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Mammadli T, Hong C. Substance Use and Misuse among Sexual and Gender Minority Communities Living in Former Soviet Union Countries: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2024; 36:59-76. [PMID: 38600900 PMCID: PMC10903640 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2024.2303517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives We reviewed literature examining substance use among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) living in the former Soviet Union (USSR) nations. Methods Searches were conducted across five databases (PubMed, SocINDEX, CINAHL, PscyInfo, LGBTQ + Source) to identify peer-reviewed literature. Results Across 19 studies, high hazardous substance use prevalence was documented. Substance use was correlated with (a) sexual health and behaviors and (b) mental wellbeing and the use of other substances. Conclusion We discuss minority stress implications and challenges presented by the paucity of evidence in the literature examining substance use among SGM women and SGM living in countries unrepresented in reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tural Mammadli
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenglin Hong
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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HIV Testing Patterns Among Recently Self-Tested Russian Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Qualitative Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2022; 33:550-558. [DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, DiFranceisco WJ, Tarima SS, McAuliffe TL, Kuznetsova AV. People Living With HIV in St. Petersburg, Russia: Gender and Exposure Group Differences in HIV Care Engagement, Psychosocial Health, Substance Use, and Transmission Risk Behavior. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2022; 34:226-244. [PMID: 35647864 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2022.34.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined psychosocial and health needs of persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Russia. The study combined baseline datasets from two social network samples of PLWH in St. Petersburg (N = 872). Samples were recruited between 2014 and 2018 by enrolling a PLWH seed who was either out-of-care or treatment nonadherent as well as network members surrounding each seed, assessing each participant's HIV care, transmission risk, substance use, and mental health characteristics. Almost one-quarter of participants said they were never offered antiretroviral therapy (ART), and-among those offered ART-one-quarter refused or discontinued therapy and 45% were <95% ART-adherent. Almost half of participants had detectable viral load, and many reported continued condomless intercourse with potentially nonconcordant serostatus partners or needle sharing. Over 46% of participants had elevated scores on measures of depression, hopelessness, state anxiety, or poor social support. Study findings illustrate unmet needs of PLWH in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Amirkhanian
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeffrey A Kelly
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Wayne J DiFranceisco
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sergey S Tarima
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy L McAuliffe
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anna V Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), St. Petersburg, Russia
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Vetrova M, Lodi S, Rateau L, Patts G, Blokhina E, Palatkin V, Yaroslavtseva T, Toussova O, Bushara N, Bendiks S, Gnatienko N, Krupitsky E, Lioznov D, Samet JH, Lunze K. Stigma and ART initiation among people with HIV and a lifetime history of illicit drug use in Saint-Petersburg, Russia–A prospective cohort analysis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 102:103600. [PMID: 35134598 PMCID: PMC8960362 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWID) are stigmatized and face more challenges in accessing ART. The natural course of stigma and its role on ART initiation in this population is unclear. We examined 1] whether HIV stigma changes over time and 2] whether HIV and substance use stigma are associated with ART initiation in a prospective cohort of HIV-positive PWID in St. Petersburg, Russia. METHODS We used data from 165 HIV-positive PWID who were ART-naïve at enrollment andgeneralized estimating equations to assess changes in HIV stigma between baseline, 12- and 24-month study visits. Logistic regression estimated associations of HIV stigma and substance use stigma with ART initiation. All models were adjusted for gender, age, CD4 count, duration of HIV diagnosis, recent (past 30-day) drug use and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Participants characteristics were the following: median age of 34 (Q1; Q3: 30; 37) years; 30% female; 28% with CD4 count <350; 44% reported recent drug use. During the study period, 31% initiated ART and the median time between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation was 8.5 years (Q1; Q3: 4.68; 13.61). HIV stigma scores decreased yearly by 0.57 (95% CI -1.36, 0.22). More than half (27/47 [57.4%]) of participants who were eligible for ART initiation per local ART guidelines did not initiate therapy. Total HIV stigma and substance use stigma scores were not associated with ART initiation (AOR 0.99, 95%CI 0.94-1.04; AOR 1.01, 95%CI 0.96-1.05, respectively). CONCLUSION In this Russian cohort of HIV-positive, ART-naïve PWID, stigma did not change over time and was not associated with ART initiation. Addressing stigma alone is unlikely to increase ART initiation rates in this population. Reducing further existing structural barriers, e.g., by promoting equal access to ART and the value of substance-use treatment for ART treatment success should complement stigma-reduction approaches.
