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Rabiei P, Mohabatkar H, Behbahani M. A label-free G-quadruplex aptamer/gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensor for rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293561. [PMID: 39078832 PMCID: PMC11288453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the cause of bovine viral diarrhea disease, one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide. The majority of BVD disease control programs rely on the detection and then elimination of persistent infection (PI) cattle, as the continuing source of disease. The main purpose of this study was to design and develop an accurate G-quadruplex-based aptasensor for rapid and simple detection of BVDV-1. In this work, we utilized in silico techniques to design a G-quadruplex aptamer specific for the detection of BVDV-1. Also, the rationally designed aptamer was validated experimentally and was used for developing a colorimetric biosensor based on an aptamer-gold nanoparticle system. Firstly, a pool of G-quadruplex forming ssDNA sequences was constructed. Then, based on the stability score in secondary and tertiary structures and molecular docking score, an aptamer (Apt31) was selected. In the experimental part, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average particle size of 31.7 nm were synthesized and electrostatically linked with the Apt31. The colorimetric test showed that salt-induced color change of AuNPs from red to purple-blue occurs only in the presence of BVDV-Apt31 complex, after 20 min. These results approved the specificity of Apt31 for BVDV. Furthermore, our biosensor could detect the virus at as low as 0.27 copies/ml, which is an acceptable value in comparison to the qPCR method. The specificity of the aptasensor was confirmed through cross-reactivity testing, while its selectivity was confirmed through plasma testing. The sample analysis showed 90% precision and 94% accuracy. It was concluded that the biosensor was adequately sensitive and specific for the detection of BVDV in plasma samples and could be used as a simple and rapid method on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rabiei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mohabatkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Ferrara G, Pagnini U, Improda E, Iovane G, Montagnaro S. Pigs in southern Italy are exposed to three ruminant pathogens: an analysis of seroprevalence and risk factors analysis study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:183. [PMID: 38720324 PMCID: PMC11077783 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are susceptible to several ruminant pathogens, including Coxiella burnetti, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). These pathogens have already been described in the pig population, although the dynamics of the infection and the impact on pig farms are currently unclear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of these infections in the pig population of the Campania region, southern Italy, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with a greater risk of exposure. RESULTS A total of 414 serum samples belonging to 32 herds were tested for the presence of antibodies against SBV, Coxiella, and BVD using commercial multispecies ELISA kits. SBV (5.3%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Coxiella (4.1%) and BVD (3%). The risk factors included in the study (age, sex, province, farming system, ruminant density and major ruminant species) had no influence on the probability of being exposed to BVD and Coxiella, except for the location, in fact more pigs seropositive to Coxiella were found in the province of Caserta. However, the univariate analysis highlighted the influence of age, location, and sex on exposure to SBV. The subsequent multivariate analysis statistically confirmed the importance of these factors. The presence of neutralizing antibodies for SBV and BVDV, or antibodies directed towards a specific phase of infection for Coxiella was further confirmed with virus-neutralization assays and phase-specific ELISAs in a large proportion of positive samples. The presence of high neutralizing antibody titers (especially for SBV) could indicate recent exposures. Twelve of the 17 positive samples tested positive for antibodies against Coxiella phase I or II antigens, indicating the presence of both acute and chronic infections (one animal tested positive for both phases antibodies). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a non-negligible exposure of pigs from southern Italy to the above pathogens. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the dynamics of these infections in pigs, the impact on productivity, and the public health consequences in the case of Coxiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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3
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Holloway L, Mahon N, Clark B, Proctor A. Interspecies encounters with endemic health conditions: co-producing BVD and lameness with cows and sheep in the north of England. SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS 2024; 64:180-201. [PMID: 38680761 PMCID: PMC7615895 DOI: 10.1111/soru.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the relationships between people and farmed nonhuman animals, and between these animals and the farmed environments they encounter, in the enactment of interspecies endemic disease situations. It examines how the nonhuman embodied capacities, agency and subjectivities of cows and sheep on farms in the north of England make a difference to how the endemic conditions of lameness and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) are encountered and responded to by farmers and advisers. The paper draws on empirical research with farmers and their advisers, and explores three key, inter-related, themes: first, the importance of intersubjective relationships between people and animals on farms; second, the nonhuman components of the 'disease situations' associated with endemic diseases, including animals' embodied characteristics and behaviours and the relationships between bodies and environments on different farms; and finally the ways in which animal agency and resistance makes a difference to on-farm interventions aiming to prevent or treat lameness and BVD. The paper concludes by arguing that animals' capacities, and nonhuman difference, should be taken further into account in future policy and practice interventions in endemic disease in farmed animals.
