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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020433. [PMID: 36838398 PMCID: PMC9959669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant clinical manifestations in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of the key arthropod-borne flaviviruses of concern in pregnancy and the neonatal period-Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow fever viruses. Increased disease severity during pregnancy, risk of congenital malformations, and manifestations of postnatal infection vary widely amongst this virus family and may be quite marked. Laboratory confirmation of infection is complex, especially due to the reliance on serology for which flavivirus cross-reactivity challenges diagnostic specificity. As such, a thorough clinical history including relevant geographic exposures and prior vaccinations is paramount for accurate diagnosis. Novel vaccines are eagerly anticipated to ameliorate the impact of these flaviviruses, particularly neuroinvasive disease manifestations and congenital infection, with consideration of vaccine safety in pregnant women and children pivotal. Moving forward, the geographical spread of flaviviruses, as for other zoonoses, will be heavily influenced by climate change due to the potential expansion of vector and reservoir host habitats. Ongoing 'One Health' engagement across the human-animal-environment interface is critical to detect and responding to emergent flavivirus epidemics.
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Sewgobind S, Johnson N, Mansfield KL. JMM Profile: Japanese encephalitis virus: an emerging threat. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748429 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection that occurs predominantly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, with the main vector being Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and is maintained in enzootic cycles involving pigs, wild birds and mosquitoes. JE is caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic pathogen that also causes disease in mammals such as pigs and horses. In humans, most symptoms are mild or flu-like but can progress to encephalitis. Pigs are considered amplification hosts, and sows may have gestational complications. Horses may exhibit neurological signs. Detection of the virus can be confirmed by serological or molecular laboratory tests. Vaccination offers protection against JEV infection in humans, pigs and horses. Whilst there is no effective treatment of JE, human cases may require hospitalization for supportive therapy, which may include administration of fluids, oxygen and medication to treat symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sewgobind
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Karen Louise Mansfield
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Contrasting the Practices of Virus Isolation and Characterization between the Early Period in History and Modern Times: The Case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122640. [PMID: 36560644 PMCID: PMC9781737 DOI: 10.3390/v14122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a serious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. With its recent spread beyond the traditional territory of endemicity in Asia, the magnitude of global threat has increased sharply. While much of the current research are largely focused on changing epidemiology, molecular genetics of virus, and vaccination, little attention has been paid to the early history of virus isolation and phenotypic characterization of this virus. In this review, using this piece of history as an example, I review the transition of the concept and practice of virus isolation and characterization from the early period of history to modern times. The spectacular development of molecular techniques in modern times has brought many changes in practices as well as enormous amount of new knowledge. However, many aspects of virus characterization, in particular, transmission mechanism and host relationship, remain unsolved. As molecular techniques are not perfect in all respects, beneficial accommodation of molecular and biologic data is critically important in many branches of research. Accordingly, I emphasize exercising caution in applying only these modern techniques, point out unrecognized communication problems, and stress that JE research history is a rich source of interesting works still valuable even today and waiting to be discovered.
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Ivan I, Irincu L, Diaconu Ş, Falup-Pecurariu C. Parkinsonism associated with viral infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:1-16. [PMID: 36208896 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are several known causes of secondary parkinsonism, the most common being head trauma, stroke, medications, or infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that viral agents may trigger parkinsonian symptoms, but the exact pathological mechanisms are still unknown. In some cases, lesions or inflammatory processes in the basal ganglia or substantia nigra have been found to cause reversible or permanent impairment of the dopaminergic pathway, leading to the occurrence of extrapyramidal symptoms. This chapter reviews current data regarding the viral agents commonly associated with parkinsonism, such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes viruses, influenza virus, coxsackie virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We present possible risk factors, proposed pathophysiology mechanisms, published case reports, common associations, and prognosis in order to offer a concise overview of the viral spectrum involved in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ştefania Diaconu
- County Clinic Hospital, Brașov, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brașov, Romania.
| | - Cristian Falup-Pecurariu
- County Clinic Hospital, Brașov, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brașov, Romania
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Aryal R, Shrestha S, Homagain S, Chhetri S, Shrestha K, Kharel S, Karn R, Rajbhandari R, Gajurel BP, Ojha R. Clinical spectrum and management of dystonia in patients with Japanese encephalitis: A systematic review. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2496. [PMID: 35025122 PMCID: PMC8865161 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a potentially fatal viral infection with a wide range of manifestations and can also present with a variety of movement disorders (MD) including dystonia. Dystonic features in JE are uncommon. Here, we have tried to summarize the clinical features and management of dystonia among JE patients with a comprehensive literature search. METHODS Various databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, were searched against the predefined criteria using suitable keywords combination and boolean operations. Relevant information from observational and case studies was extracted according to the author, dystonic features, radiological changes in the brain scans, treatment options, and outcome wherever provided. RESULT We identified 19 studies with a total of 1547 JE patients, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by IgM detection in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid in the majority of the patients (88.62%). 234 (15.13%) of JE patients had dystonia with several types of focal dystonia being present in 131 (55.98%) either alone or in combination. Neuroimaging showed predominant involvement of thalami, basal ganglia, and brainstem. Oral medications including anticholinergics, GABA agonists, and benzodiazepines followed by botulinum toxin were the most common treatment modalities. CONCLUSION Dystonia can be a disabling consequence of JE, and various available medical therapies can significantly improve the quality of life. Owing to insufficient studies on the assessment of dystonia associated with JE, longitudinal studies with a larger number of patients are warranted to further clarify the clinical course, treatment, and outcome of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Aryal
