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Tham HL, Davis JL. Pharmacology of drugs used in autoimmune dermatopathies in cats and dogs: A narrative review. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:453-476. [PMID: 38708551 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs are the mainstay of treatment for many feline and canine autoimmune skin diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. Treatment with these drugs is often lifelong and may have long-term consequences on the affected animal's overall quality-of-life. Clinicians need to understand the pharmacology of immunosuppressants in planning and executing the treatment regimen for the best possible clinical outcome, as well as reducing the risk of adverse effects. This review paper will focus on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs used to treat autoimmune dermatoses in cats and dogs. These include glucocorticoids, ciclosporin A, azathioprine, chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, oclacitinib and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng L Tham
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Ekici YE, Ok M. Investigation of the relationship between atopic dermatitis of dogs and intestinal epithelial damage. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1453. [PMID: 38648253 PMCID: PMC11034634 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant association between atopic dermatitis and leaky gut syndrome has been demonstrated in humans. No studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between atopic dermatitis and intestinal damage in dogs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between canine atopic dermatitis and intestinal damage using selected intestinal-related biomarkers. METHODS Twenty-six dogs with atopic dermatitis and 10 healthy dogs were included. Moderate-to-severe pruritus, erythema, erosion and alopecia on different parts of the body were sought in dogs to suspect atopic dermatitis. The presence of atopic dermatitis was confirmed by an allergic skin test. Serum biomarkers including intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) concentrations were measured from venous blood samples. RESULTS Of the 26 dogs tested for allergens, 16 were found to be sensitive to mould mites, 10 to vernal grass, eight to house dust mites, five to wheat dust and five to grass pollen mix allergens. Significant increases in serum IAP, TFF-3, IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 concentrations were determined. CONCLUSION It was thought that the increase in TFF-3 and IAP concentrations may be due to the presence of intestinal epithelial damage and the repair of this damage. In addition, the development of atopic dermatitis may be predisposed to the entry of allergens into the body through sites of intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Emre Ekici
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
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3
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Izydorczyk V, Pye C. Pemphigus foliaceus in cats. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:297-300. [PMID: 38434171 PMCID: PMC10880387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Izydorczyk
- Dr. Izydorczyk is a dermatology intern and Dr. Pye is a Board-certified veterinary dermatologist at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island
| | - Charlie Pye
- Dr. Izydorczyk is a dermatology intern and Dr. Pye is a Board-certified veterinary dermatologist at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island
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Shin HY, Jin HJ, Tae HJ, Oh HG, Hwang JH. Establishment of an experimental model of ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis in canines. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1296138. [PMID: 38304543 PMCID: PMC10830637 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1296138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A reliable standard model is required to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs for companion animals, especially dogs. Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), also known as allergic inflammatory skin disease, is a common condition. Currently, the house dust mite animal model is used in the research of cAD; however, this model exhibits significant individual variation and is difficult to standardize. In this study, we used ovalbumin as an antigen to sensitize and stimulate dogs, thereby establishing a stable model mimicking the T-helper 2 (Th2) response seen in cAD. Our objective was to create a cAD model that could be employed to evaluate the efficacy of novel drugs and mimic the Th2 dominant allergic response observed in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis of dogs. Methods In this study, six beagles were used. Normal saline was applied to two animals, and ovalbumin to four, on their dorsal skin. Results The ovalbumin-treated groups exhibited clinical cAD symptoms, such as pruritus and erythema. Moreover, plasma levels of the cAD markers immunoglobulin E and CCL17 chemokine were higher in the ovalbumin-treated group than in the vehicle control group. The skin thickness of the epidermis was significantly increased in the ovalbumin-treated group, with infiltration of inflammatory cells observed in the thickened dermis region. In conclusion, treatment of canine skin with an optimal concentration of ovalbumin induced typical cAD-like symptoms, and histological and molecular analyses confirmed an enhanced Th2-related immune response. Conclusion Therefore, we successfully established a suitable Th2-dominant response mimicking cAD, which will facilitate targeted research of atopic dermatitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Shin
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Companion Animal New Drug Development Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Jin
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Companion Animal New Drug Development Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Geun Oh
- R&D Division, HUVET Co., Ltd., Iksan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kim SW, Lim KM, Cho SG, Ryu B, Kim CY, Park SY, Jang K, Jung JH, Park C, Choi C, Kim JH. Efficacy of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Exosomes for the Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:282. [PMID: 38254451 PMCID: PMC10812568 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a genetically predisposed inflammatory pruritic skin disease. The available treatments for CAD have several adverse effects and vary in efficacy, indicating the need for the development of improved treatments. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of allogeneic and xenogeneic exosomes on CAD. Six laboratory beagle dogs with CAD were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control, canine exosome (cExos), or human exosome (hExos) groups. Dogs in the cExos and hExos groups were intravenously administered 1.5 mL of cExos (5 × 1010) and hExos (7.5 × 1011) solutions, respectively, while those in the control group were administered 1.5 mL of normal saline three times per week for 4 weeks. Skin lesion score and transepidermal water loss decreased in cExos and hExos groups compared with those in the control group. The exosome treatments decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-12, interleukin-13, and interleukin-31) but increased those of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β), indicating the immunomodulatory effect of exosomes. Skin microbiome analysis revealed that the exosome treatments alleviated skin bacterial dysbiosis. These results suggest that allogeneic and xenogeneic exosome therapy may alleviate CAD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.L.); (S.-G.C.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.L.); (S.-G.C.)
