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Hofer KD, Wolfensberger N, Bachofner A, Schneidawind C, Stühler C, Bühler MM, Abela IA, Müller NJ, Zenz T, Manz MG, Rösler W, Khanna N, Schneidawind D. B-cell maturation antigen-directed bispecific antibodies in plasmablastic lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2024. [PMID: 38782604 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hofer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Wolfensberger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Bachofner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Stühler
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Bühler
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Irene A Abela
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Rösler
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Handoko, Louisa M, Permata TBM, Gondhowiardjo SA. Deciphering Driver of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Development. Oncol Rev 2022; 16:10654. [DOI: 10.3389/or.2022.10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of progress has been made on understanding nasopharyngeal cancer in recent decades. Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have enabled us to gain a deeper understanding on the biology of nasopharyngeal cancer, and though this new information is elaborate and detailed, an overall picture of the driver of nasopharyngeal cancer that includes all this information is lacking. This review will focus on providing a broad overview, with plausible and simple language, on nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis based on current updated information. This will help readers to gain a broad understanding, which may be necessary to provide common ground for further research on nasopharyngeal cancer.
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Maple PA, Ascherio A, Cohen JI, Cutter G, Giovannoni G, Shannon-Lowe C, Tanasescu R, Gran B. The Potential for EBV Vaccines to Prevent Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:887794. [PMID: 35812097 PMCID: PMC9263514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.887794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that Epstein-Barr virus infection is a causative factor of multiple sclerosis (MS). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus, Human Gammaherpesvirus 4. EBV infection shows two peaks: firstly, during early childhood and, secondly during the teenage years. Approximately, 90-95% of adults have been infected with EBV and for many this will have been a subclinical event. EBV infection can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality; for example, primary infection in older children or adults is the leading cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM). A disrupted immune response either iatrogenically induced or through genetic defects can result in lymphoproliferative disease. Finally, EBV is oncogenic and is associated with several malignancies. For these reasons, vaccination to prevent the damaging aspects of EBV infection is an attractive intervention. No EBV vaccines have been licensed and the prophylactic vaccine furthest along in clinical trials contains the major virus glycoprotein gp350. In a phase 2 study, the vaccine reduced the rate of IM by 78% but did not prevent EBV infection. An EBV vaccine to prevent IM in adolescence or young adulthood is the most likely population-based vaccine strategy to be tested and adopted. National registry studies will need to be done to track the incidence of MS in EBV-vaccinated and unvaccinated people to see an effect of the vaccine on MS. Assessment of vaccine efficacy with MS being a delayed consequence of EBV infection with the average age of onset being approximately 30 years of age represents multiple challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Maple
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gary Cutter
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Gran
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Bruno Gran
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Autio A, Kettunen J, Nevalainen T, Kimura B, Hurme M. Herpesviruses and their genetic diversity in the blood virome of healthy individuals: effect of aging. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35279192 PMCID: PMC8917371 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As we age, the functioning of the human immune system declines. The results of this are increases in morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease in elderly individuals, as well as a weakened vaccination response. The aging of the immune system is thought to affect and be affected by the human virome, the collection of all viruses present in an individual. Persistent viral infections, such as those caused by certain herpesviruses, can be present in an individual for long periods of time without any overt pathology, yet are associated with disease in states of compromised immune function. To better understand the effects on human health of such persistent viral infections, we must first understand how the human virome changes with age. We have now analyzed the composition of the whole blood virome of 317 individuals, 21-70 years old, using a metatranscriptomic approach. Use of RNA sequencing data allows for the unbiased detection of RNA viruses and active DNA viruses. RESULTS The data obtained showed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the most frequently expressed virus, with other detected viruses being herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus, torque teno viruses, and papillomaviruses. Of the 317 studied blood samples, 68 (21%) had EBV expression, whereas the other detected viruses were only detected in at most 6 samples (2%). We therefore focused on EBV in our further analyses. Frequency of EBV detection, relative EBV RNA abundance and the genetic diversity of EBV was not significantly different between age groups (21-59 and 60-70 years old). No significant correlation was seen between EBV RNA abundance and age. Deconvolution analysis revealed a significant difference in proportions of activated dendritic cells, macrophages M1, and activated mast cells between EBV expression positive and negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS As it is likely that the EBV RNA quantified in this work is derived from reactivation of the latent EBV virus, these data suggest that age does not affect the rate of reactivation nor the genetic landscape of EBV. These findings offer new insight on the genetic diversity of a persistent EBV infection in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttu Autio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
| | - Jalmari Kettunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tapio Nevalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bryn Kimura
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Hurme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
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Duan X, Chen H, Zhou X, Liu P, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Zhong L, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yang C, Feng QS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Xiang T. EBV infection in epithelial malignancies induces resistance to antitumor natural killer cells via F3-mediated platelet aggregation. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1070-1083. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Simultaneously Both Expression of LMP-1 and Methylation of E-cadherin: Molecular Biomarker in Stage IV of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients. Balkan J Med Genet 2021; 24:57-66. [PMID: 34447660 PMCID: PMC8366468 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenome of E-cadherin gene methylation and the expression of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) gene are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In order to determine whether cooperative LMP-1 expression or methylation of E-cadherin could serve as the potential molecule biomarker target for diagnosis and therapy of NPC, a case-control study including 93 NPC biopsy samples and 100 non cancerous nasopharyngeal swab samples were examined, as well as the strength of association among them by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and nested-methylation-specific PCR methods. The significantly higher frequency of LMP-1 expression and E-cadherin methylation in NPC biopsy samples, accounting for 76.34 and 73.12%, respectively, compared to non cancerous samples, accounting for 0.00 and 30.00%, respectively, were observed. The significant correlation between the LMP-1 expression and E-cadherin methylation in NPC samples was reported. In detail, in the stage IV of NPC, in case of LMP-1-positive samples, 35 of 37 samples (accounting for 94.60%) were positive for methylation of E-cadherin. It was demonstrated that cooperative LMP-1 expression and E-cadherin gene methylation could serve as a molecular biomarker in NPC.
