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Kovacs D, Mambule I, Read JM, Kiran A, Chilombe M, Bvumbwe T, Aston S, Menyere M, Masina M, Kamzati M, Ganiza TN, Iuliano D, McMorrow M, Bar-Zeev N, Everett D, French N, Ho A. Epidemiology of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses Among People With Mild and Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in Blantyre, Malawi, 2011-2017. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e363-e373. [PMID: 38365443 PMCID: PMC11322416 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of human seasonal coronaviruses (HCoVs) in southern Malawi. METHODS We tested for HCoVs 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on upper respiratory specimens from asymptomatic controls and individuals of all ages recruited through severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) surveillance at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, and a prospective influenza-like illness (ILI) observational study between 2011 and 2017. We modeled the probability of having a positive PCR for each HCoV using negative binomial models, and calculated pathogen-attributable fractions (PAFs). RESULTS Overall, 8.8% (539/6107) of specimens were positive for ≥1 HCoV. OC43 was the most frequently detected HCoV (3.1% [191/6107]). NL63 was more frequently detected in ILI patients (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 9.60 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.25-28.30]), while 229E (aIRR, 8.99 [95% CI, 1.81-44.70]) was more frequent in SARI patients than asymptomatic controls. In adults, 229E and OC43 were associated with SARI (PAF, 86.5% and 89.4%, respectively), while NL63 was associated with ILI (PAF, 85.1%). The prevalence of HCoVs was similar between children with SARI and controls. All HCoVs had bimodal peaks but distinct seasonality. CONCLUSIONS OC43 was the most prevalent HCoV in acute respiratory illness of all ages. Individual HCoVs had distinct seasonality that differed from temperate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dory Kovacs
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Mambule
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Research Department, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jonathan M. Read
- Centre for Health Information Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Anmol Kiran
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Moses Chilombe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malaria Alert Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thandiwe Bvumbwe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Stephen Aston
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mavis Menyere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mazuba Masina
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Moses Kamzati
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thokozani Namale Ganiza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Danielle Iuliano
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of international Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Dean Everett
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Infection Research Unit, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Neil French
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Ho
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Scott N, Martinovich KM, Granland CM, Seppanen EJ, Tjiam MC, de Gier C, Foo E, Short KR, Chew KY, Fulurija A, Strickland DH, Richmond PC, Kirkham LAS. Nasal Delivery of Haemophilus haemolyticus Is Safe, Reduces Influenza Severity, and Prevents Development of Otitis Media in Mice. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:346-356. [PMID: 38470272 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite vaccination, influenza and otitis media (OM) remain leading causes of illness. We previously found that the human respiratory commensal Haemophilus haemolyticus prevents bacterial infection in vitro and that the related murine commensal Muribacter muris delays OM development in mice. The observation that M muris pretreatment reduced lung influenza titer and inflammation suggests that these bacteria could be exploited for protection against influenza/OM. METHODS Safety and efficacy of intranasal H haemolyticus at 5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) was tested in female BALB/cARC mice using an influenza model and influenza-driven nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) OM model. Weight, symptoms, viral/bacterial levels, and immune responses were measured. RESULTS Intranasal delivery of H haemolyticus was safe and reduced severity of influenza, with quicker recovery, reduced inflammation, and lower lung influenza virus titers (up to 8-fold decrease vs placebo; P ≤ .01). Haemophilus haemolyticus reduced NTHi colonization density (day 5 median NTHi CFU/mL = 1.79 × 103 in treatment group vs 4.04 × 104 in placebo, P = .041; day 7 median NTHi CFU/mL = 28.18 vs 1.03 × 104; P = .028) and prevented OM (17% OM in treatment group, 83% in placebo group; P = .015). CONCLUSIONS Haemophilus haemolyticus has potential as a live biotherapeutic for prevention or early treatment of influenza and influenza-driven NTHi OM. Additional studies will deem whether these findings translate to humans and other respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Scott
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Kelly M Martinovich
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Elke J Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
| | - M Christian Tjiam
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Camilla de Gier
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Edison Foo
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Alma Fulurija
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
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3
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Altawalah H, Alfouzan W, Al-Fadalah T, Zalzala MA, Ezzikouri S. Viral etiology of severe lower respiratory tract infections in SARS-CoV-2 negative hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29855. [PMID: 38681623 PMCID: PMC11046192 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of respiratory infections is largely underexplored in Kuwait. The aim of our study is to determine the etiology of infections from patients who are SARS-CoV-2 negative hospitalized with severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in Kuwait during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional study among severe LRTI patients between September 2021 and March 2022. Respiratory samples from 545 non-COVID-19 severe LRTIs patients were prospectively evaluated with FTD Respiratory 21 Plus® real-time PCR, targeting 20 different viruses and 1 atypical bacterial pathogen. Results Among all 545 hospitalized cases, 411 (75.4 %) tested positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. The most common were rhinovirus (HRV) (32.7 %), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (20.9 %), metapneumovirus (HMPV) (14.1 %), bocavirus (13.2 %), and influenza A (12.7 %). The proportion of pathogens detected was highest in the under-5 age group, while HKU1 (44.4 %) predominated in the elderly (>50 years). Conclusion Our study reveals a high prevalence of respiratory viruses in severe acute lower respiratory tract infections among non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Kuwait. HRV remains the main etiology affecting the country, particularly in infants. These results underscore the necessity of employing multiplex PCR for accurate diagnosis and describing the epidemiology of infections among severe lower respiratory tract infections. This will facilitate the use of specific antiviral therapy and help avoid excessive or inappropriate antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 24923, Kuwait
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 24923, Kuwait
- Laboratory Medicine, Farwania Hospital, Ministry of Health, Farwania, Kuwait
| | - Talal Al-Fadalah
- Qualities and Accreditation Directorate, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Ali Zalzala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 24923, Kuwait
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Verwey C, Dangor Z, Madhi SA. Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children: Rationale and Progress to Date. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:101-112. [PMID: 38032456 PMCID: PMC10891269 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-023-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, and is associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection. The mainstay of RSV management is supportive therapy such as supplemental oxygen. Palivizumab (Synagis™-AstraZeneca), a monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV F protein site II, has been licensed for the prevention of RSV in high-risk groups since 1998. There has been recent promising progress in preventative strategies that include vaccines and long-acting, high-potency monoclonal antibodies. Nirsevimab (Beyfortus™-AstraZeneca/Sanofi), a monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life, has recently been registered in the European Union and granted licensure by the US Food and Drug Administration. Furthermore, a pre-fusion sub-unit protein vaccine has been granted licensure for pregnant women, aimed at protecting their young infants, following established safety and efficacy in clinical trials (Abrysvo™-Pfizer). Also, multiple novel antiviral therapeutic options are in early phase clinical trials. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI through improvements in the prevention and management of RSV LRTI. Here, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in novel therapeutics, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines against RSV infection in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pavlos R, Bhuiyan MU, Jones M, Oakes D, O'Brien S, Borland ML, Doyle S, Richmond P, Martin AC, Snelling TL, Blyth CC. Pragmatic Adaptive Trial for Respiratory Infection in Children (PATRIC) Clinical Registry protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e074308. [PMID: 38272557 PMCID: PMC10824052 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common cause of paediatric hospitalisation. There is an urgent need to address ongoing critical knowledge gaps in ARI management. The Pragmatic Adaptive Trial for Respiratory Infections in Children (PATRIC) Clinical Registry will evaluate current treatments and outcomes for ARI in a variety of paediatric patient groups. The registry will provide a platform and data to inform a number of PATRIC clinical trials, testing various interventions in ARI treatment and management to optimise paediatric ARI care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The PATRIC Clinical Registry is a single-centre, prospective observational registry recruiting from a tertiary paediatric Emergency Department in Western Australia. Through characterising demographic, clinical, treatment and outcome data, the PATRIC Clinical Registry will improve our understanding of antibiotic utilisation and ARI outcomes in children. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The PATRIC Clinical Registry is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (CPMP/ICH/13595) July 1996. Approval is provided by the Child and Adolescent Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). Study results will be communicated by presentation and publication (HREC: RGS0000003078.) TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12619000903189. UTN: U1111-1231-3365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pavlos
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mejbah U Bhuiyan
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Oakes
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon O'Brien
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Doyle
- What the Doctor Said, North Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Richmond
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Wang F, Li X, Wen R, Luo H, Liu D, Qi S, Jing Y, Wang P, Deng G, Huang C, Du T, Wang L, Liang H, Wang J, Liu C. Pneumonia-Plus: a deep learning model for the classification of bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia based on CT tomography. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:8869-8878. [PMID: 37389609 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to develop a deep learning algorithm, Pneumonia-Plus, based on computed tomography (CT) images for accurate classification of bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia. METHODS A total of 2763 participants with chest CT images and definite pathogen diagnosis were included to train and validate an algorithm. Pneumonia-Plus was prospectively tested on a nonoverlapping dataset of 173 patients. The algorithm's performance in classifying three types of pneumonia was compared to that of three radiologists using the McNemar test to verify its clinical usefulness. RESULTS Among the 173 patients, area under the curve (AUC) values for viral, fungal, and bacterial pneumonia were 0.816, 0.715, and 0.934, respectively. Viral pneumonia was accurately classified with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.847, 0.919, and 0.873. Three radiologists also showed good consistency with Pneumonia-Plus. The AUC values of bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia were 0.480, 0.541, and 0.580 (radiologist 1: 3-year experience); 0.637, 0.693, and 0.730 (radiologist 2: 7-year experience); and 0.734, 0.757, and 0.847 (radiologist 3: 12-year experience), respectively. The McNemar test results for sensitivity showed that the diagnostic performance of the algorithm was significantly better than that of radiologist 1 and radiologist 2 (p < 0.05) in differentiating bacterial and viral pneumonia. Radiologist 3 had a higher diagnostic accuracy than the algorithm. CONCLUSIONS The Pneumonia-Plus algorithm is used to differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia, which has reached the level of an attending radiologist and reduce the risk of misdiagnosis. The Pneumonia-Plus is important for appropriate treatment and avoiding the use of unnecessary antibiotics, and provide timely information to guide clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Pneumonia-Plus algorithm could assist in the accurate classification of pneumonia based on CT images, which has great clinical value in avoiding the use of unnecessary antibiotics, and providing timely information to guide clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes. KEY POINTS • The Pneumonia-Plus algorithm trained from data collected from multiple centers can accurately identify bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia. • The Pneumonia-Plus algorithm was found to have better sensitivity in classifying viral and bacterial pneumonia in comparison to radiologist 1 (5-year experience) and radiologist 2 (7-year experience). • The Pneumonia-Plus algorithm is used to differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonia, which has reached the level of an attending radiologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ru Wen