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Wirtz AL, Iyer JR, Brooks D, Hailey‐Fair K, Galai N, Beyrer C, Celentano D, Arrington‐Sanders R. An evaluation of assumptions underlying respondent-driven sampling and the social contexts of sexual and gender minority youth participating in HIV clinical trials in the United States. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25694. [PMID: 33978326 PMCID: PMC8114466 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) has been an effective sampling strategy for HIV research in many settings, but has had limited success among some youth in the United States. We evaluated a modified RDS approach for sampling Black and Latinx sexual and gender minority youth (BLSGMY) and explored how lived experiences and social contexts of BLSGMY youth may impact traditional RDS assumptions. METHODS RDS was implemented in three US cities, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Washington DC, to engage BLSGMY aged 15 to 24 years in HIV prevention or care intervention trials. RDS was modified to include targeted seed recruitment from venues, Internet and health clinics, and provided options for electronic or paper coupons. Qualitative interviews were conducted among a sub-sample of RDS participants to explore their experiences with RDS. Interviews were coded using RDS assumptions as an analytic framework. RESULTS Between August 2017 and October 2019, 405 participants were enrolled, 1670 coupons were distributed, with 133 returned, yielding a 0.079 return rate. The maximum recruitment depth was four waves among seeds that propagated. Self-reported median network size was 5 (IQR 2 to 10) and reduced to 3 (IQR 1 to 5) when asked how many peers were seen in the past 30 days. Qualitative interviews (n = 27) revealed that small social networks, peer trust and targeted referral of peers with certain characteristics challenged network, random recruitment, and reciprocity assumptions of RDS. HIV stigma and research hesitancy were barriers to participation and peer referral. Other situational factors, such as phone ownership and access to reliable transportation, reportedly created challenges for referred peers to participate in research. CONCLUSIONS Small social networks and varying relationships with peers among BLSGMY challenge assumptions that underlie traditional RDS. Modified RDS approaches, including those that incorporate social media, may support recruitment for community-based research but may challenge assumptions of reciprocal relationships. Research hesitancy and situational barriers are relevant and must be addressed across any sampling method and study design that includes BLSGMY in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Wirtz
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jessica R. Iyer
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Durryle Brooks
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kimberly Hailey‐Fair
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Noya Galai
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - David Celentano
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Renata Arrington‐Sanders
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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Wirtz AL, Iyer J, Brooks D, Hailey-Fair K, Galai N, Beyrer C, Celentano D. An evaluation of assumptions underlying respondent-driven sampling and the social contexts of sexual and gender minority youth participating in HIV clinical trials in the United States. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 33173927 PMCID: PMC7654923 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.02.20222489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Respondent-driven sampling has been an effective sampling strategy for HIV research in many settings, but has had limited success among some youth in the United States. We evaluated a modified RDS approach for sampling Black and Latinx sexual and gender minority youth (BLSGMY) and evaluates how lived experiences and social contexts of BLSGMY youth may impact traditional RDS assumptions. Methods: RDS was implemented in three cities to engage BLSGMY in HIV prevention or care intervention trials. RDS was modified to include targeted seed recruitment from venues, internet, and health clinics, and provided options for electronic or paper coupons. Qualitative interviews were conducted among a sub-sample of RDS participants to explore their experiences with RDS. Interviews were coded using RDS assumptions as an analytic framework. Results: Between August 2017 and October 2019, 405 participants were enrolled, 1,670 coupons were distributed, with 133 returned, yielding a 0.079 return rate. The maximum recruitment depth was 4 waves among seeds that propagated. Self-reported median network size was 5 (IQR 2–10) and reduced to 3 (IQR 1–5) when asked how many peers were seen in the past 30 days. Qualitative interviews (n=27) revealed that small social networks, peer trust, and targeted referral of peers with certain characteristics challenged network, random recruitment, and reciprocity assumptions of RDS. HIV stigma and research hesitancy were barriers to participation and peer referral. Conclusions: Small social networks and varying relationships with peers among BLSGMY challenge assumptions that underlie traditional RDS. Modified RDS approaches, including those that incorporate social media, may support recruitment for community-based research but may challenge assumptions of reciprocal relationships. Research hesitancy and situational barriers must be addressed in recruitment and study designs.
