely to be a consequence of HDAC inhibition because VPD did not affect their expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- France-Hélène Paradis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Tan TY, Farlie PG. Rare syndromes of the head and face-Pierre Robin sequence. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:369-77. [PMID: 23799581 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is an association of clinical features consisting of mandibular hypoplasia, cleft secondary palate, and glossoptosis leading to obstructive apnea and feeding difficulties. PRS can occur as an isolated condition or can be found in association with a range of other features in a number of conditions including Treacher collins and Stickler syndromes. The frequent association of the PRS triad suggests a common underlying developmental mechanism which impacts on each of these tissues. Isolated PRS is typically sporadic but when familial usually exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. The term PRS is applied on the basis of the pattern of malformation rather than etiology and growing evidence indicates that the initiating genetic lesion is variable. Various chromosomal anomalies have been associated with PRS including loci on chromosomes 2, 4, and 17. Associations with genes including SOX9, a number of collagen genes and work with animal models suggest the phenotype derives from a cartilage defect during early facial growth. However, alternative theories have been proposed and these highlight the difficulty of characterising congenital anomalies of craniofacial development in which multiple etiologies can result in very similar phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Yang Tan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
Congenital malformations are single or multiple defects of the morphogenesis of organs or body districts identifiable at birth or during the intrauterine life. Their global birth prevalence is about 2-3%. Both genetic and environmental factors, as well as their combination in a multifactorial contest, may induce congenital defects. Congenital malformations may be classified on the basis of clinical, etiologic as well as pathogenetic criteria. Relevant diagnostic and therapeutic tools have been progressively improving in the last decades, contributing to a better identification and a reduction of long-term morbidity and mortality of these patients. A correct identification of a congenital defect is the first step in order to offer a helpful genetic counseling to the parental couple. Because of their increasing life expectancy, congenital malformations represent today a major issue in the health services for the amount of resources they need for the requested multidisciplinary assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsello
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Abstract
Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a severe congenital skeletal dysplasia associated with life threatening dysautonomic manifestations. Newborns affected with this condition exhibit distinctive shortening and bowing of the long bones with reduced bone volume. The majority of affected newborns die early due to neuromuscular complications namely hyperthermia, apnea, and swallowing difficulties. In this review, we provide an overall picture on the clinical, including long-term management, molecular and cellular aspects of SWS and discuss briefly other related bent bone dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Akawi
- Department of Pathology Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Herman
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Begam MA, Alsafi W, Bekdache GN, Chedid F, Al-Gazali L, Mirghani HM. Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome: a skeletal dysplasia characterized by bowed long bones. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 38:553-558. [PMID: 21337444 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prenatal sonographic features of Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS). METHODS A retrospective review of all cases of confirmed SWS during an 8-year period was conducted. Clinical and historical data and outcome of the pregnancies were noted. Fetal biometry, skeletal survey, amniotic fluid volume and associated anomalies were recorded. A sonographic algorithm was proposed to distinguish SWS from other bent bone disorders. RESULTS In total, there were 10 cases, six of which were diagnosed prenatally. The main prenatal features of SWS were mild-to-moderate micromelia and bowing of the lower limb bones, affecting the tibia more than the femur. There was relative sparing of fibula and upper limb bones, with normal scapulae and clavicles. Camptodactyly was the main associated anomaly. All fetuses developed growth restriction in the late second trimester with oligohydramnios in half of the cases. These features could appear late in pregnancy. Although the thoracic dimensions were normal in the majority of fetuses, respiratory insufficiency, as a result of myotonia, was a leading cause for mortality. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to diagnose SWS prenatally. SWS is associated with high mortality during the first year of life, and those who survive have high morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Begam
- OBYGN/Fetal Medicine Unit, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Chen SY, Lin SJ, Tsai LP, Chou YY. Sex-reversed acampomelic campomelic dysplasia with a homozygous deletion mutation in SOX9 gene. Urology 2011; 79:908-11. [PMID: 21962881 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.07.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal malformation with or without sex reversal. About 10% of cases that present with milder skeletal features are referred to as acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD). CD and ACD are caused by mutations in SOX9. We report a patient of homozygous SOX9 deletion with minimal skeletal anomaly and female external genitalia in the presence of a male karyotype. The mechanisms explaining the homozygous deletion include a de novo mutation followed by gene conversion, uniparental disomy, or somatic crossing over. Our report highlights the possibility of ACD in XY sex-reversed patients with minimal skeletal presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Nelson ME, Griffin GR, Innis JW, Green GE. Campomelic Dysplasia: Airway Management in Two Patients and an Update on Clinical-Molecular Correlations in the Head and Neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2011; 120:682-5. [DOI: 10.1177/000348941112001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia is a rare and historically lethal skeletal dysplasia with a variable but recognizable phenotype; it affects the long bones and is associated with a variety of head and neck anomalies. Mutations in or around the SOX9 gene have been identified as the molecular origin in most patients. We briefly present 2 children who meet the diagnostic criteria for campomelic dysplasia to illustrate the various clinical manifestations. Many patients with campomelic dysplasia have airway obstruction at multiple levels. We describe our approach to managing the airway in these patients, and review recent advances in understanding how SOX9 mutations lead to the spectrum of abnormalities seen in the head and neck.