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550000, China
| | - Hu Luo
- No 1. Intensive Care Unit, Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jing
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Medical Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Radiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Guanggu District, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Radiology, The 926 Hospital of PLA, Kaiyuan, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongqin Liang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan St, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Jia HL, Gao J, Ren F, Ma Y. Analysis of the Sputum Culture Spectrum of Children with Respiratory Tract Infection in Wuxi Between 2014 and 2021. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7055-7062. [PMID: 37954505 PMCID: PMC10637187 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s423580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We retrospectively analysed related clinical data to determine the influencing factors to better prevent and treat children's respiratory tract infection. Methods The study participants were children with respiratory tract infection who had sputum cultured in our hospital between 2014 and 2021. Sputum samples were extracted using negative suction pressure and sent to the hospital microbiological laboratory for testing. The testing results were analysed. Results A total of 4610 sputum samples were collected, and 508 positive samples were detected. The positive rate of pathogenic bacteria was 11.02%. Escherichia coli infection was more common in male patients (11.11%), whereas Haemophilus influenzae infection was more common in female patients (17.54%); the infection rates of these 2 bacteria are increasing annually. There were 304 (59.84%) strains of gram-negative bacteria, 172 (33.86%) strains of gram-positive bacteria and 32 (6.3%) strains of fungi. In children between 0 and 3 years old, the proportions of gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher than those of gram-positive bacteria in 2016-2017, 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 (p < 0.01). In every age group, the constituent ratio of gram-negative bacteria was significantly higher than that of gram-positive bacteria (p < 0.01) except for the 3-6-year age group. The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus in 2014-2015, 2016-2017, 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 was 25.64%, 25.20%, 22.98% and 16.44%, respectively. The proportion of H. influenzae in 2014-2015 was significantly lower than that in other years (p < 0.01). Haemolyticus staphylococcus and E. coli were more common in newborns, accounting for 19.12%. Conclusion The pathogens of respiratory tract infection in children change dynamically. There are significant differences in pathogens of respiratory tract infections among different age groups, years and seasons. Clinicians should pay attention to changes in the pathogen spectrum and improve drug resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China
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Stevenson PG, Cooper MN, Billingham W, de Klerk N, Simpson SJ, Strunk T, Moore HC. Health service utilisation for acute respiratory infections in infants graduating from the neonatal intensive care unit: a population-based cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:335. [PMID: 37393229 PMCID: PMC10314380 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in neonatal intensive care, babies admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) suffer from adverse outcomes. We aim to describe the longer-term respiratory infectious morbidity of infants discharged from NICU using state-wide population-based linked data in Western Australia. STUDY DESIGN We used probabilistically linked population-based administrative data to analyse respiratory infection morbidity in a cohort of 23,784 infants admitted to the sole tertiary NICU, born 2002-2013 with follow up to 2015. We analysed incidence rates of secondary care episodes (emergency department presentations and hospitalisations) by acute respiratory infection (ARI) diagnosis, age, gestational age and presence of chronic lung disease (CLD). Poisson regression was used to investigate the differences in rates of ARI hospital admission between gestational age groups and those with CLD, after adjusting for age at hospital admission. RESULTS From 177,367 child-years at risk (i.e., time that a child could experience an ARI outcome), the overall ARI hospitalisation rate for infants and children aged 0-8 years was 71.4/1000 (95% confidence interval, CI: 70.1, 72.6), with the highest rates in infants aged 0-5 months (242.9/1000). For ARI presentations to emergency departments, equivalent rates were 114/1000 (95% CI: 112.4, 115.5) and 337.6/1000, respectively. Bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis among both types of secondary care, followed by upper respiratory tract infections. Extremely preterm infants (< 28 weeks gestation at birth) were 6.5 (95% CI: 6.0, 7.0) times more likely and those with CLD were 5.0 (95% CI: 4.7, 5.4) times more likely to be subsequently admitted for ARI than those in NICU who were not preterm or had CLD after adjusting for age at hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS There is an ongoing burden of ARI in children who graduate from the NICU, especially those born extremely preterm, that persists into early childhood. Early life interventions to prevent respiratory infections in these children and understanding the lifelong impact of early ARI on later lung health are urgent priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Stevenson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wesley Billingham
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shannon J Simpson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Neonatal Directorate, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia.
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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9
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Farida H, Triasih R, Lokida D, Mardian Y, Salim G, Wulan WN, Butar-butar DP, Sari RA, Budiman A, Hayuningsih C, Anam MS, Dipayana S, Mujahidah M, Setyati A, Aman AT, Naysilla AM, Lukman N, Diana A, Karyana M, Kline A, Neal A, Lane HC, Kosasih H, Lau CY. Epidemiologic, clinical, and serum markers may improve discrimination between bacterial and viral etiologies of childhood pneumonia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1140100. [PMID: 37275364 PMCID: PMC10233046 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1140100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Discrimination of bacterial and viral etiologies of childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is often challenging. Unnecessary antibiotic administration exposes patients to undue risks and may engender antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to develop a prediction model using epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data to differentiate between bacterial and viral CAP. Methods Data from 155 children with confirmed bacterial or mixed bacterial and viral infection (N = 124) and viral infection (N = 31) were derived from a comprehensive assessment of causative pathogens [Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research-Pneumonia in Pediatrics (PEER-PePPeS)] conducted in Indonesia. Epidemiologic, clinical and biomarker profiles (hematology and inflammatory markers) were compared between groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for varying biomarker levels was used to characterize performance and determine cut-off values for discrimination of bacterial and mixed CAP versus viral CAP. Diagnostic predictors of bacterial and mixed CAP were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results Diarrhea was more frequently reported in bacterial and mixed CAP, while viral infections more frequently occurred during Indonesia's rainy season. White blood cell counts (WBC), absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in bacterial and mixed cases. After adjusting for covariates, the following were the most important predictors of bacterial or mixed CAP: rainy season (aOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.08-0.90; p = 0.033), CRP ≥5.70 mg/L (aOR 4.71; 95% CI 1.18-18.74; p = 0.028), and presence of fever (aOR 5.26; 95% CI 1.07-25.91; p = 0.041). The model assessed had a low R-squared (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.490) but good calibration (p = 0.610 for Hosmer Lemeshow test). The combination of CRP and fever had moderate predictive value with sensitivity and specificity of 62.28 and 65.52%, respectively. Conclusion Combining clinical and laboratory profiles is potentially valuable for discriminating bacterial and mixed from viral pediatric CAP and may guide antibiotic use. Further studies with a larger sample size should be performed to validate this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmia Farida
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Kariadi Hospital/Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Rina Triasih
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Lokida
- Tangerang District General Hospital, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gustiani Salim
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Nawang Wulan
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Rizki Amalia Sari
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arif Budiman
- Tangerang District General Hospital, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | | | - Moh Syarofil Anam
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Kariadi Hospital/Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Setya Dipayana
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Kariadi Hospital/Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mujahidah Mujahidah
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amalia Setyati
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu Tholib Aman
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nurhayati Lukman
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aly Diana
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahnika Kline
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aaron Neal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - H. Clifford Lane
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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10
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Verwey C, Madhi SA. Review and Update of Active and Passive Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BioDrugs 2023; 37:295-309. [PMID: 37097594 PMCID: PMC10127166 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, causing approximately 3.6 million hospitalizations per year, and has been associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection, yet preventative strategies and active treatment options remain elusive. The associated morbidity and healthcare related costs could be decreased substantially with the development of these much-needed medications. After an initial false start in the development of an RSV vaccine, gradual progress is now being made with the development of multiple vaccine candidates using numerous different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, nirsevimab, a new monoclonal antibody for the prevention of RSV, has recently been registered in the European Union. New novel treatments for RSV infection are also in the pipeline, which would provide the clinician with much needed ammunition in the management of the acute disease. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI forever through the prevention and management of RSV LRTI and thereby decrease the mortality and morbidity associated with it. In this review, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in monoclonal antibody and vaccine development against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Le H, Gidding H, Blyth CC, Richmond P, Moore HC. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Are Protective Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations in Infants: A Population-Based Observational Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad199. [PMID: 37125230 PMCID: PMC10135427 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduced the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a randomized clinical trial. We aimed to assess the real-world effectiveness of PCV on RSV-hospitalizations among Western Australian infants. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study of births during 2000-2012, using probabilistically linked individual-level immunization, hospitalization, respiratory microbiology testing, and perinatal data. We performed Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying exposure (receipt of infant PCV doses) against the first RSV-confirmed hospitalization 0-12 months adjusted for perinatal and sociodemographic factors. Results From 360 994 children, 3-dose PCV coverage in Aboriginal infants ranged from 29% to 51% in 2001-2004 when PCV was funded for Aboriginal children only. Following universal funding in 2005, coverage increased to 85% for Aboriginal and 73% for non-Aboriginal infants. RSV-hospitalization rates were highest in young infants aged 0-5 months (22.5/1000 child-years) and >2 times higher in Aboriginal infants than in non-Aboriginal infants. Receipt of ≥3 PCV doses in the universal funded period was associated with a 30% reduction in RSV-hospitalization in Aboriginal infants (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 0.70 [95% confidence interval, CI 0.46-1.06]) and 21% reduction in non-Aboriginal infants (aHR 0.79 [95% CI 0.63-0.99]) compared with unvaccinated infants. Conclusions Prior to the introduction of RSV vaccines, our study suggests that universal childhood PCV vaccination may result in a reduction in severe RSV infections in children and may be important for countries that are yet to consider PCV programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Le
