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Kortstegge J, Zhang Y, Preine F, Krömker V. Clinical Presentation, Bacteriologic Findings and Possible Risk Factors for Ischemic Teat Necrosis in Cattle-A Case Series. Vet Sci 2024; 11:271. [PMID: 38922018 PMCID: PMC11209346 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic teat necrosis (ITN) is a growing problem in the dairy industry characterized by teat lesions, necrosis, pruritus and automutilation. Despite the economic and welfare consequences, there is no treatment, and the etiology of the disease remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate ITN by analyzing its clinical presentation, potential risk factors and microbial involvement. Methods included collection of milk and swab samples from affected cows over a period of one-and-a-half years and completion of questionnaires by veterinarians and farmers. Microbial testing included PCR testing for Treponema spp. and cultural testing by anaerobic and aerobic incubation on blood agar. The results showed a high and significant prevalence of Treponema spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in affected teats compared to non-ITN-affected control teats, indicating their potential role in the development of ITN. Other factors such as edema and milking practices also appear to contribute to the tissue damage. First-lactation and early-lactation heifers are particularly at risk. In conclusion, ITN appears to have a multifactorial etiology with both infectious and non-infectious factors playing a role. Further research is needed to better understand the complex interplay of these factors and to develop effective prevention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kortstegge
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (F.P.)
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (F.P.)
| | - Franziska Preine
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (F.P.)
| | - Volker Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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2
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Crosby-Durrani HE, Carter SD, Blowey RW, Evans NJ. Molecular Screening for Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponemes in Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis Lesions and Milk in Dairy Cattle. Pathogens 2024; 13:427. [PMID: 38787279 PMCID: PMC11123857 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis (ITN) is a disease affecting the skin of the teats of dairy cows with an unknown aetiopathogenesis. Digital dermatitis (DD)-associated treponemes have previously been suggested as a potential aetiological agent in ITN, although the sample size was small. The current study, using established PCR techniques, aimed to examine the association with the presence of DD-associated treponemes in a large number of ITN samples from a wider geographical area, and surveyed the potential of milk as an infection reservoir. From 95 ITN lesions, 35.8% (n = 34) were positive for at least one DD-associated treponeme compared with only 5.6% (n = 1) of 18 non-lesioned teats from cows with ITN lesions on a different teat using a nested PCR approach. All 10 age- and production-matched control cows were negative for DD-associated treponemes via PCR. No DD-associated treponemes could be detected from foremilk of cows with (n = 19) and without (n = 31) a DD lesion on the hind feet. DD-associated treponemes could be detected via PCR after incubation in milk for up to 2 h. Therefore, milk does not appear to be a competent reservoir for transmission of DD-associated treponemes. Moreover, in the current study DD-associated treponemes were only detected in a subset of ITN samples, so it is unlikely these opportunistic skin-associated pathogens are the major or sole agent of ITN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Crosby-Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Stuart D. Carter
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Evans
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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3
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Holzhauer M, Mars J, Holstege M, van der Heijden H. An In-House ELISA for Treponema Antibodies in Bulk Milk as Part of a Monitoring Tool for Claw Health in Dairy Herds. Vet Sci 2023; 10:571. [PMID: 37756093 PMCID: PMC10537149 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a painful inflammation at the coronary band of the claws, a major cause of lameness in cattle and associated with infections with several Treponema spp. Clinical inspection of the feet is the best way to diagnose DD, but this is laborious and stressful for cattle. A simple diagnostic tool was developed to monitor DD prevalence at the herd level. An antibody ELISA based on antigens from four different Treponema spp. has been developed and validated in two field studies. In one study, bulk milk and individual milk samples of seven dairy herds, of which clinical claw scores were obtained, were tested. In the second study, bulk milk was tested from 110 herds of which clinical scores were obtained. A weak correlation between clinical scores of cows and the ELISA results in individual milk samples was observed. The ELISA response in bulk milk was higher in herds with higher mean clinical scores. Using the ELISA results in bulk milk, herds with a low or high proportion of cattle with DD lesions could be distinguished. This ELISA is useful to obtain insight into the DD status at the herd level, and is nowadays being used in a claw health monitoring program for dairy cattle in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Holzhauer
- Bovine Health Department, Royal GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Mars
- R&D Department, Laboratory, Royal GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Holstege
- Epidemiology and Statistics Department, Royal GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Harold van der Heijden
- R&D Department, Laboratory, Royal GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
