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Westra S, Goldberg MS, Labrèche F, Baumgartner J, Ho V. The association between the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and occupational exposure to selected organic solvents, Montreal, Canada, 2008-2011. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:911-927. [PMID: 37565624 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women and recognized risk factors explain 25%-47% of cases. Organic solvents are used widely in the workplace and exposure may increase the risk of developing breast cancer, yet there are insufficient data to confirm this hypothesis. We sought to determine whether past occupational exposures to selected organic solvents were associated with the incidence of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women in Montréal, Canada. METHODS From a population-based case-control study (2008-2011), using in-depth interviews we elicited information on risk factors and lifetime occupational histories. Industrial hygienists and chemists translated job descriptions into specific chemical and physical exposures. We assessed 11 individual solvents and four solvent groups. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for metrics of past exposures to selected solvents. Exposure metrics included any previous exposure, average frequency in hours per week, duration in years, and average cumulative concentration weighted by hours per workweek exposed. RESULTS We enrolled 695 cases and 608 controls. We found increased ORs for average cumulative concentration of exposure to mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.28), chlorinated alkanes (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.23, 5.68), toluene (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.59), and a group of organic solvents with reactive metabolites (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.24). Positive associations were found across all exposure metrics and were higher among women with estrogen-positive/progesterone-negative tumors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest occupational exposure to certain organic solvents may increase the risk of incident postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Westra
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), University of Montréal and CIUSSS Centre-Sud, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Ethics, Equity and Policy, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vikki Ho
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal School of Public Health (ESPUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cohen SM, Bevan C, Gollapudi B, Klaunig JE. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:342-370. [PMID: 37282619 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2220147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has been extensively used and reported to produce toxicity, most notably involving the liver. Carbon tetrachloride metabolism involves CYP450-mediated bioactivation to trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl peroxy radicals, which are capable of macromolecular interaction with cell components including lipids and proteins. Radical interaction with lipids produces lipid peroxidation which can mediate cellular damage leading to cell death. Chronic exposure with CCl4 a rodent hepatic carcinogen with a mode of action (MOA) exhibits the following key events: 1) metabolic activation; 2) hepatocellular toxicity and cell death; 3) consequent regenerative increased cell proliferation; and 4) hepatocellular proliferative lesions (foci, adenomas, carcinomas). The induction of rodent hepatic tumors is dependent upon the dose (concentration and exposure duration) of CCl4, with tumors only occurring at cytotoxic exposure levels. Adrenal benign pheochromocytomas were also increased in mice at high CCl4 exposures; however, these tumors are not of relevant importance to human cancer risk. Few epidemiology studies that have been performed on CCl4, do not provide credible evidence of enhanced risk of occurrence of liver or adrenal cancers, but these studies have serious flaws limiting their usefulness for risk assessment. This manuscript summarizes the toxicity and carcinogenicity attributed to CCl4, specifically addressing MOA, dose-response, and human relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
| | | | | | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, US
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Goodman JE, Ticknor RC, Zhou J. Systematic review of perchloroethylene and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 4:100077. [PMID: 37637029 PMCID: PMC10446115 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of epidemiology studies that evaluated the association between perchloroethylene (PCE) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). This included an independent detailed assessment of a few critical aspects of study quality (i.e., study design, exposure measurement, exposure levels, and potential confounding), and a consideration of other aspects of quality less formally. Of the identified 18 cohort studies of 15 unique cohorts, 17 case-control studies of 14 unique population groups, and 3 ecological studies, none was high quality for all four critical quality elements and each study also had other major methodological study limitations. Reported risk estimates were mostly null, ranged widely from below to above 1, and often had extremely wide confidence intervals (CIs), indicating unstable risk estimates. In addition, there was no consistent evidence of dose-response. Overall, given the low quality of the available epidemiology studies, the evidence does not support an association between PCE exposure and NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Goodman
- Gradient, One Beacon St., 17th Floor, Boston, MA 02108, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Ticknor
- Gradient, 600 Stewart St., Suite 1900, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America
| | - Jean Zhou
- Gradient, One Beacon St., 17th Floor, Boston, MA 02108, United States of America
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Kim DY, Kim KY. Exposure Assessment of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in the Aircraft. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:487-492. [PMID: 36579006 PMCID: PMC9772471 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The exposure levels of disease-causing bacteria and germs were assessed on aircraft cleaning workers on multiple different aircrafts. Method Five measuring points were selected depending on the aircraft types. Four aircraft cleaning agencies were selected for the test. Aircraft cleaning work was classified as intensive cleaning and general cleaning work. Ventilation in aircraft when sampling during the cleaning operation was categorized into forced ventilation and natural ventilation. The collection of airborne microorganisms was made through inertial impactors which were installed 1.5 meters above the bottom of the aircraft. The airborne bacteria and fungus growth badges were selected by Trytpic Soy Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Results The average concentrations of bacteria in the air were higher in the order of small, medium, and large airplanes. Rainy days had higher concentrations inside and outside the aircraft as compared to those in sunny days. Regarding ventilation, concentrations in natural ventilation were higher than concentrations in forced ventilation. According to the type of work, the concentrations in the intensive cleaning groups (cleaning one plane a day) were lower than those of the ordinary cleaning groups (cleaning several planes per day). Conclusion The concentration levels of airborne bacteria and fungi in the aircraft surveyed were lower than the indoor environmental standards of Korea (800 cfu/m3 and 500 cfu/m3). The average concentrations of bacteria in the air and fungi in the air were highest in small aircraft owned by Company D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Youn Kim
- Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Xiao W, Huang J, Wang J, Chen Y, Hu N, Cao S. Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1605-1618. [PMID: 34686960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Recent studies suggest that organic solvent exposure could be closely related to breast cancer, although the evidence remains controversial. Thus, we evaluated existing epidemiological evidence for the association between occupational solvent exposure and breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify published case-control and cohort studies that addressed occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer, up to April, 2021. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were conducted to obtain the pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the incidence of breast cancer in relation to occupational exposure. The pooled OR of breast cancer among workers exposed to organic solvents overall was 1.18 (95%CI, 1.11 ~ 1.25; I2 = 76.3%; 24 studies), compared to those with no exposure. After stratification by menopause and study location, it was revealed that the association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09 ~ 1.67; I2 = 73.4%; 7 studies) was significant, and there was also a clear association in workers in Europe (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12 ~ 1.32; I2 = 82.9%; 13 studies). We observed a significant association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in both cohort and case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Xiao
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinglong Huang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youli Chen
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Maesano CN, Caillaud D, Youssouf H, Banerjee S, Prud'Homme J, Audi C, Horo K, Toloba Y, Ramousse O, Annesi-Maesano I. Indoor exposure to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in dwellings and workplaces and respiratory health in French farmers. Multidiscip Respir Med 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 31592111 PMCID: PMC6774217 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-019-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few investigations have related objective assessments of indoor air pollutants to respiratory health in farmers, in spite of the many rural environmental hazards to which they are exposed. Chemical air pollution has been particularly neglected. Objective We investigated the relationships of indoor exposure to particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to respiratory health in farmers. Methods Nineteen VOCs (5 families) and PM (from ultrafine to total suspended particles (TSP)) were objectively assessed in dwellings and workplaces in 109 French farmers during a week. To take into account multiple exposures, scores of exposure were computed for total VOCs and VOCs families. Individuals filled a standardized questionnaire and underwent spirometry with bronchodilation test. Results On average, VOCs concentrations were higher in dwellings than in workplaces. The reverse was observed for PM. When considering the mean concentrations of air pollutants for the whole farm (dwellings + workplaces), asthma (9.3%) was positively associated with elevated exposure to benzene (adjusted odds-ratio (ORa) = 6.64, 95%CI: 1.56–28.27), trichloroethylene (4.80, 1.00–23.30) and halogenated hydrocarbons score (2.9, 95% 1.3–6.8). Early airway obstruction (FEF25–75 < 80%, with normal FEV1 and FVC and FEV/FVC ≥ 70%) (29.8%) was related to elevated exposure to 2-butoxyetylacetate (11.49, 1.55–85.37) and glycol ethers score (2.0; 1.0–4.1) in the whole farm and to PM2.5 (ORa = 5.26, 95% CI: 1.09–25.28) in the granary/stable. The risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (FEV/FVC < 70%) (COPD) (4.26%) was found to be larger with elevated exposure to aldehydes (OR = 3.95, 1.09–14.26). Conclusion Indoor chemical air pollution is detrimental to farmers’ respiratory health. More epidemiological investigations with detailed exposure assessments and clinical measures of respiratory effects are needed in rural settings to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Nichole Maesano
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
| | - Denis Caillaud
- 2Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hassani Youssouf
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
| | - Soutrik Banerjee
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
| | - Julie Prud'Homme