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (B.R.); (C.-Y.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (B.R.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Seon Young Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Kyungmin Jang
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Jae Heon Jung
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Cheolhyoung Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
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Ford KR, Anderson JG, Stapleton BL, Murphy BG, Kumar TKS, Archer T, Mackin AJ, Wills RW. Medical Management of Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis Using Cyclosporine and Metronidazole. J Vet Dent 2023; 40:109-124. [PMID: 36650996 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221148755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CCUS) is a spontaneously occurring, painful, and often debilitating condition of the oral cavity, with a suspected immune-mediated component. The response to pharmacological treatment is generally poor, thus the need to identify more effective medical therapies for this condition. This article describes a prospective clinical trial that was designed to evaluate the efficiency of a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole in managing CCUS. The hypothesis was that a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole would effectively minimize clinical signs associated with CCUS. Ten client-owned dogs with a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis consistent with CCUS were prescribed cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) for 1 week, followed by the addition of metronidazole (15-20 mg/kg), both administered orally once daily. The cyclosporine dosage interval was lengthened over time. Dogs were observed for a 6-month period and evaluated using a 32-point Canine Ulcerative Stomatitis Disease Activity Index (CUSDAI). Regular cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring was also conducted by the measurement of whole blood cyclosporine levels and the pharmacodynamic assessment of the T-cell expression of IL-2. The results demonstrated that a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole was effective in minimizing the clinical signs of CCUS and in reducing CUSDAI scores. Neither blood cyclosporine levels nor the T-cell expression of IL-2 predicted improvement in clinical signs and CUSDAI scores, although there was a correlation between blood drug concentrations and the suppression of T-cell IL-2 expression. The evaluation of clinical signs and CUSDAI scores appears to be the most effective means of assessing response to therapy, and therapeutic drug level monitoring does not appear to be routinely indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 8789University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T K Santosh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 5547Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Todd Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 5547Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 5547Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 5547Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
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Bizikova P, Linder KE, Mamo LB. Trunk-dominant and classic facial pemphigus foliaceus in dogs - comparison of anti-desmocollin-1 and anti-desmoglein-1 autoantibodies and clinical presentations. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:414-425. [PMID: 35670648 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine trunk-dominant pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is mentioned rarely in the literature. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to provide clinical description of trunk-dominant PF and to demonstrate the prevalence of serum antikeratinocyte, anti-desmocollin-1 (DSC1) and anti-desmoglein-1 (DSG1) antibodies, and determine their diagnostic value in this particular PF phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinically relevant information was collected from 31, 25 and 34 dogs with trunk-dominant and facial PF and superficial pyoderma (SP), respectively. Sera from these dogs were tested for antikeratinocyte, anti-DSC1 and anti-DSG1 antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence on canine tissues and DSC1- and DSG1-transfected cells. Sera from healthy dogs and dogs with clinically irrelevant diseases served as controls. RESULTS Footpad involvement and grouped/polycyclic lesion organisation were identified as features of both PF phenotypes, and not of SP. Antikeratinocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)G was not specific for canine PF. By contrast, antigen-specific IgG was detected only in PF sera; anti-DSC1 IgG in 100% and 58% of dogs with facial and trunk-dominant PF, respectively, and anti-DSG1 IgG in 7% of dogs with trunk-dominant PF only. CONCLUSIONS Trunk-dominant PF shares DSC1 as a major autoantigen with facial PF. The ability to detect anti-DSC1 IgG is lower in trunk-dominant PF, yet despite the lower sensitivity, the positive predictive value and accuracy of this particular anti-DSC1 IgG test are high. A negative test result, however, cannot exclude the diagnosis, and characteristic clinical features such as footpad involvement and/or grouped/polycyclic lesions must be considered when distinguishing trunk-dominant PF from its most relevant differential diagnosis: SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Keith E Linder