- Correspondence: Hannah Moore, PhD, Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855 West Perth, Perth, WA 6872, Australia (); Huong Le, PhD, Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855 West Perth, Perth, WA 6872, Australia ()
| | - Heather Gidding
- Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Women and Babies Research, Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Correspondence: Hannah Moore, PhD, Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855 West Perth, Perth, WA 6872, Australia (); Huong Le, PhD, Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855 West Perth, Perth, WA 6872, Australia ()
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12
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Wu Y, Mascaro S, Bhuiyan M, Fathima P, Mace AO, Nicol MP, Richmond PC, Kirkham LA, Dymock M, Foley DA, McLeod C, Borland ML, Martin A, Williams PCM, Marsh JA, Snelling TL, Blyth CC. Predicting the causative pathogen among children with pneumonia using a causal Bayesian network. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010967. [PMID: 36913404 PMCID: PMC10035934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death among young children worldwide, and the diagnostic challenge of differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial pneumonia is the main driver of antibiotic use for treating pneumonia in children. Causal Bayesian networks (BNs) serve as powerful tools for this problem as they provide clear maps of probabilistic relationships between variables and produce results in an explainable way by incorporating both domain expert knowledge and numerical data. METHODS We used domain expert knowledge and data in combination and iteratively, to construct, parameterise and validate a causal BN to predict causative pathogens for childhood pneumonia. Expert knowledge elicitation occurred through a series of group workshops, surveys and one-on-one meetings involving 6-8 experts from diverse domain areas. The model performance was evaluated based on both quantitative metrics and qualitative expert validation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate how the target output is influenced by varying key assumptions of a particularly high degree of uncertainty around data or domain expert knowledge. RESULTS Designed to apply to a cohort of children with X-ray confirmed pneumonia who presented to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Australia, the resulting BN offers explainable and quantitative predictions on a range of variables of interest, including the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, detection of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx, and the clinical phenotype of a pneumonia episode. Satisfactory numeric performance has been achieved including an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.8 in predicting clinically-confirmed bacterial pneumonia with sensitivity 88% and specificity 66% given certain input scenarios (i.e., information that is available and entered into the model) and trade-off preferences (i.e., relative weightings of the consequences of false positive versus false negative predictions). We specifically highlight that a desirable model output threshold for practical use is very dependent upon different input scenarios and trade-off preferences. Three commonly encountered scenarios were presented to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the BN outputs in various clinical pictures. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first causal model developed to help determine the causative pathogen for paediatric pneumonia. We have shown how the method works and how it would help decision making on the use of antibiotics, providing insight into how computational model predictions may be translated to actionable decisions in practice. We discussed key next steps including external validation, adaptation and implementation. Our model framework and the methodological approach can be adapted beyond our context to broad respiratory infections and geographical and healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Mascaro
- Bayesian Intelligence Pty Ltd, Upwey, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mejbah Bhuiyan
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark P Nicol
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Dymock
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charlie McLeod
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phoebe C M Williams
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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The Contribution of Viruses and Bacteria to Childhood Community-acquired Pneumonia: 11-Year Observational Study From Norway. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:456-460. [PMID: 36795570 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are associated with pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) but are also common in the upper airways of healthy children. We have determined the contribution of respiratory viruses and bacteria by comparing children with CAP and hospital controls. METHODS Children less than 16 years old with radiologically confirmed CAP (n = 715) were enrolled over an 11-year period. Children admitted for elective surgery during the same period served as controls (n = 673). Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 20 respiratory pathogens by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction tests and cultivated for bacteria and viruses. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios [aOR; 95% confidence intervals (CIs)], and estimated population-attributable fractions (95% CI). RESULTS At least 1 virus was detected in 85% of cases and 76% of controls, and greater than or equal to 1 bacterium was detected in 70% of cases and controls. The presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (aOR, 16.6; 95% CI: 9.81-28.2), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (13.0; 6.17-27.5) and Mycoplasma pneumonia e (27.7; 8.37-91.6) were most strongly associated with CAP. For RSV and HMPV, there were significant trends between lower cycle-threshold values indicating higher viral genomic loads, and higher aORs for CAP. The population-attributable fraction estimates of RSV, HMPV, human parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and M. pneumoniae were 33.3% (32.2-34.5), 11.2% (10.5-11.9), 3.7% (1.0-6.3), 2.3% (1.0-3.6) and 4.2% (4.1-4.4), respectively. CONCLUSIONS RSV, HMPV and M. pneumoniae were most strongly related to pediatric CAP and accounted for half of all cases. There were positive trends between increasing viral genomic loads of RSV and HMPV, and higher odds for CAP.
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14
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Roh EJ, Shim JY, Chung EH. Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:563-573. [PMID: 36265520 PMCID: PMC9742763 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2022.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the single largest infectious cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. With improved immunizations, the incidence of bacterial pneumonia and the number of colonized bacteria have decreased. However, respiratory viruses are still an important cause of CAP, especially as new infectious agents such severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerge. The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in 2019 and caused the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the epidemiology and causative pathogens of CAP. Recently, the Pneumonia and Respiratory Disease Study Group, affiliated with the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease, investigated the causative pathogens of respiratory infections in children hospitalized with CAP, the serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with gene mutations. Antibiotic resistance and serotype test results can determine the use of empirical antibiotics. Moreover, it is possible to help develop future vaccines by comparing bacterial culture results with vaccine serotype and identifying the changes and prevalence of each serotype. Therefore, we will perform continuous national surveillance and monitor the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in Korea and worldwide. The surveillance of these respiratory infections can play a role in monitoring the emergence of new infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jeong Roh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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15
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Martinón-Torres F, Carmo M, Platero L, Drago G, López-Belmonte JL, Bangert M, Díez-Domingo J, Garcés-Sánchez M. Clinical and economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus in Spanish children: the BARI study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:759. [PMID: 36175846 PMCID: PMC9520861 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in children. However, its disease burden remains poorly understood, particularly outside of the hospital setting. Our study aimed to estimate the burden of medically attended acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) cases potentially related to RSV in Spanish children. Longitudinal data from September 2017 to June 2018 of 51,292 children aged < 5 years old from the National Healthcare System (NHS) of two Spanish regions were used. Three case definitions were considered: (a) RSV-specific; (b) RSV-specific and unspecified acute bronchiolitis (RSV-specific and Bronchiolitis), and; (c) RSV-specific and unspecified ALRI (RSV-specific and ALRI). A total of 3460 medically attended ALRI cases potentially due to RSV were identified, of which 257 (7.4%), 164 (4.7%), and 3039 (87.8%) coded with RSV-specific, unspecific bronchiolitis, and unspecific ALRI codes, respectively. Medically attended RSV-specific and ALRI cases per 1000 children was 134.4 in the first year of life, 119.4 in the second, and 35.3 between 2 and 5 years old. Most cases were observed in otherwise healthy children (93.1%). Mean direct healthcare cost per medically attended RSV-specific and ALRI case was €1753 in the first year of life, €896 in the second, and €683 between 2 and 5 years old. Hospitalization was the main driver of these costs, accounting for 55.6%, 38.0% and 33.4%, in each respective age group. In RSV-specific cases, mean direct healthcare cost per medically attended case was higher, mostly due to hospitalization: €3362 in the first year of life (72.9% from hospitalizations), €3252 in the second (72.1%), and €3514 between 2 and 5 years old (74.2%). These findings suggest that hospitalization data alone will underestimate the RSV infections requiring medical care, as will relying only on RSV-specific codes. RSV testing and codification must be improved and preventive solutions adopted, to protect all infants, particularly during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. .,Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Rúa da Choupana, s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15706, A Coruña, Spain. .,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Lokida D, Farida H, Triasih R, Mardian Y, Kosasih H, Naysilla AM, Budiman A, Hayuningsih C, Anam MS, Wastoro D, Mujahidah M, Dipayana S, Setyati A, Aman AT, Lukman N, Karyana M, Kline A, Neal A, Lau CY, Lane C. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalised children in Indonesia: a multicentre, prospective study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057957. [PMID: 35728910 PMCID: PMC9214401 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify aetiologies of childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) based on a comprehensive diagnostic approach. DESIGN 'Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research-Pneumonia in Paediatrics (PEER-PePPeS)' study was an observational prospective cohort study conducted from July 2017 to September 2019. SETTING Government referral teaching hospitals and satellite sites in three cities in Indonesia: Semarang, Yogyakarta and Tangerang. PARTICIPANTS Hospitalised children aged 2-59 months who met the criteria for pneumonia were eligible. Children were excluded if they had been hospitalised for >24 hours; had malignancy or history of malignancy; a history of long-term (>2 months) steroid therapy, or conditions that might interfere with compliance with study procedures. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Causative bacterial, viral or mixed pathogen(s) for pneumonia were determined using microbiological, molecular and serological tests from routinely collected specimens (blood, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs). We applied a previously published algorithm (PEER-PePPeS rules) to determine the causative pathogen(s). RESULTS 188 subjects were enrolled. Based on our algorithm, 48 (25.5%) had a bacterial infection, 31 (16.5%) had a viral infection, 76 (40.4%) had mixed bacterial and viral infections, and 33 (17.6%) were unable to be classified. The five most common causative pathogens identified were Haemophilus influenzae non-type B (N=73, 38.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (N=51, 27.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (N=43, 22.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (N=29, 15.4%) and Influenza virus (N=25, 13.3%). RSV and influenza virus diagnoses were highly associated with Indonesia's rainy season (November-March). The PCR assays on induced sputum (IS) specimens captured most of the pathogens identified in this study. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that H. influenzae non-type B and RSV were the most frequently identified pathogens causing hospitalised CAP among Indonesian children aged 2-59 months old. Our study also highlights the importance of PCR for diagnosis and by extension, appropriate use of antimicrobials. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03366454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Lokida