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
| | - Christelle Audi
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
| | - Kigninlman Horo
- 3Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Diseases Department, CHU, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yacouba Toloba
- Service de pneumologie, CHU du Point-G, Bamako, E1631 Mali
| | | | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- 1Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory diseases department (EPAR), Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Medical School St Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
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Checkoway H, Lees PSJ, Dell LD, Gentry PR, Mundt KA. Peak Exposures in Epidemiologic Studies and Cancer Risks: Considerations for Regulatory Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:1441-1464. [PMID: 30925210 PMCID: PMC6850123 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review approaches for characterizing "peak" exposures in epidemiologic studies and methods for incorporating peak exposure metrics in dose-response assessments that contribute to risk assessment. The focus was on potential etiologic relations between environmental chemical exposures and cancer risks. We searched the epidemiologic literature on environmental chemicals classified as carcinogens in which cancer risks were described in relation to "peak" exposures. These articles were evaluated to identify some of the challenges associated with defining and describing cancer risks in relation to peak exposures. We found that definitions of peak exposure varied considerably across studies. Of nine chemical agents included in our review of peak exposure, six had epidemiologic data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in dose-response assessments to derive inhalation unit risk values. These were benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide. All derived unit risks relied on cumulative exposure for dose-response estimation and none, to our knowledge, considered peak exposure metrics. This is not surprising, given the historical linear no-threshold default model (generally based on cumulative exposure) used in regulatory risk assessments. With newly proposed US EPA rule language, fuller consideration of alternative exposure and dose-response metrics will be supported. "Peak" exposure has not been consistently defined and rarely has been evaluated in epidemiologic studies of cancer risks. We recommend developing uniform definitions of "peak" exposure to facilitate fuller evaluation of dose response for environmental chemicals and cancer risks, especially where mechanistic understanding indicates that the dose response is unlikely linear and that short-term high-intensity exposures increase risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family Medicine & Public HealthSan Diego School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLa JollaCAUSA
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DeBono N, Kelly-Reif K, Richardson D, Keil A, Robinson W, Troester M, Marshall S. Mortality among autoworkers manufacturing electronics in Huntsville, Alabama. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:282-295. [PMID: 30569473 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers raised concerns over suspected excesses of mortality at automotive electronics manufacturing facilities in Huntsville, Alabama. METHODS A study of 4396 UAW members ever-employed at Huntsville facilities between 1972 and 1993 was conducted with mortality follow-up through 2016. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were estimated using U.S. and Alabama reference rates. RESULTS Relative to U.S. rates, there was a modest excess of all-cause mortality among White female workers (SMR 1.08, 95%CI: 0.99-1.18) and among all workers hired <1977 at the original plant building (SMR 1.10, 95%CI: 0.99-1.22). There was excess nervous system disorder (SMR 1.24, 95%CI: 0.91-1.65) and brain and nervous system cancer (SMR 1.31, 95%CI: 0.67-2.28) mortality. Estimates for several causes of interest were imprecise. CONCLUSIONS All-cause mortality estimates were greater than anticipated based on results from other UAW cohorts. The excess of nervous system disease mortality is consistent with other studies of electronics workers exposed to lead-solder and chlorinated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan DeBono
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Kaitlin Kelly-Reif
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - David Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Alex Keil
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Whitney Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Melissa Troester
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Stephen Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
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Bulka CM, Daviglus ML, Persky VW, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Lash JP, Elfassy T, Lee DJ, Ramos AR, Tarraf W, Argos M. Association of occupational exposures with cardiovascular disease among US Hispanics/Latinos. Heart 2019; 105:439-448. [PMID: 30538094 PMCID: PMC6580877 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA. The role of occupational exposures to chemicals in the development of CVD has rarely been studied even though many agents possess cardiotoxic properties. We therefore evaluated associations of self-reported exposures to organic solvents, metals and pesticides in relation to CVD prevalence among diverse Hispanic/Latino workers. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 7404 employed individuals, aged 18-74 years, enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) were analysed. Participants from four US cities provided questionnaire data and underwent clinical examinations, including ECGs. CVD was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure or cerebrovascular disease. Prevalence ratios reflecting the relationship between each occupational exposure and CVD as well as CVD subtypes were calculated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Hispanic/Latino workers reported exposures to organic solvents (6.5%), metals (8.5%) and pesticides (4.7%) at their current jobs. Overall, 6.1% of participants had some form of CVD, with coronary heart disease as the most common (4.3%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (1.0%), heart failure (0.8%) and atrial fibrillation (0.7%). For individuals who reported working with pesticides, the prevalence ratios for any CVD were 2.18 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.55), coronary heart disease 2.20 (95% CI 1.31 to 3.71), cerebrovascular disease 1.38 (95% CI 0.62 3.03), heart failure 0.91 (95% CI 0.23 to 3.54) and atrial fibrillation 5.92 (95% CI 1.89 to 18.61) after adjustment for sociodemographic, acculturation, lifestyle and occupational characteristics. Metal exposures were associated with an almost fourfold (3.78, 95% CI 1.24 to 11.46) greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Null associations were observed for organic solvent exposures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that working with metals and pesticides could be risk factors for CVD among Hispanic/Latino workers. Further work is needed to evaluate these relationships prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bulka
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria W Persky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Lash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Callahan CL, Stewart PA, Friesen MC, Locke S, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Rothman N, Purdue MP. Case-control investigation of occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:415-420. [PMID: 29588333 PMCID: PMC10364142 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many studies have investigated the association between trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), less is known about other chlorinated solvents. We extended our previous analysis of occupational TCE exposure in a multicentre population-based case-control study of NHL to investigate associations with five additional chlorinated solvents: 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride and perchloroethylene. METHODS Cases (n=1189) and controls (n=982) provided detailed information on their occupational histories and workplace exposure to chlorinated solvents for selected occupations using job-specific interview modules. An industrial hygienist used this information and a review of the literature to assess occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents. We computed ORs and 95% CIs for different exposure metrics, with the unexposed group as the referent. We also computed ORs by NHL subtype. RESULTS High cumulative hours exposed to carbon tetrachloride was associated with NHL (>520 hours: OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6; Ptrend=0.04). This association remained after restricting to jobs with high-intensity exposure (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.8; P=0.03) and ≥90% exposure probability (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0 to 4.3; P=0.03), adjusting for TCE (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0- to 4.1; P=0.04) and incorporating a 15-year lag (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6; P=0.06). The other evaluated chlorinated solvents were not associated with NHL. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study using high-quality quantitative exposure assessment methods to identify a statistically significant elevated association between occupational exposure to carbon tetrachloride and NHL. Our findings, although limited by a small number of exposed cases, offer evidence that carbon tetrachloride may be a lymphomagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Callahan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard K Severson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Hart JE, Bertrand KA, DuPre N, James P, Vieira VM, VoPham T, Mittleman MR, Tamimi RM, Laden F. Exposure to hazardous air pollutants and risk of incident breast cancer in the nurses' health study II. Environ Health 2018; 17:28. [PMID: 29587753 PMCID: PMC5870204 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from a recent prospective cohort study in California suggested increased risk of breast cancer associated with higher exposure to certain carcinogenic and estrogen-disrupting hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). However, to date, no nationwide studies have evaluated these possible associations. Our objective was to examine the impacts of mammary carcinogen and estrogen disrupting HAPs on risk of invasive breast cancer in a nationwide cohort. METHODS We assigned HAPs from the US Environmental Protection Agency's 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment to 109,239 members of the nationwide, prospective Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Risk of overall invasive, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+), and ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer with increasing quartiles of exposure were assessed in time-varying multivariable proportional hazards models, adjusted for traditional breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS A total of 3321 invasive cases occurred (2160 ER+, 558 ER-) during follow-up 1989-2011. Overall, there was no consistent pattern of elevated risk of the HAPs with risk of breast cancer. Suggestive elevations were only seen with increasing 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane exposures (multivariable adjusted HR of overall breast cancer = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.98-1.29; ER+ breast cancer HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.30; ER- breast cancer HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.61; each in the top exposure quartile compared to the lowest). CONCLUSIONS Exposures to HAPs during adulthood were not consistently associated with an increased risk of overall or estrogen-receptor subtypes of invasive breast cancer in this nationwide cohort of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E. Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Natalie DuPre
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Trang VoPham
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maggie R. Mittleman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