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lisa B Mamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Bruet V, Mosca M, Briand A, Bourdeau P, Pin D, Cochet-Faivre N, Cadiergues MC. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Antipruritic Drugs in the Control of the Most Frequent Pruritic Skin Diseases in Dogs. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040149. [PMID: 35448647 PMCID: PMC9030482 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is a common clinical sign in many skin disorders and is currently the main complaint in canine dermatology. Pruritic skin diseases can affect the quality of life of dogs and their owners. Several families of antipruritic drugs are available to help control pruritus in dogs. The aim of this review is to help practitioners select the most appropriate symptomatic treatment in the most frequent situations of dermatological pruritus in dogs. The molecules reviewed here are systemic and topical glucocorticoids, antihistamines, ciclosporin, oclacitinib and lokivetmab. A level of evidence (1, 2 or 3) has been established according to a detailed algorithm for each individual study in the literature published between 1990 and March 2021. The guidelines result from evidence grading using the strength of recommendation taxonomy (SoRT) and clinical recommendations using a thorough methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bruet
- Veterinary Dermatology Referral Services, 44100 Nantes, France;
| | - Marion Mosca
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interactions Cells Environment, UPSP 2016.A104, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (M.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Amaury Briand
- Department of Dermatology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.B.); (N.C.-F.)
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, ENVN (Oniris) Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France;
| | - Didier Pin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interactions Cells Environment, UPSP 2016.A104, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France; (M.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Noëlle Cochet-Faivre
- Department of Dermatology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.B.); (N.C.-F.)
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
- INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-561-193268
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9
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Makri N, Philbey AW, Gow DJ. Ciclosporin‐induced psoriasiform‐lichenoid dermatosis, footpad hyperkeratosis and gingival hyperplasia in a West Highland white terrier dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Makri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Hospital for Small Animals The University of Edinburgh Easter‐Bush Campus, Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Adrian W. Philbey
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Hospital for Small Animals The University of Edinburgh Easter‐Bush Campus, Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Deborah J Gow
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Hospital for Small Animals The University of Edinburgh Easter‐Bush Campus, Edinburgh Midlothian UK
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del Solar R, Blasi C, Anselmi C, Martínez J, Castro J. Diagnosis and therapy of polypoid tracheobronchitis presenting as a mass in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel del Solar
- Servei de Medicina Interna Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine Southfields Veterinary Specialists 1 Bramston Way Basildon SS15 6TP
| | - Carles Blasi
- Servei de Medicina Interna Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlo Anselmi
- Servei de Diagnòstic per la Imatge Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine Pride Veterinary Hospital Riverside Rd Derby DE24 8HX
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomía Animals Servei de Diagnòstic de Patología Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Servei de Medicina Interna Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Barcelona Spain
- Anicura Valencia Sur Hospital Veterinario Av de Picassent, 28 Silla Valencia 46460 España
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11
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Lancellotti BA, Angus JC, Edginton HD, Rosenkrantz WS. Age- and breed-matched retrospective cohort study of malignancies and benign skin masses in 660 dogs with allergic dermatitis treated long-term with versus without oclacitinib. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:507-516. [PMID: 32808904 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.5.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cumulative incidences of malignancies and benign skin masses and the mean age at death or euthanasia in dogs with allergic dermatitis treated long-term with versus without oclacitinib. ANIMALS 660 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records were searched to identify dogs with allergic dermatitis treated for ≥ 6 months with oclacitinib (exposed dogs; n = 339) versus other available treatments before the introduction of oclacitinib (nonexposed dogs; 321) and with ≥ 24 months of follow-up information available. Nonexposed dogs were age and breed matched with 321 of the exposed dogs; data for the remained 18 exposed dogs were included in statistical analyses. Results for cumulative incidences of malignancies and other variables were compared between groups, and the effect of daily maintenance dosage of oclacitinib on cumulative incidences of malignancies and other skin masses was evaluated within the exposed group. RESULTS No meaningful differences were detected in the cumulative incidences of malignancies and overall skin masses or the mean age at death or euthanasia for dogs in the exposed group (16.5% [56/339], 56.6% [192/339], and 11.2 years [n = 80], respectively) versus the nonexposed group (12.8% [41/321], 58.3% [187/321], and 11.8 years [71], respectively). There was no association identified between daily maintenance dosage of oclacitinib and odds of malignancy or benign skin masses for dogs in the exposed group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that long-term treatment with oclacitinib did not pose additional risk for malignancy in dogs; however, veterinarians should continue to observe FDA-approved label warning and precaution statements for oclacitinib and regularly screen for neoplasia in dogs with allergic skin disease treated with or without oclacitinib.