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Vermeersch AS, Ali M, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Geldhof P, Ducatelle R, Deforce D, Callens J, Opsomer G. Severe udder cleft dermatitis lesion transcriptomics points to an impaired skin barrier, defective wound repair and a dysregulated inflammatory response as key elements in the pathogenesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288347. [PMID: 37486897 PMCID: PMC10365316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the transcriptomic changes occurring in severe udder cleft dermatitis lesions (UCD) in Holstein-Friesian cows. An examination of the gene expression levels in natural UCD lesions and healthy udder skin through RNA Seq-Technology provided a deeper insight into the inflammatory pathways associated with this disease. A clear distinction between the gene expression patterns of UCD lesions and healthy skin was shown in the principal component analysis. Genes coding for inflammatory molecules were upregulated such as the chemokines C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2), 5 (CXCL5) and 8 (CXCL8), and C-C motif ligand 11 (CCL11). Moreover, the genes coding for the multifunctional molecules ADAM12 and SLPI were amongst the highest upregulated ones, whereas the most downregulated genes included the ones coding for keratins and keratin-associated molecules. Predominantly inflammatory pathways such as the chemokine signaling, cytokine receptor interaction and IL-17 signaling pathway were significantly upregulated in the pathway analysis. These results point towards a fulminant, dysregulated inflammatory response concomitant with a disruption of the skin barrier integrity and a hampered wound repair mechanism in severe UCD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vermeersch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Ali
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Y Gansemans
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Geldhof
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Callens
- Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen, Torhout, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Crosby-Durrani HE, Carter SD, Blundell RJ, Manning A, Blowey R, Evans NJ. Clinical and Pathological Features of Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis. J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Crosby-Durrani HE, Blowey RW, Manning A, Afonso JS, Carter SD, Evans NJ, Angell JW. An Observational Study Investigating Potential Risk Factors and Economic Impact for Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis on Dairy Farms in Great Britain. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:748259. [PMID: 35392112 PMCID: PMC8981390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.748259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis (ITN) is an emerging disease of unknown aetiology that affects the teats of dairy cattle. It causes economic and animal welfare issues with many animals being culled. No effective treatments or epidemiological data to inform control strategies are currently available. The aim of this observational study was to investigate farmer-reported experiences and identify potential farm-level risk factors. In January 2018, a questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 1,855 Great Britain (GB) dairy farmers. A usable response rate of 12.3% was obtained. Fifty-one per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 44.4–57.8%] of farmers reported having experienced ITN on their farm between 1985 and 2018. Rising numbers of farms indicated that ITN is an emerging disease with 46.3% of farmers reporting the first case in the 3 years up to 2018. At the animal level, 47.3% (95% CI: 38.7–55.9%) of the cases occurred during the first lactation and 78.9% (95% CI: 75.2–82.6%) within the first 90 days in milk. Only 20.8% (95% CI: 15.9–26.4%) of the cases were reported to recover, whereas 22.8% (95% CI: 17.8–28.5%) of the cases required culling. The remaining cases experienced complications such as loss of a teat and/or mastitis. From these data, the cost of ITN, through production losses and expenditure, was estimated to be £1,121 per farm per year. The costs were estimated at £720, £860 and £2,133 for recovered, complicated and culled cases, respectively. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between the presence of ITN on farm and various risk factors. The presence of udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) (odds ratio 2.80; 95% CI: 1.54–5.07; p < 0.01) and chapped teats (odds ratio 6.07; 95% CI: 1.96–18.76; p < 0.01) in the milking herd was associated with the presence of ITN at the farm level. This is the first national questionnaire of ITN within GB and highlights the association of UCD and chapped teats with ITN at the farm level. While there are many limitations and potential bias around farmer questionnaires, these findings highlight several key areas for further disease investigation and possible intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Crosby-Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hayley E. Crosby-Durrani
| | | | - Al Manning
- Quality Milk Management Services Ltd., Wells, United Kingdom
| | - João Sucena Afonso
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Carter
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Evans
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W. Angell
- Wern Vets CYF, Department of Research and Innovation, Ruthin, United Kingdom
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7
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Effects of different culture media on growth of Treponema spp. isolated from digital dermatitis. Anaerobe 2021; 69:102345. [PMID: 33596466 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in cattle are characterized by the presence of multiple Treponema species. Current culture media for isolating treponemes generally uses serum supplementation from different animals to target particular Treponema sp.; however, their suitability for DD Treponema isolation has not been fully determined. We studied the effect of culture media (OTEB, NOS and TYGV) and serum supplementation on mixed Treponema spp. dynamics. Bacterial growth was evaluated by direct microscopic count, optical density, wet weight and a species-specific qPCR and the correlations between these independent methods were calculated. Wet weight, optical density and bacterial count correlated best with each other. Different Treponema species performed differently under the tested culture media. T. phagedenis growth was enhanced in OTEB media supplemented with bovine fetal serum (BFS) or horse serum (HS). T. medium had lower generation time when culture media were supplemented with rabbit serum (RS). Lowest generation time for T. pedis and T. denticola were obtained in NOS media supplemented with HS and OTEB media supplemented with BFS, respectively. Detection of cystic forms observed after 5 days of culture did not differ among the culture media. Correlation between different Treponema spp. growth quantification techniques indicated that alternative quantification methods such as qPCR and wet weight could be used depending on the purpose. We conclude that effects of culture media and serum supplementation on mixed Treponema spp. communities should be taken into account when isolating a specific Treponema species.