- Tangerang District General Hospital, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Helmia Farida
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Kariadi, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Rina Triasih
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Sardjito, Sleman, DIY, Indonesia
| | - Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Arif Budiman
- Tangerang District General Hospital, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Moh Syarofil Anam
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Kariadi, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Wastoro
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Kariadi, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Setya Dipayana
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Kariadi, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Amalia Setyati
- Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr Sardjito, Sleman, DIY, Indonesia
| | | | - Nurhayati Lukman
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahnika Kline
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Neal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Clifford Lane
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Watanabe RAS, Cruz JS, de Souza Luna LK, Alves VRG, Conte DD, Lyra L, Nishiyama F, Camargo BS, Bellei N. Respiratory syncytial virus: viral load, viral decay, and disease progression in children with bronchiolitis. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1241-1247. [PMID: 35362939 PMCID: PMC9433556 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis is the major cause of hospital admissions in children under 2 years of age, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can be responsible for up to 80% of these infections. We aimed to describe RSV dynamics among hospitalized children with bronchiolitis. Upper respiratory samples of 101 hospitalized patients were collected and submitted to RSV detection by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess viral load (Log10 RNA copies/mL). Seventy-two patients were positive for RSV infection, of which 38 (52.7%) could be followed up until RSV was no longer detected. The first RSV RT-qPCR was carried out on average on the 5th day of symptom onset. Thirty-six patients (94.7%) were still shedding RSV after 7 days, and 9 (23.6%) after 14 days of symptoms onset. Only 2 patients (5.2%) were still shedding RSV after 21 days. Only 7 of the followed patients (18.9%) were submitted to intubation. There was no difference between the viral load of the first collected sample and the viral persistence of patients with comorbidities, who needed intensive care unit and who needed intubation. These data could help understand RSV dynamics and future studies and treatments to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raí André Silva Watanabe
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Jessica Santiago Cruz
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Luciano Kleber de Souza Luna
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Vitória Rodrigues Guimarães Alves
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Danielle Dias Conte
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Bellei
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, São Paulo Federal University, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - Vila Clementino, 15° andar frente, São Paulo, SP 04039-032 Brazil
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18
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Rueda ZV, Aguilar Y, Maya MA, López L, Restrepo A, Garcés C, Morales O, Roya-Pabón C, Trujillo M, Arango C, Copete ÁR, Vera C, Giraldo MR, Herrera M, Vélez LA. Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:169. [PMID: 35361166 PMCID: PMC8968093 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in pediatric population. The etiology of pneumonia in this population is variable and changes according to age and disease severity and where the study is conducted. Our aim was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 1 month to 17 years admitted to 13 Colombian hospitals. Methods Prospective cohort study. Hospitalized children with radiologically confirmed CAP and ≤ 15 days of symptoms were included and followed together with a control group. Induced sputum (IS) was submitted for stains and cultures for pyogenic bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiplex PCR (mPCR) for bacteria and viruses; urinary antigens for pneumococcus and Legionella pneumophila; nasopharyngeal swabs for viruses, and paired serology for atypical bacteria and viruses. Additional cultures were taken at the discretion of primary care pediatricians. Results Among 525 children with CAP, 71.6% had non-severe pneumonia; 24.8% severe and 3.6% very severe pneumonia, and no fatal cases. At least one microorganism was identified in 84% of children and 61% were of mixed etiology; 72% had at least one respiratory virus, 28% pyogenic bacteria and 21% atypical bacteria. Respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Adenovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most common etiologies of CAP. Respiratory syncytial virus was more frequent in children under 2 years and in severe pneumonia. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2.3% of children. IS was the most useful specimen to identify the etiology (33.6%), and blood cultures were positive in 3.6%. The concordance between all available diagnostic tests was low. A high percentage of healthy children were colonized by S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, or were infected by Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza and Adenovirus. Conclusions Respiratory viruses are the most frequent etiology of CAP in children and adolescents, in particular in those under 5 years. This study shows the challenges in making an etiologic diagnosis of CAP in pediatric population because of the poor concordance between tests and the high percentage of multiple microorganisms in healthy children. IS is useful for CAP diagnosis in pediatric population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03235-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Yudy Aguilar
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Angélica Maya
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrea Restrepo
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Garcés
- Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Grupo Pediaciencias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Olga Morales
- Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Grupo Pediaciencias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Claudia Roya-Pabón
- Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Grupo Pediaciencias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia.,Tuberculosis Clinic, Pima County Health Department, Tucson, USA
| | - Mónica Trujillo
- Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Catalina Arango
- Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Grupo Pediaciencias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ángela Rocio Copete
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Laboratorio Integrado de Medicina Especializada, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, IPS Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Cristian Vera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Margarita Rosa Giraldo
- Secretaría Seccional de Salud y Protección Social de Antioquia, Gobernación de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mariana Herrera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lázaro A Vélez
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
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19
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Ahmed A, Alsenaidy AM, Mobaireek KF, AlSaadi MM. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections during 2014–16 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Viral etiology of respiratory infections is not well understood in Saudi Arabia. This study was conceptualized to understand viral etiology in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) from Riyadh. Patients and methods: Respiratory viruses were detected by real-time PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates or swab from 580 children aged ≤5 years. Results: Respiratory viruses were detected in 64% of the samples with 6% mixed viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza and human metapneumovirus infections accounted for 42, 20, 16, 12 and 10%, respectively. Maximum prevalence (37%) was among the lowest age group followed by 30% among the 7- to 12-month age group. Conclusion: The prevalence and determinants of viral etiology are in line with the previous report from the region. No major shift in the viral etiologies was observed in the 2-year study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Alsenaidy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Fahad Mobaireek
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Children’s Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim Mohammed AlSaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Hofto ME, Samuy N, Pass RF. Antibiotic Use and Outcomes in Young Children Hospitalized with Uncomplicated Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac123. [PMID: 35355889 PMCID: PMC8962753 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to compare children aged 36 months or younger hospitalized with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who are not treated with antibiotics to those treated with antibiotics in terms of clinical features and outcome measures. Methods Administrative data and medical record review were used to identify patients from 3 to 36 months of age hospitalized from 2011 to 2019 with uncomplicated CAP. Patients were considered treated if they received antibiotics for >2 inpatient days and/or at discharge, and not treated if they received ≤2 inpatient days and no antibiotics at discharge. Untreated patients were compared to treated patients based on demographic features, clinical and laboratory results, and outcomes of interest, including illness severity, length of stay, and 30-day hospital readmissions. Results Three hundred twenty-two CAP cases were included; 266 (83%) received antibiotics for >48 hours and/or at discharge. Fifty-six patients received ≤2 inpatient days of antibiotics and no antibiotics at discharge; the majority received no inpatient antibiotics. There were no differences between the 2 groups in illness severity, length of stay, or hospital readmissions. The proportion of patients treated with antibiotics decreased from 88% (2011–2013) to 66% during the most recent years studied (2017–2019). Conclusions There was no difference in outcome of uncomplicated CAP in previously healthy children <36 months of age between those treated and not treated with antibiotics. Additional tools are needed to facilitate identification of viral CAP in young children and decrease unnecessary antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Hofto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nichole Samuy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert F Pass
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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21
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Foley DA, Phuong LK, Peplinski J, Lim SM, Lee WH, Farhat A, Minney-Smith CA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, Le H, Levy A, Hoeppner T, Borland ML, Hazelton B, Moore HC, Blyth C, Yeoh DK, Bowen AC. Examining the interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:e7. [PMID: 34433552 PMCID: PMC8390145 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a relative absence in winter 2020, a large resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detections occurred during the 2020/2021 summer in Western Australia. This seasonal shift was linked to SARS-CoV-2 public health measures. We examine the epidemiology and RSV testing of respiratory-coded admissions, and compare clinical phenotype of RSV-positive admissions between 2019 and 2020. METHOD At a single tertiary paediatric centre, International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition Australian Modification-coded respiratory admissions longer than 12 hours were combined with laboratory data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. Data were grouped into bronchiolitis, other acute lower respiratory infection (OALRI) and wheeze, to assess RSV testing practices. For RSV-positive admissions, demographics and clinical features were compared between 2019 and 2020. RESULTS RSV-positive admissions peaked in early summer 2020, following an absent winter season. Testing was higher in 2020: bronchiolitis, 94.8% vs 89.2% (p=0.01); OALRI, 88.6% vs 82.6% (p=0.02); and wheeze, 62.8% vs 25.5% (p<0.001). The 2020 peak month, December, contributed almost 75% of RSV-positive admissions, 2.5 times the 2019 peak. The median age in 2020 was twice that observed in 2019 (16.4 vs 8.1 months, p<0.001). The proportion of RSV-positive OALRI admissions was greater in 2020 (32.6% vs 24.9%, p=0.01). There were no clinically meaningful differences in length of stay or disease severity. INTERPRETATION The 2020 RSV season was in summer, with a larger than expected peak. There was an increase in RSV-positive non-bronchiolitis admissions, consistent with infection in older RSV-naïve children. This resurgence raises concern for regions experiencing longer and more stringent SARS-CoV-2 public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anthony Foley
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linny Kimly Phuong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Peplinski
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Selina Mei Lim
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Hao Lee
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asifa Farhat
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cara A Minney-Smith
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chisha T Sikazwe
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Huong Le
