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Klatt S, Roberts A, Lothian A, Masters CL, Cappai R, Fowler C, Roberts BR. Optimizing red blood cell protein extraction for biomarker quantitation with mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1879-1892. [PMID: 32030493 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most common cell type found in blood. They might serve as reservoir for biomarker research as they are anuclear and lack the ability to synthesize proteins. Not many biomarker assays, however, have been conducted on RBC because of their large dynamic range of proteins, high abundance of lipids, and hemoglobin interferences. Here, we developed a semiquantitative mass spectrometry-based assay that targeted 144 proteins and compared the efficiency of urea, sodium deoxycholate, acetonitrile, and HemoVoid™ in their extraction of the RBC proteome. Our results indicate that protein extraction with HemoVoid™ led to hemoglobin reduction and increased detection of low abundance proteins. Although hemoglobin interference after deoxycholate and urea extraction was high, there were adequate amounts of low abundance proteins for quantitation. Extraction with acetonitrile led to an overall decrease in protein abundances probably as a result of precipitation. Overall, the best compromise in sensitivity and sample processing time was achieved with the urea-trypsin digestion protocol. This provided the basis for large-scale evaluations of protein targets as potential blood-based biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we applied this assay to determine that alpha-synuclein, a prominent marker in Parkinson's disease, has an average concentration of approximately 40 μg mL-1 in RBC. This is important to know as the concentration of alpha-synuclein in plasma, typically in the picogram per milliliter range, might be partially derived from lysed RBC. Utilization of this assay will prove useful for future biomarker studies and provide a more complete analytical toolbox for the measurement of blood-derived proteins. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klatt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Amber Lothian
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Jiao Y, Wang Y, Guo S, Wang G. Glutathione peroxidases as oncotargets. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80093-80102. [PMID: 29108391 PMCID: PMC5668124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a disturbance in the equilibrium among free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Oxidative stress is a result of imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and the biological system's ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Mounting evidence has implicated oxidative stress in various physiological and pathological processes, including DNA damage, proliferation, cell adhesion, and survival of cancer cells. Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) (EC 1.11.1.9) are an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological roles are to protect organisms from oxidative damage by reducing lipid hydroperoxides as well as free hydrogen peroxide. Currently, 8 sub-members of GPxs have been identified in humans, all capable of reducing H2O2 and soluble fatty acid hydroperoxides. A large number of publications has demonstrated that GPxs have significant roles in different stages of carcinogenesis. In this review, we will update recent progress in the study of the roles of GPxs in cancer. Better mechanistic understanding of GPxs will potentially contribute to the development and advancement of improved cancer treatment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
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3
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Hong CT, Huang YH, Liu HY, Chiou HY, Chan L, Chien LN. Newly Diagnosed Anemia Increases Risk of Parkinson's disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29651. [PMID: 27412825 PMCID: PMC4944159 DOI: 10.1038/srep29651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia and low hemoglobin have been identified to increase Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk. This population-based cohort study investigated PD risk in newly diagnosed anemic patients by using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. All newly diagnosed anemic patients (n = 86,334) without a history of stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, major operations, or blood loss diseases were enrolled. A cohort of nonanemic controls, 1:1 matched with anemic patients on the basis of the demographics and pre-existing medical conditions, was also included. Competing risk analysis was used to evaluate PD risk in anemic patients compared with that in their matched controls. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of PD risk in the anemic patients was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–1.52, p < 0.001). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients tended to exhibit a higher PD risk (aHR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.24–1.79, p < 0.001). Furthermore, Iron supplement did not significantly affect the PD risk: the aHRs for PD risk were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.07–1.63, p < 0.01) and 1.86 (95% CI: 1.46–2.35, p < 0.001) in IDA patients with and without iron supplementation, respectively. The population-based cohort study indicated newly diagnosed anemia increases PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yao Hsien Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hung Yi Liu
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Li-Nien Chien
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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4