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Skryabin VY, Bryun EA, Maier LJ. Chemsex in Moscow: investigation of the phenomenon in a cohort of men who have sex with men hospitalized due to addictive disorders. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:136-141. [PMID: 32066335 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419886492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the phenomenon of chemsex among Moscow men who have sex with men (MSM) patients who were hospitalized due to various addictive disorders. It was an observational cohort study which included a total of 30 male patients who underwent inpatient treatment at the Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions of the Moscow Department of Healthcare due to various addictive disorders. Data on sociodemographic, sexuality-, sexually transmitted infection- (STI-), and drug use-related characteristics obtained in face-to-face interviews were recorded in all patients. Mean (SD) age of the patients was 24.3 (3.5) years. Mephedrone was the drug most commonly reported as being used for chemsex (over half of cases); it was consumed by 16 patients. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid/gamma-butyrolactone use was reported by 6.7% of patients; 16.7% of patients preferred cocaine; ketamine use was present only in one patient. Five participants (16.7%) reported the use of other stimulants. Overall, 20% of patients reported their HIV serostatus as positive. Self-reported other STI status was positive in 12 patients (40.0%). Our findings revealed that practicing chemsex among MSM can be considered a trend in Moscow. Our study emphasizes the role of collaborative work of sexologists and addictologists in order to develop and evaluate the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Skryabin
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Bryun
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L J Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Gray Neils ME, Pfaeffle HOI, Kulatti AT, Titova A, Lyles GS, Plotnikova Y, Zorkaltseva E, Ogarkov OB, Vitko SM, Dillingham RA, Heysell SK. A Geospatial Bibliometric Review of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Russian Federation. Front Public Health 2020; 8:75. [PMID: 32300580 PMCID: PMC7145403 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing rates of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia contrast global trends, but the scope of HIV/AIDS research originating from Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union has not been quantified. Methods: We searched six major scientific databases in Russian and English languages with medical subject heading terms “HIV” or “AIDS” and “Russia” or “Soviet Union” from 1991 to 2016. Each abstract indexed was reviewed and tagged for 25 HIV/AIDS research themes, location of research focus and first author. Results and Discussion: A total of 2,868 articles were included; 2,156 (75.1%) and 712 (24.8%) described research in the Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union, respectively. There were 15 publications per million population in Russian Federation. Federal districts of the Russian Federation with the highest rates of HIV had the most limited publications. An interactive web-map with time-lapse features and links to primary literature was created using ArcGIS® technology [http://arcg.is/2FUIJ5v]. Conclusion: We found a lower than expected publication rate in the Russian Federation relative to rising HIV prevalence. The greatest deficits were in the most HIV burdened regions in the Russian Federation. Our findings highlight opportunities for new research strategies and public health efforts among key populations and subnational regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Gray Neils
- UVA Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Herman O I Pfaeffle
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Art T Kulatti
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alena Titova
- College and Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Galina S Lyles
- UVA Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Elena Zorkaltseva
- Irkutsk State Medical Postgraduate Education Academy, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Oleg B Ogarkov
- Scientific Centre of the Family Health and Human Reproductive Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Serhiy M Vitko
- UVA Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca A Dillingham
- UVA Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Scott K Heysell
- UVA Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Tarima SS, Kuznetsova AV, DiFranceisco WJ, Musatov VB, Yakovlev AA, McAuliffe TL. Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Factors Associated With Problem Drinking in Social Networks of People Living With HIV Infection in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2019; 31:380-393. [PMID: 31361515 PMCID: PMC6668921 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2019.31.4.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Russia has over 1.2 million HIV infections and Europe's highest HIV incidence. Although its HIV epidemic is intertwined with high alcohol consumption rates, the interaction between alcohol use and HIV care in Russia is understudied. Five hundred eighty-six HIV-positive persons were recruited using social network methods in St. Petersburg. Fifty-nine percent of males, and 45% of females, drank regularly. Thirty percent of alcohol users reported binge drinking (males: ≥ 5 drinks; females ≥ 4 drinks) in the past week. Alcohol use was associated with lower HIV care engagement and having a detectable viral load. Multivariate analyses showed that any alcohol consumption, number of alcohol drinks consumed, and having a binge drinking day in the past week were associated with male gender, use of illicit drugs, drug injection, smaller social network size, lower social supports, being unmarried, and reporting condomless intercourse with non-main partners. Interventions to improve HIV care in Russia must comprehensively address the use of alcohol and substances that interfere with care engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Amirkhanian