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Hart JE, Bertrand KA, DuPre N, James P, Vieira VM, VoPham T, Mittleman MR, Tamimi RM, Laden F. Exposure to hazardous air pollutants and risk of incident breast cancer in the nurses' health study II. Environ Health 2018. [PMID: 29587753 DOI: 10.1186/sl2940-018-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from a recent prospective cohort study in California suggested increased risk of breast cancer associated with higher exposure to certain carcinogenic and estrogen-disrupting hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). However, to date, no nationwide studies have evaluated these possible associations. Our objective was to examine the impacts of mammary carcinogen and estrogen disrupting HAPs on risk of invasive breast cancer in a nationwide cohort. METHODS We assigned HAPs from the US Environmental Protection Agency's 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment to 109,239 members of the nationwide, prospective Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Risk of overall invasive, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+), and ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer with increasing quartiles of exposure were assessed in time-varying multivariable proportional hazards models, adjusted for traditional breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS A total of 3321 invasive cases occurred (2160 ER+, 558 ER-) during follow-up 1989-2011. Overall, there was no consistent pattern of elevated risk of the HAPs with risk of breast cancer. Suggestive elevations were only seen with increasing 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane exposures (multivariable adjusted HR of overall breast cancer = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.98-1.29; ER+ breast cancer HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.30; ER- breast cancer HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.61; each in the top exposure quartile compared to the lowest). CONCLUSIONS Exposures to HAPs during adulthood were not consistently associated with an increased risk of overall or estrogen-receptor subtypes of invasive breast cancer in this nationwide cohort of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Natalie DuPre
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Trang VoPham
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maggie R Mittleman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr, Landmark Center, 3rd Floor West (BWH/HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Dumas O, Despreaux T, Perros F, Lau E, Andujar P, Humbert M, Montani D, Descatha A. Respiratory effects of trichloroethylene. Respir Med 2017; 134:47-53. [PMID: 29413507 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a chlorinated solvent that has been used widely around the world in the twentieth century for metal degreasing and dry cleaning. Although TCE displays general toxicity and is classified as a human carcinogen, the association between TCE exposure and respiratory disorders are conflicting. In this review we aimed to systematically evaluate the current evidence for the respiratory effects of TCE exposure and the implications for the practicing clinician. There is limited evidence of an increased risk of lung cancer associated with TCE exposure based on animal and human data. However, the effect of other chlorinated solvents and mixed solvent exposure should be further investigated. Limited data are available to support an association between TCE exposure and respiratory tract disorders such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or rhinitis. The most consistent data is the association of TCE with autoimmune and vascular diseases such as systemic sclerosis and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Although recent data are reassuring regarding the absence of an increased lung cancer risk with TCE exposure, clinicians should be aware of other potential respiratory effects of TCE. In particular, occupational exposure to TCE has been linked to less common conditions such as systemic sclerosis and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Dumas
- Inserm, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Thomas Despreaux
- Inserm, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France; AP-HP UVSQ, Occupational Health Unit/Population-Based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, University Hospital of Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation (TORINO), Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; UMR_S 999, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Laboratoire D'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, F-92350, France
| | - Edmund Lau
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Pascal Andujar
- CHI Créteil, Service de Pneumologie et Pathologie Professionnelle, F-94000, Creteil, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation (TORINO), Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; UMR_S 999, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Laboratoire D'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, F-92350, France
| | - David Montani
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation (TORINO), Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France; UMR_S 999, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Laboratoire D'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, F-92350, France
| | - Alexis Descatha
- Inserm, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France; AP-HP UVSQ, Occupational Health Unit/Population-Based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, University Hospital of Poincaré, Garches, France.
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Barul C, Fayossé A, Carton M, Pilorget C, Woronoff AS, Stücker I, Luce D. Occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and risk of head and neck cancer in men: a population-based case-control study in France. Environ Health 2017; 16:77. [PMID: 28738894 PMCID: PMC5525363 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies have investigated the link between occupational exposure to solvents and head and neck cancer risk, and available findings are sparse and inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the association between occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and head and neck cancer risk. METHODS We analyzed data from 4637 men (1857 cases and 2780 controls) included in a population-based case-control study, ICARE (France). Occupational exposure to five chlorinated solvents (perchloroethylene [PCE], trichloroethylene [TCE], methylene chloride [MC], chloroform [CF], and carbon tetrachloride [CT]) was assessed through job-exposure matrices. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, asbestos exposure, and other potential confounders. RESULTS We observed no association between chlorinated solvent exposure and head and neck cancer risk, despite a non-significant increase in risk among subjects who had the highest cumulative level of exposure to PCE, (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 0.68 to 4.82). In subsite analysis, the risk of laryngeal cancer increased with cumulative exposure to PCE (p for trend = 0.04). The OR was 3.86 (95% CI = 1.30 to 11.48) for those exposed to the highest levels of PCE. A non-significant elevated risk of hypopharyngeal cancer was also observed in subjects exposed to the highest levels of MC (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 0.98 to 5.85). CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that high exposure to PCE increases the risk of laryngeal cancer, and suggest an association between exposure to MC and hypopharyngeal cancer. Exposure to other chlorinated solvents was not associated with the risk of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Barul
- INSERM U 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurore Fayossé
- INSERM U 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Matthieu Carton
- INSERM, Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit, UMS 011 Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Pilorget
- The French Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
- Univ Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon1 University, Ifsttar, UMRESTTE, UMR T_9405, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Woronoff
- Registre des tumeurs du Doubs et du Territoire de Belfort CHRU, Besançon, France
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- INSERM U 1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Address: INSERM U1085-IRSET, Faculté de Médecine, Campus de Fouillole, BP-145, 97154 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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Leso V, Capitanelli I, Lops EA, Ricciardi W, Iavicoli I. Occupational chemical exposure and diabetes mellitus risk. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:222-249. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715624594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases that may originate from an interaction between genetic and lifestyle risk factors. However, the possible role of occupational chemical exposures in the disease development and progression remains unclear. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between occupational exposure to specific chemical substances or industrial activities and DM morbidity and mortality outcomes. Although some positive findings may support the diabetogenic role of certain pesticides and dioxins in different workplaces, the variable conditions of exposure, the lack of quantitative environmental or biological monitoring data and the different outcomes evaluated do not allow defining a specific exposure-disease causality. Therefore, further epidemiological studies will be necessary to adequately assess modes of action for different substances, dose–response relationships as well as individual susceptibility factors potentially affecting the exposure-disease continuum. Overall, this appears important to adequately assess, communicate and manage risks in occupational chemical exposure settings with the aim to protect workers and build healthier job conditions for diabetic employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veruscka Leso
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capitanelli
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Alessandra Lops
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Press DJ, McKinley M, Deapen D, Clarke CA, Gomez SL. Residential cancer cluster investigation nearby a Superfund Study Area with trichloroethylene contamination. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:607-13. [PMID: 26983615 PMCID: PMC5759954 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent associated with liver cancer, kidney cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is unclear whether an excess of TCE-associated cancers have occurred surrounding the Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman Superfund site in Mountain View, California. We conducted a population-based cancer cluster investigation comparing the incidence of NHL, liver, and kidney cancers in the neighborhood of interest to the incidence among residents in the surrounding four-county region. METHODS Case counts and address information were obtained using routinely collected data from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, part of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Population denominators were obtained from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 US censuses. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with two-sided 99 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for time intervals surrounding the US Censuses. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the neighborhood of interest and the larger region for cancers of the liver or kidney. A statistically significant elevation was observed for NHL during one of the three time periods evaluated (1996-2005: SIR = 1.8, 99 % CI 1.1-2.8). No statistically significant NHL elevation existed in the earlier 1988-1995 (SIR = 1.3, 99 % CI 0.5-2.6) or later 2006-2011 (SIR = 1.3, 99 % CI 0.6-2.4) periods. CONCLUSION There is no evidence of an increased incidence of liver or kidney cancer, and there is a lack of evidence of a consistent, sustained, or more recent elevation in NHL occurrence in this neighborhood. This evaluation included existing cancer registry data, which cannot speak to specific exposures incurred by past or current residents of this neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Press
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.