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Morrison R, Rose DC. Factors that influence dairy farmers' decisions to implement Johne's Disease control practices: A systematic review. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106053. [PMID: 37865010 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Johne's Disease (JD) is an infectious ruminant disease that can cause economic loss for famers through reduced milk yields and infertility and has negative implications for animal welfare. JD is endemic in the dairy populations of many countries and there has been significant effort by governments and industry to try and control it. However, these efforts have had limited success. Many studies look at individual control programmes or the adoption of Johne's control measures; however a wider perspective on what drives farmer participation Johne's control does not currently exist. This study seeks to fill this gap by conducting a systematic review informed by the PRISMA statement. The results suggest that psychological factors such as participation fatigue, cognitive dissidence over animal welfare and not having first-hand experience of the disease act as barriers to Johne's control. To better promote Johne's control, this review emphasises that control programmes need to engage farmers, advisers, and supply chain actors in their design and delivery of control programmes to account for differing attitudes and levels of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Morrison
- School of Water, Energy and the Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
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Nodar L, Arnaiz I, Pedreira JJ, Díez J, Calvo C, Diéguez JF. Long-term acute infections during a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) outbreak in dairy farm from Galicia (NW Spain). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110634. [PMID: 37517102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An observational study describes an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a dairy herd in Spain. The herd was subjected to a voluntary control program. In a sampling carried out in June 2020, bulk tank milk antibody levels increased compared to the previous sampling. Additionally, serum samples from 4 young heifers also tested positive for antibodies. Since the results were consistent with a recent infection, we proceeded to detect possible persistently infected (PI) animals using antigen ELISA (on serum/ear-notch samples), following the program guidelines. From this moment on, 42 animals tested positive for BVDV antigen, of which 17 were under typical acute infection (AI), 13 were deemed as PI, and eight died early on the farm before having information to determine their status. The remaining 4 showed intriguing test results consistent with a long-term AI since they tested BVDV positive in at least two antigen tests more than 3 weeks apart. Thus, one animal was positive until 80 days of age in serum, and others even for longer periods in ear-notch samples, until they finally tested negative for BVDV. Based on these results, longer follow-up may be necessary in BVDV positive animals to accurately confirm persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nodar
- Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Amer, Girona, Spain
| | - I Arnaiz
- Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producción Animal de Galicia, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J J Pedreira
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-AGACAL, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Díez
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-AGACAL, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - C Calvo
- ADSG de Curtis, Curtis, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J F Diéguez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lugo, Spain.
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6
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Capper JL, Williams P. Investing in health to improve the sustainability of cattle production in the United Kingdom: A narrative review. Vet J 2023; 296-297:105988. [PMID: 37150316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Livestock health is a key concern for all food system stakeholders and has considerable impacts upon sustainable food production. Improving productivity means that a set quantity of milk or meat may be produced at a lower economic cost, using fewer resources and with reduced greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe); however, diseases that reduce yield, growth or fertility have the opposite effect. The purpose of this narrative review was to assess the breadth of economic and environmental sustainability information relating to cattle health within the literature and to discuss related knowledge gaps within the literature. The mechanisms by which improved awareness and investment can lead to improved cattle health both on-farm and across the wider cattle industry are also appraised; concluding with the opportunities and challenges still outstanding in improving sustainability through livestock health. The economic and environmental impacts of cattle health have not been sufficiently quantified in the literature to draw valid conclusions regarding the sustainability impact of different diseases. Where available, economic data tended to be dated or extremely variable. Furthermore, environmental analyses did not use consistent methodologies and principally focused on GHGe, with little attention paid to other metrics. Although reducing disease severity or occurrence reduced GHGe, published impacts of disease varied from 1% to 40% with little apparent association between GHGe and industry-wide economic cost. An urgent need therefore exists to standardise methodologies and quantify disease impacts using a common baseline with up-to-date data inputs. Given the threat of antimicrobial resistance, improving cattle health through technology adoption and vaccine use would be expected to have positive impacts on social acceptability, especially if these improvements rendered milk and meat more affordable to the consumer. Therefore, it is important for cattle producers and allied industry to take a proactive approach to improving cattle health and welfare, with particular focus on diseases that have the greatest implications for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Capper
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK.