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12
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Tomich LM, Keating SCJ, Allender MC, Pieper JB. The effect of topical lidocaine on intradermal testing in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:139-e31. [PMID: 33417735 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal testing (IDT) most often requires sedation. Topical lidocaine offers an adjunct or alternative to sedation. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that topical lidocaine would significantly reduce reactions to intradermal injections and that atopic dogs treated with topical lidocaine would have similar results with IDT to atopic dogs tested without topical lidocaine. ANIMALS Fifteen client-owned atopic dogs. METHODS In Part I, a 5% lidocaine patch, 5% lidocaine cream and a control with no active ingredients were compared. The lowest pain score during intradermal injection was established in six atopic dogs. Fifteen atopic dogs were enrolled in Part II, and lidocaine cream (found to be most effective in Part 1) was applied randomly to a single side of the thorax. An IDT was performed on each side of the chest. Subjective and objective scores of the control and lidocaine treatment sides were compared 15 and 30 min post-injection. RESULTS The 5% lidocaine cream had the greatest reduction in pain score associated with intradermal injection. There were no significant differences in mean wheal diameter for any evaluated allergen at any time point between the control and lidocaine-treated sides. There was high agreement between the two groups when assessing the subjective score for all but one allergen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Topical lidocaine may be used as adjunctive analgesia during IDT with caution in interpretation of subjective house dust scoring. Lidocaine cream appeared to reduce pain score and may allow reduction in concurrent sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Tomich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Stephanie C J Keating
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jason B Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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High EJ, Olivry T. The prevalence of bacterial infections during cyclosporine therapy in dogs: A critically appraised topic. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:1283-1289. [PMID: 33299244 PMCID: PMC7659886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is used to treat immune-mediated and allergic conditions and to prevent transplant rejection. To determine the prevalence of bacterial infections during cyclosporine therapy in dogs, 2 databases were searched and 14 articles reporting usable data were identified. In 828 dogs with atopic dermatitis receiving anti-allergic dosages of cyclosporine, the prevalence of bacterial infections was 11%; these occurred most often in the integument and urinary systems and not in multiple systems. In 95 dogs receiving cyclosporine at higher dosages for other conditions, the prevalence of bacterial infection was 17%, and these infections occurred most often in the gastrointestinal, urinary, and respiratory systems, often occurring at more than one body site. The prevalence of bacterial infections in atopic dogs treated with cyclosporine is low and occurs most often in the skin. When given for immunosuppression, the prevalence of bacterial infections is higher and can affect one or more body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endya J High
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Nuttall TJ, Marsella R, Rosenbaum MR, Gonzales AJ, Fadok VA. Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1291-1300. [PMID: 31067173 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in dogs has led to more effective treatment plans, including skin barrier repair and new targeted treatments for management of allergy-associated itch and inflammation. The intent of this review article is to provide an update on the etiologic rationale behind current recommendations that emphasize a multimodal approach for the management of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Increasing knowledge of this complex disease process will help direct future treatment options.