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Suraj Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sushan Homagain
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sunit Chhetri
- Department of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Kshitiz Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Kharel
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Ragesh Karn
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Reema Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Bikram Prasad Gajurel
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
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Piewbang C, Wardhani SW, Chaiyasak S, Yostawonkul J, Kasantikul T, Techangamsuwan S. Japanese encephalitis virus infection in meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:55-60. [PMID: 34254456 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection has been recognized as a serious disease in humans. Wildlife animal infections due to JEV have not been well described. This study identified JEV infection in two deceased meerkats in Thailand, with clinical signs of neurological disease. Histopathology of brains revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic necrotizing meningoencephalitis, while similar inflammation was observed in the lung and liver. Partial JEV sequences were identified from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded-derived brain sections of two meerkats and were found to be genetically similar to a JEV strain detected in China but not from a local strain. Using immunohistochemistry, the virus was identified in neurons and glial cells, and also found in bronchial glands, Kupffer's cells in liver, lymphocytes in the spleen and pancreatic acini, which suggests extraneural infection. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of spheroid viral particles in the lungs. These findings may suggest that infection of extraneural organs in meerkats is similar to that described in JEV-infected humans. In conclusion, this study identified the first JEV infection in meerkats as an interesting case study. The JEV should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in meerkats with encephalitis. Further surveillance on JEV infection in meerkats and other wildlife species in a large cohort is needed in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jakarwan Yostawonkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Department of Preclinic and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Clemson University, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tiwari R, Ghildiyal S, Baluni M, Singh D, Srivastva JK, Kumar R, Dhole TN. Association of interleukin-6 (174 G/C) and interleukin-12B (1188 A/C) gene polymorphism with expression and risk of Japanese encephalitis disease in North Indian population. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577630. [PMID: 34246980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis is an acute inflammatory disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). In this study we aim to determine the association of IL-6 (174) and IL-12B (1188A/C) gene polymorphisms with JEV susceptibility, disease severity and outcomes in north Indian population. METHODS This study was performed an equal number of cases and control individuals (125). Gene polymorphism has been analyzed by PCR-RFLP and expression by ELISA. RESULTS Homozygous(C/C) genotypes of IL-12B were significantly associated with protection in JE infection (p = 0.008, OR = 0.368) whereas IL-6 was not associated with JEV infection (p = 0.269, OR = 1.245). The C allele of IL-6 was associated with protection in JE disease and G/C genotype was associated with outcomes with recovered individuals. CONCLUSION IL-12B gene polymorphism leads to increase level of IL-12B in JE patients, which can contribute to JE susceptibility and disease severity. IL-6 polymorphism has not been associated with susceptibility of JE. Overall, this is the first information from northern India shows association of IL-6 and IL-12B polymorphisms with JE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tiwari
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sneha Ghildiyal
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjari Baluni
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharamveer Singh
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Janmejai K Srivastva
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- King George Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Tapan N Dhole
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Matsuura H, Deguchi K. A forgotten disease in Japan. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 85:110-111. [PMID: 33531201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsuura
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Okayama City Hospital.
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Fu TL, Ong KC, Tan SH, Wong KT. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infects the Thalamus Early Followed by Sensory-Associated Cortex and Other Parts of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:1160-1170. [PMID: 31675093 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a known CNS viral infection that often involves the thalamus early. To investigate the possible role of sensory peripheral nervous system (PNS) in early neuroinvasion, we developed a left hindlimb footpad-inoculation mouse model to recapitulate human infection by a mosquito bite. A 1-5 days postinfection (dpi) study, demonstrated focal viral antigens/RNA in contralateral thalamic neurons at 3 dpi in 50% of the animals. From 4 to 5 dpi, gradual increase in viral antigens/RNA was observed in bilateral thalami, somatosensory, and piriform cortices, and then the entire CNS. Infection of neuronal bodies and adjacent nerves in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), trigeminal ganglia, and autonomic ganglia (intestine, etc.) was also observed from 5 dpi. Infection of explant organotypic whole brain slice cultures demonstrated no viral predilection for the thalamus, while DRG and intestinal ganglia organotypic cultures confirmed sensory and autonomic ganglia susceptibility to infection, respectively. Early thalamus and sensory-associated cortex involvement suggest an important role for sensory pathways in neuroinvasion. Our results suggest that JE virus neuronotropism is much more extensive than previously known, and that the sensory PNS and autonomic system are susceptible to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzeh Long Fu
- Department of Pathology; and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Pathology; and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soon Hao Tan
- Department of Pathology; and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology; and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Qi ZL, Sun LY, Bai J, Zhuang HZ, Duan ML. Japanese encephalitis following liver transplantation: A rare case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:337-342. [PMID: 32047783 PMCID: PMC7000955 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i2.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious public health concern with a high mortality rate in many Asian countries. For many years, JE virus (JEV) was considered the major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Although most JE cases are asymptomatic, the case fatality rate approaches 30%, and approximately 30%–50% of survivors have long-term neurological sequelae. To the best of our knowledge, JEV infection has never been reported following liver transplantation.
CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a woman who underwent liver transplantation for autoimmune liver disease but presented with fever and neurological symptoms 13 d after transplantation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed JEV infection, and positive immunoglobulin M antibody to JEV in blood and cerebrospinal fluid confirmed JE. The patient was treated with antiviral agents, immune regulation, and organ function support. No neurological sequelae were present after 1 year of follow-up.