| | - Paul Williams
- MSD Animal Health, Walton, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK7 7AJ, UK
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Su N, Wang Q, Liu HY, Li LM, Tian T, Yin JY, Zheng W, Ma QX, Wang TT, Li T, Yang TL, Li JM, Diao NC, Shi K, Du R. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle between 2010 and 2021: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1086180. [PMID: 36733426 PMCID: PMC9887317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1086180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea is one of the diseases that cause huge economic losses in animal husbandry. Many countries or regions have successively introduced eradication plans, but BVDV still has a high prevalence in the world. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of BVDV in the world in recent 10 years, and is expected to provide some reference and theoretical basis for BVDV control plans in different regions. Method Relevant articles published from 2010 to 2021 were mainly retrieved from NCBI, ScienceDirect, Chongqing VIP, Chinese web of knowledge (CNKI), web of science and Wanfang databases. Results 128 data were used to analyze the prevalence of BVDV from 2010 to 2021. BVDV antigen prevalence rate is 15.74% (95% CI: 11.35-20.68), antibody prevalence rate is 42.77% (95% CI: 37.01-48.63). In the two databases of antigen and antibody, regions, sampling time, samples, detection methods, species, health status, age, sex, breeding mode, and seasonal subgroups were discussed and analyzed, respectively. In the antigen database, the prevalence of dairy cows in the breed subgroup, ELISA in the detection method subgroup, ear tissue in the sample subgroup, and extensive breeding in the breeding mode were the lowest, with significant differences. In the antibody database, the prevalence rate of dairy cows in the breed subgroup and intensive farming was the highest, with a significant difference. The subgroups in the remaining two databases were not significantly different. Conclusion This meta-analysis determined the prevalence of BVDV in global cattle herds from 2010 to 2021. The prevalence of BVDV varies from region to region, and the situation is still not optimistic. In daily feeding, we should pay attention to the rigorous and comprehensive management to minimize the spread of virus. The government should enforce BVDV prevention and control, implement control or eradication policies according to local conditions, and adjust the policies in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Su
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lian-Min Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Ying Yin
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Xia Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Kun Shi ✉
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Rui Du ✉
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8
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La Polla R, Goumaidi A, Daniau M, Legras-Lachuer C, De Saint-Vis B. NGS method by library enrichment for rapid pestivirus purity testing in biologics. Vaccine 2023; 41:855-861. [PMID: 36564275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NGS sequencing was evaluated to understand its added value for animal health vaccine candidates. We have previously established the proof of concept for its application in purity testing on several Master Seeds. Here we evaluate the NGS method after enrichment to detect pestiviruses. To achieve this, we conducted a spiking study using 6 viruses, consisting of 3 pestiviruses and 3 other RNA-viruses at different concentrations into cell suspension. A deep Illumina random sequencing of all nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) was performed. The bioinformatics analysis including both assembly into contigs and annotation were processed using viral public databases for the spiked viruses' identification. Here we present the results of spiking experiments for the simultaneous spike of 6 viruses at 100-10 and 1 TCID50/ml. Using Illumina sequencing, the 3 pestiviruses were all detected at the highest concentration, and even at the lowest one such as 1 TCID50/ml for CSFV. Regarding the other viruses, they were not detected at all. Overall, the study showed consistent results for specific detection of pestiviruses with an increase of sensitivity after enrichment. The sensitivity of NGS evaluated by virus spiking experiments of cells demonstrated that NGS method is a valuable and sensitive tool for specific agent detection required in purity testing during vaccine development. This NGS method should be considered as an alternative tool of current purity testing for the prospective testing of biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi La Polla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Site Lyon porte des Alpes, 813 cours du 3eme Millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France; Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne - UMR 5557, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Abdelghafar Goumaidi
- Viroscan3D, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Maïlys Daniau
- Viroscan3D, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Legras-Lachuer
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne - UMR 5557, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Blandine De Saint-Vis
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Site Lyon porte des Alpes, 813 cours du 3eme Millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
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9
