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Egger S, Burton S, Ireland R, Walsberger SC. Observed retail price of Australia's market-leading cigarette brand before and up to 3 years after the implementation of plain packaging. Tob Control 2018; 28:e86-e91. [PMID: 30487271 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite claims by tobacco companies that plain packaging would lead to lower cigarette prices, recommended and observed real cigarette prices in Australia rose in the 9-11 months after plain packaging was introduced. However, little is known about trends in prices longer term. In this report, we assess whether inflation (Consumer Price Index; CPI) and tax adjusted ('CPI-tax-adjusted') prices of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand changed in the 3-year period after plain packaging, and whether price changes were associated with retailer characteristics. METHOD Cigarette prices were ascertained from a panel of tobacco retailers at three time points: (1) in November 2012 (n=857) (before full implementation of plain packaging, compulsory in retail outlets from December 2012), (2) between October 2014 and February 2015 (n=789) and (3) between November 2015 and March 2016 (n=579). Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate percentage change in mean CPI/tax-adjusted cigarette prices over time. RESULTS CPI/tax-adjusted adjusted mean stick prices rose by 13.7% (95% CI 13.0 to 16.0) and 15.2% (95% CI 14.3 to 16.0) at 2.1 and 3.1 years after plain packaging was introduced, respectively. Increases in mean CPI/tax-adjusted stick prices varied by outlet type (p<0.001), socioeconomic status (p=0.013) and remoteness of retailer's area (p=0.028) and whether twin packs were sold (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to tobacco company predictions of a fall in prices, the price of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand increased significantly in the 3 years after plain packaging was introduced, and these increases were above the combined effects of inflation and increases in excise/customs duty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Egger
- Cancer Council New South Wales, Kings Cross, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzan Burton
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ireland
- Cancer Council New South Wales, Kings Cross, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott C Walsberger
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Liu J, Zhao S, Chen X, Falk E, Albarracín D. The influence of peer behavior as a function of social and cultural closeness: A meta-analysis of normative influence on adolescent smoking initiation and continuation. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:1082-1115. [PMID: 28771020 PMCID: PMC5789806 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the influence of peers on adolescent smoking should vary depending on social dynamics, there is a lack of understanding of which elements are most crucial and how this dynamic unfolds for smoking initiation and continuation across areas of the world. The present meta-analysis included 75 studies yielding 237 effect sizes that examined associations between peers' smoking and adolescents' smoking initiation and continuation with longitudinal designs across 16 countries. Mixed-effects models with robust variance estimates were used to calculate weighted-mean Odds ratios. This work showed that having peers who smoke is associated with about twice the odds of adolescents beginning (OR ¯ = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.76, 2.19]) and continuing to smoke (OR ¯ = 1.78, 95% CI [1.55, 2.05]). Moderator analyses revealed that (a) smoking initiation was more positively correlated with peers' smoking when the interpersonal closeness between adolescents and their peers was higher (vs. lower); and (b) both smoking initiation and continuation were more positively correlated with peers' smoking when samples were from collectivistic (vs. individualistic) cultures. Thus, both individual as well as population level dynamics play a critical role in the strength of peer influence. Accounting for cultural variables may be especially important given effects on both initiation and continuation. Implications for theory, research, and antismoking intervention strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Siman Zhao
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Emily Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
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Fry R, Burton S, Williams K, Walsberger S, Tang A, Chapman K, Egger S. Retailer licensing and tobacco display compliance: are some retailers more likely to flout regulations? Tob Control 2016; 26:181-187. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo assess retailer compliance with a licensing scheme requiring tobacco retailers to list their business details with the government, to examine whether listed retailers are more likely to comply with a point-of-sale (POS) display ban and other in-store retailing laws and to explore variations in compliance between different retailer types and locations.MethodAn audit of 1739 retailers in New South Wales, Australia, was used to assess compliance with tobacco retailing legislation. Auditors actively searched for and audited unlisted retailers and all listed retailers in 122 metropolitan and regional postcodes. Multivariate generalised linear regression models were used to examine associations between compliance and retailer type, remoteness and demographic characteristics (socioeconomic level, proportion of population under 18 years and proportion born in Australia).ResultsOne unlisted tobacco retailer was identified for every 12.6 listed tobacco retailers. Unlisted retailers were significantly more likely than listed retailers to breach in-store retailing laws (p<0.001). Compliance with the POS display ban was observed in 91.3% of tobacco retailers, but compliance with all retailing laws was only 73.4%. Retailers in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas had lower compliance than those in high socioeconomic areas.ConclusionsSome tobacco retailers did not list their business details with the government as required, even though there was no financial cost to do so. Unlisted retailers were more likely to violate in-store regulations. The results suggest licensing schemes can be useful for providing a list of retailers, thus facilitating enforcement, but require a system to search for, and respond to, unlisted/unlicensed retailers.