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Hoeppner
- Emergency Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Divisions of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Briony Hazelton
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Blyth
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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22
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Roya-Pabón C, Restrepo A, Morales O, Arango C, Maya MA, Bermúdez M, López L, Garcés C, Trujillo M, Carmona LF, Giraldo MR, Vélez LA, Rueda ZV. Acute Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in an Area with an Intermediate Disease Burden. Pediatr Rep 2022; 14:71-80. [PMID: 35225880 PMCID: PMC8883921 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in the pediatric population is a major challenge. Our objective was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics, radiological patterns, and treatment outcomes of children and adolescents (from 1 month to 17 years) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by TB. We performed a prospective cohort study of a pediatric population between 1 month and 17 years of age and hospitalized in Medellín, Colombia, with the diagnosis of radiologically confirmed CAP that had ≤ 15 days of symptoms. The mycobacterial culture of induced sputum was used for the bacteriological confirmation; the history of TB contact, a tuberculin skin test, and clinical improvement with treatment were used to identify microbiologically negative TB cases. Among 499 children with CAP, TB was diagnosed in 12 (2.4%), of which 10 had less than 8 days of a cough, 10 had alveolar opacities, 9 were younger than 5 years old, and 2 had close contact with a TB patient. Among the TB cases, 50% (6) had microbiological confirmation, 8 had viral and/or bacterial confirmation, one patient had multidrug-resistant TB, and 10/12 had non-severe pneumonia. In countries with an intermediate TB burden, Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be included in the etiological differential diagnosis (as a cause or coinfection) of both pneumonia and severe CAP in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Roya-Pabón
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (C.R.-P.); (O.M.); (C.A.); (C.G.)
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Pima County Health Department, Tuberculosis Clinic, Tucson, AZ 85713, USA
| | - Andrea Restrepo
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (A.R.); (M.T.)
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad CES, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Olga Morales
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (C.R.-P.); (O.M.); (C.A.); (C.G.)
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Catalina Arango
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (C.R.-P.); (O.M.); (C.A.); (C.G.)
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - María Angélica Maya
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Marcela Bermúdez
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Lucelly López
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Garcés
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Departamento de Pediatría y Puericultura, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (C.R.-P.); (O.M.); (C.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Mónica Trujillo
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (A.R.); (M.T.)
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad CES, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Carmona
- Secretaría Seccional de Salud y Protección Social de Antioquia, Gobernación de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (L.F.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Margarita Rosa Giraldo
- Secretaría Seccional de Salud y Protección Social de Antioquia, Gobernación de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (L.F.C.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Lázaro A. Vélez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (L.A.V.)
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3678
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23
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Xu M, Yue W, Song X, Zeng L, Liu L, Zheng J, Chen X, Lv F, Wen S, Zhang H. Epidemiological Characteristics of Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 and the Effects of Meteorological Factors in Hospitalized Children With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:872199. [PMID: 35573951 PMCID: PMC9091557 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.872199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between meteorological factors and Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) infection among hospitalized children. METHODS All hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections were tested for viral pathogens and enrolled, at the second affiliated hospital of Wenzhou medical university, between 2008 and 2017. Meteorological data were directly obtained from Wenzhou Meteorology Bureau's nine weather stations and expressed as the mean exposure for each 10-day segment (average daily temperatures, average daily relative humidity, rainfall, rainfall days, and wind speed). The correlation between meteorological factors and the incidence of HPIV-3 was analyzed, with an autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), generalized additive model (GAM), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). RESULTS A total of 89,898 respiratory specimens were tested with rapid antigen tests, and HPIV-3 was detected in 3,619 children. HPIV-3 was detected year-round, but peak activities occurred most frequently from March to August. The GAM and LASSO-based model had revealed that HPIV-3 activity correlated positively with temperature and rainfall day, but negatively with wind speed. The ARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,1) model well-matched the observed data, with a steady R2 reaching 0.708 (Ljung-Box Q = 21.178, P = 0.172). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that temperature, rainfall days, and wind speed have significant impacts on the activity of HPIV-3. GAM, ARIMA, and LASSO-based models can well predict the seasonality of HPIV-3 infection among hospitalized children. Further understanding of its mechanism would help facilitate the monitoring and early warning of HPIV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Song
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Luyao Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinwei Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shunhang Wen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Martinovich KM, Rahman T, de Gier C, Seppanen EJ, Orami T, Granland CM, Francis J, Yoannes M, Corscadden KJ, Ford R, Jacoby P, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Bakaletz LO, Cripps AW, Lehmann D, Richmond PC, Pomat WS, Kirkham LAS, Thornton RB. Differences in Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae Natural Antibody Development in Papua New Guinean Children in the First Year of Life. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725244. [PMID: 34447389 PMCID: PMC8383109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of vaccines to prevent disease and death from Streptococcus pneumoniae, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), the main pathogens that cause otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, are a global priority. Children living in low and lower-middle income settings are at the highest risk of contracting and dying from these diseases. Improved vaccines with broader coverage are required. Data on the natural development of antibodies to putative vaccine antigens, especially in high-risk settings, can inform the rational selection of the best antigens for vaccine development. Methods Serum IgG titres to four pneumococcal proteins (PspA1, PspA2, CbpA, and Ply) and five NTHi antigens (P4, P6, OMP26, rsPilA and ChimV4) were measured in sera collected from 101 Papua New Guinean children at 1, 4, 9, 10, 23 and 24 months of age using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. Carriage density of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were assessed by quantitative PCR on genomic DNA extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs using species-specific primers and probes. All data were log-transformed for analysis using Student’s unpaired t-tests with geometric mean titre (GMT) or density (GMD) calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Serum -pneumococcal protein-specific IgG titres followed a “U” shaped pattern, with a decrease in presumably maternally-derived IgG titres between 1 and 4 months of age and returning to similar levels as those measured at 1 month of age by 24 months of age. In contrast, NTHi protein-specific IgG titres steadily increased with age. There was no correlation between antibody titres and carriage density for either pathogen. Conclusion This longitudinal study indicates that the waning of maternally- derived antibodies that is usually observed in infants, after infants does not occur for NTHi antigens in Papua New Guinean infants. Whether NTHi antigen IgG can be transferred maternally remains to be determined. Vaccines that are designed to specifically increase the presence of protective NTHi antibodies in the first few months of life may be most effective in reducing NTHi disease. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT01619462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tasmina Rahman
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla de Gier
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elke J Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tilda Orami
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jacinta Francis
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mition Yoannes
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Karli J Corscadden
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anita H J van den Biggelaar
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Lehmann
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William S Pomat
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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25
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Liu P, Xu M, Cao L, Su L, Lu L, Dong N, Jia R, Zhu X, Xu J. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with lower respiratory tract infections in China. Virol J 2021; 18:159. [PMID: 34344406 PMCID: PMC8329611 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The multifaceted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) taken during the COVID-19 pandemic not only decrease the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2, but have impact on the prevalence of other viruses. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of common respiratory viruses among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Respiratory specimens were obtained from children with LRTI at Children’s Hospital of Fudan University for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1 to 3, influenza virus A (FluA), influenza virus B (FluB), human metapneumovirus (MPV) and rhinovirus (RV). The data were analyzed and compared between the year of 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic) and 2019 (before COVID-19 pandemic). Results A total of 7107 patients were enrolled, including 4600 patients in 2019 and 2507 patients in 2020. Compared with 2019, we observed an unprecedented reduction of RSV, ADV, FluA, FluB, and MPV infections in 2020, despite of reopening of schools in June, 2020. However, the RV infection was significantly increased in 2020 and a sharp increase was observed especially after reopening of schools. Besides, the PIV infection showed resurgent characteristic after September of 2020. The mixed infections were significantly less frequent in 2020 compared with the year of 2019. Conclusions The NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic have great impact on the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in China. Meanwhile, we do need to be cautious of a possible resurgence of some respiratory viruses as the COVID-19 restrictions are relaxed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Menghua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Lingfeng Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Liyun Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Niuniu Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Ran Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Xunhua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wanyuan Rd, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Nantanda R, Bwanga F, Najjingo I, Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK. Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Uganda: a prospective study. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41:188-198. [PMID: 34743675 PMCID: PMC8791631 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2021.1980698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Atypical bacteria cause 10-40% of all childhood pneumonia.. Data on the burden of atypical pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. AIM : To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and outcome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with respiratory symptoms at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala. METHODS : Children aged 2 months to 12 years with cough and/or difficult breathing and fast breathing were recruited. A clinical history and physical examination were undertaken. Blood samples for Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibodies were taken at enrolment and Day 21 and induced sputum for DNA-PCR. Admitted participants were followed for a maximum of 7 days or until discharge or death, whichever came first. RESULTS : A total of 385 children were enrolled, and, of these, 368 (95.6%) were <5 years. Overall, 60/385 (15.6%) participants tested positive for M. pneumoniae IgM and/or DNA-PCR. Of these, 56/60 (93.3%) were <5 years of age. Wheezing was present in 21/60 (35.0%) of the children with atypical pneumonia and in 128/325 (39.4%) with typical pneumonia. The factors associated with M. pneumonia were female sex (AOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.22-3.08, p < 0.001), age ≥12 months (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.53-4.87, p = 0.01) and a history of prematurity (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.49, p = 0.01). Mortality was 17/352 (4.8%) and, of these, 4/17 (23.5%) had M. pneumonia. CONCLUSION : M. pneumonia is common in young children , especially females above 2 years and those with history of prematurity. It presents with severe symptoms. The results of the study highlight the importance of considering atypical bacteria in under-5s with the symptoms of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nantanda