CONCLUSION Imaging and lumbar puncture examination should be performed as soon as possible in patients with fever and central nervous system symptoms after liver transplantation, and the possibility of atypical infection should be considered, which is helpful for early diagnosis and improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Zhuang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mei-Li Duan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Japanese encephalitis virus: Associated immune response and recent progress in vaccine development. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zheng B, Wang X, Liu Y, Li Y, Long S, Gu C, Ye J, Xie S, Cao S. Japanese Encephalitis Virus infection induces inflammation of swine testis through RIG-I-NF-ĸB signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108430. [PMID: 31648727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitos. JEV infection in sows primarily manifests as a reproductive disease such as abortion and transient infertility while in infected boars, it can cause orchitis. Previous studies mainly focused on the pathogenesis of human encephalitis caused by JEV infection, while few concentrations have been made to unveil the potential mechanism of reproductive dysfunction in JEV-infected pigs. In this study, histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry staining was performed on testis of JEV-infected boars, indicating that JEV could infect testicular cells and cause inflammatory changes in testis. In vitro assays reveal that primary swine testicular cells and swine testis (ST) cells are highly permissive to JEV and significant inflammatory response was shown during JEV infection. Mechanically, we found that JEV infection increases the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and activates transcription factor NF-κB. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was greatly reduced in JEV infected testicular cells after knockout of RIG-I or treatment with the NF-κB specific inhibitor. In addition, activation of NF-κB was also significantly suppressed upon RIG-I knockout. Taken together, our results reveal that JEV could infect boar testicles, and RIG-I-NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in JEV-induced inflammation in swine testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqin Gu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Yu SP, Ong KC, Perera D, Wong KT. Neuronal transcriptomic responses to Japanese encephalitis virus infection with a special focus on chemokine CXCL11 and pattern recognition receptors RIG-1 and MDA5. Virology 2019; 527:107-115. [PMID: 30481615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes central nervous system neuronal injury and inflammation. A clear understanding of neuronal responses to JEV infection remains elusive. Using the Affymetrix array to investigate the transcriptome of infected SK-N-MC cells, 1316 and 2737 dysregulated genes (≥ 2/-2 fold change, P < 0.05) were found at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and 60 hpi, respectively. The genes were mainly involved in anti-microbial responses, cell signalling, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death and survival. Among the most highly upregulated genes (≥ 10 folds, P < 0.05) were chemokines CCL5, CXCL11, IL8 and CXCL10. The upregulation and expression of CXCL11 were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Pathogen recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) were also upregulated. Our results strongly suggest that neuronal cells play a significant role in immunity against JEV. CXCL11, RIG-1 and MDA5 and other cytokines may be important in neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Pin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Czupryna P, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Grygorczuk S, Pancewicz S, Dunaj J, Król M, Borawski K, Zajkowska J. Effect of a single dose of mannitol on hydration status and electrolyte concentrations in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:5083-5089. [PMID: 30124371 PMCID: PMC6300936 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518790175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effect of a single dose of 15% mannitol on the hydration status and electrolyte balance in patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). METHODS Forty-one patients with TBE were treated with 0.25 g/kg of 15% mannitol. The electrolyte concentrations (Na, K, and Cl), creatinine concentration, and hydration status were measured before and after mannitol infusion. RESULTS After mannitol administration, 7 patients had hyponatremia, 3 had hypokalemia, 1 had hyperkalemia, and 17 had hypochloremia. The total body water volume (TBW) changed by 0.44% ± 0.55%, the external body water volume (EBW) changed by 0.12% ± 0.15%, and the internal body water volume (IBW) changed by 0.19% ± 0.40%. The mean ECW/ICW ratio was 0.7694 ± 0.07 before treatment and 0.7699 ± 0.07 after treatment. Age was correlated with the TBW change in men (R = 0.42, p < 0.05) and with the potassium change in women (R = 0.66, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with TBE should receive mannitol two to four times daily depending on the clinical manifestation. Administration of a single dose of mannitol (0.25 g/kg) requires at least 300 mL of fluid supplementation. Bioimpedance might be useful for individual evaluation of dehydration. Additionally, patients require monitoring for potential hyponatremia. Older men may be more prone to dehydration after receiving mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Borawski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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Chan YL, Liao CL, Lin YL. Human Kinase/Phosphatase-Wide RNAi Screening Identified Checkpoint Kinase 2 as a Cellular Factor Facilitating Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:142. [PMID: 29868498 PMCID: PMC5966567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes acute encephalitis in humans with high mortality. Not much is known about the interactions between viral and cellular factors that regulate JEV infection. By using a kinase/phosphatase-wide RNAi screening approach, we identified a cell cycle-regulating molecule, checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), that plays a role in regulating JEV replication. JEV infection induced G1 arrest and activated CHK2. Inactivation of CHK2 and its upstream ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase in JEV-infected cells by using inhibitors reduced virus replication. Likewise, JEV replication was significantly decreased by knockdown of CHK2 expression with shRNA-producing lentiviral transduction. We identified CHK2 as a cellular factor participating in JEV replication, for a new strategy in addressing JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Chan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Karthikeyan A, Shanmuganathan S, Pavulraj S, Prabakar G, Pavithra S, Porteen K, Elaiyaraja G, Malik YS. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS, RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON VIRUS GENOME, TRANSMISSION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18006/2017.5(6).730.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Lannes N, Summerfield A, Filgueira L. Regulation of inflammation in Japanese encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:158. [PMID: 28807053 PMCID: PMC5557552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled inflammatory response of the central nervous system is a hallmark of severe Japanese encephalitis (JE). Although inflammation is necessary to mount an efficient immune response against virus infections, exacerbated inflammatory response is often detrimental. In this context, cells of the monocytic lineage appear to be important forces driving JE pathogenesis. Main body Brain-infiltrating monocytes, macrophages and microglia play a major role in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation during JE. Moreover, the role of inflammatory monocytes in viral neuroinvasion during JE and mechanisms of cell entry into the CNS remains unclear. The identification of cellular and molecular actors in JE inflammatory responses may help to understand the mechanisms behind excessive inflammation and to develop therapeutics to treat JE patients. This review addresses the current knowledge about mechanisms of virus neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation and therapeutics critical for JE outcome. Conclusion Understanding the regulation of inflammation in JE is challenging. Elucidation of the remaining open questions will help to the development of therapeutic approaches avoiding detrimental inflammatory responses in JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Kakkar M, Chaturvedi S, Saxena VK, Dhole TN, Kumar A, Rogawski ET, Abbas S, Venkataramanan VV, Chatterjee P. Identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of Japanese Encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north Indian district. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175745. [PMID: 28463989 PMCID: PMC5412994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has caused repeated outbreaks in endemic pockets of India. This study was conducted in Kushinagar, a highly endemic district, to understand the human-animal-ecosystem interactions, and the drivers that influence disease transmission. Utilizing the ecosystems approach, a cross-sectional, descriptive study, employing mixed methods design was employed. Four villages (two with pig-rearing and two without) were randomly selected from a high, a medium and a low burden (based on case counts) block of Kushinagar. Children, pigs and vectors were sampled from these villages. A qualitative arm was incorporated to explain the findings from the quantitative surveys. All human serum samples were screened for JE-specific IgM using MAC ELISA and negative samples for JE RNA by rRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In pigs, IgG ELISA and rRT-PCR for viral RNA were used. Of the 242 children tested, 24 tested positive by either rRT-PCR or MAC ELISA; in pigs, 38 out of the 51 pigs were positive. Of the known vectors, Culex vishnui was most commonly isolated across all biotopes. Analysis of 15 blood meals revealed human blood in 10 samples. Univariable analysis showed that gender, religion, lack of indoor residual spraying of insecticides in the past year, indoor vector density (all species), and not being vaccinated against JE in children were significantly associated with JE positivity. In multivariate analysis, only male gender remained as a significant risk factor. Based on previous estimates of symptomatic: asymptomatic cases of JE, we estimate that there should have been 618 cases from Kushinagar, although only 139 were reported. Vaccination of children and vector control measures emerged as major control activities; they had very poor coverage in the studied villages. In addition, lack of awareness about the cause of JE, lack of faith in the conventional medical healthcare system and multiple referral levels causing delay in diagnosis and treatment emerged as factors likely to result in adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Chaturvedi
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | - Tapan N. Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Syed Abbas
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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21
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Kosalaraksa P, Watanaveeradej V, Pancharoen C, Capeding MR, Feroldi E, Bouckenooghe A. Long-term Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of Japanese Encephalitis Chimeric Virus Vaccine in Toddlers and Booster Response 5 Years After Primary Immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:e108-e113. [PMID: 28030526 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important mosquito-borne viral disease that is endemic in Asia, Western Pacific countries and Northern Australia. Although there is no antiviral treatment, vaccination is effective in preventing this disease. METHODS We followed a cohort of 596 children for 5 years after primary vaccination at 12-18 months of age with JE chimeric virus vaccine (JE-CV; IMOJEV) in a multicenter, phase III trial in Thailand and the Philippines to assess antibody persistence and safety. At the end of the 5 years, a subgroup of 85 participants, at 1 site in Thailand, was followed after administration of a JE-CV booster vaccination. JE antibody titers were measured annually after primary vaccination and 28 days after booster vaccination using a 50% plaque reduction neutralization test. Seroprotection was defined as a JE-CV neutralizing antibody titer ≥10 (1/dil). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the proportion of participants maintaining protective JE-CV neutralizing antibody titers. RESULTS At 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after vaccination with JE-CV, 88.5%, 82.9%, 78.2%, 74.0% and 68.6% of the participants followed remained seroprotected. Geometric mean titers in the subgroup assessed after receipt of a booster dose increased from 61.2 (95% confidence interval: 43.8-85.7) pre-booster to 4951 (95% confidence interval: 3928-6241) 28 days post-booster, with all participants seroprotected. There were no safety concerns identified. CONCLUSIONS Protective immune responses persisted for at least 5 years after a JE-CV primary immunization in the majority of participants. JE-CV booster induced a robust immune response even after a 5-year interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pope Kosalaraksa
- From the *Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand; †Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; ‡Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; §Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines; ¶Clinical Sciences Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France; and ‖Clinical Sciences and Medical Affairs Asia Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore
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Lindqvist R, Mundt F, Gilthorpe JD, Wölfel S, Gekara NO, Kröger A, Överby AK. Fast type I interferon response protects astrocytes from flavivirus infection and virus-induced cytopathic effects. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:277. [PMID: 27776548 PMCID: PMC5078952 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotropic flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) are causative agents of severe brain-related diseases including meningitis, encephalitis, and microcephaly. We have previously shown that local type I interferon response within the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the protection of mice against tick-borne flavivirus infection. However, the cells responsible for mounting this protective response are not defined. Methods Primary astrocytes were isolated from wild-type (WT) and interferon alpha receptor knock out (IFNAR−/−) mice and infected with neurotropic flaviviruses. Viral replication and spread, IFN induction and response, and cellular viability were analyzed. Transcriptional levels in primary astrocytes treated with interferon or supernatant from virus-infected cells were analyzed by RNA sequencing and evaluated by different bioinformatics tools. Results Here, we show that astrocytes control viral replication of different TBEV strains, JEV, WNV, and ZIKV. In contrast to fibroblast, astrocytes mount a rapid interferon response and restrict viral spread. Furthermore, basal expression levels of key interferon-stimulated genes are high in astrocytes compared to mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA-sequencing data reveals that astrocytes have established a basal antiviral state which contributes to the rapid viral recognition and upregulation of interferons. The most highly upregulated pathways in neighboring cells were linked to type I interferon response and innate immunity. The restriction in viral growth was dependent on interferon signaling, since loss of the interferon receptor, or its blockade in wild-type cells, resulted in high viral replication and virus-induced cytopathic effects. Astrocyte supernatant from TBEV-infected cells can restrict TBEV growth in astrocytes already 6 h post infection, the effect on neurons is highly reinforced, and astrocyte supernatant from 3 h post infection is already protective. Conclusions These findings suggest that the combination of an intrinsic constitutive antiviral response and the fast induction of type I IFN production by astrocytes play an important role in self-protection of astrocytes and suppression of flavivirus replication in the CNS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0748-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Filip Mundt
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Proteomics and Biomarkers, 415 Main Street, #5033-A, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Silke Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Nelson O Gekara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Str 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden. .,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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De A, Maity K, Jana S, Maiti M. Application of various control strategies to Japanese encephalitic: A mathematical study with human, pig and mosquito. Math Biosci 2016; 282:46-60. [PMID: 27702638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a public health problem that threats the entire world today. Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) mostly became a threat due to the significant number of increase of susceptible mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts in Asia by which around 70,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year took place in children below 15 years of age. In this paper, a mathematical model of JE due to JEV from the vector source (infected mosquito) and two vertebrate hosts (infected human and infected pig) is formulated. The disease can be controlled by applying several control measures such as vaccination, medicine and insecticide to the JE infection causing species. The model has been formulated as an optimal control problem and has been solved using Pontryagin's maximum principle. Also, the stability of the system has been studied with the help of basic reproduction number for disease free and endemic equilibrium. The results of fixed control for endemic equilibrium is presented numerically and depicted graphically. The effects of different control strategies on human, pig and mosquito has been analyzed using Runge-Kutta 4th order forward and backward techniques and presented thereafter graphically.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De
- Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute of Technology, Purba Medinipur, 721657 West Bengal, India; Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 721309 West Bengal, India.