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8
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Qin JQ, Yin H, Wu JZ, Chen RZ, Xia Y, Wang L, Zhu HY, Fan L, Li JY, Liang JH, Xu W. Pretreatment whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA predicts prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Res 2021; 107:106607. [PMID: 33957372 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA status and its prognostic values in 96 patients newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). With 13.5 % patients in positive EBV DNA status before therapy, the positive group had inferior progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.023) as well as overall survival (OS) (P = 0.001). Pretreatment EBV DNA positivity was observed as an independent prognostic factor in OS (P = 0.036) while a trend to predict PFS (P = 0.064). By monitoring changes of EBV DNA copies in 13 patients with positive pretreatment EBV DNA status, 5 of 6 patients with complete response (CR) had their copies undetectable after 3 cycles of first-line treatment and 7 patients with progressive disease (PD) all had elevated EBV DNA copies during their relapsed period. Whole blood EBV DNA may be an adjunctive biomarker to reflect treatment response, risk of disease relapse as well as prognosis in HL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Qin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia-Zhu Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Rui-Ze Chen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin-Hua Liang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Huang S, Yasuda T. Pathologically Relevant Mouse Models for Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated B Cell Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639844. [PMID: 33732260 PMCID: PMC7959712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is endemic in humans and can efficiently transform infected B cells under some circumstances. If an EBV carrier experiences immune suppression, EBV+ B cells can turn into lymphoblasts and exhibit growth expansion that may cause lymphoproliferative diseases which often develop into lymphoma. Our immune system conducts surveillance for EBV+ B cells in order to block spontaneous tumor formation. Here, we summarize the EBV products involved in tumorigenesis, EBV-associated lymphomas, and pathologically relevant mouse models. Preclinical mouse models for a range of EBV-associated diseases not only clear the path to new therapeutic approaches but also aid in our understanding of the nature of lymphomagenesis and immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes B Cell Lymphomas by Manipulating the Host Epigenetic Machinery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103037. [PMID: 33086505 PMCID: PMC7603164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-induced lymphomas have a significant global incidence, given the widespread infection to the human population. EBV adopts several mechanisms to replicate and persist in the host, by hijacking its epigenetic machinery. The main topic of this review details the current insights of EBV interactions with the host epigenetic system, and it will be discussed the potential relationship between the EBV-induced chronic inflammation and the dysregulation of epigenetic modifiers that might lead to tumorigenesis. Promising novel therapies against several types of cancer involve the use of epigenetic modifier inhibitors. To design new therapeutical strategies targeting lymphomas, it is crucial to conduct exhaustive reaserch on the regulation of these enzymes. Abstract During the past decade, the rapid development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies has significantly reinforced our understanding of the role of epigenetics in health and disease. Altered functions of epigenetic modifiers lead to the disruption of the host epigenome, ultimately inducing carcinogenesis and disease progression. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an endemic herpesvirus that is associated with several malignant tumours, including B-cell related lymphomas. In EBV-infected cells, the epigenomic landscape is extensively reshaped by viral oncoproteins, which directly interact with epigenetic modifiers and modulate their function. This process is fundamental for the EBV life cycle, particularly for the establishment and maintenance of latency in B cells; however, the alteration of the host epigenetic machinery also contributes to the dysregulated expression of several cellular genes, including tumour suppressor genes, which can drive lymphoma development. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic manipulation induced by EBV that lead to transformed B cells, as well as novel therapeutic interventions to target EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
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Recent Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein-Barr Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030226. [PMID: 32197545 PMCID: PMC7157745 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV. Methods such as the heterophile antibody test, immunofluorescence assays, enzyme immunoassays, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also employed in the detection of EBV in different types of samples. The determination of EBV viral load using PCR, however, is gaining more prominence in the diagnosis of EBV-associated diseases. Given the challenge of false positive/negative results that are sometimes experienced during the detection of EBV, variability in results from different laboratories, and the impact of factors such as sample type and the immunological status of patients from whom samples are collected, the need to critically examine these present methods is invaluable. This review thus presents current advances in the detection of EBV, detailing the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques. In addition, fundamental virological concepts are highlighted to enhance the greater understanding, the proper application, and the interpretation of EBV tests.
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Maple PA, Tanasescu R, Gran B, Constantinescu CS. A different response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in UK people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) compared to controls. J Infect 2020; 80:320-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tsai CY, Sakakibara S, Yasui T, Minamitani T, Okuzaki D, Kikutani H. Bystander inhibition of humoral immune responses by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1. Int Immunol 2019; 30:579-590. [PMID: 30137504 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which mimics a constitutively active receptor, is required for viral transformation of primary B cells. LMP1 is expressed in EBV-infected germinal center (GC) B cells of immunocompetent individuals, suggesting that it may contribute to persistent EBV infection. In this study, we generated and analyzed mice that expressed LMP1 under the control of the CD19 or activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) promoter. Expression of LMP1 induced activation of B cells but severely inhibited their differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in vitro and GC B cells in vivo. LMP1-expressing (LMP1+) B cells not only suppressed the functions of wild-type (WT) B cells in in vitro co-culture, but also blocked differentiation of WT B cells into GC B cells and ASCs in immunized bone marrow chimeric mice. Microarray analysis revealed that the gene encoding indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a major enzyme involved in the tryptophan metabolic process, was highly induced by LMP1. Either inhibition of IDO1 activity by methyl-l-tryptophan or knockout of Ido1 in LMP1+ B cells could rescue WT B cells from such suppression. IDO1-induced tryptophan consumption and production of tryptophan metabolites appeared to be responsible for inhibition of B-cell function. We conclude that LMP1 expression in antigen-committed B cells not only directly impairs GC B-cell differentiation, but also indirectly inhibits the functions of neighboring B cells, resulting in suppression of humoral immune responses. Such bystander inhibition by LMP1+ B cells may contribute to immune evasion by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Minamitani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Lao TD, Nguyen TAH, Ngo KD, Thieu HH, Nguyen MT, Nguyen DH, Le TAH. Molecular Screening of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Detection of LMP-1, LMP-2 Gene Expression in Vietnamese Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2757-2761. [PMID: 31554374 PMCID: PMC6976830 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.9.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to characterize the expression of LMP-1, LMP-2 in clinical swab samples in order to find out the potential molecular based biomarker for NPC diagnosis and screening, which could offer a chance in development of rapid method for NPC diagnosis in Vietnamese population. Materials and Methods: A total of 93 nasopharyngeal carcinoma swab samples and 100 healthy nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected to evaluate LMP-1, LMP-2 expression by Real-time reversed PCR. Results: we figured out the significant association between the expression of LMP-1 (counting for 48.39%), LMP-2 (counting for 39.78%) and NPC. No LMP-1 expression was observed, and only 1 of 100 specimens was detected with LMP-2 positive in healthy samples. In the combination of LMP-1 (+) and/or LMP-2 (+), the frequency of positive was 53.76%, greater than each gene expression. Additionally, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of assay were 99.00%, 98.04%, 69.72%, and 77.02%, respectively. Additionally, the LMP-2 expression level was 5.50 times higher in NPC samples than non-cancerous samples. Conclusion: Our results indicated the molecular invasive method based on the expression of LMP-1, LMP-2 in swab samples would be a promising supplement in NPC diagnosis, screening in the near future in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Duc Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | | | - Kha Dong Ngo
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, VNU-HCM, Vietnam
| | - Hue Hong Thieu
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, VNU-HCM, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Thuy Ai Huyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) virus in the pathogenesis of the primary Sjögren's syndrome. The article introduces the problem of consequences of EBV acute infection, and its reactivation, in association with the immune response modulation by the virus and with an increased risk of developing systemic autoimmune diseases and EBV-associated cancers. RECENT FINDINGS The knowledge about the mechanisms by which the virus may stay for years in a latent phase, unrecognized by the host response immune cells is constantly expanding. There are several mechanisms and theories about EBV influence on the autoimmune process in Sjogren's syndrome (pSS), including the similarity (molecular mimicry) between viral EBNA-2 protein and Ro-60 antigen or EBER-1 and EBER-2 viral proteins and La antigen. SUMMARY The influence of EBV infection on the development and course of pSS has been proven. It has also been established that both EBV and pSS result in the increased risk of tumor (especially lymphoma) development. In the light of these findings, new ways to manage EBV infections are being sought. Optimal methods for assessing EBV infection status are being devised. Research also aims at finding therapies, which target EBV through the inhibition of the autoimmune process and of viral activity. The present article is an attempt to discuss the most important phenomena and elements linking EBV infection to the primary Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maślińska