- Makerere University Lung Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Najjingo
- Makerere University Lung Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Ndeezi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James K Tumwine
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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27
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Bhuiyan MU, Snelling T, Sikazwe C, Lang J, Borland M, Martin A, Richmond P, Jaffe A, Smith D, Blyth C. Nasopharyngeal density of respiratory viruses in childhood pneumonia in a highly vaccinated setting: findings from a case-control study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 7:7/1/e000593. [PMID: 32727742 PMCID: PMC7394014 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of pneumonia-causing respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic children has made their actual contribution to pneumonia unclear. We compared nasopharyngeal viral density between children with and without pneumonia to understand if viral density could be used to diagnose pneumonia. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected from hospitalised pneumonia cases at Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) and contemporaneous age-matched controls at PMH outpatient clinics and a local immunisation clinic in Perth, Australia. The density (copies/mL) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (InfA), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and rhinovirus in NPS was determined using quantitative PCR. Linear regression analysis was done to assess the trend between viral density and age in months. The association between viral density and disease status was examined using logistic regression. Area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves were assessed to determine optimal discriminatory viral density cut-offs. Results Through May 2015 to October 2017, 230 pneumonia cases and 230 controls were enrolled. Median nasopharyngeal density for any respiratory virus was not substantially higher in cases than controls (p>0.05 for each). A decreasing density trend with increasing age was observed—the trend was statistically significant for RSV (regression coefficient −0.04, p=0.004) but not for other viruses. After adjusting for demographics and other viral densities, for every log10 copies/mL density increase, the odds of being a case increased by six times for RSV, three times for HMPV and two times for InfA. The AUROC curves were <0.70 for each virus, suggesting poor case–control discrimination based on viral density. Conclusion The nasopharyngeal density of respiratory viruses was not significantly higher in children with pneumonia than those without; however, the odds of being a case increased with increased density for some viruses. The utility of viral density, alone, in defining pneumonia was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mejbah Uddin Bhuiyan
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chisha Sikazwe
- PathWest Laboratory Medical WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jurissa Lang
- PathWest Laboratory Medical WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith Borland
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Richmond
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medical WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Blyth
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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28
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Mardian Y, Menur Naysilla A, Lokida D, Farida H, Aman AT, Karyana M, Lukman N, Kosasih H, Kline A, Lau CY. Approach to Identifying Causative Pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children Using Culture, Molecular, and Serology Tests. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:629318. [PMID: 34123961 PMCID: PMC8193353 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.629318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the causative pathogen(s) of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children remains a challenge despite advances in diagnostic methods. Currently available guidelines generally recommend empiric antimicrobial therapy when the specific etiology is unknown. However, shifts in epidemiology, emergence of new pathogens, and increasing antimicrobial resistance underscore the importance of identifying causative pathogen(s). Although viral CAP among children is increasingly recognized, distinguishing viral from bacterial etiologies remains difficult. Obtaining high quality samples from infected lung tissue is typically the limiting factor. Additionally, interpretation of results from routinely collected specimens (blood, sputum, and nasopharyngeal swabs) is complicated by bacterial colonization and prolonged shedding of incidental respiratory viruses. Using current literature on assessment of CAP causes in children, we developed an approach for identifying the most likely causative pathogen(s) using blood and sputum culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and paired serology. Our proposed rules do not rely on carriage prevalence data from controls. We herein share our perspective in order to help clinicians and researchers classify and manage childhood pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Dewi Lokida
- Tangerang District Hospital, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Helmia Farida
- Dr. Kariadi Hospital/Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Abu Tholib Aman
- Dr. Sardjito Hospital/Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurhayati Lukman
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahnika Kline
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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29
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Rahman T, de Gier C, Orami T, Seppanen EJ, Granland CM, Francis JP, Michael A, Yoannes M, Corscadden KJ, Ford RL, Martinovich KM, Jacoby P, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Lehmann D, Richmond PC, Pomat WS, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS. PCV10 elicits Protein D IgG responses in Papua New Guinean children but has no impact on NTHi carriage in the first two years of life. Vaccine 2021; 39:3486-3492. [PMID: 34024658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal colonisation with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is associated with development of infections including pneumonia and otitis media. The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) uses NTHi Protein D (PD) as a carrier. Papua New Guinean children have exceptionally early and dense NTHi carriage, and high rates of NTHi-associated disease. Vaccination with PCV10 could potentially reduce NTHi carriage and disease in this population by inducing a NTHi PD immune response. METHODS Serum and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 101 Papua New Guinean children at 1, 4, 9, 10, 23 and 24 months of age. Children received PCV10 (n = 55) or PCV13 (not containing NTHi PD) (n = 46) at 1, 2 and 3 months of age. NTHi carriage density was measured in swabs by qPCR. Serum PD-IgG levels were measured by bead-based immunoassay. RESULTS Papua New Guinean children did naturally develop PD-IgG antibodies whose levels were increased at 4 months of age with PCV10 vaccination at 1-2-3 months. Despite this, most children were colonised with NTHi by 4 months of age (~95%) regardless of being vaccinated with PCV10 or PCV13, and PCV10 had no impact on NTHi carriage density. CONCLUSION Early vaccination of infants with PCV10 elicited a robust PD antibody response but this had no impact on NTHi carriage. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov CTN NCT01619462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmina Rahman
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Camilla de Gier
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tilda Orami
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Elke J Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacinta P Francis
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Audrey Michael
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mition Yoannes
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Karli J Corscadden
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kelly M Martinovich
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anita H J van den Biggelaar
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah Lehmann
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William S Pomat
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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30
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Teutsch SM, Zurynski YA, Nunez C, Lester-Smith D, Festa M, Booy R, Elliott EJ. Ten Years of National Seasonal Surveillance for Severe Complications of Influenza in Australian Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:191-198. [PMID: 33093432 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe complications of influenza in children are uncommon but may result in admission to hospital or an intensive care unit (ICU) and death. METHODS Active prospective surveillance using the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit with monthly reporting by pediatricians of national demographic and clinical data on children with <15 years of age hospitalized with severe complications of laboratory-confirmed influenza during ten influenza seasons 2008-2017. RESULTS Of 722 children notified, 613 had laboratory-confirmed influenza and at least one severe complication. Most (60%) were <5 years of age; 10% were <6 months, hence ineligible for vaccination. Almost half of all cases were admitted to ICU and 30 died. Most children were previously healthy: 40.3% had at least one underlying medical condition. Sixty-five different severe complications were reported; pneumonia was the most common, occurring in over half of all cases. Influenza A accounted for 68.6% hospitalizations; however, influenza B was more often associated with acute renal failure (P = 0.014), rhabdomyolysis (P = 0.019), myocarditis (P = 0.015), pericarditis (P = 0.013), and cardiomyopathy (P = 0.035). Children who died were more likely to be older (5-14 years), have underlying medical conditions, be admitted to ICU, and have encephalitis, acute renal failure, or myocarditis. Only 36.1% of all children reported received antiviral medications, and 8.5% were known to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza. CONCLUSIONS Severe influenza complications cause morbidity and mortality in children, which may increase if coinfection with COVID-19 occurs in the 2020 season and beyond. Increased vaccination rates, even in healthy children, early diagnosis and timely antiviral treatment are needed to reduce severe complications and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy M Teutsch
- From the The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kid's Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney
| | - Yvonne A Zurynski
- From the The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kid's Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney
- NHMRC Partnership Centre in Health System Sustainability, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University
| | - Carlos Nunez
- From the The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kid's Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney
| | - David Lester-Smith
- From the The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kid's Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney
| | - Marino Festa
- Kids Critical Care Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Elliott
- From the The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kid's Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney
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31
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Bianchini S, Silvestri E, Argentiero A, Fainardi V, Pisi G, Esposito S. Role of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Pediatric Pneumonia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122048. [PMID: 33371276 PMCID: PMC7766387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections represent the leading cause of hospitalization in infants and young children worldwide and the second leading cause of infant mortality. Among these, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) represents the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in young children worldwide. RSV manifestation can range widely from mild upper respiratory infections to severe respiratory infections, mainly bronchiolitis and pneumonia, leading to hospitalization, serious complications (such as respiratory failure), and relevant sequalae in childhood and adulthood (wheezing, asthma, and hyperreactive airways). There are no specific clinical signs or symptoms that can distinguish RSV infection from other respiratory pathogens. New multiplex platforms offer the possibility to simultaneously identify different pathogens, including RSV, with an accuracy similar to that of single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the majority of cases. At present, the treatment of RSV infection relies on supportive therapy, mainly consisting of oxygen and hydration. Palivizumab is the only prophylactic method available for RSV infection. Advances in technology and scientific knowledge have led to the creation of different kinds of vaccines and drugs to treat RSV infection. Despite the good level of these studies, there are currently few registered strategies to prevent or treat RSV due to difficulties related to the unpredictable nature of the disease and to the specific target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bianchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (E.S.)