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15
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Enciso N, Amiel J, Pando J, Enciso J. Multidose intramuscular allogeneic adipose stem cells decrease the severity of canine atopic dermatitis: A pilot study. Vet World 2019; 12:1747-1754. [PMID: 32025111 PMCID: PMC6925044 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1747-1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the therapeutic and safety performance of an intramuscular treatment protocol of multidose of allogeneic adipose stem cells (ASCs) isolated, characterized, and expanded ex vivo from a healthy canine donor. Materials and Methods Twelve dogs diagnosed with canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) were intramuscularly treated with 0.5×106 of cryopreserved ASCs from a healthy immunized young canine Ehrlichia canis free donor weekly for 6 weeks. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by the pruritus index and the CAD Lesion Index (CADLI) test. Safety and adverse effects were determined by injection site reaction, weight, blood chemistry, liver function, and whole blood count. Results Canine ASCs obtained from a donor met the minimum qualities required for this type of cells and showed viability of 90% after thawing. The efficacy of the CADLI score and the pruritus index in 12 dogs with atopic dermatitis was statistically significant efficacy. No adverse reactions were observed at the intramuscular application site, or in relation to animal weight, blood cell populations, or liver and renal function. Conclusion These results suggest that intramuscular administration of cryopreserved ASCs to dogs with atopic dermatitis is a promising cellular therapeutic product for the relief of the symptoms of this disease; however, the duration of the effects obtained with this dose and with other doses should be evaluated, as well as possible immune reactions. As far as we know, this is the first report of the use of multiple intramuscular doses cryopreserved ASCs to treat atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Enciso
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular e Inmunología, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Amiel
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular e Inmunología, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - John Pando
- Department of Cytometry, Institute of Cell Therapy. CRIOCORD. Lima. Peru
| | - Javier Enciso
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular e Inmunología, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
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16
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Letters to the Editor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 255:278-280. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Marzejon M, Kosowska M, Majchrowicz D, Bułło-Piontecka B, Wąsowicz M, Jędrzejewska-Szczerska M. Label-free optical detection of cyclosporine in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800273. [PMID: 30375195 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a spectroscopic method for determination of cyclosporine concentrations in biological fluids is presented. Blood plasma and hemoglobin solutions are chosen for the experiment. For various cyclosporine concentrations in blood plasma and hemoglobin, absorbance measurements in spectra range from 600 to 1100 nm are performed. The measurement results are analyzed by the use of a dedicated algorithm. The obtained data are characterized by a high coefficient of correlation R2 , which is equal to 0.9461 and 0.9808 for blood plasma and hemoglobin, respectively. The proposed method enables the selective detection of cyclosporine level and could be applied in medicine and laboratory diagnostics. The obtained result can be the base to build the point-of-care CsA level detection optical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Marzejon
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Kosowska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Majchrowicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Bułło-Piontecka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Wąsowicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jędrzejewska-Szczerska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Gedon NKY, Mueller RS. Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: a difficult disease for animals and owners. Clin Transl Allergy 2018; 8:41. [PMID: 30323921 PMCID: PMC6172809 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-018-0228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to give an overview of atopic dermatitis in companion animals and of recent developments including knowledge on immunological background, novel treatment options and difficulties in disease management. The prevalence of hypersensitivities seems to be increasing. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not fully understood, yet multiple gene abnormalities and altered immunological processes are involved. In dogs and cats, the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is based on history, clinical examination and exclusion of other differential diagnoses. Intradermal testing or testing for serum allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E is only used to identify allergens for inclusion in the extract for allergen immunotherapy. Symptomatic therapy includes glucocorticoids, ciclosporin, essential fatty acids and antihistamines. A selective janus kinase 1 inhibitor and a caninized monoclonal interleukin-31 antibody are the newest options for symptomatic treatment, although longterm effects still need to be assessed. The chronic and often severe nature of the disease, the costly diagnostic workup, frequent clinical flares and lifelong treatment are challenging for owners, pets and veterinarians. Patience and excellent communication skills are needed to achieve a good owner compliance and satisfactory clinical outcome for the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Katharina Yvonne Gedon
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Steffen Mueller
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases in dogs. The pathogenesis is complex and not completely understood. Many therapeutic options are available; however, because of cost, side effects, or a long lag phase, new compounds are constantly produced. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest compounds for the treatment of canine AD. In addition, a brief review of new studies on conventional medications is provided. For a successful long-term therapeutic approach, it is important to considerate the status of the disease, as well as the patients' and their owners' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Gortel K. An embarrassment of riches: An update on the symptomatic treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:1013-1016. [PMID: 30197448 PMCID: PMC6091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gortel