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Burton S, Williams K, Fry R, Chapman K, Soulos G, Tang A, Walsberger S, Egger S. Marketing cigarettes when all else is unavailable: evidence of discounting in price-sensitive neighbourhoods. Tob Control 2013; 23:e24-9. [PMID: 24227539 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since price is both a key determinant of smoking and one of the few remaining marketing strategies available in countries without point-of-sale tobacco display, this study examines cigarette price variations in the Australian market and assesses whether those variations are consistent with price being used to increase or maintain smoking among price-sensitive groups. METHOD An audit of 1739 tobacco retailers was used to collect variations in the price of the best-selling Australian cigarette brand, as well as record retailer compliance with tobacco retailing legislation. We examined variation in pricing across outlet type, demographic variations (socioeconomic level, % in the area under 18 and % born in Australia), remoteness and retailer compliance with tobacco retailing legislation. RESULTS Multipacks were offered by 27.8% of retailers, with the average pack price in a twin pack $1.32 (or 7.3%) cheaper than a single pack. Prices were significantly lower in some outlet types, in lower socioeconomic postcodes and in those with a higher percentage of people under 18. In contrast with other consumer goods, prices were lower (although not significantly so) outside major cities. CONCLUSIONS The provision of substantial multi-pack discounts and lower prices in postcodes with a higher proportion of price-sensitive smokers (young people and those from lower socioeconomic groups) is consistent with targeted discounts being used as a tobacco marketing strategy. The results support policy interventions to counter selective discounts and to require disclosure of trade-based discounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Burton
- University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rae Fry
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Greg Soulos
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anita Tang
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Auger N, Harper S, Barry AD, Trempe N, Daniel M. Life expectancy gap between the Francophone majority and Anglophone minority of a Canadian population. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 27:27-38. [PMID: 22203340 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Language is an important determinant of health, but analyses of linguistic inequalities in mortality are scant, especially for Canadian linguistic groups with European roots. We evaluated the life expectancy gap between the Francophone majority and Anglophone minority of Québec, Canada, both over time and across major provincial areas. Arriaga's method was used to estimate the age and cause of death groups contributing to changes in the life expectancy gap at birth between 1989-1993 and 2002-2006, and to evaluate patterns across major provincial areas (metropolitan Montréal, other metropolitan centres, and small cities/rural areas). Life expectancy at birth was greater for Anglophones, but the gap decreased over time by 1.3 years (52% decline) in men and 0.9 years (47% decline) in women, due to relatively sharper reductions in Francophone mortality from several causes, except lung cancer which countered reductions in women. The life expectancy gap in 2002-2006 was widest in other metropolitan centres (men 5.1 years, women 3.2 years), narrowest in small cities/rural areas (men 0.8 years, women 0.7 years), and tobacco-related causes were the main contributors. Only young Anglophones <40 years in small cities/rural areas had mortality higher than Francophones, resulting in a narrower gap in these areas. Differentials in life expectancy favouring Anglophones decreased over time, but varied across areas of Québec. Tobacco-related causes accounted for the majority of the current life expectancy gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auger
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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TANG K, RISSEL C, ROWLING L. Maternal action and ethnicity in the prevention of adolescent smoking in south eastern Sydney. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09595239996635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Peterson AV, Leroux BG, Bricker J, Kealey KA, Marek PM, Sarason IG, Andersen MR. Nine-year prediction of adolescent smoking by number of smoking parents. Addict Behav 2006; 31:788-801. [PMID: 15993005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For scientific and public health reasons, it is important to identify the role of family influences on child smoking acquisition. Using a well-followed (>90%) cohort of 3,012 children and their parents, this study prospectively investigated the influence of smoking by 0 vs. 1 vs. 2 parents when the children were young (3rd grade), on whether the children subsequently became daily smokers. It is the only study to investigate the prediction of child/adolescent smoking at the end of the smoking acquisition period (12th grade) by parental smoking at the start of the period (3rd grade). Logistic regression analyses revealed that having one parent who smokes substantially increases the risk that children will become daily smokers, relative to families where neither parent smokes (OR=1.90, p<.01). There is no evidence that the increased risk depends on parent or child gender. These results suggest the need for public health interventions that inform parents of young children that their own smoking behavior increases their children's risk for future smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur V Peterson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, M2-C826 Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Rissel C, McLellan L, Bauman A. Factors associated with delayed tobacco uptake among Vietnamese/Asian and Arabic youth in Sydney, NSW. Aust N Z J Public Health 2000; 24:22-8. [PMID: 10777974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the smoking behaviour and possible reasons for delayed uptake of tobacco smoking among Arabic and Vietnamese/Asian speaking senior school students in Sydney METHOD A descriptive study involving four adult in-depth interviews and five student focus groups plus a quantitative survey of 2,573 school students attending Years 10 and 11 from 12 high schools with high Vietnamese and Arabic populations was conducted in Sydney in 1998. Self-reported smoking behaviour and peer, parent, school and cultural background information was collected. RESULTS Students who smoke were more likely to have more than $20 a week pocket money, be from an English-speaking background, have no rules at home about smoking, have family members who smoke, not feel close to their father, spend three or more evenings a week out with friends, and have negative perceptions of the school environment and of the level of teacher support. They were less likely to smoke if they perceived their peers to be unsupportive. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the delayed uptake of smoking among students from a Vietnamese/Asian and Arabic-speaking backgrounds compared with those from an English-speaking background. A number of family and school factors were associated with smoking. IMPLICATIONS Positive parental modelling, active parenting including awareness of or supervision of student leisure time, strict rules about not smoking and less pocket money are important strategies for preventing smoking among all adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rissel
- Needs Assessment and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Sydney, NSW.
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Chen J, Bauman A, Rissel C, Tang KC, Forero R, Flaherty B. Substance use in high school students in New South Wales, Australia, in relation to language spoken at home. J Adolesc Health 2000; 26:53-63. [PMID: 10638719 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-139x(98)00131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine for the first time adolescent substance use by ethnicity, given the high proportion of migrants from non-English-speaking countries in New South Wales, (NSW), Australia. METHODS Data from four surveys of NSW secondary school students in 1983, 1986, 1989, and 1992 were used for this analysis. The prevalence of substance use by whether English was spoken at home was stratified by sex and age using data from the most recent survey year. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were produced by simultaneous logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age group, and the interaction term of sex and age for each of these substances, and for each survey year separately. Data from 1989 and 1992 were pooled together to examine rates of substance use by ethnic subgroups which reflect migration patterns. RESULTS The prevalence of smoking and alcohol and illicit drug use was consistently lower among NSW adolescents speaking a language other than English at home, compared with those speaking English at home in all survey years. Only the prevalence of solvent sniffing was higher among younger adolescents speaking a language other than English at home. Students from Southeast Asia showed consistently lower rates of usage of all substances compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS There may be different opportunities for the prevention of adolescent substance use among native English speakers to be gained from non-English-speaking cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Research Office, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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