- Pediatric Unit, ASST Santi Carlo e Paolo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Silvestri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Alberto Argentiero
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.A.); (V.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.A.); (V.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanna Pisi
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.A.); (V.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.A.); (V.F.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-704790
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Andrés-Martín A, Escribano Montaner A, Figuerola Mulet J, García García ML, Korta Murua J, Moreno-Pérez D, Rodrigo-Gonzalo de Liria C, Moreno Galdó A. Consensus Document on Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. SENP-SEPAR-SEIP. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56:725-741. [PMID: 32534869 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a prevalent disease among children and is frequently associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties. Consensus has been reached between SEPAR, SENP and SEIP, and their conclusions are as follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Andrés-Martín
- Sección de Neumología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.
| | - Amparo Escribano Montaner
- Unidad de Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Joan Figuerola Mulet
- Sección de Neumología y Alergia Pediátricas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España
| | - Maria Luz García García
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, España
| | - Javier Korta Murua
- Sección de Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - David Moreno-Pérez
- Infectología e Inmunodeficiencias, UGC de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Carlos Rodrigo-Gonzalo de Liria
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - Antonio Moreno Galdó
- Sección de Neumología y Alergia Pediátricas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; CIBER de enfermedades raras, Madrid, España
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Li X, Zhang W, Yao S, Zha H, Huang B, Liu D, Wu K. Prevalence and clinical significance of common respiratory pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of children with community-acquired pneumonia in Zunyi, China. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2437-2443. [PMID: 32579285 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence of common respiratory pathogens among children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Zunyi City, Guizhou, China, and to assess whether the presence of common respiratory pathogens in patients is associated with disease severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study assessed the prevalence of common respiratory viruses and bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of among infants and children aged 1 month to 5 years hospitalized with radiologically confirmed CAP between April 2017 and March 2018. Direct immunofluorescence assay and bacterial culture were used to identify viruses and bacteria in the upper airway specimens, respectively. The association between severe CAP and the presence of pathogens was determined using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Of the 685 patients enrolled, 583 cases had viral and/or bacterial pathogens detected, which included the presence of only viral pathogens, only bacterial pathogens, and mixed viral and bacterial pathogens in 34.3%, 29.7%, and 36.0% of cases, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common viral pathogen, with a prevalence rate of 39.9% (273/685). Haemophilus influenzae was the most commonly detected bacterial pathogen, with a prevalence rate of 15.3% (105/685). The presence of RSV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.8) and Staphylococcus aureus (aOR, 13.7; 95% CI, 5.5-33.9) in children with CAP was associated with severe pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of Zunyi infants and children hospitalized with CAP, RSV was the most common pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shifei Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - He Zha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Daishun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Barcik W, Boutin RCT, Sokolowska M, Finlay BB. The Role of Lung and Gut Microbiota in the Pathology of Asthma. Immunity 2020; 52:241-255. [PMID: 32075727 PMCID: PMC7128389 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Clinical features of asthma and its immunological and molecular etiology vary significantly among patients. An understanding of the complexities of asthma has evolved to the point where precision medicine approaches, including microbiome analysis, are being increasingly recognized as an important part of disease management. Lung and gut microbiota play several important roles in the development, regulation, and maintenance of healthy immune responses. Dysbiosis and subsequent dysregulation of microbiota-related immunological processes affect the onset of the disease, its clinical characteristics, and responses to treatment. Bacteria and viruses are the most extensively studied microorganisms relating to asthma pathogenesis, but other microbes, including fungi and even archaea, can potently influence airway inflammation. This review focuses on recently discovered connections between lung and gut microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, and their influence on asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Barcik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rozlyn C T Boutin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Nascimento‐Carvalho CM. Community‐acquired pneumonia among children: the latest evidence for an updated management. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7154611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Fonte de dados Síntese dos dados Conclusões
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Community-acquired pneumonia among children: the latest evidence for an updated management. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2020; 96 Suppl 1:29-38. [PMID: 31518547 PMCID: PMC7094337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide cutting-edge information for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years, based on the latest evidence published in the literature. DATA SOURCE A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, by using the expressions: "community-acquired pneumonia" AND "child" AND "etiology" OR "diagnosis" OR "severity" OR "antibiotic". All articles retrieved had the title and the abstract read, when the papers reporting the latest evidence on each subject were identified and downloaded for complete reading. DATA SYNTHESIS In the era of largely implemented bacterial conjugate vaccines and widespread use of amplification nucleic acid techniques, respiratory viruses have been identified as the most frequent causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia in patients under 5 years. Hypoxemia (oxygen saturation ≤96%) and increased work of breathing are signs most associated with community-acquired pneumonia. Wheezing detected on physical examination independently predicts viral infection and the negative predictive value (95% confidence interval) of normal chest X-ray and serum procalcitonin <0.25ng/dL was 92% (77-98%) and 93% (90-99%), respectively. Inability to drink/feed, vomiting everything, convulsions, lower chest indrawing, central cyanosis, lethargy, nasal flaring, grunting, head nodding, and oxygen saturation <90% are predictors of death and can be used as indicators for hospitalization. Moderate/large pleural effusions and multilobar infiltrates are predictors of severe disease. Orally administered amoxicillin is the first line outpatient treatment, while ampicillin, aqueous penicillin G, or amoxicillin (initiated initially by intravenous route) are the first line options to treat inpatients. CONCLUSIONS Distinct aspects of childhood community-acquired pneumonia have changed during the last three decades.