| | - K Maity
- Department of Mathematics, Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya, Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur, 721425 West Bengal, India.
| | - Soovoojeet Jana
- Department of Mathematics, Abhedananda Mahavidyalaya, Sainthia, Birbhum, 731234 West Bengal, India.
| | - M Maiti
- Department of Applied Mathematics with Oceanology and Computer Programming, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, India.
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Lopez AL, Aldaba JG, Roque VG, Tandoc AO, Sy AK, Espino FE, DeQuiroz-Castro M, Jee Y, Ducusin MJ, Fox KK. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003630. [PMID: 25794009 PMCID: PMC4367992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important cause of encephalitis in most of Asia, with high case fatality rates and often significant neurologic sequelae among survivors. The epidemiology of JE in the Philippines is not well defined. To support consideration of JE vaccine for introduction into the national schedule in the Philippines, we conducted a systematic literature review and summarized JE surveillance data from 2011 to 2014. Methods We conducted searches on Japanese encephalitis and the Philippines in four databases and one library. Data from acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and JE surveillance and from the national reference laboratory from January 2011 to March 2014 were tabulated and mapped. Results We identified 29 published reports and presentations on JE in the Philippines, including 5 serologic surveys, 18 reports of clinical cases, and 8 animal studies (including two with both clinical cases and animal data). The 18 clinical studies reported 257 cases of laboratory-confirmed JE from 1972 to 2013. JE virus (JEV) was the causative agent in 7% to 18% of cases of clinical meningitis and encephalitis combined, and 16% to 40% of clinical encephalitis cases. JE predominantly affected children under 15 years of age and 6% to 7% of cases resulted in death. Surveillance data from January 2011 to March 2014 identified 73 (15%) laboratory-confirmed JE cases out of 497 cases tested. Summary This comprehensive review demonstrates the endemicity and extensive geographic range of JE in the Philippines, and supports the use of JE vaccine in the country. Continued and improved surveillance with laboratory confirmation is needed to systematically quantify the burden of JE, to provide information that can guide prioritization of high risk areas in the country and determination of appropriate age and schedule of vaccine introduction, and to measure the impact of preventive measures including immunization against this important public health threat. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important cause of neurologic infections in Asia, resulting in substantial disability and deaths. Although believed to be endemic in the Philippines, little is known of the epidemiology and geographic distribution of this disease in the country. We reviewed data from clinical studies, prevalence surveys and animal studies since the 1950s. Based on this review, JEV is an important cause of encephalitis and febrile illness in all three major island groups of the country. The majority of cases were seen in children younger than 15 years and males were more often affected than females. The national laboratory initiated testing of referred cases in 2009 and surveillance for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with laboratory confirmation of a subset of cases was established in 2011. From 2011 to 2014, there were 1,032 cases of suspected JE. Of 497 cases with specimens tested, 73 (15%) had laboratory-confirmed JE. Our findings confirm that JE has an extensive geographic distribution in the Philippines. These findings support the introduction of JE vaccine into the country’s routine immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Lopez
- University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Manila, Philippines
| | - Josephine G Aldaba
- University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Manila, Philippines
| | - Vito G Roque
- Epidemiology Bureau, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amado O Tandoc
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ava Kristy Sy
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Fe Esperanza Espino
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maricel DeQuiroz-Castro
- Office of the World Health Organization Representative in the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office of the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Joyce Ducusin
- Disease Prevention and Control Bureau, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kimberley K Fox
- Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office of the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
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Jackson-Lewis V, Lester D, Kozina E, Przedborski S, Smeyne RJ. From Man to Mouse. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Chen HW, Ding LW, Lai CC, Tseng TK, Liu WL. Japanese viral encephalitis mimicking stroke with an initial manifestation of hemiplegia. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 45:465-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tiwari S, Singh RK, Tiwari R, Dhole TN. Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:564-73. [PMID: 23141974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes Japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia, with around 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year in children below 15 years of age. The JEV has shown a tendency to extend to other geographic regions. Case fatality averages 30% and a high percentage of the survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Currently, there is no cure for JEV, and treatment is mainly supportive. Patients are not infectious, but should avoid further mosquito bites. A number of antiviral agents have been investigated; however, none of these have convincingly been shown to improve the outcome of JEV. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of this deadly disease have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sarkar A, Taraphdar D, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee S. Serological and molecular diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis reveals an increasing public health problem in the state of West Bengal, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 106:15-9. [PMID: 21993242 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a neurotrophic disease, was first recorded in the state of West Bengal, India in 1973. Since then JE is being reported every year from different districts. With a view to identify the JE cases accurately, a study was undertaken to detect the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as the etiologic agent from the acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases and to identify its distribution in different districts. We report the results of 513 blood or cerebrospinal fluid samples referred/collected from the hospitalized AES cases. The samples were initially subjected to Mac-ELISA test followed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR for the detection of IgM antibodies and the JEV genome, specific to E gene, respectively. Out of 513 samples referred/collected, 139 (27.1%) samples were reactive to JE IgM antibody. The remaining 374 samples were screened to select those which had a history of illness with a duration of ≤3 days. Only 147 samples were selected and tested, out of which 36 (24.5%) isolates were achieved and those were RT-PCR positive against the control JEV strain. Detection of IgM antibody to JE and the RT-PCR result confirms the active circulation of JEV in different districts of West Bengal and needs to be monitored carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarkar