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Yoshida S, Hori E, Ura S, Haratake M, Fuchigami T, Nakayama M. A Comprehensive Analysis of Selenium-Binding Proteins in the Brain Using Its Reactive Metabolite. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:52-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Eriko Hori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Sakiko Ura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | | | - Morio Nakayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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5
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Patil SP, Jain PD, Sancheti JS, Ghumatkar PJ, Tambe R, Sathaye S. Neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of Apigenin and Luteolin in MPTP induced parkinsonism in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Molina JA, Arrieta FJ, Aguilar MV, Cabrera-Valdivia F, Vázquez A, Jorge-Santamaría A, Seijas V, Fernández-Calle P, Martínez-Para MC. Decreased serum selenium concentrations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 2:111-4. [PMID: 24283610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. The activity of this enzyme is reduced in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the results of studies on erythrocytes are controversial. We compared the serum levels of selenium and the 24 h urinary selenium excretion (measured by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry) in 29 PD patients and 30 matched controls. Serum selenium levels were significantly lower in PD patients than in controls (34.6 ± 2.35 and 45.2 ± 3.83 μg/l, p < 0.05) while urinary excretion was similar for both groups (47.1 ± 6.25 and 45.5 ± 5.38 μg/24 h). These values were not influenced by antiparkinsonian drugs, and they did not correlate with age, age at onset and duration of the PD, scores of the Unified PD Rating Scale or the Hoehn and Yahr staging in the PD group. These results might suggest a possible role of low serum selenium levels in the risk for, or a consequence of the oxidative stress in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario "Principe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Neurology, "Doce de Octubre", Madrid, SpainDepartment of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Neurology, Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Biochemistry, Ciudad Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Benner MJ, Settles ML, Murdoch GK, Hardy RW, Robison BD. Sex-specific transcriptional responses of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain selenoproteome to acute sodium selenite supplementation. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:653-66. [PMID: 23737534 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00030.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential benefits of selenium (Se) supplementation are currently under investigation for prevention of certain cancers and treatment of neurological disorders. However, little is known concerning the response of the brain to increased dietary Se under conditions of Se sufficiency, despite the majority of Se supplementation trials occurring in healthy, Se sufficient subjects. We evaluated the transcriptional response of Se-dependent genes, selenoproteins and the genes necessary for their synthesis (the selenoproteome), in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain to supplementation with nutritionally relevant levels of dietary Se (sodium selenite) during conditions of assumed Se sufficiency. We first used a microarray approach to analyze the response of the brain selenoproteome to dietary Se supplementation for 14 days and then assessed the immediacy and time-scale transcriptional response of the brain selenoproteome to 1, 7, and 14 days of Se supplementation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The microarray approach did not indicate large-scale influences of Se on the brain transcriptome as a whole or the selenoproteome specifically; only one nonselenoproteome gene (si:ch73-44m9.2) was significantly differentially expressed. Our qRT-PCR results, however, indicate that increases of dietary Se cause small, but significant transcriptional changes within the brain selenoproteome, even after only 1 day of supplementation. These responses were dynamic over a short period of supplementation in a manner highly dependent on sex and the duration of Se supplementation. In nutritional intervention studies, it may be necessary to utilize methods such as qRT-PCR, which allow larger sample sizes, for detecting subtle transcriptional changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia J Benner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844-3051, USA
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8
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Sanyal J, Sarkar B, Banerjee TK, Mukherjee SC, Ray BC, Rao VR. Peripheral markers for oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease patients of Eastern India. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Baratchi S, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Survivin mutant protects differentiated dopaminergic SK-N-SH cells against oxidative stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15865. [PMID: 21249229 PMCID: PMC3018429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is due to an imbalance of antioxidant/pro-oxidant homeostasis and is associated with the progression of several neurological diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress is responsible for the neuronal loss and dysfunction associated with disease pathogenesis. Survivin is a member of the inhibitors of the apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, but its neuroprotective effects have not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that SurR9-C84A, a survivin mutant, has neuroprotective effects against H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity. Our results show that H₂O₂ toxicity is associated with an increase in cell death, mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, and the expression of cyclin D1 and caspases 9 and 3. In addition, pre-treatment with SurR9-C84A reduces cell death by decreasing both the level of mitochondrial depolarisation and the expression of cyclin D1 and caspases 9 and 3. We further show that SurR9-C84A increases the antioxidant activity of GSH-peroxidase and catalase, and effectively counteracts oxidant activity following exposure to H₂O₂. These results suggest for the first time that SurR9-C84A is a promising treatment to protect neuronal cells against H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rupinder K. Kanwar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Haratake M, Koga K, Inoue M, Fuchigami T, Nakayama M. Absorption and retention characteristics of selenium in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Metallomics 2011; 3:1019-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Khan HA. Selenium partially reverses the depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites in MPTP-treated C57BL mice. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:489-91. [PMID: 20619308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in idiopathic Parkinson's disease as well as in the mouse model of this disorder induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Selenium possesses both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; thus we studied the effect of selenium supplementation on MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. C57BL male mice were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.), daily for 4 days. Sodium selenite (Se) was administered in the doses of 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg, 30 min prior to the administration of MPTP. One group of animals served as control (saline only) and another group as Se alone (3 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed at 24 h after the last dose of MPTP. The striata were isolated and analyzed for dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels. Administration of MPTP significantly depleted striatal DA (6.78+/-0.80 microg/g) as compared to control animals (19.32+/-0.77 microg/g) which was significantly prevented by co-treatment with 3 mg/kg dose of Se (12.28+/-0.97 microg/g). MPTP caused significant reduction in striatal DOPAC but the decrease in HVA levels was not significant. Although Se dose-dependently reversed MPTP-induced decreases in DOPAC and HVA levels, these effects were statistically not significant. These findings indicate a significant impairment of dopaminergic neurotransmission by MPTP which is partially reversed by Se treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Hartai Z, Klivenyi P, Janaky T, Penke B, Dux L, Vecsei L. Kynurenine metabolism in plasma and in red blood cells in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2005; 239:31-5. [PMID: 16099471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that neuroactive kynurenine metabolites play a role in the normal physiology of the human brain, and are involved in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). A sidearm product of the pathway, kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is synthesized by the irreversible transamination of kynurenine (KYN) by kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT I and KAT II), is an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist. In the present study we measured the level of KYNA and the activities of the biosynthetic enzyme isoforms KAT I and KAT II in the plasma and in the erythrocytes (RBC) of 19 PD patients and 17 age-matched controls. The KAT I and KAT II activities were significantly lower in the plasma of PD patients, followed by a tendency to a decrease in plasma KYNA. An elevated KYNA level correlated with a significant increase in KAT II activity in the RBC of PD patients. These data support the contribution of an altered KYNA metabolism in the RBC to the pathogenesis of PD. The increased activity of KAT II in correlation with the elevated KYNA level in the RBC may mediate a consecutive protective response against excitatory neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Hartai
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6 Semmelweis u., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Foster HD, Hoffer A. The two faces of L-DOPA: benefits and adverse side effects in the treatment of Encephalitis lethargica, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:177-81. [PMID: 14962622 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, encephalitis lethargica, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients all display two distinct types of symptoms. Some of these are due directly to a deficiency of dopamine and are quickly reduced by laevodihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The second set, however, are the result of neurological damage caused by metabolites of dopamine, which include dopachrome and other chrome indoles that are both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic. If this hypothesis is correct, three corollaries follow. Patients of all four disorders should display excessive oxidative stress, natural methyl acceptors should delay development and elevated antioxidant supplementation, given with L-DOPA, ought to prolong the "honeymoon" period in which the benefits of the drug out weigh its subsequent disadvantages. A literature review suggests that all three corollaries are probably correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Foster
- Department of Geography, University of Vic, PO Box 3050, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P5.