- University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Suite 305, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, Rm. R-214, MC2000, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Meg McKinley
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
| | - Dennis Deapen
- University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Suite 305, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Christina A Clarke
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5405, USA
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5405, USA
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18
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‘t Mannetje A, De Roos AJ, Boffetta P, Vermeulen R, Benke G, Fritschi L, Brennan P, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Becker N, Nieters A, Staines A, Campagna M, Chiu B, Clavel J, de Sanjose S, Hartge P, Holly EA, Bracci P, Linet MS, Monnereau A, Orsi L, Purdue MP, Rothman N, Lan Q, Kane E, Costantini AS, Miligi L, Spinelli JJ, Zheng T, Cocco P, Kricker A. Occupation and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Its Subtypes: A Pooled Analysis from the InterLymph Consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:396-405. [PMID: 26340796 PMCID: PMC4829988 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various occupations have been associated with an elevated risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but results have been inconsistent across studies. OBJECTIVES We investigated occupational risk of NHL and of four common NHL subtypes with particular focus on occupations of a priori interest. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of 10,046 cases and 12,025 controls from 10 NHL studies participating in the InterLymph Consortium. We harmonized the occupational coding using the 1968 International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-1968) and grouped occupations previously associated with NHL into 25 a priori groups. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for center, age, and sex were determined for NHL overall and for the following four subtypes: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). RESULTS We confirmed previously reported positive associations between NHL and farming occupations [field crop/vegetable farm workers OR = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.51; general farm workers OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.37]; we also confirmed associations of NHL with specific occupations such as women's hairdressers (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.74), charworkers/cleaners (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36), spray-painters (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.30, 3.29), electrical wiremen (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.54), and carpenters (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.93). We observed subtype-specific associations for DLBCL and CLL/SLL in women's hairdressers and for DLBCL and PTCL in textile workers. CONCLUSIONS Our pooled analysis of 10 international studies adds to evidence suggesting that farming, hairdressing, and textile industry-related exposures may contribute to NHL risk. Associations with women's hairdresser and textile occupations may be specific for certain NHL subtypes. CITATION 't Mannetje A, De Roos AJ, Boffetta P, Vermeulen R, Benke G, Fritschi L, Brennan P, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Becker N, Nieters A, Staines A, Campagna M, Chiu B, Clavel J, de Sanjose S, Hartge P, Holly EA, Bracci P, Linet MS, Monnereau A, Orsi L, Purdue MP, Rothman N, Lan Q, Kane E, Seniori Costantini A, Miligi L, Spinelli JJ, Zheng T, Cocco P, Kricker A. 2016. Occupation and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the InterLymph Consortium. Environ Health Perspect 124:396-405; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea ‘t Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington Campus, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anneclaire J. De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geza Benke
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Maynadié
- Biological Hematology Unit, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Nikolaus Becker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anthony Staines
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Brian Chiu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
- French National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies (NRCH), Villejuif, France
| | - Silvia de Sanjose
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology–Spain Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alain Monnereau
- Centre d’investigation clinique (CIC), INSERM, Bordeaux, France
- Registre des Hémopathies Malignes de la Gironde, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Orsi
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eleanor Kane
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdon
| | - Adele Seniori Costantini
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - John J. Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anne Kricker
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Glass DC, Heyworth J, Thomson AK, Peters S, Saunders C, Fritschi L. Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of breast cancer. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:915-22. [PMID: 26010434 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to some organic solvents may increase risk of breast cancer. METHODS In a population-based case-control study, 1,205 women diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 2009 and 2011 were drawn from the Western Australian Cancer Registry and matched to 1,789 controls from the electoral roll. Exposure to solvents was determined through telephone interviews using OccIDEAS. RESULTS About a third of women were occupationally exposed to solvents. Age adjusted breast cancer risks were elevated for women who had been exposed to aliphatic solvents odds ratio (OR) 1.21 (95%CI 0.99-1.48) and aromatic solvents OR 1.21 (95%CI 0.97-1.52). For most solvents the ORs were higher for those diagnosed before menopause. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there may be an association between occupational exposure to aliphatic and aromatic solvents and the risk of breast cancer at the low levels of exposure experienced by women in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C. Glass
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population Health; The University of Western Australia (M431); Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Allyson K. Thomson
- School of Public Health; Curtin University; Bentley Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Susan Peters
- School of Population Health; The University of Western Australia (M431); Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Christobel Saunders
- School of Surgery; The University of Western Australia (M507); Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health; Curtin University; Bentley Perth Western Australia Australia
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Jones RM, Dell L, Torres C, Simmons CE, Poole J, Boelter FW, Harper P. Exposure Reconstruction and Risk Analysis for Six Semiconductor Workers With Lymphohematopoietic Cancers. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:649-58. [PMID: 25719533 PMCID: PMC4448668 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether workplace exposures to recognized lymphohematopoietic carcinogens were possibly related to cancers in six semiconductor-manufacturing workers. METHODS A job-exposure matrix was developed for chemical and physical process agents and anticipated by-products. Potential cumulative occupational exposures of the six cases were reconstructed. The role of workplace exposures in cancer was evaluated through quantitative risk assessment and by comparison with epidemiological literature. RESULTS Two workers were potentially exposed to agents capable of causing their diagnosed cancers. Reconstructed exposures were similar to levels in outdoor environments and lower than exposures associated with increased risks in epidemiological studies. Cancer risks were estimated to be less than 1 in 10,000 persons. CONCLUSIONS The development of cancer among the six workers was unlikely to be explained by occupational exposures to recognized lymphohematopoietic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Jones
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - Linda Dell
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - Craig Torres
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - Catherine E. Simmons
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - James Poole
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - Fred W. Boelter
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
| | - Paul Harper
- From ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Jones, Ms Simmons, and Ms Boelter) and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Jones); ENVIRON International Corporation (Ms Dell), Amherst, MA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Torres), Atlanta, GA; ENVIRON International Corporation (Dr Poole), Tampa, FL; and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mr Harper), Phoenix, AZ. Ms Simmons is currently employed by Simmons Environmental and Occupational Health Solutions. Mr Torres is currently employed by Gates Rubber