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Early Arthritis Clinic, Spartanska1, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Wang J, Liang C, Meng F, Xu X, Wu Y, Lu L. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference targeting EBNA1 gene inhibits the growth of GT-38 cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2286-2291. [PMID: 31402935 PMCID: PMC6676715 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is associated with the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). However, the function of EBNA1 in the growth of EBVaGC cells remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of silencing EBNA1, by RNA interference (RNAi), on the growth of EBVaGC cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. A lentivirus-mediated RNAi targeting EBNA1 was transfected into the EBVaGC cell line GT-38. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis, MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the biological behavior of GT-38 cells that were transfected with EBNA1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro. The effects of silencing EBNA1 on tumor growth were assessed in a tumor xenograft model using BALB/c nude mice. The results demonstrated that the proliferative and clonogenic abilities of GT-38 cells were significantly downregulated in response to EBNA1 siRNA (P<0.01). Furthermore, EBNA1 siRNA induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and promoted apoptosis of GT-38 cells (P<0.01). The tumorigenicity of GT-38 cells was significantly inhibited in the EBNA1 siRNA group. The results revealed that lentivirus-mediated RNAi of EBNA1 inhibited the growth of the EBVaGC cell line GT-38 in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, EBNA1 may be a potential target for gene therapy in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Cunfu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Fansheng Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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17
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Lang F, Pei Y, Lamplugh ZL, Robertson ES. Molecular Biology of EBV in Relationship to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:81-103. [PMID: 30523622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus-induced disease is one of the most lethal factors which leads to high mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. EBV, also known as human herpesvirus 4, can transform naive B cells into immortalized cells in vitro through the regulation of cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. EBV infection is associated with several lymphoma and epithelial cancers in humans, which occurs at a much higher rate in immune deficient individuals than in healthy people, demonstrating that the immune system plays a vital role in inhibiting EBV activities. EBV latency infection proteins can mimic suppression cytokines or upregulate PD-1 on B cells to repress the cytotoxic T cells response. Many malignancies, including Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occur at a much higher frequency in EBV positive individuals than in EBV negative people during the development of HIV infection. Importantly, understanding EBV pathogenesis at the molecular level will aid the development of novel therapies for EBV-induced diseases in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary L Lamplugh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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18
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Phylogenetic comparison of Epstein-Barr virus genomes. J Microbiol 2018; 56:525-533. [PMID: 29948828 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies used for genome analysis and whole genome sequencing are useful for us to understand genomic characterization and divergence. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that causes diverse diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV genomes found in these diseases can be classified either by phases of EBV latency (type-I, -II, and -III latency) or types of EBNA2 sequence difference (type-I EBV, type-II EBV or EBV-1, EBV-2). EBV from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) establishes type-III latency, EBV from NPC establishes type-II latency, and EBV from GC establishes type-I latency. However, other important factors play key roles in classifying numerous EBV strains because EBV genomes are highly diverse and not phylogenetically related to types of EBV-associated diseases. Herein, we first reviewed previous studies to describe molecular characteristics of EBV genomes. Then, using comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we phylogenetically analyzed molecular variations of EBV genomes and proteins. The review of previous studies and our phylogenetic analysis showed that EBV genomes and proteins were highly diverse regardless of types of EBV-associated diseases. Other factors should be considered in determining EBV taxonomy. This review will be helpful to understand complicated phylogenetic relationships of EBV genomes.
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19
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Ribeiro J, Oliveira C, Malta M, Sousa H. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression and latency pattern in gastric carcinomas: a systematic review. Future Oncol 2017; 13:567-579. [PMID: 28118740 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS A systematic review of literature was conducted to identify all published reports regarding the expression of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) proteins/transcripts and EBV latency patterns in EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGC). RESULTS The literature search retrieved 247 papers, of which 25 papers matched the inclusion criteria. The analysis reveals that the most frequently expressed EBV latent proteins are EBNA1 (98.1%) and LMP2A (53.8%), while LMP1 and LMP2B are present in only 10% of cases. Lytic proteins, such as BARF0 and BARF1, and other lytic transcripts are present in almost half of cases. CONCLUSION EBVaGC seems to display a unique transcription/latency pattern that does not fit the 'standard' EBV latency patterns and therefore should be further studied to better understand EBVaGC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of Porto University (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação 6657, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Malta
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Osman I, Tay MLI, Pek JW. Stable intronic sequence RNAs (sisRNAs): a new layer of gene regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3507-19. [PMID: 27147469 PMCID: PMC11108444 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon splicing, introns are rapidly degraded. Hence, RNAs derived from introns are commonly deemed as junk sequences. However, the discoveries of intronic-derived small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small Cajal body associated RNAs (scaRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) suggested otherwise. These non-coding RNAs are shown to play various roles in gene regulation. In this review, we highlight another class of intron-derived RNAs known as stable intronic sequence RNAs (sisRNAs). sisRNAs have been observed since the 1980 s; however, we are only beginning to understand their biological significance. Recent studies have shown or suggested that sisRNAs regulate their own host's gene expression, function as molecular sinks or sponges, and regulate protein translation. We propose that sisRNAs function as an additional layer of gene regulation in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Osman
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Mandy Li-Ian Tay
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Pek
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
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21
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Kudo Y, Tada H, Fujiwara N, Tada Y, Tsunematsu T, Miyake Y, Ishimaru N. Oral environment and cancer. Genes Environ 2016; 38:13. [PMID: 27482300 PMCID: PMC4968003 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is now the leading cause of death in Japan. A rapid increase in cancer mortality is expected as Japan is facing a super-aged society. Many causes of cancer are known to be closely linked to life style factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet. The oral environment is known to be involved in the pathogenesis and development of various diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, diabetes, heart disease, and dementia. Because the oral cavity acts as the bodily entrance for air and food, it is constantly exposed to foreign substances, including bacteria and viruses. A large number of bacteria are endemic to the oral cavity, and indigenous oral flora act to prevent the settlement of foreign bacteria. The oral environment is influenced by local factors, including dental plaque, tartar, teeth alignment, occlusion, an incompatible prosthesis, and bad lifestyle habits, and systemic factors, including smoking, consumption of alcohol, irregular lifestyle and eating habits, obesity, stress, hormones, and heredity. It has recently been revealed that the oral environment is associated with cancer. In particular, commensal bacteria in the oral cavity are involved in the development of cancer. Moreover, Candida, human papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus as well as commensal bacteria have been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of cancer. In this review, we introduce recent findings of the correlation between the oral environment and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hidesuke Tada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan ; Tada Dental Clinic, Kakogawa, Japan
| | - Natsumi Fujiwara
- Department of Oral Healthcare Promotion, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Miyake
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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22
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Lymphomagenesis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:14-21. [PMID: 25725205 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for approximately 0.6% of all new cancer cases, 10% of all lymphomas in the USA, leading to an approximate 9000 new cases per year. It is very unique in that the neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical HL account for only 1% of the tumor tissue in most cases, with various inflammatory cells including B-cells, T-cells, mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, and plasma cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. Recent research has identified germinal center B-cells to be the cellular origin of HRS cells. Various transcription factor dysregulation in these neoplastic cells that explains for the loss of B-cell phenotype as well as acquisition of survival and anti-apoptotic features of HRS cells has been identified. Aberrant activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways play a central role in HL pathogenesis. Both intrinsic genetic mechanisms as well as extrinsic signals have been identified to account for the constitutive activation of these pathways. The extrinsic factors that regulate the activation of transcription pathways in HRS cells have also been studied in detail. Cytokines and chemokines produced both by the HRS cells as well as cells of the microenvironment of HL work in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to promote survival of HRS cells as well as providing mechanisms for immune escape from the body's antitumor immunity. The understanding of various mechanisms involved in the lymphomagenesis of HL including the importance of its microenvironment has gained much interest in the use of these microenvironmental features as prognostic markers as well as potential treatment targets. In this article, we will review the pathogenesis of HL starting with the cellular origin of neoplastic cells and the mechanisms supporting its pathogenesis, especially focusing on the microenvironment of HL and its associated cytokines.