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), Municipal Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeffrey A. Kelly
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), Municipal Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Tarima
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna V. Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), Municipal Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Wayne J. DiFranceisco
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vladimir B. Musatov
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), Municipal Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Yakovlev
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (ICART), Municipal Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Named after S.P. Botkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timothy L. McAuliffe
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Plavinskiy SL, Ladnaya NN, Zaytseva EE, Barinova AN. HIV PREVALENCE AMONG VULNERABLE GROUPS IN RUSSIA - RESULTS OF AN INTEGRATED BIO-BEHAVIORAL SURVEY. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2018-6-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Of the study is to assess HIV prevalence in the vulnerable groups namely injecting drug users (IDU), sex workers (SW), and men who have sex with men (MSM) in some of the largest Russian regiоnal capitals mostly affected by HIV infection. Materials and methods. The study involved 3744 persons from vulnerable groups enrolled by respondent-driven sampling (RDS) or time-location sampling (TLS). The study was undertaken in seven regions of the Russian Federation: Moscow, St.-Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk and Perm. All participants were interviewed using specially designed questionnaire and then tested for HIV. The retrospective cohort method was applied to evaluate the number of new HIV cases among respondents. Results. HIV prevalence in IDUs ranged from 48.10% [95% confidence interval (CI)=42.20.54.10%] in Krasnoyarsk and 75.20% [95%CI=69.90.80.60%] in Kemerovo. HIV prevalence among sex workers varied from 2.32% [95%CI=0.49.4.17%] in St. Petersburg to 15.01% [95%CI=11.46.18.56%] in Perm. HIV prevalence among MSM ranged from 7.10% [95%CI=4.10.10.10%] in Moscow to 22.80% [95%CI=17.90.27.70%] in St.-Petersburg. Conclusion. The number of new HIV infections estimated by the retrospective cohort method indicated rapid spread of HIV infection among IDUs in all cities except St.-Petersburg, relatively high HIV growth rates among MSM ranging from 1.6% per year [95%CI=0.1... 3.1%] to 4.6% per year [95%CI=0.0... 11%] and 12.3% annual HIV growth rate [95%CI=0.0... 28.3%] among sex workers. Generally, the situation in the studied groups remained adverse and called for more intensive prevention activities in vulnerable populations.
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Variation in antiretroviral treatment coverage and virological suppression among three HIV key populations. AIDS 2018; 32:2807-2819. [PMID: 30289816 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed differences in antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage and virological suppression across three HIV key populations, as defined by self-reported HIV transmission category: sex between men, injection drug use (IDU) and heterosexual transmission. DESIGN A multinational cohort study. METHODS Within the EuroSIDA study, we assessed region-specific percentages of ART-coverage among those in care and virological suppression (<500 copies/ml) among those on ART, and analysed differences between transmission categories using logistic regression. RESULTS Among 12 872 participants followed from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2016, the percentages of ART-coverage and virological suppression varied between transmission categories, depending on geographical region (global P for interaction: P = 0.0148 for ART-coverage, P = 0.0006 for virological suppression). In Western [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.14-1.75)] and Northern Europe [aOR 1.68 (95% confidence interval 1.25-2.26)], heterosexuals were more likely to receive ART than MSM, while in Eastern Europe, there was some evidence that infection through IDU [aOR 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.31-1.14)] or heterosexual contact [aOR 0.58 (95% confidence interval 0.30-1.10)] was associated with lower odds of receiving ART. In terms of virological suppression, people infected through IDU or heterosexual contact in East Central and Eastern Europe were around half as likely as MSM to have a suppressed viral load on ART, while we observed no differences in virological suppression across transmission categories in Western and Northern Europe. CONCLUSION In our cohort, patterns of ART-coverage and virological suppression among key populations varied by geographical region, emphasizing the importance of tailoring HIV programmes to the local epidemic.