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Garcia E, Hurley S, Nelson DO, Hertz A, Reynolds P. Hazardous air pollutants and breast cancer risk in California teachers: a cohort study. Environ Health 2015; 14:14. [PMID: 25636809 PMCID: PMC4417287 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that higher breast cancer rates in urban areas persist after accounting for the prevalence of known risk factors, leading to speculation that urban environmental exposures, such as air pollution, may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer. Combining modeled ambient air concentrations with data from a large prospective cohort of California women with over 15 years of follow-up, we examined the relationship between breast cancer incidence and modeled concentrations of air pollutants shown to be mammary gland carcinogens (MGCs). METHODS The study population of 112,378 California Teachers Study participants included 5,676 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Modeled annual average ambient air concentrations of 24 MGCs from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were linked to participants' addresses. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with residential MGC levels. MGCs were examined individually and as a combined summary variable for all participants, in selected subsets, and by tumor hormone responsiveness. RESULTS Initial models yielded some evidence for increased risk for several compounds, including acrylamide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroprene, 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline), propylene oxide, and vinyl chloride, but after adjustment for multiple comparisons, only results for propylene oxide and vinyl chloride remained statistically significant. In subset analyses, estrogen-receptor positive or progesterone-receptor positive (ER+/PR+) tumors were associated with higher ambient levels of acrylamide, benzidine, carbon tetrachloride, ethylidene dichloride, and vinyl chloride, while ER-/PR- tumors were associated with higher ambient levels of benzene. Interesting results for different compounds were observed within certain subsets of the population. CONCLUSION While our initial models yielded several elevated risk estimates, after adjusting for multiple comparisons and breast cancer risk factors, most hazard ratios were no longer statistically significant. Our subset analyses, however, suggest that elevated risk may be associated with some compounds for certain subgroups of interest. A summary variable for all 24 MGCs did not offer any advantage over the models for individual compounds. Results must be interpreted cautiously, as estimated exposure was limited to modeled annual average ambient air concentrations, and could not account for other sources or routes other than inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garcia
- />Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- />School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Susan Hurley
- />Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
| | - David O Nelson
- />Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
| | - Andrew Hertz
- />Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- />Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA
- />Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Oddone E, Edefonti V, Scaburri A, Vai T, Bai E, Modonesi C, Crosignani P, Imbriani M. Female Breast Cancer and Electrical Manufacturing: Results of a Nested Case‐control Study. J Occup Health 2014; 56:369-78. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0034-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Oddone
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Occupational Medicine UnitUniversity of PaviaItaly
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoItaly
| | - Alessandra Scaburri
- Foundation IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori, Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology UnitItaly
| | | | - Edoardo Bai
- Foundation IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori, Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology UnitItaly
| | - Carlo Modonesi
- Foundation IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori, Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology UnitItaly
| | - Paolo Crosignani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Occupational Medicine UnitUniversity of PaviaItaly
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Occupational Medicine UnitUniversity of PaviaItaly
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Proctor DM, Suh M, Campleman SL, Thompson CM. Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures. Toxicology 2014; 325:160-79. [PMID: 25174529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is associated with increased lung cancer risk among workers in several industries, most notably chromate production workers exposed to high concentrations of Cr(VI) (≥100 μg/m(3)), for which clear exposure-response relationships and respiratory irritation and tissue damage have been reported. Data from this industry are used to assess lung cancer risk associated with environmental and current occupational exposures, occurring at concentrations that are significantly lower. There is considerable uncertainty in the low dose extrapolation of historical occupational epidemiology data to assess risk at current exposures because no published or well recognized mode of action (MOA) for Cr(VI)-induced lung tumors exists. We conducted a MOA analysis for Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer evaluating toxicokinetic and toxicological data in humans and rodents and mechanistic data to assess plausibility, dose-response, and temporal concordance for potential MOAs. Toxicokinetic data support that extracellular reduction of Cr(VI), which limits intracellular absorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, can be overwhelmed at high exposure levels. In vivo genotoxicity and mutagenicity data are mostly negative and do not support a mutagenic MOA. Further, both chronic bioassays and the epidemiologic literature support that lung cancer occurs at exposures that cause tissue damage. Based on this MOA analysis, the overall weight of evidence supports a MOA involving deposition and accumulation of particulate chromium in the bifurcations of the lung resulting in exceedance of clearance mechanisms and cellular absorption of Cr(VI). Once inside the cell, reduction of Cr(VI) results in oxidative stress and the formation of Cr ligands. Subsequent protein and DNA damage lead to tissue irritation, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. These effects, concomitant with increased cell proliferation, result in changes to DNA sequences and/or methylation status that can lead to tumorigenesis. This MOA supports the use of non-linear approaches when extrapolating lung cancer risk occurring at high concentration occupational exposures to environmentally-relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States.
| | - Sharan L Campleman
- University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
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Ekenga CC, Parks CG, D'Aloisio AA, DeRoo LA, Sandler DP. Breast cancer risk after occupational solvent exposure: the influence of timing and setting. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3076-83. [PMID: 24879566 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic solvents are ubiquitous in occupational settings where they may contribute to risks for carcinogenesis. However, there is limited information on organic solvents as human breast carcinogens. We examined the relationship between occupational exposure to solvents and breast cancer in a prospective study of 47,661 women with an occupational history in the Sister Study cohort. Occupational solvent exposure was categorized using self-reported job-specific solvent use collected at baseline. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to assess breast cancer risk, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors. A total of 1,798 women were diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up, including 1,255 invasive cases. Overall the risk of invasive breast cancer was not associated with lifetime exposure to solvents [HR, 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88-1.24]. Parous women who worked with solvents before their first full-term birth had an increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive invasive breast cancer compared with women who never worked with solvents (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86). A significantly elevated risk for estrogen receptor-positive invasive breast cancer was associated with solvent exposure among clinical laboratory technologists and technicians (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.07-3.73). Occupational exposure to solvents before first birth, a critical period of breast tissue differentiation, may result in increased vulnerability for breast cancer. Our findings suggest a need for future studies in this area to focus on exposure time windows and solvent types in different occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Ekenga
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christine G Parks
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aimee A D'Aloisio
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisa A DeRoo
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayAuthors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Authors' Affiliations: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Occupational exposure to methylene chloride and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2037-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Risk of selected cancers due to occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents in a case-control study in Montreal. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:198-208. [PMID: 23147555 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182728eab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between exposure to chlorinated solvents and cancer. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of occupational exposures and cancer in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, including 3730 cancer cases and 533 population controls. Occupational exposures were derived using a combination of subject-reported job history and expert assessment. We examined the associations between two chemical families and six chlorinated solvents with 11 sites of cancer. RESULTS The majority of the associations examined were null, although many were based on small numbers. We found two significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs), one between perchloroethylene and prostate cancer (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.4 to 13) and another between trichloroethylene and melanoma (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.0 to 9.9). CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence of associations between chlorinated solvents and cancer. Limited power precludes strong inferences about absence of risk. We raise hypotheses about two possible associations: perchloroethylene with prostate cancer and trichloroethylene with melanoma.