- ICMR virus unit, GB-4, 1st Floor, ID & BG Hospital, 57 Dr. S. C. Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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Unni SK, Růžek D, Chhatbar C, Mishra R, Johri MK, Singh SK. Japanese encephalitis virus: from genome to infectome. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tseng YF, Wang CC, Liao SK, Chuang CK, Chen WJ. Autoimmunity-related demyelination in infection by Japanese encephalitis virus. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:20. [PMID: 21356046 PMCID: PMC3056755 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the most common cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in the world. The virus mainly infects neuronal cells and causes an inflammatory response after invasion of the parenchyma of the brain. The death of neurons is frequently observed, in which demyelinated axons are commonly seen. The mechanism that accounts for the occurrence of demyelination is ambiguous thus far. With a mouse model, the present study showed that myelin-specific antibodies appeared in sera, particularly in those mice with evident symptoms. Meanwhile, specific T cells proliferating in response to stimulation by myelin basic protein (MBP) was also shown in these mice. Taken together, our results suggest that autoimmunity may play an important role in the destruction of components, e.g., MBP, of axon-surrounding myelin, resulting in demyelination in the mouse brain after infection with the JE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
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Field evaluation of commercial Immunoglobulin M antibody capture ELISA diagnostic tests for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus infection among encephalitis patients in Nepal. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Misra UK, Kalita J. Spectrum of movement disorders in encephalitis. J Neurol 2010; 257:2052-8. [PMID: 20640577 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To study the frequency and type of movement disorders and correlate these with MRI findings and outcome. Consecutive patients having encephalitis with movement disorders were included. The encephalitides were categorized into Japanese encephalitis (JE), herpes simplex, dengue, mumps, measles and nonspecific, depending on respective ELISA or CSF PCR. The movement disorders were recorded and severity was graded into mild, moderate, severe and markedly severe. Cranial MRI was done on a 1.5 T scanner acquiring T1, T2 and FLAIR sequence, and the location of MRI changes was noted. Outcome was defined at 6 months on the basis of functional status into complete, partial or poor. The type and severity of movement disorders and their relation to outcome was evaluated. Seventy-four out of 209 encephalitis patients had movement disorders; 67.6% of the patients had JE, 51.2% nonspecific and 11.3% dengue encephalitis. Their median age was 19 years and 16 were females. Parkinsonian features were present in 36, dystonia in six and both in 32 patients. The severity of movement disorders ranged between 2 and 4 (scale: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, severe = 3, markedly severe = 4). Movement disorders were common in males (P = 0.0001), and more frequent in JE (P = 0.03) and those having substantia nigra involvement on MRI (P = 0.03). Dystonia was associated with worse outcome than parkinsonian features only (P = 0.01). Movement disorders are common and severe in JE and are related to typical anatomical involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Misra
- Department of Neurology, Center of Excellence of Encephalitis Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Development of a simple fed-batch process for the high-yield production of recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1795-803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nett R, Campbell G, Reisen W. Potential for the Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9:511-7. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.J. Nett
- Flight Medicine Clinic, 90th Medical Group, F.E. Warren AFB, Wyoming. (Currently an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
| | - G.L. Campbell
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - W.K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of California; Davis, California
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Diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient evaluation of herpes simplex encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2009; 287:221-6. [PMID: 19732907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate (a) the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating necrotising herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and non-necrotising Japanese encephalitis (JE) and (b) to correlate the ADC values with the duration of illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five confirmed cases of encephalitis (38 patients with JE and 7 patients with HSE) underwent MR imaging. IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM MAC-ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) sample to confirm the diagnosis of JE and HSE respectively. MRI findings were recorded in terms of site of involvement, extent of lesions, visibility of each lesion on T2W, DWI and FLAIR sequences and ADC calculations. To observe the changes in ADC with duration of illness, patients with JE and HSE were regrouped on the basis of time since clinical presentation. Mean of the ADC value in each patient was noted and subjected for statistical analysis. RESULTS In HSE lesions there was a significant restricted diffusion with low average ADC values observed in acute stage and facilitated diffusion with high average ADC values observed in chronic stage. Whereas JE lesions did not show restricted diffusion and significant low ADC values in acute stage, though facilitated diffusion and high ADC values were observed in chronic stage. CONCLUSION The diffusion abnormality and conspicuity of lesions on DWI may be different in various acute encephalitis (HSE and JE). The ADC values are different in the acute stages of HSE and JE reflecting the difference in the degree of diffusability of water molecule. These observations may suggest that there may be an abundance of cytotoxic oedema in HSE and paucity of cytotoxic oedema in JE, in acute stage.