- Westbank Animal Care Hospital, West Kelowna, British Columbia
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21
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Gortel K. Developments in small animal veterinary dermatology. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:85-88. [PMID: 29302108 PMCID: PMC5731399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gortel
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Kinga Gortel; e-mail:
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22
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Moyaert H, Van Brussel L, Borowski S, Escalada M, Mahabir SP, Walters RR, Stegemann MR. A blinded, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of lokivetmab compared to ciclosporin in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:593-e145. [PMID: 28906040 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lokivetmab is an injectable anti-canine-IL-31 monoclonal antibody to treat clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To characterize the efficacy and safety of lokivetmab, and to demonstrate its noninferiority to ciclosporin under field conditions. ANIMALS Dogs with chronic AD (n = 274) were enrolled from 40 practices in Belgium, The Netherlands, France and Germany. METHODS Animals were randomized (1:1) to oral ciclosporin (5 mg/kg/once daily) or monthly injectable lokivetmab (1-3.3 mg/kg) for three months. Eighty one animals that successfully completed the comparative phase were enrolled in a continuation phase receiving lokivetmab for an additional six months. Owners assessed pruritus on a Visual Analog Scale, skin lesions were assessed by veterinary investigators with a Canine AD Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-03) scale. RESULTS Lokivetmab was noninferior to ciclosporin for pruritus reduction on Day 28 (51.90% versus 43.72%). For Day 28 CADESI-03 percentage reduction, noninferiority of lokivetmab (54.17) versus ciclosporin (56.86%) was not achieved. At none of the time points were mean CADESI-03 scores significantly different between groups. Continued efficacy towards pruritus and lesions was demonstrated in the continuation phase where 76.3% of animals (n = 45) were assessed as 'normal' for pruritus at study end. No abnormal health events associated with lokivetmab were observed during the initial three month phase (142 dogs) or during the subsequent six month phase (81 dogs). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lokivetmab at a minimum monthly dose of 1 mg/kg provided quick onset (within one day) of a lasting effect in reducing pruritus and skin lesions with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Moyaert
- VMRD, Zoetis Belgium SA, Mercuriusstraat 20, Zaventem, 1930, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Brussel
- VMRD, Zoetis Belgium SA, Mercuriusstraat 20, Zaventem, 1930, Belgium
| | - Stasia Borowski
- VMRD, Zoetis Belgium SA, Mercuriusstraat 20, Zaventem, 1930, Belgium
| | - Monica Escalada
- VMRD, Zoetis Belgium SA, Mercuriusstraat 20, Zaventem, 1930, Belgium
| | - Sean P Mahabir
- VMRD, Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Rodney R Walters
- VMRD, Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
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23
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Ho K, Kennis B, Sandey M, White A. Successful medical management of cutaneous
Nocardia
species infection in a dog receiving ciclosporin (Atopica). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ho
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Bob Kennis
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of PathobiologyAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Amelia White
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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24
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Sundburg CR, Belanger JM, Bannasch DL, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Gonadectomy effects on the risk of immune disorders in the dog: a retrospective study. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:278. [PMID: 27931211 PMCID: PMC5146839 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadectomy is one of the most common procedures performed on dogs in the United States. Neutering has been shown to reduce the risk for some diseases although recent reports suggest increased prevalence for structural disorders and some neoplasias. The relation between neuter status and autoimmune diseases has not been explored. This study evaluated the prevalence and risk of atopic dermatitis (ATOP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), canine myasthenia gravis (CMG), colitis (COL), hypoadrenocorticism (ADD), hypothyroidism (HYPO), immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lupus erythematosus (LUP), and pemphigus complex (PEMC), for intact females, intact males, neutered females, and neutered males. Pyometra (PYO) was evaluated as a control condition. RESULTS Patient records (90,090) from the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis from 1995 to 2010 were analyzed in order to determine the risk of immune-mediated disease relative to neuter status in dogs. Neutered dogs had a significantly greater risk of ATOP, AIHA, ADD, HYPO, ITP, and IBD than intact dogs with neutered females being at greater risk than neutered males for all but AIHA and ADD. Neutered females, but not males, had a significantly greater risk of LUP than intact females. Pyometra was a greater risk for intact females. CONCLUSIONS The data underscore the importance of sex steroids on immune function emphasizing a role of these hormones on tissue self-recognition. Neutering is critically important for population control, reduction of reproductive disorders, and offers convenience for owners. Despite these advantages, the analyses of the present study suggest that neutering is associated with increased risk for certain autoimmune disorders and underscore the need for owners to consult with their veterinary practitioner prior to neutering to evaluate possible benefits and risks associated with such a procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Sundburg
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Janelle M Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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25