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Rusyn I, Chiu WA, Lash LH, Kromhout H, Hansen J, Guyton KZ. Trichloroethylene: Mechanistic, epidemiologic and other supporting evidence of carcinogenic hazard. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:55-68. [PMID: 23973663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The chlorinated solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. The carcinogenic hazard of TCE was the subject of a 2012 evaluation by a Working Group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Information on exposures, relevant data from epidemiologic studies, bioassays in experimental animals, and toxicity and mechanism of action studies was used to conclude that TCE is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). This article summarizes the key evidence forming the scientific bases for the IARC classification. Exposure to TCE from environmental sources (including hazardous waste sites and contaminated water) is common throughout the world. While workplace use of TCE has been declining, occupational exposures remain of concern, especially in developing countries. The strongest human evidence is from studies of occupational TCE exposure and kidney cancer. Positive, although less consistent, associations were reported for liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. TCE is carcinogenic at multiple sites in multiple species and strains of experimental animals. The mechanistic evidence includes extensive data on the toxicokinetics and genotoxicity of TCE and its metabolites. Together, available evidence provided a cohesive database supporting the human cancer hazard of TCE, particularly in the kidney. For other target sites of carcinogenicity, mechanistic and other data were found to be more limited. Important sources of susceptibility to TCE toxicity and carcinogenicity were also reviewed by the Working Group. In all, consideration of the multiple evidence streams presented herein informed the IARC conclusions regarding the carcinogenicity of TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cocco P, Vermeulen R, Flore V, Nonne T, Campagna M, Purdue M, Blair A, Monnereau A, Orsi L, Clavel J, Becker N, de Sanjosé S, Foretova L, Staines A, Maynadié M, Nieters A, Miligi L, 't Mannetje A, Kricker A, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Lan Q, Rothman N. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its major subtypes: a pooled InterLymph [correction of IinterLlymph] analysis. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:795-802. [PMID: 23881218 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a pooled analysis of four international case-control studies. METHODS Overall, the pooled study population included 3788 NHL cases and 4279 controls. Risk of NHL and its major subtypes associated with TCE exposure was calculated with unconditional logistic regression and polytomous regression analysis, adjusting by age, gender and study. RESULTS Risk of follicular lymphoma (FL), but not NHL overall or other subtypes, increased by probability (p=0.02) and intensity level (p=0.04), and with the combined analysis of four exposure metrics assumed as independent (p=0.004). After restricting the analysis to the most likely exposed study subjects, risk of NHL overall, FL and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were elevated and increased by duration of exposure (p=0.009, p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively) and with the combined analysis of duration, frequency and intensity of exposure (p=0.004, p=0.015 and p=0.005, respectively). Although based on small numbers of exposed, risk of all the major NHL subtypes, namely diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, FL and CLL, showed increases in risk ranging 2-3.2-fold in the highest category of exposure intensity. No significant heterogeneity in risk was detected by major NHL subtypes or by study. CONCLUSIONS Our pooled analysis apparently supports the hypothesis of an increase in risk of specific NHL subtypes associated with occupational exposure to TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Occupational Health Section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Marsh GM, Youk AO, Buchanich JM, Xu H, Downing S, Kennedy KJ, Esmen NA, Hancock RP, Lacey SE, Fleissner ML. Long-Term Health Experience of Jet Engine Manufacturing Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:654-75. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182749c4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karami S, Bassig B, Stewart PA, Lee KM, Rothman N, Moore LE, Lan Q. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and risk of lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:591-9. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2012-101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ruder AM, Hein MJ, Hopf NB, Waters MA. Mortality among 24,865 workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three electrical capacitor manufacturing plants: a ten-year update. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:176-87. [PMID: 23707056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to evaluate mortality among a cohort of 24,865 capacitor-manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at plants in Indiana, Massachusetts, and New York and followed for mortality through 2008. Cumulative PCB exposure was estimated using plant-specific job-exposure matrices. External comparisons to US and state-specific populations used standardized mortality ratios, adjusted for gender, race, age and calendar year. Among long-term workers employed 3 months or longer, within-cohort comparisons used standardized rate ratios and multivariable Poisson regression modeling. Through 2008, more than one million person-years at risk and 8749 deaths were accrued. Among long-term employees, all-cause and all-cancer mortality were not elevated; of the a priori outcomes assessed only melanoma mortality was elevated. Mortality was elevated for some outcomes of a priori interest among subgroups of long-term workers: all cancer, intestinal cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (women); melanoma (men); melanoma and brain and nervous system cancer (Indiana plant); and melanoma and multiple myeloma (New York plant). Standardized rates of stomach and uterine cancer and multiple myeloma mortality increased with estimated cumulative PCB exposure. Poisson regression modeling showed significant associations with estimated cumulative PCB exposure for prostate and stomach cancer mortality. For other outcomes of a priori interest--rectal, liver, ovarian, breast, and thyroid cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease--neither elevated mortality nor positive associations with PCB exposure were observed. Associations between estimated cumulative PCB exposure and stomach, uterine, and prostate cancer and myeloma mortality confirmed our previous positive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Misty J Hein
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martha A Waters
- Division of Applied Research Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Charbotel B, Massardier-Pilonchery A, Fort E, Dananché B, Févotte J, Confavreux-Romestaing C, Bergeret A. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and cervical pathology: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:407-16. [PMID: 23091111 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trichloroethylene (TCE) is suspected of association with elevated risk of cervical cancer. A case-control study was performed in a geographical area in which occupational TCE exposure is high. The study objective was to analyze the correlation between occupational TCE exposure and cervical cancer (including precancerous conditions). METHODS Case and control subjects were recruited by gynecologists. General and occupational data were collected by telephonic interviews. An industrial hygienist assessed occupational TCE exposure on a task-exposure matrix. Analysis focused on occupational TCE exposure at various levels and on cumulative dose. Multivariate analysis was performed to take account of the various risk factors. RESULTS In total, 67 case and 67 age-matched control subjects were included. Mean age was 36 years in both groups. Five of the possible general risk factors correlated significantly with cervical dysplasia or cancer: number of partners, history of genital or anal wart, interval between first period and first sexual relation, parity, and body mass index, the last three showing inverse correlation. Elevated risk was found in women who had had jobs as manual workers according to the PCS French classification (professions and socioprofessional categories), and production and related workers according to ISCO classification (International Standard Classification of Occupations), with odds ratios (ORs), adjusted on general and medical risk factors, of 7.68 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39-42.54] and 7.48 (1.30-43.24), respectively, among skilled service sector workers; the adjusted OR was close to significance, at 4.67 (95% CI: 0.92-23.67). No occupational sectors were significantly associated with elevated risk. In all, 17 (25.4%) case and 15 (22.4%) control subjects were exposed to TCE: raw OR = 1.17 (95% CI: 0.54-2.52), adjusted OR = 1.51 (95% CI: 0.42-5.41). There was no significant correlation between cumulative dose and exposure time. CONCLUSIONS The study found no significantly increased risk of cervical dysplasia or cancer associated with occupational TCE exposure.
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Current understanding of lifestyle and environmental factors and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: an epidemiological update. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:978930. [PMID: 23008714 PMCID: PMC3447374 DOI: 10.1155/2012/978930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have steadily increased over the last several decades in the United States, and the temporal trends in incidence can only be partially explained by the HIV epidemic. In 1992, an international workshop sponsored by the United States National Cancer Institute concluded that there was an “emerging epidemic” of NHL and emphasized the need to investigate the factors responsible for the increasing incidence of this disease. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological studies have examined the risk factors for NHL, particularly for putative environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and international consortia have been established in order to investigate rare exposures and NHL subtype-specific associations. While few consistent risk factors for NHL aside from immunosuppression and certain infectious agents have emerged, suggestive associations with several lifestyle and environmental factors have been reported in epidemiologic studies. Further, increasing evidence has suggested that the effects of these and other exposures may be limited to or stronger for particular NHL subtypes. This paper examines the progress that has been made over the last twenty years in elucidating the etiology of NHL, with a primary emphasis on lifestyle factors and environmental exposures.