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Swami R, Ratho RK, Mishra B, Singh MP. Usefulness of RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in clinical samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 40:815-20. [PMID: 18618334 DOI: 10.1080/00365540802227102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out between July 2003 and December 2005 in PGIMER, Chandigarh, India and aimed to compare IgM capture ELISA and nested RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (JE). The samples collected were cerebrospinal fluid and blood from 40 febrile patients with encephalitis (n=40, group I) and blood samples from febrile patients without encephalitis residing in JE endemic areas (n=45, group II). Overall, in CSF samples JE specific RNA was detected in 9/40 (22.5%), while 7/28 (25%) patients showed the presence of specific IgM antibodies. Only 28 CSF samples could be subjected to both RT-PCR and IgM and, among these, 13 cases were found to be confirmed JE based on IgM and/or RT-PCR positivity. Among the confirmed cases, 6 (6/13, 46.5%) could be detected by RT-PCR alone, 4 (4/13, 30.7%) by IgM capture ELISA and 3 (3/13, 23.1%) patients were positive by both the methods. All the RT-PCR positive cases had presented within 5 d of onset of illness. The serum samples of only 16 patients in group I could be tested for IgM antibodies and 5 (31.25%) were found to be positive, while in group II, 11.1% (5/45) positivity was observed. JE specific RNA could not be detected in serum samples of either group of patients. This study highlights the need for carrying out RT-PCR in CSF samples, compared to IgM antibody detection, for the early detection of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Swami
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Bilateral thalamic enlargement in an acutely ill infant. J Clin Neurosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Preventive strategies for frequent outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis in Northern India. J Biosci 2008; 33:505-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jang H, Boltz DA, Webster RG, Smeyne RJ. Viral parkinsonism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1792:714-21. [PMID: 18760350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects 1-2% of the adult population over 55 years of age. For the vast majority of cases, the etiology of this disorder is unknown, although it is generally accepted that there is a genetic susceptibility to any number of environmental agents. One such agent may be viruses. It has been shown that numerous viruses can enter the nervous system, i.e. they are neurotropic, and induce a number of encephalopathies. One of the secondary consequences of these encephalopathies can be parkinsonism, that is both transient as well as permanent. One of the most highlighted and controversial cases of viral parkinsonism is that which followed the 1918 influenza outbreak and the subsequent induction of von Economo's encephalopathy. In this review, we discuss the neurological sequelae of infection by influenza virus as well as that of other viruses known to induce parkinsonism including Coxsackie, Japanese encephalitis B, St. Louis, West Nile and HIV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeman Jang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Narasimha Rao S, Wairagkar NS, Murali Mohan V, Khetan M, Somarathi S. BrainStem encephalitis associated with chandipura in Andhra Pradesh outbreak. J Trop Pediatr 2008; 54:25-30. [PMID: 17906316 PMCID: PMC7107257 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmm078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data of 104 hospitalized children during the 2003 epidemic of encephalitis in Andhra Pradesh state was retrospectively analysed to know the clinical profile and risk factors associated with mortality. Fever was the first symptom associated with altered sensorium, seizures, diarrhoea and vomiting. Evolution of illness was very rapid with high fatality (47%). Majority of deaths occurred within the first 24 h of illness due to brainstem involvement. On multiple logistic regression analysis, high-grade fever, absent oculocephalic reflex and Glasgow coma score <7 were found to be significantly contributing to the mortality. Evidence of Chandipura virus was detected in these cases as the etiological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narasimha Rao
- Government Institute of Child Health, Niloufer Hospital, Red Hills, Hyderabad 500004, India.
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Lim CK, Takasaki T, Kotaki A, Kurane I. Vero cell-derived inactivated West Nile (WN) vaccine induces protective immunity against lethal WN virus infection in mice and shows a facilitated neutralizing antibody response in mice previously immunized with Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Virology 2008; 374:60-70. [PMID: 18221765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel Vero cell-derived inactivated WN vaccine (WN-VAX) was prepared from virus strain NY99-35262. Two immunizations with WN-VAX induced high levels of neutralizing antibody to WN virus. All immunized mice were protected against challenge with a lethal dose of WN virus. No WN viremia was detected, and the level of WN virus-neutralizing antibody increased rapidly. WN-VAX was then examined for immunogenicity in mice previously immunized with Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-VAX). Immunization with WN-VAX induced WN virus-neutralizing antibody in all mice previously immunized with JE-VAX but in only half of the control mice at 10 weeks. These results indicate that WN-VAX induced complete protective immunity against lethal WN infection and that the WN-VAX-induced antibody response is facilitated in JE-VAX-immunized mice. This WN-VAX is thus a candidate WN vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Riou EM, Amlie-Lefond C, Echenne B, Farmer M, Sébire G. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial ischemic stroke. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38:1-9. [PMID: 18054685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging as a rapid and accurate way to diagnose arterial ischemic stroke, cerebrospinal fluid assessment is rarely performed, unless infectious or inflammatory processes are obvious. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of childhood stroke have implicated a growing list of discrete or occult infectious and inflammatory conditions which may involve intracranial arteries and neighboring structures. Cerebrospinal-fluid assessment may allow the detection of markers identifying processes (including infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, and traumatic) potentially involved in cerebral vasculopathy and stroke. The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in arterial ischemic strokes, including apparently idiopathic strokes, may yield essential information on pathophysiology, allowing for optimal therapeutic decisions and prognostic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie M Riou
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Handique SK, Das RR, Saharia B, Das P, Buragohain R, Saikia P. Coinfection of Japanese encephalitis with neurocysticercosis: an imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29:170-5. [PMID: 17928378 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Coinfection of neurocysticercosis (NCC) and Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been advocated as more than a chance occurrence resulting in poor outcome. We undertook this study to determine whether the association of the 2 infections is more than a chance occurrence, to define the imaging characteristics of coinfections, and to explore the synergistic effect of NCC in JE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two patients with JE were studied by MR imaging and CT. CT was done in 53 and MR imaging in 53 patients. The diagnosis of JE was established by CSF JE virus immunoglobulin M capture (MAC) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NCC was diagnosed from imaging. A control group of 385 patients was evaluated by imaging for prevalence of NCC in the general population. RESULTS A significantly high association of NCC with JE (19.3%) was observed in comparison with prevalence of NCC in control subjects (1.04%; P = .0003). JE lesions in coinfection were significantly asymmetric with lateralization to the side of the brain having the maximum NCC or a cyst with edema. The JE lesions in coinfections were more florid, with a significantly higher proportion of abnormal CT scans and more abnormal MR imaging. Coinfections were significantly more common in children. Significantly lower CSF MAC-ELISA units in patients with coinfection reflected low CSF IgM levels, suggesting altered immune status. CONCLUSION In our series, there was a strong association between JE and NCC, and, thus, this coinfection was more than a chance occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Handique
- Departments of Radiology and Imaging, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Dispur, Assam, India.