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Bekker LG, Alleyne G, Baral S, Cepeda J, Daskalakis D, Dowdy D, Dybul M, Eholie S, Esom K, Garnett G, Grimsrud A, Hakim J, Havlir D, Isbell MT, Johnson L, Kamarulzaman A, Kasaie P, Kazatchkine M, Kilonzo N, Klag M, Klein M, Lewin SR, Luo C, Makofane K, Martin NK, Mayer K, Millett G, Ntusi N, Pace L, Pike C, Piot P, Pozniak A, Quinn TC, Rockstroh J, Ratevosian J, Ryan O, Sippel S, Spire B, Soucat A, Starrs A, Strathdee SA, Thomson N, Vella S, Schechter M, Vickerman P, Weir B, Beyrer C. Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals: the International AIDS Society-Lancet Commission. Lancet 2018; 392:312-358. [PMID: 30032975 PMCID: PMC6323648 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - George Alleyne
- NCD Alliance, Office of the Director, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stefan Baral
- Centre for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - David Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Dybul
- Centre for Global Health and Quality, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Serge Eholie
- Department of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Felix Houphouet Boigny Universty Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Kene Esom
- HIV, Health and Development Group, United Nations Development Programme, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoff Garnett
- HIV Delivery, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - James Hakim
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Diane Havlir
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Leigh Johnson
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Parastu Kasaie
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Kazatchkine
- UNAIDS and Global Health Center, Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nduku Kilonzo
- National AIDS Control Council for Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Klag
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marina Klein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chewe Luo
- HIV/AIDS Section, United Nations Children's Fund, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Keletso Makofane
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ntobeko Ntusi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Loyce Pace
- Global Health Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carey Pike
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Piot
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anton Pozniak
- HIV Services, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Centre for Global Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; International AIDS Society-National Institute for Drug Abuse, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, MD, USA
| | - Jurgen Rockstroh
- HIV Clinic, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jirair Ratevosian
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Owen Ryan
- International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serra Sippel
- Center for Health and Gender Equity, Washington DC, USA
| | - Bruno Spire
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Agnes Soucat
- Health Systems, Governance and Financing, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Centre for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefano Vella
- Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
| | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Brian Weir
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chris Beyrer
- International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Abstract
In a Perspective, Chris Beyrer and coauthors discuss the threat of HIV to health in the Russian Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George O’Hara
- Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nolwenn Léon
- Office of the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy on HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Kazatchkine
- Office of the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy on HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Geneva, Switzerland
- Global Health Center, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Berg RC, Skogen V, Vinogradova N, Beloglazov A, Kazantseva T. Predictors of HIV Risk Behaviors Among a National Sample of Russian Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:2904-2912. [PMID: 27995434 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Russia has one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in the world and is at the point of transitioning from injection drug use to sexual transmissions. We sought to identify factors associated with unprotected sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Russia, separately for Moscow, St. Petersburg and the rest of the country. Multivariable data from a national cross-sectional study (n = 5035) demonstrate that significant correlates of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with a non-steady partner across all areas were visiting sex-related venues (AOR range 1.35-1.96) and access to condoms (AOR range 0.37-0.52). In Moscow and St. Petersburg, being HIV-positive was correlated with UAI (AOR 2.13 and 2.69). The dynamics of the HIV epidemic among MSM in Russia appear to be both similar, and different, across various areas and factors associated with unprotected sex should be seen as part of an environment of exogenous factors impacting MSM's sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor C Berg
- Knowledge Center for the Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, 0403, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
| | - Vegard Skogen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - Nailya Vinogradova
- Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Open Health Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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New HIV testing technologies in the context of a concentrated epidemic and evolving HIV prevention: qualitative research on HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Yangon, Myanmar. J Int AIDS Soc 2017; 20:21796. [PMID: 28453242 PMCID: PMC5515059 DOI: 10.7448/ias.20.01.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Global effort to increase early diagnosis and engagement in HIV care emphasize the importance of developing novel approaches to reaching those missed by traditional methods. Such needs are particularly great for men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TW), and other populations who face stigma. Myanmar’s HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations and the revised National Strategy aims to reduce late diagnosis and barriers to care to curb HIV incidence among these groups. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be one method to improve testing and diagnosis among key populations, by placing HIV testing and disclosure within the individual’s control. Methods: Formative, qualitative research including in-depth interviews with adult MSM (N = 12) and TW (N = 13) and focus group discussions with MSM, TW, and community key informants (N = 35) were conducted in June-September 2015 in Yangon, Myanmar. To inform a subsequent HIV care continuum intervention, including HIVST, participants’ opinions and perceptions about HIVST were elicited. Results: The confidentiality and privacy of HIVST, particularly as it related to disclosure of HIV status and sexual behaviour, was widely recognized among participants. These major advantages were further supported by the opportunity to avoid stigma, convenience of self-testing (reduced need for transportation and time to go to clinics), and the availability of a pain-free testing option. Participants weighed these benefits against perceived disadvantages of HIVST, the majority of which centred on the perception that HIVST does not include counselling. Participants were concerned that potential lack of counselling would result in poor mental health outcomes, inadequate linkage to HIV care and surveillance, and reductions in disclosure of HIV status. Participants did not view these disadvantages as an impediment, but provided suggestions for future implementation of HIVST in Myanmar. Conclusions: MSM and TW are optimistic about the confidentiality and privacy afforded by HIVST but wanted HIV counselling and linkage to appropriate services. The domestic reprioritization of HIV and opening of the country to international support has substantially increased the availability of HIV treatment and provides new opportunities, like HIVST, to potentially improve the HIV response for key populations who are at risk for HIV acquisition.
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16
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Amirkhanian YA. Emerging opportunities and challenges for HIV prevention, treatment and care for MSM in the former Soviet Union and other post-communist states in Eastern Europe. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 93:305-306. [PMID: 28389443 PMCID: PMC5522349 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Amirkhanian
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 North Summit Avenue Milwaukee, WI, 53202 USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for AIDS Research and Training (!CART) Municipal Hospital for Infectious Diseases named after S.P. Botkin 3/2 Mirgorodskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 191167 Russia, Phone: 1 (414) 955-7781
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17
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Grinsztejn B, Coelho LE, Luz PM, Veloso VG. Towards an ideal antiretroviral regimen for the global HIV epidemic. J Virus Erad 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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18
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Grinsztejn B, Coelho LE, Luz PM, Veloso VG. Towards an ideal antiretroviral regimen for the global HIV epidemic. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:111-116. [PMID: 28758017 PMCID: PMC5518238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all individuals with HIV infection. However, among the 37 million people estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS, only 17 million are actively on treatment. Optimal use of ART among HIV-infected and at-risk individuals reduces morbidity, mortality, transmission and acquisition of HIV infection. ART regimen choices are affected by factors such as economic differences between resource-rich and low- and middle-income countries (LIMC), drug availability, and considerations for use in special populations. Ideal ART regimens combine high efficacy, high tolerability, low toxicity, low pill burden, affordability and global availability. Here, we highlight five aspects to be considered when thinking of an ideal global ART regimen: (1) the co-administration with other medications especially tuberculosis treatment; (2) treatment for specific populations such as women, children, adolescents, older people and acutely infected individuals; (3) efficacy; (4) safety, tolerability and convenience; and (5) affordability and global access for all PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil,Corresponding author: Beatriz Grinsztejn,
Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz,
Avenida Brasil 4365,
Manguinhos,
Rio de Janeiro,
21040-360,
Brazil
| | - Lara E Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Paula M Luz
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,
Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
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19