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Roberts ES, Tapp T, Trimmer A, Roycroft L, King S. Clinical efficacy and safety following dose tapering of ciclosporin in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:898-905. [PMID: 26316515 PMCID: PMC11132228 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15602523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of reducing ciclosporin (CsA) dosing frequency from daily to every other day (EOD) or twice a week (TW) according to clinical response in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD) and treated with CsA. Methods One hundred and ninety-one cats with HD were given 7 mg/kg CsA daily for at least 4 weeks. Depending on clinical response, the dosing frequency was tapered from daily to EOD over the next 4 weeks and further to TW for an additional 4 weeks. Safety was evaluated through physical examinations, clinical pathology and the monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results The majority of cats were able to have their dose of CsA tapered to either EOD (15.5%) or TW (62.9%) according to the clinical response. Observed AEs were most frequently mild and self-limiting vomiting and diarrhea. A higher percentage of AEs occurred with daily administration (73%) compared with other dosing regimens (27%). Conclusions and relevance Following 4 weeks of daily dosing at 7 mg/kg, CsA may be tapered to EOD or TW while maintaining the desired therapeutic response in cats with HD. Additionally, CsA appears to be well tolerated with fewer AEs at EOD or TW dosing. Establishing the lowest effective dosing frequency of CsA improves the drug's safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany Tapp
- Veterinary Healing Arts, East Greenwich, RI, USA
| | - Ann Trimmer
- Animal Allergy and Dermatology Specialists, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Panteri A, Strehlau G, Helbig R, Prost C, Doucette K. Repeated oral dose tolerance in dogs treated concomitantly with ciclosporin and oclacitinib for three weeks. Vet Dermatol 2015; 27:22-e7. [PMID: 26660461 PMCID: PMC4737300 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Ciclosporin and oclacitinib are immunomodulators approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. The administration of a short course of prednisolone at the beginning of ciclosporin therapy hastens the efficacy of this drug; oclacitinib has a rapid antipruritic effect similar to that of prednisolone. Objectives To evaluate the oral tolerance of oclacitinib and ciclosporin given concurrently for three weeks. Animals Two groups of eight beagles. Methods Dogs were randomized to receive oclacitinib alone (0.4–0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days then once daily for seven days) or in combination with ciclosporin (5 mg/kg once daily) for three weeks. They were examined every day and adverse events were recorded. Blood samples were collected during the acclimatization phase, weekly during treatment and at the end of the study for haematology, clinical chemistry and coagulation evaluation. Results There were no abnormal clinical observations following treatment with oclacitinib given alone or concomitantly with ciclosporin, with the exception of diarrhoea in two dogs receiving both drugs. Three dogs from each group experienced transient inappetence; three dogs treated with oclacitinib had mild weight loss. Clinical pathology parameters remained within the reference range for beagle dogs at that facility. Conclusions and clinical importance The concomitant administration of ciclosporin and oclacitinib for three weeks to beagles was well tolerated and was not associated with an increase in the number of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities beyond those associated with oclacitinib given alone. Background – Ciclosporin and oclacitinib are immunomodulators approved for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. The administration of a short course of prednisolone at the beginning of ciclosporin therapy hastens the efficacy of this drug; oclacitinib has a rapid antipruritic effect similar to that of prednisolone. Objectives–To evaluate the oral tolerance of oclacitinib and ciclosporin given concurrently for 3 weeks. Conclusions and clinical importance–The concomitant administration of ciclosporin and oclacitinib for 3 weeks to beagles was well tolerated and was not associated with an increase in the number of adverse events or laboratory abnormalities beyond those associated with oclacitinib given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Panteri
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale (CRA), 20 route de la petite glâne, CH 1566, St Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Günther Strehlau
- Elanco Animal Health, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Helbig
- Elanco Animal Health, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Prost
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale (CRA), 20 route de la petite glâne, CH 1566, St Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Doucette
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA
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27
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Saridomichelakis MN, Olivry T. An update on the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet J 2015; 207:29-37. [PMID: 26586215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease seen in veterinary clinical practice. Several factors appear to contribute to the cutaneous inflammation and pruritus. The therapeutic strategy should focus on control of those factors that can be identified and for which interventional measures are feasible; these include ectoparasites, bacterial/fungal infection and dietary hypersensitivity. Ectoparasites, particularly fleas, are not the cause of atopic dermatitis, but they are a confounding factor, which can exacerbate pruritus, and preventative measures are therefore indicated. Bacterial and yeast infections are frequently associated with atopic dermatitis and initial systemic and/or topical therapy should be considered, followed by regular topical treatment for preventing relapse. Concurrent dietary hypersensitivity should be investigated by undertaking an elimination/provocation trial, followed by feeding of a hypoallergenic diet where appropriate. Depending on the severity of the clinical signs of atopic dermatitis and the willingness and expectations of owners, symptomatic treatment and/or specific interventional therapy for environmental allergy (allergen avoidance, allergen-specific immunotherapy) may be implemented. Symptomatic treatment includes use of glucocorticoids (systemically or topically), ciclosporin and oclacitinib. Other treatment modalities of lower or less proven efficacy include antihistamines, dextromethorphan, fatty acids, feline interferon-omega, misoprostol, pentoxifylline, specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The therapeutic approach should be reviewed at regular intervals and tailored to the individual's needs. A successful long-term outcome can usually be achieved by combining the various treatment approaches in a way that maximises their benefits and minimises their drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, Karditsa GR-43100, Greece.