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Wen S, Yu M, Zheng G, Lv F, Chen X, Lin L, Li C, Zhang H. Changes in the etiology of viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Wenzhou, China: 2008-2017. J Med Virol 2020; 92:982-987. [PMID: 31889316 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the seasonality and secular trends in the etiology of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) among hospitalized children in Wenzhou, southeastern China. A retrospective review was conducted concerning viral LRTIs in children hospitalized at a university hospital between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017. Direct immunofluorescence was used to detect respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV), influenza A virus (Inf A), influenza B virus (Inf B), and human parainfluenza virus types 1 to 3 (hPIV1-3). Of 89 898 children tested, at least one viral respiratory pathogen was identified in 25.6% and multiple pathogens were identified in 0.4%. RSV (17.6%), hPIV3 (4.0%), and AdV (2.2%) were the most frequently detected pathogens. The proportion of positive samples varied with age and was the highest in children aged <6 months (36.2%). Seasonal differences were observed in RSV, AdV, Inf A, Inf B, hPIV1, and hPIV3 infections. There was a declining trend in the proportion of positive samples over time, primarily due to a decrease in RSV and hPIV3 infections. RSV, hPIV3, and AdV were the most common viral respiratory pathogens identified among hospitalized children with LRTIs. The distribution of viruses varied with age and season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhang Wen
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guifeng Zheng
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changchong Li
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Children's Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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He QH, Li L, Ning Y, Wei K, Hu J, Wu T, Zhao C, Lu FG. Study on the inhibition of PLD on IAV-induced pulmonary macrophage based on autophagy and apoptosis. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_207_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Knobbe RB, Diallo A, Fall A, Gueye AD, Dieng A, van Immerzeel TD, Ba A, Diop A, Diop A, Niang M, Boye CS. Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal. Microbiol Insights 2019; 12:1178636119890885. [PMID: 31908474 PMCID: PMC6937528 DOI: 10.1177/1178636119890885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: While acute respiratory tract infections are the main cause of paediatric mortality and morbidity worldwide, pathogen patterns shift due to factors such as hygiene, vaccinations, and antibiotic resistance. Knowledge about current cause of respiratory infections is lacking, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. Methods: A case-control study was performed in September and October 2018. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from cases; infants with fever and respiratory symptoms, and controls; children involved in the vaccination programme. Viral identification was conducted by polymerase chain reaction for 21 different viruses; bacteria were identified by culture studies. Associations between microorganisms, acute respiratory infection and severity of disease were calculated by multivariate regression adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, and living area. Results: Overall, 102 cases and 96 controls were included. Microorganisms were detected in 90.1% of cases and 53.7% of controls (P < .001). Influenza virus A (including H1N1), influenza virus B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Streptococcus pneumoniae were independently associated with acute respiratory tract infections. Co-detection of two or more pathogens was present in 49.5% of cases; 31.7% of cases had a pneumonia and 90.2% was treated with antibiotics. Conclusions: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. We recommend evaluation of antibiotics prescription behaviour in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Knobbe
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.,Paediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Abdallah Diallo
- Paediatric Medical Care Unit, Institut de Pédiatrie Sociale de Pikine, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amary Fall
- Medical Virology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida D Gueye
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Assane Dieng
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Abou Ba
- Paediatric Unit, Albert Royer Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Diop
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diop
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mbayame Niang
- Medical Virology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sb Boye
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
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Divarathna MVM, Rafeek RAM, Noordeen F. A review on epidemiology and impact of human metapneumovirus infections in children using TIAB search strategy on PubMed and PubMed Central articles. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2090. [PMID: 31788915 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) contribute to morbidity and mortality in children globally. Viruses including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) account for most ARTIs. The virus causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections mostly in young children and contributes to hospitalization of individuals with asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and cancer. Moreover, hMPV pauses a considerable socio-economic impact creating a substantial disease burden wherever it has been studied, although hMPV testing is relatively new in many countries. We aimed to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological aspects including prevalence, disease burden and seasonality of hMPV infections in children in the world. We acquired published data extracted from PubMed and PubMed Central articles using the title and abstract (TIAB)search strategy for the major key words on hMPV infections from 9/54 African, 11/35 American, 20/50 Asian, 2/14 Australian/Oceanian and 20/51 European countries. According to the findings of this review, the prevalence of hMPV infection ranges from 1.1 to 86% in children of less than 5 years of age globally. Presence of many hMPV genotypes (A1, A2, B1, B2) and sub-genotypes (A2a, A2b, A2c, B2a, B2b) suggests a rapid evolution of the virus with limited influence by time and geography. hMPV infection mostly affects children between 2 to 5 years of age. The virus is active throughout the year in the tropics and epidemics occur during the winter and spring in temperate climates, contributing to a substantial disease burden globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maduja V M Divarathna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rukshan A M Rafeek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Faseeha Noordeen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Grudzinska FS, Brodlie M, Scholefield BR, Jackson T, Scott A, Thickett DR, Sapey E. Neutrophils in community-acquired pneumonia: parallels in dysfunction at the extremes of age. Thorax 2019; 75:164-171. [PMID: 31732687 PMCID: PMC7029227 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
"Science means constantly walking a tight rope" Heinrich Rohrer, physicist, 1933. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide and disproportionately affects older adults and children. In high-income countries, pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation and (when recurrent) is associated with a risk of developing chronic pulmonary conditions in adulthood. Pneumococcal pneumonia is particularly prevalent in older adults, and here, pneumonia is still associated with significant mortality despite the widespread use of pneumococcal vaccination in middleand high-income countries and a low prevalence of resistant organisms. In older adults, 11% of pneumonia survivors are readmitted within months of discharge, often with a further pneumonia episode and with worse outcomes. In children, recurrent pneumonia occurs in approximately 10% of survivors and therefore is a significant cause of healthcare use. Current antibiotic trials focus on short-term outcomes and increasingly shorter courses of antibiotic therapy. However, the high requirement for further treatment for recurrent pneumonia questions the effectiveness of current strategies, and there is increasing global concern about our reliance on antibiotics to treat infections. Novel therapeutic targets and approaches are needed to improve outcomes. Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell and among the first responders to infection. Appropriate neutrophil responses are crucial to host defence, as evidenced by the poor outcomes seen in neutropenia. Neutrophils from older adults appear to be dysfunctional, displaying a reduced ability to target infected or inflamed tissue, poor phagocytic responses and a reduced capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); this occurs in health, but responses are further diminished during infection and particularly during sepsis, where a reduced response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) inhibits the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow. Of note, neutrophil responses are similar in preterm infants. Here, the storage pool is decreased, neutrophils are less able to degranulate, have a reduced migratory capacity and are less able to release NETs. Less is known about neutrophil function from older children, but theoretically, impaired functions might increase susceptibility to infections. Targeting these blunted responses may offer a new paradigm for treating CAP, but modifying neutrophil behaviour is challenging; reducing their numbers or inhibiting their function is associated with poor clinical outcomes from infection. Uncontrolled activation and degranulation can cause significant host tissue damage. Any neutrophil-based intervention must walk the tightrope described by Heinrich Rohrer, facilitating necessary phagocytic functions while preventing bystander host damage, and this is a significant challenge which this review will explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Susanna Grudzinska
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barnaby R Scholefield
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
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Wen S, Lv F, Chen X, Zhu L, Li H, Lin L, Zhang H. Application of a nucleic acid-based multiplex kit to identify viral and atypical bacterial aetiology of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1211-1218. [PMID: 31225788 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shunhang Wen
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Children's Respiration Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
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Moore HC, Blyth CC. Assessing the burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease in Australia. Med J Aust 2019; 210:444-445. [PMID: 31111497 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA.,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
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Saint GL, Hawcutt DB, McNamara PS. What causes pneumonia in children who have had their jabs? Thorax 2019; 74:211-212. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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de Gier C, Granland CM, Pickering JL, Walls T, Bhuiyan M, Mills N, Richmond PC, Best EJ, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS. PCV7- and PCV10-Vaccinated Otitis-Prone Children in New Zealand Have Similar Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae Densities in Their Nasopharynx and Middle Ear. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010014. [PMID: 30708945 PMCID: PMC6466140 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a major reason for antibiotic consumption and surgery in children. Nasopharyngeal carriage of otopathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), is a prerequisite for development of OM, and increased nasopharyngeal otopathogen density correlates with disease onset. Vaccines can reduce or eliminate otopathogen carriage, as demonstrated for pneumococcal serotypes included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). The 10-valent PCV (PCV10) includes an NTHi carrier protein, and in 2011 superseded 7-valent PCV on the New Zealand Immunisation Program. Data are conflicting on whether PCV10 provides protection against NTHi carriage or disease. Assessing this in otitis-prone cohorts is important for OM prevention. We compared otopathogen density in the nasopharynx and middle ear of New Zealand PCV7-vaccinated and PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone and non-otitis-prone children to determine PCV10 impact on NTHi and S. pneumoniae carriage. We applied qPCR to specimens collected from 217 PCV7-vaccinated children (147 otitis-prone and 70 non-otitis-prone) and 240 PCV10-vaccinated children (178 otitis-prone and 62 non-otitis-prone). After correcting for age and day-care attendance, no difference was observed between NTHi density in the nasopharynx of PCV7-vaccinated versus PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone (p = 0.563) or non-otitis-prone (p = 0.513) children. In contrast, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density was higher in PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone children than PCV7-vaccinated otitis-prone children (p = 0.003). There was no difference in otopathogen density in middle ear effusion from PCV7-vaccinated versus PCV10-vaccinated otitis-prone children (NTHi p = 0.918; S. pneumoniae p = 0.415). When pneumococcal carriage was assessed by vaccine serotypes (VT) and non-vaccine serotypes (NVT), there was no difference in VT density (p = 0.546) or NVT density (p = 0.315) between all PCV7-vaccinated versus all PCV10-vaccinated children. In summary, PCV10 did not reduce NTHi density in the nasopharynx or middle ear, and was associated with increased pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density in otitis-prone children in New Zealand. Development of therapies that prevent or reduce otopathogen colonisation density in the nasopharynx are warranted to reduce the burden of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla de Gier
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Janessa L Pickering
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Tony Walls
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Mejbah Bhuiyan
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Nikki Mills
- Starship Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Peter C Richmond
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Emma J Best
- Starship Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia.
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
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