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Hylton E, Wirtz AL, Zelaya CE, Latkin C, Peryshkina A, Mogilnyi V, Dzhigun P, Kostetskaya I, Galai N, Beyrer C. Sexual Identity, Stigma, and Depression: the Role of the "Anti-gay Propaganda Law" in Mental Health among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Moscow, Russia. J Urban Health 2017; 94:319-329. [PMID: 28243868 PMCID: PMC5481210 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major public health problem in the Russian Federation and is particularly of concern for men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM living in Moscow City were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and participated in a cross-sectional survey from October 2010 to April 2013. Multiple logistic regression models compared the relationship between sexual identity, recent stigma, and probable depression, defined as a score of ≥23 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. We investigated the interactive effect of stigma and participation in the study after the passage of multiple "anti-gay propaganda laws" in Russian provinces, municipalities, and in neighboring Ukraine on depression among MSM. Among 1367 MSM, 36.7% (n = 505) qualified as probably depressed. Fifty-five percent identified as homosexual (n = 741) and 42.9% identified as bisexual (n = 578). Bisexual identity had a protective association against probable depression (reference: homosexual identity AOR 0.71; 95%CI 0.52-0.97; p < 0.01). Those who experienced recent stigma (last 12 months) were more likely to report probable depression (reference: no stigma; AOR 1.75; 95%CI 1.20-2.56; p < 0.01). The interaction between stigma and the propaganda laws was significant. Among participants with stigma, probable depression increased 1.67-fold after the passage of the anti-gay laws AOR 1.67; 95%CI 1.04-2.68; p < 0.01). Depressive symptoms are common among MSM in Russia and exacerbated by stigma and laws that deny homosexual identities. Repeal of Russia's federal anti-gay propaganda law is urgent but other social interventions may address depression and stigma in the current context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hylton
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7141, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7141, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Carla E Zelaya
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7141, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Noya Galai
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7141, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Statistics, The University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Israel
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room E7141, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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20
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Wirtz AL, Naing S, Clouse E, Thu KH, Mon SHH, Tun ZM, Baral S, Paing AZ, Beyrer C. The Parasol Protocol: An Implementation Science Study of HIV Continuum of Care Interventions for Gay Men and Transgender Women in Burma/Myanmar. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e90. [PMID: 28526661 PMCID: PMC5451637 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to improve HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among people living with HIV and reduce onward transmission of HIV rely on innovative interventions along multiple steps of the HIV care continuum. These innovative methods are particularly important for key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW). The HIV epidemic in Myanmar is concentrated among key populations, and national efforts now focus on reducing stigma and improving engagement of MSM and TW in HIV prevention and care. Objective This study aims to test the use of several innovations to address losses in the HIV care continuum: (1) use of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to reach and engage MSM and TW in HIV testing, (2) HIV self-testing (HIVST) to increase HIV testing uptake and aid early diagnosis of infection, (3) community-based CD4 point-of-care (POC) technology to rapidly stage HIV disease for those who are HIV infected, and (4) peer navigation support to increase successful health system navigation for HIV-infected MSM and TW in need of ART or HIV engagement in care. Methods To assess the effect of HIVST, we will implement a randomized trial in which MSM and TW adults in the greater Yangon metropolitan area who are HIV uninfected will be recruited via RDS (N=366). Participants will complete a baseline socio-behavioral survey and will be randomized to standard, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) or to HIVST. Biologic specimens will be collected during this baseline visit for confirmatory testing using dried blood spots. Participants will be asked to return to the study office to complete a second study visit in which they will report their HIV test result and answer questions on the acceptability of the assigned testing method. Aim 1 participants with confirmed HIV infection and who are not engaged in care (N=49) will be offered direct enrollment into Aims 2 and 3, which include immediate CD4 POC and the option for peer navigation, respectively. Aims 2 and 3 participants will be prospectively followed for 12 months with data collection including interviewer-administered sociobehavioral survey, CD4 POC, and viral load testing occurring biannually. Participants who accept peer navigation will be compared to those who decline peer navigation. Analyses will estimate the impact of CD4 POC on engagement in care and the impact of peer navigation on ART adherence and viral load. Results Formative qualitative research was conducted in June and September 2015 and led to further refinement of recruitment methods, HIVST instructions and counseling, and peer navigation methods. Aim 1 recruitment began in November 2015 with subsequent enrollment into Aims 2 and 3 and is currently ongoing. Conclusions These innovative interventions may resolve gaps in the HIV care continuum among MSM and TW and future implementation may aid in curbing the HIV epidemic among MSM and TW in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Soe Naing
- International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Emily Clouse
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kaung Htet Thu
- International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Sandra Hsu Hnin Mon
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zin Min Tun
- International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Stefan Baral
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Cassell JA. Highlights from this issue. Br J Vener Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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