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Arrazuria R, Knight CG, Lahiri P, Cobo ER, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Treponema spp. Isolated from Bovine Digital Dermatitis Display Different Pathogenicity in a Murine Abscess Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1507. [PMID: 33007829 PMCID: PMC7600977 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) causes lameness in cattle with substantial negative impact on sustainability and animal welfare. Although several species of Treponema bacteria have been isolated from various DD stages, their individual or synergistic roles in the initiation or development of lesions remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to compare effects of the three most common Treponema species isolated from DD lesions in cattle (T. phagedenis, T. medium and T. pedis), both as individual and as mixed inoculations, in a murine abscess model. A total of 109 or 5 × 108Treponema spp. were inoculated subcutaneously, and produced abscess was studied after 7 days post infection. There were no synergistic effects when two or three species were inoculated together; however, T. medium produced the largest abscesses, whereas those produced by T. phagedenis were the smallest and least severe. Treponema species were cultured from skin lesions at 7 days post infection and, additionally, from the kidneys of some mice (2/5), confirming systemic infection may occur. Taken together, these findings suggest that T. medium and T. pedis may have more important roles in DD lesion initiation and development than T. phagedenis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Arrazuria
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada; (R.A.); (P.L.); (E.R.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Cameron G. Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada;
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada; (R.A.); (P.L.); (E.R.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada; (R.A.); (P.L.); (E.R.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada; (R.A.); (P.L.); (E.R.C.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada; (R.A.); (P.L.); (E.R.C.); (H.W.B.)
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9
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Sobhy NM, Mahmmod YS, Refaai W, Awad A. Molecular detection of Treponema species organisms in foremilk and udder cleft skin of dairy cows with digital dermatitis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:815-821. [PMID: 31520339 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of reservoirs and transmission routes of digital dermatitis (DD)-associated Treponema spp. is considered an effective means for controlling DD infection in dairy cows. The objective of this study is to identify and characterize the potential reservoir niches for DD-associated Treponema spp. from healthy udder cleft skin and foremilk in lactating dairy cows. A large dairy farm was visited weekly from March to July 2015. Clinical investigation revealed that a total of 25 lame cows had DD lesions located at the plantar aspect of the interdigital cleft. A total of 75 samples, three per cow, were collected including deep swabs from DD lesions (n = 25), non-aseptically collected foremilk samples (n = 25) and skin swabs from udder cleft (n = 25). Treponema spp. were identified using nested PCR assays and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results revealed that Treponema phagedenis (T. phagedenis)-like was the most identified species in the foremilk 40% (10/25), in comparison with DD lesions and udder cleft skin samples with 32% (8/25) and 20% (5/25), respectively. On the other hand, Treponema pedis (T. pedis) was the most identified species in the udder cleft skin 80% (20/25), in comparison with DD lesions and foremilk samples with 68% (17/25) and 60% (15/25), respectively. None of the examined samples were identified by PCR as containing DNA from Treponema medium (T. medium) or Treponema vincentii (T. vincentii)-like. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for detection of T. phagedenis-like and T. pedis from healthy skin of udder cleft and foremilk samples. Detection of DD Treponema spp. from udder cleft skin and foremilk samples indicates that these sites could be potential reservoirs for spirochetes involved in DD. Udder cleft skin and foremilk may have a role in transmission routes of DD Treponema in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Maher Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt.