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23
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Banerjee S, Lu J, Cai Q, Sun Z, Jha HC, Robertson ES. EBNA3C augments Pim-1 mediated phosphorylation and degradation of p21 to promote B-cell proliferation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004304. [PMID: 25121590 PMCID: PMC4133388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpesvirus, can latently infect the human population. EBV is associated with several types of malignancies originating from lymphoid and epithelial cell types. EBV latent antigen 3C (EBNA3C) is essential for EBV-induced immortalization of B-cells. The Moloney murine leukemia provirus integration site (PIM-1), which encodes an oncogenic serine/threonine kinase, is linked to several cellular functions involving cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Notably, enhanced expression of Pim-1 kinase is associated with numerous hematological and non-hematological malignancies. A higher expression level of Pim-1 kinase is associated with EBV infection, suggesting a crucial role for Pim-1 in EBV-induced tumorigenesis. We now demonstrate a molecular mechanism which reveals a direct role for EBNA3C in enhancing Pim-1 expression in EBV-infected primary B-cells. We also showed that EBNA3C is physically associated with Pim-1 through its amino-terminal domain, and also forms a molecular complex in B-cells. EBNA3C can stabilize Pim-1 through abrogation of the proteasome/Ubiquitin pathway. Our results demonstrate that EBNA3C enhances Pim-1 mediated phosphorylation of p21 at the Thr145 residue. EBNA3C also facilitated the nuclear localization of Pim-1, and promoted EBV transformed cell proliferation by altering Pim-1 mediated regulation of the activity of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21/WAF1. Our study demonstrated that EBNA3C significantly induces Pim-1 mediated proteosomal degradation of p21. A significant reduction in cell proliferation of EBV-transformed LCLs was observed upon stable knockdown of Pim-1. This study describes a critical role for the oncoprotein Pim-1 in EBV-mediated oncogenesis, as well as provides novel insights into oncogenic kinase-targeted therapeutic intervention of EBV-associated cancers. The oncogenic serine/threonine kinase Pim-1 is upregulated in a number of human cancers including lymphomas, gastric, colorectal and prostate carcinomas. EBV nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) is essential for EBV-induced transformation of human primary B-lymphocytes. Our current study revealed that EBNA3C significantly enhances Pim-1 kinase expression at both the transcript and protein levels. EBNA3C also interacts with Pim-1 and can form a complex in EBV-transformed cells. Moreover, EBNA3C increases nuclear localization of Pim-1 and stabilizes Pim-1 protein levels by inhibiting its poly-ubiquitination. Additionally, EBNA3C augments Pim-1 mediated phosphorylation of p21 and its proteosomal degradation. Stable knockdown of Pim-1 using si-RNA showed a significant decrease in proliferation of EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and subsequent induction of apoptosis by triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Therefore, our study demonstrated a new mechanism by which the oncogenic Pim-1 kinase targeted by EBV latent antigen 3C can inhibit p21 function, and is therefore a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Wang X, Baddoo MC, Yin Q. The placental specific gene, PLAC1, is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus and is expressed in human tumor cells. Virol J 2014; 11:107. [PMID: 24912876 PMCID: PMC4072619 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causal agent in a number of malignancies in humans including hematopoietic tumors and non-hematopoietic tumors. Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines containing the Epstein-Barr virus have been shown to form tumors in nude mice while clonal derivatives of such cell lines in which the viral genome has been lost do not (JID 177: 1194-1201, 1998; JV 72: 9150-9156, 1998; JV 68: 6069-6073, 1994). The re-introduction of EBV into these EBV negative BLs reconstitutes the tumor phenotype. Thus, EBV-induced cellular genes play critical role in EBV-related tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS In an attempt to identify cellular genes regulated by EBV that may contribute to its tumorigenic properties, we have enforced genome loss in the Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) line, MutuI, by introducing a dominant negative form of the episomal replication factor, EBNA1 and carried out gene array analysis. One of the genes identified by this analysis is PLAC1, a gene originally identified as being expressed exclusively in placental tissue. Real time RT-PCR analysis verified higher expression in EBV positive vs. EBV negative Mutu clones. Analysis of a panel of RNAs from 20 normal tissues demonstrated the highest level of expression in placenta but significant expression was also observed in testis and brain cerebellum. PLAC1 expression was also observed in non-BL tumor cell lines derived from breast, ovary, and prostate. Lastly, expression of PLAC1 was found to be higher in some primary breast tumors compared to normal adjacent tissues. CONCLUSION This data suggests that the EBV-induced PLAC1 is a member of the cancer/testis group of tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qinyan Yin
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, SL9, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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25
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Ontiveros EP, Halwani A, Stunz LL, Kamberos N, Olivier AK, Janz S, Bishop GA. A new model of LMP1-MYC interaction in B cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2917-23. [PMID: 24605938 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.900762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with aggressive B cell lymphomas (BCLs). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of EBV is an oncogenic protein required for EBV B cell transformation. However, LMP1 is a weak oncogene in mice. Mice expressing Myc inserted 5' of the Eμ enhancer (iMyc(Eμ)), mimicking the t(8;14) translocation of endemic Burkitt lymphoma, develop delayed onset BCLs. To investigate potential cooperation between LMP1 and oncogenic MYC, we produced mice expressing the LMP1 signaling domain via a hybrid CD40-LMP1 transgene (mCD40-LMP1), and the dysregulated MYC protein of aggressive EBV+ BCLs. mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice trended toward earlier BCL onset. BCLs from mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice expressed LMP1 and were transplantable into immunocompetent recipients. iMyc(Eμ) and mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice developed BCLs with similar immunophenotypes. LMP1 signaling was intact in BCLs as shown by inducible interleukin-6. Additionally, LMP1 signaling to tumor cells induced the two isoforms of Pim1, a constitutively active prosurvival kinase implicated in lymphomagenesis.