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Bachtel JC, Pendergraft JS, Rosychuk RAW, Gustafson DL, Hansen RJ, Lunghofer PJ. Comparison of the stability and pharmacokinetics in dogs of modified ciclosporin capsules stored at −20°C and room temperature. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:228-e50. [PMID: 26178603 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Bachtel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Jennifer S. Pendergraft
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Rodney A. W. Rosychuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Daniel L. Gustafson
- Pharmacology Core; University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Ryan J. Hansen
- Pharmacology Core; University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Paul J. Lunghofer
- Pharmacology Core; University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
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29
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Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Navarro C, Crastes N, Benizeau E, McGahie D. Voluntary acceptance and consumption of two oral ciclosporin formulations in dogs: two randomised, controlled studies. Ir Vet J 2015; 68:3. [PMID: 25717361 PMCID: PMC4340113 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-015-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common canine allergic skin disease and can significantly affect the quality of life of affected dogs. Treating canine AD with ciclosporin has been a subject of great interest in recent years. Many studies have provided substantial evidence of ciclosporin efficacy and safety in canine AD management, and for several years ciclosporin has been recognised as a major component of canine AD multimodal therapy. As a chronic condition, canine AD requires life-long medical management and treatment success relies in large part on product ease of administration. Two studies were conducted to assess the comparative voluntary acceptance and consumption of Cyclavance® (Virbac), a new oral liquid formulation of ciclosporin, and Atopica® (Novartis) either added to a small quantity of kibbles (study 1) or administered directly into the dog’s mouth (study 2). Results Over the course of the two studies 70 dogs assessed each of the ciclosporin formulations and 320 individual tests were performed for each tested product. Immediate prehension (in less than 2 seconds) occurred significantly more often with Cyclavance® (90.6% of the tests) than with Atopica® (14.4% of the tests) when products were mixed with 30 grams of dry food (p < 0.001). Moreover, Cyclavance® was significantly more often easily accepted than Atopica® (99.3% vs 27.1% of the tests, respectively) when products were administered directly into the dogs’ mouth (p < 0.0001). Cyclavance® was also more often totally consumed (98.3% of the tests) than Atopica® (2.2% of the tests) when mixed with a small amount of food (p < 0.001). However, both products were totally consumed once administered directly into the dogs’ mouth. Conclusions By facilitating cicloporin administration and consumption, Cyclavance® liquid formulation offers an interesting alternative to capsules that may improve dosing compliance and therefore the ability to benefit from the therapeutic effects in the long-term treatment of canine AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David McGahie
- Medical department, Virbac, 13ème rue LID, 06515 Carros, France
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Abstract
Ciclosporin is a lipophilic cyclic polypeptide with powerful immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties that has been used in veterinary medicine for two decades. It is a calcineurin inhibitor whose principal mode of action is to inhibit T cell activation. The drug is principally absorbed from the small intestine and is metabolised in the intestine and liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Ciclosporin is known to interact with a wide range of pharmacological agents. Numerous studies have demonstrated good efficacy for the management of canine atopic dermatitis and this has been a licensed indication since 2003. In addition to the treatment of atopic dermatitis, it has been used as an aid in the management of numerous other dermatological conditions in animals including perianal fistulation, sebaceous adenitis, pododermatitis, chronic otitis externa and pemphigus foliaceus. This article reviews the mode of action, pharmacokinetics, indications for use and efficacy of ciclosporin in veterinary dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Forsythe
- The Dermatology Referral Service, 528 Paisley Road West, Glasgow G51 1RN, UK
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