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walid Refaai
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Awad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
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Durel L, Gallina G, Pellet T. Assessment of ceftiofur residues in cow milk using commercial screening test kits. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000329. [PMID: 31205727 PMCID: PMC6541105 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is one of the most used antibiotics in dairy industry. Intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kgBW ceftiofur hydrochloride (HCl) generally results in 0 hour withdrawal time for the milk in dairy cows. Nevertheless, farmers and dairy processors occasionally complain about ceftiofur-based products in case of positive result to a commercial rapid screening test for the presence of violative residues of antimicrobials (inhibitors) in the bulk milk tank. Six lactating cows were injected with a 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based product at the dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg, intramuscularly, once a day, for five consecutive days, as per label. Milk samples were then collected just before the very last injection (T0) and then at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hours after the last injection. Individual milk samples were tested using three commercial screening test kits for inhibitor residues: DelvotestSP NT, SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus and ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test. Since bulk tank is screened in real operating conditions, samples were also diluted to 1:4, 1:10 and tested again. For the Delvotest SP NT, which lowest detected concentration is close the MRL of the ceftiofur (100 µg/kg), all results were negative. For the ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test and the SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus, several samples yielded positive and doubtful results at T0 and T12. However, after dilution to 1:10, all results were negative. Consequently, when used as officially instructed, the tested 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based injectable veterinary products are safe, and milk should be free of violative residues of ceftiofur. With consideration to the low specificity and the low positive predictive value of commercial screening tests, positive reactions of the bulk milk should be interpreted as false positive or another risky usage of β-lactam-based medicines in the farm must be investigated.
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11
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Wilson-Welder JH, Nally JE, Alt DP, Humphrey SB, Olsen SC. Short communication: Lymphocyte proliferative responses in cattle naturally infected with digital dermatitis consist of CD8+ and γδ-T cells but lack CD4+ T cells. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8301-8307. [PMID: 29908808 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis is an infectious disease of cattle and the leading cause of lameness. This disease is complicated by the reoccurrence of the lesions and the observation of lesions on more than one limb at different time points, indicating infection may not result in a protective immune response. The objective of this study was to characterize the peripheral blood cellular response in naturally infected and naïve cattle to bacterial antigens derived from pathogens associated with digital dermatitis lesions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from dairy cattle identified as having active or chronic lesions during routine hoof-trimming. Following bacterial antigen stimulation, cells were analyzed for proliferation and phenotype by flow cytometry, and culture supernatants were analyzed for IFN-γ secretion. Digital-dermatitis-infected animals had greater serum antibody titers to treponemal antigens, higher percentages of proliferating CD8+, γδ-T cells, and B cells, and increased IFN-γ secretion in vitro when compared with responses of naïve animals. No increase in proliferation of CD4+ T cells was detected in infected or naïve cattle. Although CD8+ and γδ-T cell responses may be antigen specific, the memory nature or long-lived response is yet unknown. The lack of responsiveness of CD4+ memory cells to treponemal antigens could explain the high rate of reoccurrence of digital dermatitis in infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Wilson-Welder
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010.
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
| | - Samuel B Humphrey
- Microscopy Services, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010
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12
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Orsel K, Plummer P, Shearer J, De Buck J, Carter SD, Guatteo R, Barkema HW. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:186-198. [PMID: 29124910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of bovine digital dermatitis (DD) in 1974, there is a large body of the literature published; however, effective prevention and control of the disease remain elusive. Although many aspects of the pathogenesis of DD have been investigated, even some of the most basic questions such as the aetiology of this disease remain under debate. Treponema spp. have been strongly associated with DD lesions and occur in abundance in advanced lesions; however, efforts to induce disease with pure cultures of these organisms have been largely underwhelming and inconsistent. Furthermore, although the disease has been presented for several decades, there is limited scientific evidence regarding effective treatment of DD. Apparent discrepancies between effectiveness in vitro and in vivo have challenged the scientific community to identify new potential treatment options. With no treatment resulting in a 100% cure rate, the current expectation is manageable control, but prospects for the eradication of the disease are unlikely using current approaches. In order to develop more effective approaches to control DD on-farm, there is a critical need for a deeper understanding regarding the causation, ecology, transmission and treatment of this disease. In this article, we attempt to provide insights into specific research needs related to DD in order to assist the industry, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and research sponsors with decision-making and identified research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Guatteo
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Digital dermatitis-associated treponemes in farm animals. Vet Rec 2017; 180:575. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.j2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Digital dermatitis-associated treponemes in a wound in a sheep. Vet Rec 2017; 180:453. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.j2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Detection and Isolation of Digital Dermatitis Treponemes from Bovine Pressure Sores. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Manning A, Blowey R. Ischaemic teat necrosis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 2016; 178:378. [PMID: 27056816 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Al Manning
- Royal Veterinary College, Regional Veterinary Centre - South of England, Stinsford Business Centre, Kingston Maurward College, Dorchester DT2 8PY, e-mail:
| | - Roger Blowey
- Wood Veterinary Group, 125 Bristol Road, Gloucester GL2 4NB
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