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Puspitarani GA, Kao RR, Colman E. A Metapopulation Model for Preventing the Reintroduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Naïve Herds: Scotland Case Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:846156. [PMID: 36072395 PMCID: PMC9444324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus is one of the most problematic infectious pathogens for cattle. Since 2013, a mandatory BVD eradication program has successfully reduced the number of infected cattle living on Scottish farms; however, England remains at high prevalence and presents a risk to Scotland through animal movement. Methods We analyze cattle movements in the UK from 2008 to 2017 and recorded incidence of BVD in Scotland from 2017 to 2020. To simulate BVD reintroduction into Scotland, we developed an epidemiological model that combines transmission between cattle and animal movements between farms. A total of four control strategies were implemented in the model: no intervention, import restriction, targeted vaccination, and combined strategy. Results During the course of the eradication scheme, movements into Scotland became increasingly distributed in regions close to the England–Scotland border. The prevalence of BVD in this region decreased at a slower rate than the rest of Scotland during the eradication scheme. Our model showed that the change in the prevalence is expected, given that the change in the patterns of movement and if vaccination is targeted to the border areas that decrease in the prevalence will be seen throughout the whole of Scotland. Conclusion Scottish farms are susceptible to BVD virus reintroduction through animal imports from non-BVD-free nations with farms in border areas being the most vulnerable. Protecting the border regions provides direct and indirect protection to the rest of Scottish farms by interrupting chains of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavrila A. Puspitarani
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Unit Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Colman
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan Colman
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10
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Hill EM, Prosser NS, Ferguson E, Kaler J, Green MJ, Keeling MJ, Tildesley MJ. Modelling livestock infectious disease control policy under differing social perspectives on vaccination behaviour. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010235. [PMID: 35834473 PMCID: PMC9282555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infection amongst livestock depends not only on the traits of the pathogen and the livestock themselves, but also on the veterinary health behaviours of farmers and how this impacts their implementation of disease control measures. Controls that are costly may make it beneficial for individuals to rely on the protection offered by others, though that may be sub-optimal for the population. Failing to account for socio-behavioural properties may produce a substantial layer of bias in infectious disease models. We investigated the role of heterogeneity in vaccine response across a population of farmers on epidemic outbreaks amongst livestock, caused by pathogens with differential speed of spread over spatial landscapes of farms for two counties in England (Cumbria and Devon). Under different compositions of three vaccine behaviour groups (precautionary, reactionary, non-vaccination), we evaluated from population- and individual-level perspectives the optimum threshold distance to premises with notified infection that would trigger responsive vaccination by the reactionary vaccination group. We demonstrate a divergence between population and individual perspectives in the optimal scale of reactive voluntary vaccination response. In general, minimising the population-level perspective cost requires a broader reactive uptake of the intervention, whilst optimising the outcome for the average individual increased the likelihood of larger scale disease outbreaks. When the relative cost of vaccination was low and the majority of premises had undergone precautionary vaccination, then adopting a perspective that optimised the outcome for an individual gave a broader spatial extent of reactive response compared to a perspective wanting to optimise outcomes for everyone in the population. Under our assumed epidemiological context, the findings identify livestock disease intervention receptiveness and cost combinations where one would expect strong disagreement between the intervention stringency that is best from the perspective of a stakeholder responsible for supporting the livestock industry compared to a sole livestock owner. Were such discord anticipated and achieving a consensus view across perspectives desired, the findings may also inform those managing veterinary health policy the requisite reduction in intervention cost and/or the required extent of nurturing beneficial community attitudes towards interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown how crucial human behaviour is in controlling the spread of an infectious disease. The same is true of livestock, where farmer behaviour is critical to reduce the spread of an infection to enhance animal welfare and reduce economic losses. An ongoing concern for livestock owners is therefore ensuring they have adequate disease management procedures. However, what an individual farmer considers an appropriate way to control an infection in their own livestock may not be the best way to prevent an infection for every farmer’s livestock in the population. We describe a mathematical model combining epidemiological and behavioural elements to study the tension between individual and population-level control of livestock diseases. Applied to representative livestock systems in two counties in England (Cumbria and Devon), and splitting farmers into three types of vaccine behaviour groups (precautionary, reactionary, non-vaccination), we show what individual farmers see as an effective way to reduce infection is not the same as would benefit every farmer. The preferred response to protect every farmer’s livestock is to encourage wider uptake of reactive vaccination, whereas optimising the spatial extent of reactive vaccination for the average individual increases the chance of larger disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Hill
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/
- * E-mail:
| | - Naomi S. Prosser
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/
| | - Michael J. Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/