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, selenium has been intensively investigated as an antioxidant trace element. It is widely distributed throughout the body, but is particularly well maintained in the brain, even upon prolonged dietary selenium deficiency. Changes in selenium concentration in blood and brain have been reported in Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. The functions of selenium are believed to be carried out by selenoproteins, in which selenium is specifically incorporated as the amino acid, selenocysteine. Several selenoproteins are expressed in brain, but many questions remain about their roles in neuronal function. Glutathione peroxidase has been localized in glial cells, and its expression is increased surrounding the damaged area in Parkinson's disease and occlusive cerebrovascular disease, consistent with its protective role against oxidative damage. Selenoprotein P has been reported to possess antioxidant activities and the ability to promote neuronal cell survival. Recent studies in cell culture and gene knockout models support a function for selenoprotein P in delivery of selenium to the brain. mRNAs for other selenoproteins, including selenoprotein W, thioredoxin reductases, 15-kDa selenoprotein and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase, are also detected in the brain. Future research directions will surely unravel the important functions of this class of proteins in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96866, USA
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Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the cascade leading to dopamine cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, oxidative stress is intimately linked to other components of the degenerative process, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, nitric oxide toxicity and inflammation. It is therefore difficult to determine whether oxidative stress leads to, or is a consequence of, these events. Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA occurs in PD, and toxic products of oxidative damage, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), can react with proteins to impair cell viability. There is convincing evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide that reacts with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite and ultimately hydroxyl radical production. Recently, altered ubiquitination and degradation of proteins have been implicated as key to dopaminergic cell death in PD. Oxidative stress can impair these processes directly, and products of oxidative damage, such as HNE, can damage the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, impairment of proteasomal function leads to free radical generation and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs in idiopathic PD and products of oxidative damage interfere with cellular function, but these form only part of a cascade, and it is not possible to separate them from other events involved in dopaminergic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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Power JHT, Shannon JM, Blumbergs PC, Gai WP. Nonselenium glutathione peroxidase in human brain : elevated levels in Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:885-94. [PMID: 12213717 PMCID: PMC1867235 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonselenium glutathione peroxidase (NSGP) is a new member of the antioxidant family. Using antibodies to recombinant NSGP we have examined the distribution of this enzyme in normal, Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy body disease (DLB) brains. We have also co-localized this enzyme with alpha-synuclein as a marker for Lewy bodies. In normal brains there was a very low level of NSGP staining in astrocytes. In PD and DLB there were increases in the number and staining intensity of NSGP-positive astrocytes in both gray and white matter. Cell counting of NSGP cells in PD and DLB frontal and cingulated cortices indicated there was 10 to 15 times more positive cells in gray matter and three times more positive cells in white matter than in control cortices. Some neurons were positive for both alpha-synuclein and NSGP in PD and DLB, and double staining indicated that NSGP neurons contained either diffuse cytoplasmic alpha-synuclein deposits or Lewy bodies. In concentric Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein staining was peripheral whereas NSGP staining was confined to the central core. Immunoprecipitation indicated there was direct interaction between alpha-synuclein and NSGP. These results suggest oxidative stress conditions exist in PD and DLB and that certain cells have responded by up-regulating this novel antioxidant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H T Power
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
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Lorenc-Koci E, Sokolowska M, Wlodek L. Effect of acute administration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline on the levels of glutathione and reactive oxygen species, and on the enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in dopaminergic structures of rat brain. Neuroscience 2002; 108:413-20. [PMID: 11738255 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute administration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous substance suspected of producing Parkinsonism in humans, on the levels of glutathione and reactive oxygen species and on the enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was investigated in the substantia nigra, striatum and cortex of rat brain. Four hours after a single dose of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (100 mg/kg i.p.), a significant increase in tissue glutathione level was found in the dopaminergic structures studied. The most pronounced effect was observed in the substantia nigra and cortex, and the weakest in the striatum. At the same time, significant inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was observed in the substantia nigra, cortex and striatum whose extent strictly corresponded to the increase in glutathione levels in those structures. Moreover, in 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-treated rats, the production of reactive oxygen species was significantly reduced in the substantia nigra, whereas it was markedly enhanced in the striatum.Our results suggest that the increase in tissue glutathione level in the dopaminergic structures studied results from inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and refers to the extracellular pool of this peptide. Moreover, it is likely that both the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-induced alterations in glutathione level and the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species in the striatum may have implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland.