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Senthilkumar CS, Sah NK, Ganesh N. Methyl Isocyanate and Carcinogenesis: Bridgeable Gaps in Scientific Knowledge. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2429-35. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ramis R, Diggle P, Boldo E, Garcia-Perez J, Fernandez-Navarro P, Lopez-Abente G. Analysis of matched geographical areas to study potential links between environmental exposure to oil refineries and non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality in Spain. Int J Health Geogr 2012; 11:4. [PMID: 22309602 PMCID: PMC3297511 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emissions from refineries include a wide range of substances, such as chrome, lead, nickel, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, benzene, dioxins and furans, all of which are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogens. Various studies have shown an association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and residence in the vicinity of industrial areas; however, evidence of specific association between refineries and residence in the vicinity has been suggested but not yet established. The aim of this study is to investigate potential links between environmental exposure to emissions from refineries and non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality in Spain. The spatial distribution of NHL in Spain has an unusual pattern with regions some showing higher risk than others. Methods We designed an analysis of matched geographical areas to examine non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality in the vicinity of the 10 refineries sited in Spain over the period 1997-2006. Population exposure to refineries was estimated on the basis of distance from town of residence to the facility in a 10 km buffer. We defined 10 km radius areas to perform the matching, accounting for population density, level of industrialization and socio-demographic factors of the area using principal components analysis. For the matched towns we evaluated the risk of NHL mortality associated with residence in the vicinity of the refineries and with different regions using mixed Poisson models. Then we study the residuals to assess a possible risk trend with distance. Results Relative risks (RRs) associated with exposure showed similar values for women and for men, 1.09 (0.97-1.24) and 1.12 (0.99-1.27). RRs for two regions were statistically significant: Canary Islands showed an excess of risk of 1.35 (1.05-1.72) for women and 1.50 (1.18-1.92) for men, whilst Galicia showed an excess of risk of 1.35 (1.04-1.75) for men, but not significant excess for women. Conclusions The results suggest a possible increased risk of NHL mortality among populations residing in the vicinity of refineries; however, a potential distance trend has not been shown. Regional effects in the Canary Islands and Galicia are significantly greater than the regional average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Ramis
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology and Cancer, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Occupational Exposures and Cancer of the Larynx—Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:71-84. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31823c1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Scott CS, Jinot J. Trichloroethylene and cancer: systematic and quantitative review of epidemiologic evidence for identifying hazards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4238-72. [PMID: 22163205 PMCID: PMC3228569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis focusing on studies with high potential for trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure to provide quantitative evaluations of the evidence for associations between TCE exposure and kidney, liver, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancers. A systematic review documenting essential design features, exposure assessment approaches, statistical analyses, and potential sources of confounding and bias identified twenty-four cohort and case-control studies on TCE and the three cancers of interest with high potential for exposure, including five recently published case-control studies of kidney cancer or NHL. Fixed- and random-effects models were fitted to the data on overall exposure and on the highest exposure group. Sensitivity analyses examined the influence of individual studies and of alternative risk estimate selections. For overall TCE exposure and kidney cancer, the summary relative risk (RRm) estimate from the random effects model was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.43), with a higher RRm for the highest exposure groups (1.58, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.96). The RRm estimates were not overly sensitive to alternative risk estimate selections or to removal of an individual study. There was no apparent heterogeneity or publication bias. For NHL, RRm estimates for overall exposure and for the highest exposure group, respectively, were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.42) and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.82) and, for liver cancer, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.56) and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.77). Our findings provide strong support for a causal association between TCE exposure and kidney cancer. The support is strong but less robust for NHL, where issues of study heterogeneity, potential publication bias, and weaker exposure-response results contribute uncertainty, and more limited for liver cancer, where only cohort studies with small numbers of cases were available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Siegel Scott
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20460, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jennifer Jinot
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20460, USA; E-Mail:
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Cooper GS, Scott CS, Bale AS. Insights from epidemiology into dichloromethane and cancer risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3380-98. [PMID: 21909313 PMCID: PMC3166749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a widely used chlorinated solvent. We review the available epidemiology studies (five cohort studies, 13 case-control studies, including seven of hematopoietic cancers), focusing on specific cancer sites. There was little indication of an increased risk of lung cancer in the cohort studies (standardized mortality ratios ranging from 0.46 to 1.21). These cohorts are relatively small, and variable effects (e.g., point estimates ranging from 0.5 to 2.0) were seen for the rarer forms of cancers such as brain cancer and specific hematopoietic cancers. Three large population-based case-control studies of incident non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Europe and the United States observed odds ratios between 1.5 and 2.2 with dichloromethane exposure (ever exposed or highest category of exposure), with higher risk seen in specific subsets of disease. More limited indications of associations with brain cancer, breast cancer, and liver and biliary cancer were also seen in this collection of studies. Existing cohort studies, given their size and uneven exposure information, are unlikely to resolve questions of cancer risks and dichloromethane exposure. More promising approaches are population-based case-control studies of incident disease, and the combination of data from such studies, with robust exposure assessments that include detailed occupational information and exposure assignment based on industry-wide surveys or direct exposure measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Paget-Bailly S, Cyr D, Luce D. Occupational exposures to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and solvents, and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx: a quantitative literature review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 85:341-51. [PMID: 21785866 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of occupational risk factors in oral and pharyngeal cancer is not well known and is possibly underestimated. This quantitative review summarizes epidemiological findings on exposure to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and solvents, and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed. We analyzed 63 publications: 8 from case-control studies and 55 from cohort studies. For agents with at least five available studies with homogenous exposure, a series of meta-analyses was conducted to provide quantitative pooled estimates of risks, using random effect models. RESULTS Exposure to asbestos (meta-RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.10-1.42) and to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (meta-RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02-1.28) was found to be associated with oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. On the other hand, no association was found with exposure to solvents in general (meta-RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.77-1.23) but the strong heterogeneity between studies suggested differences in exposures. The small number of studies with homogeneous exposure did not allow meta-analyses for specific solvents. CONCLUSIONS Future investigations should overcome common weaknesses of past studies, in terms of sample size, characterization of exposure, and classification of cancer sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paget-Bailly
- Inserm UMRS 1018, CESP, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, 15/16, avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807, Villejuif, France
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Gold LS, Stewart PA, Milliken K, Purdue M, Severson R, Seixas N, Blair A, Hartge P, Davis S, De Roos AJ. The relationship between multiple myeloma and occupational exposure to six chlorinated solvents. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:391-9. [PMID: 20833760 PMCID: PMC3094509 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.054809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have examined whether exposure to chlorinated solvents is associated with multiple myeloma. We evaluated associations between multiple myeloma and occupational exposure to six chlorinated solvents: 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), methylene chloride (DCM), perchloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. METHODS In-person interviews obtained occupational histories and information on jobs with likely solvent exposure. We assigned exposure metrics of probability, frequency, intensity and confidence using job-exposure matrices modified by job-specific questionnaire information. We used logistic regression to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for associations between multiple myeloma and ever exposure to each, and any, chlorinated solvent and analysed whether associations varied by duration and cumulative exposure. We also considered all occupations that were given the lowest confidence scores as unexposed and repeated all analyses. RESULTS Risk of multiple myeloma was elevated for subjects ever exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (OR (95% CI): 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9)). Ever exposure to TCE or DCM also entailed elevated, but not statistically significant, risks of multiple myeloma; these became statistically significant when occupations with low confidence scores were considered unexposed (TCE: 1.7 (1.0 to 2.7); DCM: 2.0 (1.2 to 3.2)). Increasing cumulative exposure to perchloroethylene was also associated with increasing multiple myeloma risk. We observed non-significantly increased multiple myeloma risks with exposure to chloroform; however, few subjects were exposed. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from this relatively large case-control study suggests that exposures to certain chlorinated solvents may be associated with increased incidence of multiple myeloma; however, the study is limited by relatively low participation (52%) among controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Gold