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26
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Gurtsevitch VE, Yakovleva LS, Shcherbak LN, Goncharova EV, Smirnova KV, Diduk SV, Kondratova VN, Maksimovich DM, Lichtenstein AV, Senyuta NB. Sequence variants of LMP1 oncogene in patients with oral cavity tumors associated and not associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331305004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Yang HJ, Huang TJ, Yang CF, Peng LX, Liu RY, Yang GD, Chu QQ, Huang JL, Liu N, Huang HB, Zhu ZY, Qian CN, Huang BJ. Comprehensive profiling of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNA species associated with specific latency types in tumor cells. Virol J 2013; 10:314. [PMID: 24161012 PMCID: PMC4231337 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological cause of many human lymphocytic and epithelial malignancies. EBV expresses different genes that are associated with three latency types. To date, as many as 44 EBV-encoded miRNA species have been found, but their comprehensive profiles in the three types of latent infection that are associated with various types of tumors are not well documented. Methods In the present study, we utilized poly (A)-tailed quantitative real-time RT-PCR in combination with microarray analysis to measure the relative abundances of viral miRNA species in a subset of representative lymphoid and epithelial tumor cells with various EBV latency types. Results Our findings showed that the miR-BHRF1 and miR-BART families were expressed differentially in a tissue- and latency type-dependent manner. Specifically, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and the EBV-positive cell line C666-1, the miR-BART family accounted for more than 10% of all detected miRNAs, suggesting that these miRNAs have important roles in maintaining latent EBV infections and in driving NPC tumorigenesis. In addition, EBV miRNA-based clustering analysis clearly distinguished between the three distinct EBV latency types, and our results suggested that a switch from type I to type III latency might occur in the Daudi BL cell line. Conclusions Our data provide a comprehensive profiling of the EBV miRNA transcriptome that is associated with specific tumor cells in the three types of latent EBV infection states. EBV miRNA species represent a cluster of non-encoding latency biomarkers that are differentially expressed in tumor cells and may help to distinguish between the different latency types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Giron LB, Ramos da Silva S, Barbosa AN, Monteiro de Barros Almeida RA, Rosário de Souza LD, Elgui de Oliveira D. Impact of Epstein-Barr virus load, virus genotype, and frequency of the 30 bp deletion in the viral BNLF-1 gene in patients harboring the human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2110-8. [PMID: 24014234 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of developing Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas. The usefulness of monitoring EBV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients infected with HIV has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EBV viral load in PBMCs, the frequency of viral genotypes, and the presence of the 30-bp deletion in the BNLF-1 gene. DNA samples from 156 patients attending the HIV/AIDS Day Clinic at Botucatu School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University were evaluated. The EBV viral load was detectable by real time PCR in 123/156 (78.8%) cases and was higher in patients not receiving antiretroviral treatment or under therapeutic failure than in patients under successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (P = 0.0076). Overall, the profile of patients with high EBV viral load included elevated HIV viremia (P = 0.0005), longer time of HIV diagnosis (P = 0.0026), and increased levels of T CD8 (+) lymphocytes (P = 0.0159). The successful amplification of the EBNA-2 gene by nested-PCR was achieved in 95 of 123 (77.2%) cases, of which 75.8% were EBV-1, 9.5% EBV-2, and 14.7% were co-infected with both EBV-1 and -2. The analysis of the BNLF-1 gene was possible in 99 of 123 (80.5%) cases, of which 50.5% had the 30-bp deletion. EBV-1 was more common than EBV-2, which may reflect the fact that the cohort was predominantly Caucasian and heterosexual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bertoni Giron
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Moss WN, Steitz JA. Genome-wide analyses of Epstein-Barr virus reveal conserved RNA structures and a novel stable intronic sequence RNA. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:543. [PMID: 23937650 PMCID: PMC3751371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus implicated in cancer and autoimmune disorders. Little is known concerning the roles of RNA structure in this important human pathogen. This study provides the first comprehensive genome-wide survey of RNA and RNA structure in EBV. RESULTS Novel EBV RNAs and RNA structures were identified by computational modeling and RNA-Seq analyses of EBV. Scans of the genomic sequences of four EBV strains (EBV-1, EBV-2, GD1, and GD2) and of the closely related Macacine herpesvirus 4 using the RNAz program discovered 265 regions with high probability of forming conserved RNA structures. Secondary structure models are proposed for these regions based on a combination of free energy minimization and comparative sequence analysis. The analysis of RNA-Seq data uncovered the first observation of a stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA) in EBV. The abundance of this sisRNA rivals that of the well-known and highly expressed EBV-encoded non-coding RNAs (EBERs). CONCLUSION This work identifies regions of the EBV genome likely to generate functional RNAs and RNA structures, provides structural models for these regions, and discusses potential functions suggested by the modeled structures. Enhanced understanding of the EBV transcriptome will guide future experimental analyses of the discovered RNAs and RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Moss
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Joan A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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Irshaid F, Tarawneh K, Alshdefat A, Dilmi F, Jaran A, Al-Hadithi R, Al-Khatib A. Loss of P16 Protein Expression and Its Association with Epstein-Barr Virus LMP-1 Expression in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2013; 6:78-84. [PMID: 25250115 PMCID: PMC4142916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Expression of Epstein-Barr virus Latent Member Protein-1 (EBV LMP-1) and loss of P16 protein expression are documented in lymphoma, indicating a relationship between them, but this relationship is not clear and sometimes contradictory. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between the loss of P16 and EBV LMP-1 expression in Jordanian patients diagnosed with lymphoma. Methods Sections were made from archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks from 55 patients diagnosed with lymphoma. P16 expression and LMP-1 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. Results In Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL), the loss of P16 was higher in LMP-1 positive cases (61%) than LMP-1 negative cases (25%; P = 0.072). Conversely, in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), none of LMP-1 positive samples showed loss of P16. Furthermore, among LMP-1 HL positive cases, the loss of P16 was more frequent in male (75%) than female (33%). Also, there was a significantly higher proportion of LMP-1 positive cases showing loss of P16 in HL (11:18), compared to those in NHL (0:8, P < 0.001), confirming a difference between HL and NHL, concerning the LMP-1/P16 relationship. Conclusion A trend for an association between loss of P16 and LMP-1 expression was observed in HL but not NHL patients. These findings suggest that there are molecular and clinical differences in the pathogenesis and development of different subtypes of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Irshaid
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Khaled Tarawneh
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Aisha Alshdefat
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Fatiha Dilmi
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Adnan Jaran
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Raji Al-Hadithi
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Ahad Al-Khatib
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
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Crowley A, Connell J, Schaffer K, Hall W, Hassan J. Is there diagnostic value in detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies to the epstein-barr virus early antigen? Biores Open Access 2013; 1:291-6. [PMID: 23514966 PMCID: PMC3559238 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV EA) complex consists of multiple proteins with potential significance for diagnosis of EBV-related diseases. In many individuals, detection of antibody to the early antigen (EA) is a sign of active infection, but 20% of healthy people may have this antibody for years. We studied the role of EA immunoglobulin G (IgG) in individuals with atypical antibody responses in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and in EBV-infected transplant patients. EA IgG was present in 72% of confirmed IM patients. A trend was observed between high viral loads and the presence of EA IgG and between low viral loads and the absence of EA IgG in EBV-associated disease negative liver transplant recipients. Three assays that measure serum EA IgG were compared; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), and immunoblot assay. The automated CLIA was found to be more accurate than the ELISA when using the immunoblot assay as a "gold standard" assay in the detection of EA IgG. There may be a potential role for EA IgG testing, together with EBV viral load, in the prediction of transplant recipients at risk of EBV-associated disease; however, EA IgG does not play a significant role in the differential diagnosis of EBV infection in immunocompetent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crowley