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Abstract
Encephalitis is uncommon but is a neurological emergency which must be considered in a patient presenting with altered consciousness. Encephalitis is a diffuse inflammatory process of the brain parenchyma associated with evidence of brain dysfunction. The presentation of encephalitis can be acute or chronic. The aetiology of encephalitis can be broadly divided into two major subtypes. (1) Infection-related encephalitis which is a direct consequence of pathogenic viral, bacterial or parasitic agents. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are the most common cause of acute infectious encephalitis. (2) Autoimmune-mediated encephalitis which is mediated by an aberrant immune response. This can be triggered by a recent viral infection or vaccination. An example of this would be acute disseminated encephalitis (ADEM). This article will focus on the medical management of acute encephalitis. This will involve an extensive overview of the literature reviewing the diagnosis, investigation and treatment of acute viral encephalitis, ADEM and acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHLE). Encephalitis can also present chronically, and some of the different types of chronic encephalitis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Stone
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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Diagnostic MR images of Japanese encephalitis. J Emerg Med 2007; 35:305-7. [PMID: 17976771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Biochemical characterization of a recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:59. [PMID: 17623110 PMCID: PMC1934914 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS5 is a viral nonstructural protein that carries both methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. It is a key component of the viral RNA replicase complex that presumably includes other viral nonstructural and cellular proteins. The biochemical properties of JEV NS5 have not been characterized due to the lack of a robust in vitro RdRp assay system, and the molecular mechanisms for the initiation of RNA synthesis by JEV NS5 remain to be elucidated. RESULTS To characterize the biochemical properties of JEV RdRp, we expressed in Escherichia coli and purified an enzymatically active full-length recombinant JEV NS5 protein with a hexahistidine tag at the N-terminus. The purified NS5 protein, but not the mutant NS5 protein with an Ala substitution at the first Asp of the RdRp-conserved GDD motif, exhibited template- and primer-dependent RNA synthesis activity using a poly(A) RNA template. The NS5 protein was able to use both plus- and minus-strand 3'-untranslated regions of the JEV genome as templates in the absence of a primer, with the latter RNA being a better template. Analysis of the RNA synthesis initiation site using the 3'-end 83 nucleotides of the JEV genome as a minimal RNA template revealed that the NS5 protein specifically initiates RNA synthesis from an internal site, U81, at the two nucleotides upstream of the 3'-end of the template. CONCLUSION As a first step toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms for JEV RNA replication and ultimately for the in vitro reconstitution of viral RNA replicase complex, we for the first time established an in vitro JEV RdRp assay system with a functional full-length recombinant JEV NS5 protein and characterized the mechanisms of RNA synthesis from nonviral and viral RNA templates. The full-length recombinant JEV NS5 will be useful for the elucidation of the structure-function relationship of this enzyme and for the development of anti-JEV agents.
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Kulkarni-Kale U, Bhosle SG, Manjari GS, Joshi M, Bansode S, Kolaskar AS. Curation of viral genomes: challenges, applications and the way forward. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7 Suppl 5:S12. [PMID: 17254296 PMCID: PMC1764468 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-s5-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome sequence data is a step towards generating the 'parts list' of life to understand the underlying principles of Biocomplexity. Genome sequencing initiatives of human and model organisms are targeted efforts towards understanding principles of evolution with an application envisaged to improve human health. These efforts culminated in the development of dedicated resources. Whereas a large number of viral genomes have been sequenced by groups or individuals with an interest to study antigenic variation amongst strains and species. These independent efforts enabled viruses to attain the status of 'best-represented taxa' with the highest number of genomes. However, due to lack of concerted efforts, viral genomic sequences merely remained as entries in the public repositories until recently. RESULTS VirGen is a curated resource of viral genomes and their analyses. Since its first release, it has grown both in terms of coverage of viral families and development of new modules for annotation and analysis. The current release (2.0) includes data for twenty-five families with broad host range as against eight in the first release. The taxonomic description of viruses in VirGen is in accordance with the ICTV nomenclature. A well-characterised strain is identified as a 'representative entry' for every viral species. This non-redundant dataset is used for subsequent annotation and analyses using sequenced-based Bioinformatics approaches. VirGen archives precomputed data on genome and proteome comparisons. A new data module that provides structures of viral proteins available in PDB has been incorporated recently. One of the unique features of VirGen is predicted conformational and sequential epitopes of known antigenic proteins using in-house developed algorithms, a step towards reverse vaccinology. CONCLUSION Structured organization of genomic data facilitates use of data mining tools, which provides opportunities for knowledge discovery. One of the approaches to achieve this goal is to carry out functional annotations using comparative genomics. VirGen, a comprehensive viral genome resource that serves as an annotation and analysis pipeline has been developed for the curation of public domain viral genome data http://bioinfo.ernet.in/virgen/virgen.html. Various steps in the curation and annotation of the genomic data and applications of the value-added derived data are substantiated with case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 India
| | - Sandeep Bansode
- Bioinformatics Centre, University of Pune, Pune 411 007 India
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Ludlam CA, Powderly WG, Bozzette S, Diamond M, Koerper MA, Kulkarni R, Ritchie B, Siegel J, Simmonds P, Stanley S, Tapper ML, von Depka M. Clinical perspectives of emerging pathogens in bleeding disorders. Lancet 2006; 367:252-61. [PMID: 16427495 PMCID: PMC7138062 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a result of immunological and nucleic-acid screening of plasma donations for transfusion-transmissible viruses, and the incorporation of viral reduction processes during plasma fractionation, coagulation-factor concentrates (CFC) are now judged safe in terms of many known infectious agents, including hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus. However, emerging pathogens could pose future threats, particularly those with blood-borne stages that are resistant to viral-inactivation steps in the manufacturing process, such as non-lipid-coated viruses. As outlined in this Review, better understanding of infectious diseases allows challenges from newly described agents of potential concern in the future to be anticipated, but the processes of zoonotic transmission and genetic selection or modification ensure that plasma-derived products will continue to be subject to infectious concerns. Manufacturers of plasma-derived CFC have addressed the issue of emerging infectious agents by developing recombinant products that limit the need for human plasma during production. Such recombinant products have extended the safety profile of their predecessors by ensuring that all reagents used for cell culture, purification steps, and stabilisation and storage buffers are completely independent of human plasma.
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Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, Smith DW. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Geographic Distribution, Incidence, and Spread of a Virus with a Propensity to Emerge in New Areas. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(06)16010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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