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ADAM17 Is an Essential Factor for the Infection of Bovine Cells with Pestiviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020381. [PMID: 35215974 PMCID: PMC8875743 DOI: 10.3390/v14020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of BVDV into bovine cells was studied using CRIB cells (cells resistant to infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV]) that have evolved from MDBK cells by a spontaneous loss of susceptibility to BVDV. Recently, larger genetic deletions were reported but no correlation of the affected genes and the resistance to BVDV infection could be established. The metalloprotease ADAM17 was reported as an essential attachment factor for the related classical swine fever virus (CSFV). To assess whether ADAM17 might be involved in the resistance of CRIB-1 cells to pestiviruses, we analyzed its expression in CRIB-1 and MDBK cells. While ADAM17 protein was detectable in MBDK cells, it was absent from CRIB-1 cells. No functional full-length ADAM17 mRNA could be detected in CRIB cells and genetic analysis revealed the presence of two defective alleles. Transcomplementation of functional ADAM17 derived from MDBK cells in CRIB-1 cells resulted in a nearly complete reversion of their resistance to pestiviral infection. Our results demonstrate that ADAM17 is a key cellular factor for the pestivirus resistance of CRIB-1 cells and establishes its essential role for a broader range of pestiviruses.
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Nugroho W, Silitonga RJP, Reichel MP, Irianingsih SH, Wicaksono MS. The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020215. [PMID: 35215158 PMCID: PMC8878523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Risma Juniarti Paulina Silitonga
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostic Services, Center for Diagnostic Standards of Agriculture Quarantine, East Jakarta 13220, Indonesia;
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | | | - Muhammad Satryo Wicaksono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
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Fountain J, Hernandez-Jover M, Kirkeby C, Halasa T, Manyweathers J, Maru Y, Brookes V. Modeling the Effect of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Australian Beef Herds. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:795575. [PMID: 34970621 PMCID: PMC8712561 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.795575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important disease in Australian beef farming. The disease typically results in low-level production losses that can be difficult to detect for several years. Simulation modeling can be used to support the decision to control BVDV; however, current BVDV simulation models do not adequately reflect the extensive farming environment of Australian beef production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a disease simulation model to explore the impact of BVDV on beef cattle production in south-east Australia. A dynamic, individual-based, stochastic, discrete-time simulation model was created to simulate within-herd transmission of BVDV in a seasonal, self-replacing beef herd. We used the model to simulate the effect of herd size and BVDV introduction time on disease transmission and assessed the short- and long-term impact of BVDV on production outputs that influence the economic performance of beef farms. We found that BVDV can become established in a herd after a single PI introduction in 60% of cases, most frequently associated with the breeding period. The initial impact of BVDV will be more severe in smaller herds, although self-elimination is more likely in small herds than in larger herds, in which there is a 23% chance that the virus can persist for >15 years following a single incursion in a herd with 800 breeders. The number and weight of steers sold was reduced in the presence of BVDV and the results demonstrated that repeat incursions exacerbate long-term production losses, even when annual losses appear marginal. This model reflects the short- and long-term production losses attributed to BVDV in beef herds in southeast Australia and provides a foundation from which the influence and economic utility of BVDV prevention in Australian beef herds can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Fountain
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Manyweathers
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiheyis Maru
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Victoria Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An Alliance Between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Naveena T, Sarangi LN, Rana SK, Prasad A, Prabha TS, Jhansi D, Ponnanna NM, Sharma GK. Seroprevalence to common infectious abortifacient and infertility causing agents in the dairy herds of India. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:189-195. [PMID: 36425611 PMCID: PMC9681985 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.42574.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the prevalence of infectious agents in dairy farms forms the basis for formulating a suitable control strategy; especially in endemic situations. AIMS A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of six economically important bovine diseases, causing reproductive disorders including bovine abortion in organized dairy herds in India. METHODS A total of 1,075 animals (cattle and buffaloes) from 09 dairy farms were screened by ELISA tests. RESULTS Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) was the most prevalent (56.5%) disease followed by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) (45.4%). Prevalence of Q-fever (5.4%) and neosporosis (6.1%) were less on the farms. Although 16.3% of the samples turned positive for brucellosis, the contribution of calf-hood vaccination (B. abortus S19 vaccine) to the prevalence of antibodies cannot be ruled out. The overall prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis, known to cause sporadic abortions in dairy herds, was 34.1% in the 9 farms with a prevalence of less than 20% in 5 farms. Infection of multiple abortifacient (seroprevalence to more than two pathogens) was recorded in 56.8% of animals. A very strong association was observed between BVD and brucellosis (Odds ratio 14.2; P<0.001). Further, a positive association was also seen between seroprevalence of IBR and anaplasmosis, and neosporosis and Q fever (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Viral diseases were found to be more common in the dairy herds than bacterial and protozoan diseases. Increased susceptibility of IBR seropositive cows to other bacterial and viral infections was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Naveena