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus oncoprotein K13 protects against B cell receptor-induced growth arrest and apoptosis through NF-κB activation. J Virol 2012; 87:2242-52. [PMID: 23236068 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01393-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). We have characterized the role of KSHV-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 in the modulation of anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in B cells. We demonstrate that K13 protects WEHI 231, an immature B-cell line, against anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis. The protective effect of K13 was associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway and was deficient in a mutant K13 with three alanine substitutions at positions 58 to 60 (K13-58AAA) and a structural homolog, vFLIP E8, both of which lack NF-κB activity. K13 upregulated the expression of NF-κB subunit RelB and blocked the anti-IgM-induced decline in c-Myc and rise in p27(Kip1) that have been associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. K13 also upregulated the expression of Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl2 family. Finally, K13 protected the mature B-cell line Ramos against anti-IgM-induced apoptosis through NF-κB activation. Inhibition of anti-IgM-induced apoptosis by K13 may contribute to the development of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Durand-Panteix S, Farhat M, Youlyouz-Marfak I, Rouaud P, Ouk-Martin C, David A, Faumont N, Feuillard J, Jayat-Vignoles C. B7-H1, which represses EBV-immortalized B cell killing by autologous T and NK cells, is oppositely regulated by c-Myc and EBV latency III program at both mRNA and secretory lysosome levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:181-90. [PMID: 22661084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EBV-immortalized B cells induce a complex immune response such that the virus persists as a clinically silent infection for the lifetime of the infected host. B7-H1, also called PD-L1, is a cosignaling molecule of the B7 family that can inhibit activated T cell effectors by interaction with its receptor PD-1. In this work, we have studied the dependence of B7-H1 on NF-κB and c-Myc, the two main transcription factors in EBV latency III proliferating B cells, on various lymphoblastoid and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, some of them being inducible or not for the EBV latency III program and/or for c-Myc. We found that B7-H1 repressed killing of EBV-immortalized B cells by their autologous T and NK cells. At the mRNA level, NF-κB was a weak inducer whereas c-Myc was a strong repressor of B7-H1 expression, an effect mediated by STAT1 inhibition. At the protein level, B7-H1 molecules were stored in both degradative and unconventional secretory lysosomes. Surface membrane B7-H1 molecules were constitutively internalized and proteolyzed in lysosomes. The EBV latency III program increased the amounts of B7-H1-containing secretory lysosomes and their export to the surface membrane. By repressing actin polymerization, c-Myc blocked secretory lysosome migration and B7-H1 surface membrane export. In addition to B7-H1, various immunoregulatory molecules participating in the immunological synapse are stored in secretory lysosomes. By playing on actin polymerization, c-Myc could thus globally regulate the immunogenicity of transformed B cells, acting on export of secretory lysosomes to plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Durand-Panteix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7276, Faculté de Médecine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Kasztelewicz B, Jankowska I, Pawłowska J, Teisseyre J, Dzierżanowska-Fangrat K. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression and latent membrane protein 1 gene polymorphism in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Med Virol 2012; 83:2182-90. [PMID: 22012727 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressed pediatric transplant recipients are at risk of developing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated complications (such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders). Monitoring of the EBV DNA level in blood alone has a low predictive value for the post-transplant course of EBV infection and its complications. Therefore, additional prognostic markers are widely sought. The study aim was to analyze EBV gene expression patterns and LMP1 polymorphism in relation to EBV DNA levels in pediatric liver transplant recipients. EBV load measurement, LMP1 variant, and gene expression analysis were performed in collected prospectively multiple blood samples from 30 patients. Several distinct patterns of EBV gene expression were identified: latency 2 (71%), latency 3 (13%), latency 0 (11%), and lytic infection (5%). In most children's multiple blood samples, both EBV gene expression patterns and expression levels of individual EBV genes varied significantly over time. EBV gene expression patterns were not associated with the EBV load. However, the viral load correlated with the LMP1 and LMP2 expression (r = 0.34; P = 0.006, and r = 0.45; P = 0.001, respectively). Two variants of the LMP1 gene were detected, and they were consistent over time in individual patients. A wild type of LMP1 was associated with higher EBV-DNA loads (P = 0.03). This indicates that EBV infection in immunosuppressed patients is a very dynamic process, but changes in the state of EBV infection do not influence significantly the viral load. The latter, however, can be associated with the activity of LMP1 and LMP2 genes, as well as polymorphism of LMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kasztelewicz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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36
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Gkiafi Z, Panayotou G. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Implicates COMMD Proteins as Epstein–Barr Virus Targets in the BL41 Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cell Line. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2959-68. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100793m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharati Gkiafi
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
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Nourse JP, Jones K, Gandhi MK. Epstein-Barr Virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: pathogenetic insights for targeted therapy. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:888-95. [PMID: 21521464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a spectrum of major, life-threatening lymphoproliferative diseases occurring in the post-transplant setting. The majority of PTLD is of B-cell origin and is associated with several risk factors, the most significant being Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV's in vitro transforming abilities, distinctive latency, clonality within the malignant cells and response to targeted therapies implicate a critical role in the biology of PTLD. This minireview focuses on EBV-related PTLD pathogenesis, in particular the interplay between aspects of the EBV life cycle and latency with nonviral factors resulting in the wide spectrum of histology and clinical presentations encountered in PTLD. With the increased prevalence of transplantation a rise in the incidence of PTLD may be expected. Therefore the importance of laboratory and animal models in the understanding of PTLD and the development of novel therapeutic approaches is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Nourse
- Clinical Immunohaematology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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38
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Penkert RR, Kalejta RF. Tegument protein control of latent herpesvirus establishment and animation. HERPESVIRIDAE 2011; 2:3. [PMID: 21429246 PMCID: PMC3063196 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are successful pathogens that infect most vertebrates as well as at least one invertebrate species. Six of the eight human herpesviruses are widely distributed in the population. Herpesviral infections persist for the life of the infected host due in large part to the ability of these viruses to enter a non-productive, latent state in which viral gene expression is limited and immune detection and clearance is avoided. Periodically, the virus will reactivate and enter the lytic cycle, producing progeny virus that can spread within or to new hosts. Latency has been classically divided into establishment, maintenance, and reactivation phases. Here we focus on demonstrated and postulated molecular mechanisms leading to the establishment of latency for representative members of each human herpesvirus family. Maintenance and reactivation are also briefly discussed. In particular, the roles that tegument proteins may play during latency are highlighted. Finally, we introduce the term animation to describe the initiation of lytic phase gene expression from a latent herpesvirus genome, and discuss why this step should be separated, both molecularly and theoretically, from reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Penkert