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Wenkert D, McAlister WH, Coburn SP, Zerega JA, Ryan LM, Ericson KL, Hersh JH, Mumm S, Whyte MP. Hypophosphatasia: nonlethal disease despite skeletal presentation in utero (17 new cases and literature review). J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2389-98. [PMID: 21713987 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by deactivating mutation(s) within the gene that encodes the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Patients manifest rickets or osteomalacia and dental disease ranging from absence of skeletal mineralization in utero to only loss of adult dentition. Until recently, HPP skeletal disease in utero was thought to always predict a lethal outcome. However, several reports beginning in 1999 emphasized a benign prenatal form of HPP (BP-HPP) where skeletal disease detected in utero had a mild postnatal course. Here we describe prenatal and postnatal findings of 17 additional BP-HPP patients among our 178 pediatric HPP patients. Their findings are compared with those of their siblings with HPP, carrier parents, and others with identical TNSALP mutations. New information concerning 7 previously published BP-HPP patients accompanies a review of the HPP literature. Among our 17 BP-HPP patients, prenatal ultrasound showed normal chest or abdominal circumferences where recorded. Sometimes, poor skeletal mineralization, fetal crowding, and third-trimester improvement were observed. Postnatally, extremity bowing further improved (13 patients). BP-HPP severity postnatally spanned the "infantile" to "odonto" HPP phenotypes, resembling our patients who harbored identical TNSALP mutation(s). Eight had autosomal dominant (AD) and 9 had autosomal recessive (AR) BP-HPP. Fourteen of our 15 mothers were HPP carriers or affected. Of the 41 cumulative BP-HPP patients (24 literature cases meriting a BP-HPP diagnosis since 1996 plus our 17 patients), 63% had AR BP-HPP. Maternally transmitted HPP involved 11 of the 13 total AD BP-HPP probands (p = 0.01), supporting a maternal in utero effect on the baby. Fetal crowding, normal fetal mineralization and chest size, and TNSALP heterozygosity seem to identify BP-HPP. However, bowed fetal long bones with AR HPP, specific TNSALP mutations, or poor skeletal mineralization before the third trimester do not reliably diagnose HPP lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Wenkert
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, MO 63131-3597, USA
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Lee YH, Saint-Jeannet JP. Sox9 function in craniofacial development and disease. Genesis 2011; 49:200-8. [PMID: 21309066 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Sox family of transcriptional regulators has been implicated in the control of a broad array of developmental processes. One member of this family SOX9 was first identified as a candidate gene for campomelic dysplasia (CD), a human syndrome affecting skeletal, and testis development. In these patients most endochondral bones of the face fail to develop resulting in multiple defects such as micrognathia, cleft palate, and facial dysmorphia. In this review we describe Sox9 expression during embryonic development and summarize loss of function experiments in frog, fish, and mouse embryos highlighting the role of Sox9 in regulating morphogenesis of the face. We also discuss the mutations in and around SOX9 responsible for craniofacial defects in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Corbani S, Chouery E, Eid B, Jalkh N, Ghoch JA, Mégarbané A. Mild Campomelic Dysplasia: Report on a Case and Review. Mol Syndromol 2011; 1:163-168. [PMID: 21373255 DOI: 10.1159/000322861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a 10.5-year-old girl with a mild form of campomelic dysplasia. She presented with short stature of prenatal onset, dysmorphic facial features, limitation of supination and pronation of the forearms, dysplastic nails, and bone abnormalities consisting especially of cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanx of the 2nd fingers, brachydactyly and clinodactyly of the middle phalanx of both 5th fingers, short 4th metacarpals, radial and femoral head subluxation, hypoplastic scapulae, humeral and ulnar epiphyseal abnormalities, unossified symphysis pubis, and a significant delay in bone age. Molecular analysis of the SOX9 gene revealed the presence of a de novo missense mutation: p.P170L (c.509C>T). Mild and surviving cases of campomelic dysplasia are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corbani