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19
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Gabby M, Tauber M, Porat S, Simantov R. Selective role of glutathione in protecting human neuronal cells from dopamine-induced apoptosis. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35:571-8. [PMID: 8887964 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(96)84626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutathione and other antioxidants in dopamine-induced apoptosis has been analyzed in cultures of the human neuronal cell line NMB. Apoptosis, induced by 0.1-0.3 mM dopamine, was blocked by glutathione in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This was observed by monitoring cell morphology, cell viability, and the release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium. L-Cysteine and N-acetylcysteine had a similar effect in protecting against dopamine neurotoxicity, but at lower concentrations than glutathione. The dopamine-induced alteration in the cell cycle profile, detected by flow cytometry (FACS), and intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation, were both blocked by glutathione. Treatment of NMB cells with buthionine sulfoximine, an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, increased the neurotoxic effect of, dopamine, suggesting that endogenous glutathione participates in reducing dopamine neurotoxicity. The relationship between glutathione and dopamine was further investigated by testing the effect of dopamine on the endogenous glutathione level. Dopamine decreased glutathione levels within 16-24 hr; however, this effect was preceded by a transient increase in the level of the tripeptide within the first 0.5-7 hr. Two other types of endogenous antioxidants, (+)-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), were tested; vitamin E (at 1-100 microgram/ml) was inactive against dopamine toxicity, whereas vitamin C had no effect at 0.05-0.2 mM, but increased dopamine toxicity at 0.5-2 mM. The results indicate that glutathione has a selective role in protecting human neural cells from the toxic effect of dopamine. This study may contribute, therefore, to a better understanding of the mechanisms underling the excessive loss of dopaminergic neurons in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinsonism, and in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabby
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotherapeutics 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-466-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Götz ME, Künig G, Riederer P, Youdim MB. Oxidative stress: free radical production in neural degeneration. Pharmacol Ther 1994; 63:37-122. [PMID: 7972344 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is not yet established whether oxidative stress is a major cause of cell death or simply a consequence of an unknown pathogenetic factor. Concerning chronic diseases, as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are assumed to be, it is possible that a gradual impairment of cellular defense mechanisms leads to cell damage because of toxic substances being increasingly formed during normal cellular metabolism. This point of view brings into consideration the possibility that, besides exogenous factors, the pathogenetic process of neurodegeration is triggered by endogenous mechanisms, either by an endogenous toxin or by inherited metabolic disorders, which become progressively more evident with aging. In the following review, we focus on the oxidative stress theory of neurodegeneration, on excitotoxin-induced cell damage and on impairment of mitochondrial function as three major noxae being the most likely causes of cell death either independently or in connection with each other. First, having discussed clinical, pathophysiological, pathological and biochemical features of movement and cognitive disorders, we discuss the common features of these biochemical theories of neurodegeneration separately. Second, we attempt to evaluate possible biochemical links between them and third, we discuss experimental findings that confirm or rule out the involvement of any of these theories in neurodegeneration. Finally, we report some therapeutic strategies evolved from each of these theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Götz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Jenner P. Altered mitochondrial function, iron metabolism and glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jenner
- Parkinson's Disease SocietyExperimental Research Laboratories, Pharmacology GroupBiomedical Sciences DivisionKing's College LondonManresa RoadLondonUK
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Jenner P, Dexter DT, Sian J, Schapira AH, Marsden CD. Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson's Disease Research Group. Ann Neurol 1992; 32 Suppl:S82-7. [PMID: 1510385 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We examine the evidence for free radical involvement and oxidative stress in the pathological process underlying Parkinson's disease, from postmortem brain tissue. The concept of free radical involvement is supported by enhanced basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease, demonstrated by increased levels of malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides. The activity of many of the protective mechanisms against oxidative stress does not seem to be significantly altered in the nigra in Parkinson's disease. Thus, activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase are more or less unchanged, as are concentrations of vitamin C and vitamin E. The activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and the levels of the antioxidant ion zinc are, however, increased, which may reflect oxidative stress in substantia nigra. Levels of reduced glutathione are decreased in nigra in Parkinson's disease; this decrease does not occur in other brain areas or in other neurodegenerative illnesses affecting this brain region (i.e., multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy). Altered glutathione metabolism may prevent inactivation of hydrogen peroxide and enhance formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals. In brain material from patients with incidental Lewy body disease (presymptomatic Parkinson's disease), there is no evidence for alterations in iron metabolism and no significant change in mitochondrial complex I function. The levels of reduced glutathione in substantia nigra, however, are reduced to the same extent as in advanced Parkinson's disease. These data suggest that changes in glutathione function are an early component of the pathological process of Parkinson's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jenner
- Parkinson's Disease Society Experimental Research Laboratories, King's College London, UK
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