- Institute for Molecular Virology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Liu TY, Wu SJ, Huang MH, Lo FY, Tsai MH, Tsai CH, Hsu SM, Lin CW. EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with suppression of p21cip1/waf1 and a worse prognosis. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:32. [PMID: 20144199 PMCID: PMC2834611 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30-50% of Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) harbor the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but the impact of EBV infection on clinical outcomes has been unclear. EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) are presented in all EBV-infected cells, but their functions are still less understood. RESULTS EBER1 was transfected into two HL cell lines, KMH2 and L428, and microarrays were used to screen for EBER1-induced changes. We found that EBER1 suppressed p21cip1/waf1 transcription in HL cell lines. In addition, positive regulators of p21cip1/waf1 transcription, such as p53, EGR1, and STAT1, were decreased. Suppression of p21cip1/waf1 in the EBER1+ HL cell lines was associated with increased resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors, drugs known to cause apoptosis by increasing p21cip1/waf1 levels. On biopsy specimens, EBV+ HLs had weaker expression of both p21cip1/waf1 and active caspase 3. Clinically, suppression of p21cip1/waf1 in EBV+ HLs was associated with a worse 2-year disease-free survival rate (45% for EBV+ HLs vs. 77% for EBV- HLs, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Although the underlying mechanisms are still relatively unclear, EBER1 inhibits p21cip1/waf1 transcription and prevents apoptosis through down-regulation of p53, EGR1, and STAT1. The anti-apoptotic activity of EBER1 may be important in the rescue of Reed-Sternberg cells from drug-induced apoptosis and in the clinical behaviors of EBV+ HLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Carbone, Riccardo Dolcetti, Ashok R A. What's New in the Biology and Treatment of Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Nasopharyngeal Type? Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00016480127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oh ST, Kim M, Lee SK. Maintenance of the viral episome is essential for the cell survival of an Epstein-Barr virus positive gastric carcinoma cell line. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:729-36. [PMID: 19471888 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated with about 10% of gastric carcinomas worldwide, the role of the virus in the tumorigenesis of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is unclear. Previously, we reported that a gastric cancer cell line, SNU-719, that is naturally infected with EBV closely resembles EBVaGC. Here, we attempted to eliminate the EBV genome from SNU-719 cells to ascertain the influence of EBV in EBVaGC. Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that EBV genomes were maintained as episomes in SNU-719 cells. To remove EBV episomes, SNU-719 cells were first cultured in a hydroxyurea (HU)-containing medium for up to 6 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and FISH results revealed no evidence of HU-mediated EBV genome reduction, although cell growth was reduced by acute HU treatment in dose- and time-dependent manners. Two small interfering RNAs against Epstein Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) abrogated over 90% of the ectopic EBNA1 expression in HeLa cells, but only 40% of endogenous EBNA1 expression in SNU-719 cells. Together, our data suggest that maintenance of latent EBV infection is essential for the viability of EBVaGC cells, avoiding elimination of EBV episomes from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Taek Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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Poole BD, Templeton AK, Guthridge JM, Brown EJ, Harley JB, James JA. Aberrant Epstein-Barr viral infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:337-42. [PMID: 19167523 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serologic association, cross-reactivity of select EBV-specific antibodies with SLE autoantigens, SLE-like autoimmunity after immunization with EBV peptides, increased EB viral load in SLE patients, and SLE-specific alterations in EBV humoral and cellular immunity implicate Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To investigate SLE-specific differences in EBV gene expression, levels of eight EBV genes were compared between SLE patients and controls by using both ex vivo-infected and un-manipulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Expression levels of mRNA were significantly greater by Wilcoxen signed rank test in the ex vivo-infected SLE patient-derived cells for 4 of 8 EBV genes, including BLLF1, 3.2-fold (p<0.004); LMP-2, 1.7-fold (p<0.008); EBNA-1, 1.7-fold (p<0.01); and BcRF1, a proposed DNA binding protein, 1.7-fold (p<0.02). The frequency of LMP-1 gene expression was significantly greater by Chi square analysis in the peripheral blood from SLE patients than controls (44% of patients, 10% of controls p<0.05). PBMCs from SLE patients had greater expression of latent genes as well as increased expression of both latent and lytic genes after infection, suggesting that EBV may participate in SLE etiology through several mechanisms. Such altered infection patterns may contribute to the increased levels of EBV and the molecular mimicry seen in sera from SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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Molecular basis of cytotoxicity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in EBV latency III B cells: LMP1 induces type II ligand-independent autoactivation of CD95/Fas with caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. J Virol 2008; 82:6721-33. [PMID: 18448526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02250-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is thought to act as the major transforming protein in various cell types, by rerouting the tumor necrosis factor receptor family signaling pathway. Despite this implication in EBV-associated transformation of cells, LMP1 toxicity is a well-known but poorly studied feature, perhaps because it contradicts its role in transformation. We show that LMP1 physiological levels are very heterogeneous and that the highest levels of LMP1 correlate with Fas overexpression and spontaneous apoptosis in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). To understand the cytotoxic effect of LMP1 in LCLs, we cloned wild-type LMP1 into a doxycycline double-inducible episomal vector pRT-1, with a truncated version of NGFR as a surrogate marker of inducibility. We found that LMP1 overexpression induced apoptosis in LCL B cells, as shown by annexin V labeling, sub-G(1) peak, and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. Knocking down Fas expression by small interfering RNA abolished LMP1-induced apoptosis. The absence of detectable levels of Fas ligand mRNA suggested a ligand-independent activation of Fas. LMP1 induced Fas overexpression with its relocalization in lipid raft microdomains of the membrane. Fas immunoprecipitation detected FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) and caspase 8, suggesting a Fas-dependent formation of the death-inducing signaling complex. Caspases 8, 9, 3, and 7 were activated by LMP1. Caspase 8 activation was associated with BID cleavage and truncated-BID mitochondrial relocalization, consistent with type II apoptosis. Therefore, our results are in agreement with a model where LMP1-dependent NF-kappaB activation induces Fas overexpression and autoactivation that could overwhelm the antiapoptotic effect of NF-kappaB, revealing an ambivalent function of LMP1 in cell survival and programmed cell death.
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Abstract
Primary infection of healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is usually asymptomatic and results in the establishment of a lifelong latent infection of the host. Although no overt HCMV disease is observed in healthy carriers, due to effective immune control, severe clinical symptoms associated with HCMV reactivation are observed in immunocompromised transplant patients and HIV sufferers. Work from a number of laboratories has identified the myeloid lineage as one important site for HCMV latency and reactivation and thus has been the subject of extensive study. Attempts to elucidate the mechanisms controlling viral latency have shown that cellular transcription factors and histone proteins influence HCMV gene expression profoundly and that the type of cellular environment virus encounters upon infection may have a critical role in determining a lytic or latent infection and subsequent reactivation from latency. Furthermore, the identification of a number of viral gene products expressed during latent infection suggests a more active role for HCMV during latency. Defining the role of these viral proteins in latently infected cells will be important for our full understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation in vivo.
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Monier A, Claverie JM, Ogata H. Horizontal gene transfer and nucleotide compositional anomaly in large DNA viruses. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:456. [PMID: 18070355 PMCID: PMC2211322 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA viruses have a wide range of genome sizes (5 kb up to 1.2 Mb, compared to 0.16 Mb to 1.5 Mb for obligate parasitic bacteria) that do not correlate with their virulence or the taxonomic distribution of their hosts. The reasons for such large variation are unclear. According to the traditional view of viruses as gifted "gene pickpockets", large viral genome sizes could originate from numerous gene acquisitions from their hosts. We investigated this hypothesis by studying 67 large DNA viruses with genome sizes larger than 150 kb, including the recently characterized giant mimivirus. Given that horizontally transferred DNA often have anomalous nucleotide compositions differing from the rest of the genome, we conducted a detailed analysis of the inter- and intra-genome compositional properties of these viruses. We then interpreted their compositional heterogeneity in terms of possible causes, including strand asymmetry, gene function/expression, and horizontal transfer. Results We first show that the global nucleotide composition and nucleotide word usage of viral genomes are species-specific and distinct from those of their hosts. Next, we identified compositionally anomalous (cA) genes in viral genomes, using a method based on Bayesian inference. The proportion of cA genes is highly variable across viruses and does not exhibit a significant correlation with genome size. The vast majority of the cA genes were of unknown function, lacking homologs in the databases. For genes with known homologs, we found a substantial enrichment of cA genes in specific functional classes for some of the viruses. No significant association was found between cA genes and compositional strand asymmetry. A possible exogenous origin for a small fraction of the cA genes could be confirmed by phylogenetic reconstruction. Conclusion At odds with the traditional dogma, our results argue against frequent genetic transfers to large DNA viruses from their modern hosts. The large genome sizes of these viruses are not simply explained by an increased propensity to acquire foreign genes. This study also confirms that the anomalous nucleotide compositions of the cA genes is sometimes linked to particular biological functions or expression patterns, possibly leading to an overestimation of recent horizontal gene transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Monier
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS - UPR 2589, Institute for Structural Biology and Microbiology, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, FR-13288, Marseille cedex 09, France.