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. Renal cell cancer among African Americans: an epidemiologic review. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:133. [PMID: 21486465 PMCID: PMC3087713 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence rates for renal cell cancer, which accounts for 85% of kidney cancers, have been rising more rapidly among blacks than whites, almost entirely accounted for by an excess of localized disease. This excess dates back to the 1970s, despite less access among blacks to imaging procedures in the past. In contrast, mortality rates for this cancer have been virtually identical among blacks and whites since the early 1990s, despite the fact that nephrectomy rates, regardless of stage, are lower among blacks than among whites. These observations suggest that renal cell cancer may be a less aggressive tumor in blacks. We have reviewed the epidemiology of renal cell cancer, with emphasis on factors which may potentially play a role in the observed differences in incidence and mortality patterns of renal cell cancer among blacks and whites. To date, the factors most consistently, albeit modestly, associated with increased renal cell cancer risk in epidemiologic studies among whites--obesity, hypertension, cigarette smoking--likely account for less than half of these cancers, and there is virtually no epidemiologic evidence in the literature pertaining to their association with renal cell cancer among blacks. There is a long overdue need for detailed etiologic cohort and case-control studies of renal cell cancer among blacks, as they now represent the population at highest risk in the United States. In particular, investigation of the influence on renal cell cancer development of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, both of which occur substantially more frequently among blacks, is warranted, as well as investigations into the biology and natural history of this cancer among blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Lipworth
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Boulevard, Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Barry KH, Zhang Y, Lan Q, Zahm SH, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Boyle P, Hosgood HD, Chanock S, Yeager M, Rothman N, Zheng T. Genetic variation in metabolic genes, occupational solvent exposure, and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:404-13. [PMID: 21228414 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 1996-2000 data among Connecticut women, the authors evaluated whether genetic variation in 4 metabolic genes modifies organic solvent associations with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 major histologic subtypes. P(interaction) values were determined from cross-product terms between dichotomous (ever/never) solvent variables and genotypes at examined loci in unconditional logistic regression models. The false discovery rate method was used to account for multiple comparisons. Overall associations between the chlorinated solvents dichloromethane (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 2.69), carbon tetrachloride (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.23, 4.40), and methyl chloride (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.94, 2.20) and total non-Hodgkin lymphoma were increased among women TT for rs2070673 in the cytochrome P4502E1 gene, CYP2E1 (dichloromethane: OR = 4.42, 95% CI: 2.03, 9.62; P(interaction) < 0.01; carbon tetrachloride: OR = 5.08, 95% CI: 1.82, 14.15; P(interaction) = 0.04; and methyl chloride: OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.51; P(interaction) = 0.03). In contrast, no effects of these solvents were observed among TA/AA women. Similar patterns were observed for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, as well as marginal zone lymphoma for dichloromethane. The weak, nonsignificant overall association between benzene and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.98) was increased among women AA for rs2234922 in the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene, EPHX1 (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.97; P(interaction) = 0.06). In contrast, no effect was observed among AG/GG women. Additional studies with larger sample size are needed to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hughes Barry
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Purdue MP, Bakke B, Stewart P, De Roos AJ, Schenk M, Lynch CF, Bernstein L, Morton LM, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Cozen W, Davis S, Rothman N, Hartge P, Colt JS. A case-control study of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:232-8. [PMID: 21370516 PMCID: PMC3040611 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic findings suggest an association between exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated solvent primarily used for vapor degreasing of metal parts, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between occupational TCE exposure and NHL within a population-based case-control study using detailed exposure assessment methods. METHODS Cases (n = 1,189; 76% participation rate) and controls (n = 982; 52% participation rate) provided information on their occupational histories and, for selected occupations, on possible workplace exposure to TCE using job-specific interview modules. An industrial hygienist assessed potential TCE exposure based on this information and a review of the TCE industrial hygiene literature. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relating NHL and different metrics of estimated TCE exposure, categorized using tertiles among exposed controls, with unexposed subjects as the reference group. RESULTS We observed associations with NHL for the highest tertiles of estimated average weekly exposure (23 exposed cases; OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1–6.1) and cumulative exposure (24 exposed cases; OR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.0) to TCE. Tests for trend with these metrics surpassed or approached statistical significance (p-value for trend = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively); however, we did not observe dose–response relationships across the exposure levels. Overall, neither duration nor intensity of exposure was associated with NHL, although we observed an association with the lowest tertile of exposure duration (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0-4.7). CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer additional support for an association between high levels of exposure to TCE and increased risk of NHL. However, we cannot rule out the possibility of confounding from other chlorinated solvents used for vapor degreasing and note that our exposure assessment methods have not been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Gold LS, Milliken K, Stewart P, Purdue M, Severson R, Seixas N, Blair A, Davis S, Hartge P, De Roos AJ. Occupation and multiple myeloma: an occupation and industry analysis. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53:768-79. [PMID: 20623662 PMCID: PMC3085317 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy with a poorly understood etiology. The purpose of our research was to examine the relationships between lifetime occupations and MM in a relatively large case-control study. METHODS MM cases (n = 180) were identified through cancer registries in the Seattle-Puget Sound area and Detroit. Population-based controls (n = 481) were identified using random digit dialing and Medicare and Medicaid Services files. In-person interviews were conducted to ascertain occupational histories. Standard occupational classification (SOC) and standard industrial classification (SIC) codes were assigned to each job held by each participant. Unconditional logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between MM and having ever worked in each occupation/industry and according to duration of employment in an occupation/industry. RESULTS The risk of MM was associated with several manufacturing occupations and industries, including machine operators and tenders, not elsewhere classified (SOC 76) (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.3); textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators and tenders (SOC 765) (OR = 6.0, CI = 1.7-21); and machinery manufacturing, except electrical (SIC 35) (OR = 3.3, CI = 1.7-6.7). Several service occupations and industries, such as food and beverage preparation (SOC 521) (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.1-3.8), were also associated with MM. One occupation that has been associated with MM in several previous studies, painters, paperhangers, and plasterers (SOC 644) was associated with a non-significantly elevated risk (OR = 3.6, CI = 0.7-19). CONCLUSIONS We found associations between the risk of MM and employment in several manufacturing and service-related occupations and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Gold
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Peplonska B, Stewart P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Brinton LA, Gromiec JP, Brzeznicki S, Yang XR, Sherman M, García-Closas M, Blair A. Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women. Occup Environ Med 2009; 67:722-9. [PMID: 19819862 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.046557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies in rodents suggest possible associations between exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer, the evidence in humans is limited. METHODS We evaluated job histories of 2383 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed during 2000-2003, and 2502 controls who participated in a large population-based case-control study in Poland. Industrial hygienists reviewed occupational histories and developed exposure metrics for total organic solvents and benzene. Unconditional logistic regression analyses estimated ORs and 95% CIs as the measure of association with breast cancer, controlling for breast cancer risk factors. Stratified analyses examined the potential modification by known breast cancer risk factors. Associations were also evaluated by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status and by other clinical characteristics of the tumours using polytomous regression analyses. RESULTS Women who ever worked at jobs with organic solvents exposure had a small, non-significant increase in breast cancer risk (OR=1.16; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.4). A significant association was present for oestrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-negative tumours (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8), but there was no association with tumours with both positive receptors (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.8 to 1.2 (p heterogeneity: 0.008)). We did not observe trends with increasing level of exposure. Known breast cancer risk factors did not modify the association between organic solvents and breast cancer risk. No association with breast cancer was found for benzene exposure (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.8 to 1.3). CONCLUSION Our study provides weak evidence for a possible association between occupational exposure to organic solvents as a class and breast cancer risk. The association might be limited to hormone receptor-negative tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Peplonska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Teresy 8 St., Lodz 91-348, Poland.
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Associations of common variants in genes involved in metabolism and response to exogenous chemicals with risk of multiple myeloma. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:276-80. [PMID: 19736056 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined risk of multiple myeloma (MM) associated with variants in genes involved in metabolism and response to exogenous chemicals [cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1B1, CYP2C9), epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase receptor (AHR), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)]. METHODS This study included 279 MM cases and 782 controls in a pooled analysis of two population-based case-control studies. One common variant from each candidate gene was genotyped using DNA from blood or buccal cells. We estimated risk of MM associated with each genotype, controlling for race, gender, study site, and age, using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Evaluations of the CYP1B1 V432L variant (rs1056836) suggested increased risk of MM among persons with the CG and GG genotypes compared to the CC genotype [OR (95% CI)=1.4 (1.0-2.0)]. Similar results were seen in analyses stratified by race and gender. We did not find any associations between MM and the CYP2C9, EPHX1, NQO1, or PON1 genes. CONCLUSIONS CYP1B1 activates chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins to create oxidized, reactive intermediates, and higher gene activity has been shown for the G allele. We conducted the largest analysis to date on MM and these genetic variants and our results provide preliminary evidence that variation in CYP1B1 may influence susceptibility to MM.
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Confavreux-Romestaing C, Charbotel B, Muller-Beauté P, Févotte J, Massardier-Pilonchéry A, Bergeret A. Lien entre exposition professionnelle au trichloroéthylène et risque de cancer du col utérin ; étude exploratoire. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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