- MSc in Microbiology, Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - L. N. Sarangi
- Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - S. K. Rana
- Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - A. Prasad
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - T. S. Prabha
- MSc in Biotechnology, Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - D. Jhansi
- MTech in Biotechnology, Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - N. M. Ponnanna
- Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board Research and Development Laboratory, IIL Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - G. K. Sharma
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Animal Health, National Dairy Development Board, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
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An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122431. [PMID: 34960700 PMCID: PMC8705094 DOI: 10.3390/v13122431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14-21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.
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Mahon N, Clark B, Proctor A, Holloway L. Exploring farmers' understanding of and responses to endemic animal health and welfare issues in the UK. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e941. [PMID: 34554593 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper uses two endemic health conditions to explore farmer understandings of and responses to livestock health and welfare issues. METHODS The findings are based on a survey of 42 livestock farmers in the north of England, exploring how they manage lameness in sheep and cattle and bovine viral diarrhoea in cattle. We identify similarities and differences in their approaches. RESULTS Two themes emerge. (1) The importance of difference between animal types (i.e., beef cattle, dairy cattle and sheep), which highlights the 'complex' and 'multifactorial' nature of animal health and welfare. It is necessary to unpack this to understand the interplay of animal, resource and management issues in farmer responses. (2) Previous research has identified 'lack of knowledge' as a key welfare issue. Our findings reveal farmers are in fact seeking, acquiring and sharing knowledge on practices related to the management of animal health however individual circumstance and context influence how this translates in practice. CONCLUSION Our research highlights the importance of integrating different perspectives and knowledges as a way of understanding and responding to animal health and welfare concerns. Facilitating knowledge exchange both within and between different groups and sectors is vital in achieving this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mahon
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
| | - Beth Clark
- Centre for Rural Economy, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy Proctor
- Centre for Rural Economy, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lewis Holloway
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK
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Moennig V, Yarnall MJ. The Long Journey to BVD Eradication. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101292. [PMID: 34684241 PMCID: PMC8539298 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a short review of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) control programmes across Europe, with a particular focus on current efforts from a stakeholder perspective. Using outputs gained from a global, virtual congress on BVD control, the theory of the journey from BVD control to possible eradication is enriched with insight from stakeholders representing the major parts of the cattle industry. Current control programmes were presented by Javier Dieguez (Galicia), Neil Shand (England), Neil Paton (Wales), Jenny Purcell (Scotland), Maria Guelbenzu (Ireland), Jörn Gethmann (Germany), and Matthias Schweizer (Switzerland).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Moennig
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matt J Yarnall
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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18
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Castro MM, Oliveira TESD, Headley SA. Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review. SEMINA: CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS 2021:2081-2110. [DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.
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Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040621. [PMID: 33916636 PMCID: PMC8065861 DOI: 10.3390/v13040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to rapidly identify and remove the PI animals from cattle herds. Whereas cattle acutely infected (AI) with BVDV have various symptoms, yet they generally recover within 3 weeks. However, there is a paucity of information concerning clinical characteristics of AI cattle. Further accumulation of information would be required to accurately diagnose AI cattle with BVDV. Here, we attempted to obtain valuable information via various analyses using a case report of BVD outbreak that occurred for approximately four months in Iwate Prefecture in 2017. Using eight calves and multiple tests (real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus neutralization assay) over 6 weeks, we diagnosed the continuous BVD outbreak as an acute infection and not a persistent one. Additionally, we revealed that the sporadic case was caused by low pathogenic BVDV2 via BVDV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The data suggest that BVDV2 AI animals might also be a source of transmission to susceptible calves; hence, it might persist for a long period owing to multiple AI animals. These findings provide useful information to diagnose AI and PI cattle with BVDV in the field.