- Unité de Génétique Médicale and Laboratoire International Associé Inserm à l'UMR-S910, Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint Joseph, et
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Okamoto T, Nakamura E, Nagaya K, Hayashi T, Mukai T, Fujieda K. Patient reports: Two novel frameshift mutations in the SOX9 gene in two patients with campomelic dysplasia who showed long-term survival. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:1189-93. [PMID: 21284335 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare and usually fatal congenital skeletal disorder with respiratory failure. The SOX9 gene has been cloned as a candidate gene for CD. Here, we report the cases of 2 Japanese patients with CD who have survived for over 5 years. Molecular investigations revealed novel frameshift mutations in SOX9 in these patients; a single G insertion in 1 allele at nucleotide 261 (261-262insG) and a single C insertion in 1 allele at nucleotide 888 (888-889insC). The predicted protein of 261-262insG may lack more than 80% composition of the normal SOX9 protein, including the SRY high mobility group (HMG) domain and the transactivation (TA) domain; the predicted protein of 888-889insC may not contain the normal TA domain. Although it has been reported that most patients with CD die during the neonatal period, our patients have survived for a long time, despite putative severely impaired SOX9 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Hokkaido, Japan.
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50
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Gentilin B, Forzano F, Bedeschi MF, Rizzuti T, Faravelli F, Izzi C, Lituania M, Rodriguez-Perez C, Bondioni MP, Savoldi G, Grosso E, Botta G, Viora E, Baffico AM, Lalatta F. Phenotype of five cases of prenatally diagnosed campomelic dysplasia harboring novel mutations of the SOX9 gene. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2010; 36:315-323. [PMID: 20812307 DOI: 10.1002/uog.7761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Campomelic dysplasia is a rare congenital skeletal disorder characterized by bowing of the long bones and a variety of other skeletal and extraskeletal defects, many of which can now be identified prenatally using advanced ultrasound equipment. The disorder is caused by mutations in SRY-box 9 (SOX9), a gene that is abundantly expressed in chondrocytes as well as in other tissues. However, the correlation between genotype and phenotype is still unclear. We report five cases of prenatally detected campomelic dysplasia in which the diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed between 12 and 32 weeks. Standard fetal biometric measurements were obtained. Fetal sex was determined sonographically and confirmed by chromosomal analysis. Genomic DNA was obtained in four cases before termination of pregnancy from chorionic villi or amniocytes and in one case postnatally from peripheral blood. RESULTS Skeletal dysplasia, most often limb shortening and bowed femora, was observed in one case in the first trimester, in three cases in the second trimester and in one case, presenting late for antenatal care, in the third trimester. Four of the pregnancies were terminated and one was carried to term. Postmortem/postnatal physical and radiographic examinations confirmed the presence of anomalies characteristic of campomelic dysplasia. A de novo mutation in the SOX9 gene was detected in all four cases that underwent termination. The father of the proband in the case that went to term was a carrier of a somatic mosaic mutation without clinical or radiographic signs of campomelic dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS It is likely that the integrated expertise of ultrasonographers, obstetricians, pediatricians and clinical geneticists will markedly improve the likelihood of accurate prenatal clinical diagnoses of campomelic dysplasia. This will, in turn, encourage more specific molecular testing and facilitate comprehensive genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gentilin
- Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, UOD Genetica Medica, Milano, Italy.
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