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Kaul R, Murakami M, Choudhuri T, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr virus latent nuclear antigens can induce metastasis in a nude mouse model. J Virol 2007; 81:10352-61. [PMID: 17634231 PMCID: PMC2045452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00886-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus associated with the development of both lymphoid and epithelial tumors. The EBV critical latent antigens EBNA1 and EBNA3C interact with Nm23-H1, a known suppressor of cell migration and tumor metastasis. This interaction is critical for the regulation of downstream cellular genes involved in tumorigenesis and cell migration. The significance of these interactions was determined in nude mice using cancer cells expressing both EBV antigens and Nm23-H1. The EBV antigens promoted the growth of transformed cells in vivo, but their expression was less critical during the later stage of tumor development. The expression of Nm23-H1 affected the growth of cancer cells and suppressed their metastatic potential. This effect was effectively rescued by the expression of both EBV antigens. Interestingly, the prometastatic potential of EBNA3C was greater than that of EBNA1, which triggered a dramatic immune response, as indicated by increased spleen size and development of ascites in the mice. These studies now bridge the expression of the EBV antigens with tumorigenesis and metastasis and widen the range of potential targets for development of therapies for EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Brunner B, Kropshofer G, Ellemunter H, Brunner A, Mueller T, Margreiter R, Tzankov A. Severe cold agglutinin disease caused by recurrent monomorphic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), clonally related to an EBV-negative plasmacytic hyperplasia in a pediatric multivisceral organ transplant recipient. Pediatr Transplant 2007; 11:547-51. [PMID: 17631026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PTLD represent major post-transplant complications. The major etiologic factor is EBV. Association with cold agglutinin disease has not been described so far. We report a three-yr-old girl who developed oligoclonal EBV-negative plasmacytic hyperplasia as well as Coombs test-positive anemia one yr after multivisceral organ transplantation, performed after subtotal bowel resection for colointestinal aganglionosis and liver cirrhosis resulting from long-term parenteral nutrition. The patient was treated for plasmacytic hyperplasia with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone and achieved clinical remission. One yr later PTLD progressed possibly driven by EBV to DLBCL. The migration patterns of the amplified Ig heavy chain genes demonstrated a probable clonal relationship of the DLBCL to a clone almost present in the plasmacytic hyperplasia. This progression was accompanied by a rapid rise of cold agglutinin titers with symptoms of severe cold agglutinin disease, leading to right femoral and extern iliac vein thromboses requiring partial leg amputation. After four cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and prednisolone, the patient achieved complete PTLD remission and the cold agglutinins disappeared. Summarizing, PTLD may be accompanied by cold agglutinin disease, and both may be successfully treated by immuno-chemotherapy. The appearance of cold agglutinins in transplant patients may indicate PTLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brunner
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lubega J. T-helper 1 versus T-helper 2 lymphocyte immunodysregulation is the central factor in genesis of Burkitt lymphoma: hypothesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:10. [PMID: 17509139 PMCID: PMC1884132 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV epidemic has challenged our previous understanding of endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. Despite the strong association of Burkitt's lymphoma and HIV infection in the Developed world, and against previous postulations that the cancer is due to immunosupression among African children, the HIV epidemic in the Malaria belt has not been associated with a corresponding increase in incidence of childhood Burkitt's lymphoma. Even outside the context of HIV infection, there is substantial evidence for a strong but skewed immune response towards a TH2 response in genesis of Burkitt lymphoma. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Rather than a global and/or profound immunosupression, the final common pathway in genesis of Burkitt's lymphoma is the dysregulation of the immune response towards a TH2 response dominated by B-lymphocytes, and the concomitant suppression of the TH1 cell-mediated immune surveillance, driven by various viral/parasitic/bacterial infections. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Case control studies comparing TH2 and TH1 immune responses in Burkitt lymphoma of different etiological types (sporadic, HIV-related, endemic and post-transplant) to demonstrate significant dominance of TH2 immune response in presence of poor CMI response as a common factor. Immunological profiling to evaluate differences between immune states that are associated (such as recurrent Malaria infection) and those that are not associated (such as severe protein-energy malnutrition) with Burkitt lymphoma. Prospective cohorts profiling chronology of immunological events leading to Burkitt lymphoma in children with EBV infection. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The dysregulation of the immune response may be the missing link in our understanding of Burkitt lymphomagenesis. This will provide possibilities for determination of risk and for control of development of malignancy in individuals/populations exposed to the relevant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lubega
- Department of Paediatrics, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust, Darlington, UK.
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Hanashiro K, Ohta S, Sunagawa M, Nakamura M, Suzuki M, Kosugi T. Modification of Cepsilon mRNA expression by EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:68069. [PMID: 17392589 PMCID: PMC1775027 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/68069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of expression of latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on Cɛ mRNA expression,
mRNA levels were examined by RT-PCR or Northern blot analysis upon transient transfection of LMP1 in the splenocytes derived from Brown-Norway rats with or without immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-conjugated Ascaris suum antigen. Splenocytes were transfected with LMP1 expression vector, pSG5-LMP1, using lipofection method. Cɛ mRNA levels were considerably increased by transfection with pSG5-LMP1 in the splenocytes derived from the nonimmunized rats; however, Cɛ mRNA levels were decreased in the splenocytes derived from the immunized rats. Cɛ mRNA expression in IgE-producing cells are modulated by LMP1, which might depend on the differentiation status of B cells upon exposure to allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hanashiro
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shigeto Ohta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masanori Sunagawa
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
- *Masanori Sunagawa:
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Kosugi
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Gao Y, Ji J, Zhu W, Wang Y, Luo B. Influence of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A on the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:108-113. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct recombinant adenovirus expression vector containing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) and investigate the effects of LMP2A on the proliferation of human gastric cancer cell line.
METHODS: The target gene LMP2A was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the recombinant adenovirus vector carrying LMP2A gene was constructed with AdEasy system. The recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-2A was transfected into HEK293 cells with lipofectamine 2000 to package recombinant adenovirus, and then gastric cancer cells SGC with negative EBV were infected by recombinant adenovirus. The expression of LMP2A and its effect on the proliferation of SGC cells were analyzed by PT-PCR, MTT assay, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal microscopy.
RESULTS: The recombinant adenovirus vector pAd-2A was successfully constructed and identified by PCR, restrictive enzyme analysis, and DNA sequencing. The recombinant adenovirus vAd-2A packaged by HEK293 cells had stable infectivity. The virus titer was 3.16×1012 pfu/L. MTT assay, FACS and confocal microscopy showed that vAd-2A transfection significantly increased the proliferation of SGC cells (P < 0.01). The ratio of S-phase cells was markedly elevated after vAd-2A transfection in comparison with that after vAd transfection and non-transfection (24 h: 35.2% ± 5.1% vs 14.0% ± 3.4%, 13.2% ± 4.6%, P < 0.01; 48 h: 25.6% ± 4.1% vs 12.9% ± 2.6%, 12.5% ± 3.2%, P < 0.01). The expression of Cyclin E protein was also induced by LMP2A.
CONCLUSION: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying EBV LMP2A gene is constructed successfully. Meanwhile, it is confirmed that LMP2A may promote the proliferation of SGC cells by induction of Cyclin E expression.
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