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Buggiotti L, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Mining the Unmapped Reads in Bovine RNA-Seq Data Reveals the Prevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus-6 in European Dairy Cows and the Associated Changes in Their Phenotype and Leucocyte Transcriptome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121451. [PMID: 33339352 PMCID: PMC7768445 DOI: 10.3390/v12121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial RNA is detectable in host samples by aligning unmapped reads from RNA sequencing against taxon reference sequences, generating a score proportional to the microbial load. An RNA-Seq data analysis showed that 83.5% of leukocyte samples from six dairy herds in different EU countries contained bovine herpes virus-6 (BoHV-6). Phenotypic data on milk production, metabolic function, and disease collected during their first 50 days in milk (DIM) were compared between cows with low (1–200 and n = 114) or high (201–1175 and n = 24) BoHV-6 scores. There were no differences in milk production parameters, but high score cows had numerically fewer incidences of clinical mastitis (4.2% vs. 12.2%) and uterine disease (54.5% vs. 62.7%). Their metabolic status was worse, based on measurements of IGF-1 and various metabolites in blood and milk. A comparison of the global leukocyte transcriptome between high and low BoHV-6 score cows at around 14 DIM yielded 485 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The top pathway from Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was the immune system process. Down-regulated genes in the high BoHV-6 cows included those encoding proteins involved in viral detection (DDX6 and DDX58), interferon response, and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This suggested that BoHV-6 may largely evade viral detection and that it does not cause clinical disease in dairy cows.
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Schmitt–van de Leemput E, Metcalfe LVA, Caldow G, Walz PH, Guidarini C. Comparison of milk production of dairy cows vaccinated with a live double deleted BVDV vaccine and non-vaccinated dairy cows cohabitating in commercial herds endemically infected with BVD virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240113. [PMID: 33002072 PMCID: PMC7529212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily milk production and reproductive performance of cows vaccinated with a live double-deleted Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) vaccine were compared to those of non-vaccinated cows, cohabitating in endemic BVDV herds. All animals in the treatment group were vaccinated on study day 0 irrespective of lactation or gestation status, while control animals did not receive any treatment. 1463 animals were enrolled in the study from four different farms in three different countries (UK, Italy, France). Endemic presence of BVDV in study herds was demonstrated by the detection of BVDV in the bulk tank milk, and seroconversion was evaluated at the beginning of the study. For individual animals, the day of calving was taken to be the start of lactation for the calculation of days in milk (DIM). The standard lactation period of 305 days was divided into three periods: early lactation (EL, from DIM 8 to DIM 102), mid lactation (ML, from DIM 103 to DIM 204 and late lactation (LL, from DIM 205 to DIM 305). For each farm and each lactation period, a mixed model statistical analysis was performed with daily milk production as response, and group, day as well as the interaction between those two factors as fixed factors. Chi-square test was used to compare abortion rate and prolonged inter-oestrous interval rate between treatment and control groups. A significant increase in milk production in the vaccinated group was observed in farms 1 (1.023 L/day) and 3 (0.611 L/day) during EL (p<0.001) and in farm 2 (1.799 L/day) during ML (P<0.001). In addition, at farm 2, vaccinated cows produced more milk than non-vaccinated cows starting from 80 DIM. No differences were found between groups in abortion rates or prolonged inter-oestrous interval rates. Data demonstrate that cows in herds endemically infected with BVDV and vaccinated with live double-deleted BVDV vaccine produce more milk; the difference in milk production occurs during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Caldow
- Scottish Agricultural Colleges Veterinary Sciences Division St Boswells, Roxburghshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Multivariate analysis as a method to evaluate antigenic relationships between BVDV vaccine and field strains. Vaccine 2020; 38:5764-5772. [PMID: 32690424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is comprised of two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, but given the genetic diversity among pestiviruses, at least 21 subgenotypes are described for BVDV-1 and 4 for BVDV-2. Genetic characterization can be achieved through complete or partial sequencing and phylogeny, but antigenic characterization can be difficult to determine due to the antigenic diversity and cross-neutralization that exists among isolates. The traditional method for evaluating antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates is the virus neutralization (VN) assay, but interpretation of the data to determine antigenic difference can be unclear. Data from this study utilized a multivariate analysis for visualization of VN results to analyze the antigenic relationships between vaccine strains and multiple field isolates. Polyclonal sera were generated against 6 BVDV strains currently contained in vaccine formulations, and each serum was used in VN's to measure the neutralizing antibody titers against 15 BVDV field isolates characterized as prevalent and divergent subgenotypes in the USA. Principal component analysis (PCA) were performed on the VN assay datasets, and results were interpreted from PCA clustering within the PCA dendrogram and scatter plot. The results demonstrated clustering patterns among isolates suggestive of antigenic differences. While expected, the BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 isolates did not cluster together and had the greatest spatial distribution. In addition, other BVDV isolates had distinct spatial patterns suggesting antigenically divergent isolates. This analysis provides an alternative and more efficient means to analyze large VN datasets to visualize antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates. This analysis could be beneficial for vaccine development and evaluation of efficacy, since most vaccines cannot fully protect animals from the broad range diversity of BVDV viruses.
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An Assessment of Secondary Clinical Disease, Milk Production and Quality, and the Impact on Reproduction in Holstein Heifers and Cows from a Single Large Commercial Herd Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070760. [PMID: 32679648 PMCID: PMC7412390 DOI: 10.3390/v12070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate secondary clinical disease, milk production efficiency and reproductive performance of heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV type 2). PI animals (n = 25) were identified using an antigen capture ELISA of ear notch samples. They were distributed into three age groups: ≤ 12 (n = 8), 13 to 24 (n = 6) and 25 to 34 (n = 11) months old. A control group of BVDV antigen ELISA negative female cattle that were age matched to the PI animals was utilized from the same herd. The PI group had a 1.29 higher odds ratio for diarrhea than controls (p = 0.001, IC95% = 1.032–1.623) and 1.615 greater chance of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (p = 0.012, IC95% = 1.155–2.259). The age at first insemination (p = 0.012) and number of insemination attempts required to establish the first pregnancy (p = 0.016) were both higher for PI than controls. Milk production was higher for control cows than PI cows during most of the sampling periods. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were higher in PI cows than the controls at all sampling points across lactation (p ≤ 0.042). PI cattle had a higher incidence of disease, produced less milk, a higher SCC, and poorer reproductive performance than control cattle in this study.
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Wang M, Yan Y, Wang R, Wang L, Zhou H, Li Y, Tang L, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X. Simultaneous Detection of Bovine Rotavirus, Bovine Parvovirus, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Using a Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR Assay With a Dual-Priming Oligonucleotide System. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2884. [PMID: 31921061 PMCID: PMC6920155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine parvovirus (BPV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the pathogens that cause diarrhea primarily in newborn calves. A mixed infection of BRV, BPV, and BVDV makes clinical diagnosis difficult. In this study, we designed dual-priming oligonucleotide (DPO) primers the VP6 gene of BRV, VP2 gene of BPV, and 5′UTR gene of BVDV and synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with an average diameter of 10 nm. We combined the DPOs with the GNPs to develop a DPO-nanoPCR assay for detecting BRV, BPV, and BVDV. The annealing temperature, primer concentration, and GNP concentration were optimized for this assay. Compared to a conventional PCR assay, the DPO-nanoPCR assay allowed the use of a wider range of annealing temperatures (41–65°C) to effectively amplify target genes. PCR amplification was the most efficient at 56.2°C using conventional primers. The optimal volume of all the primers (10 μM) was 1.0 μL. The optimal volume of GNPs (10 nM) for all the reactions was 0.5 μL. The detection limits of DPO-nanoPCR for pMD19-T-VP6, pMD19-T-VP2, and pMD19-T-5′UTR were 9.40 × 102 copies/μL, 5.14 × 103 copies/μL, and 4.09 × 101 copies/μL, respectively; and those using conventional PCR were 9.40 × 104 copies/μL, 5.14 × 105 copies/μL, and 4.09 × 104 copies/μL, respectively. The sensitivity of DPO-nanoPCR was at least 100-fold higher than that of conventional PCR. The specificity detection showed that the DPO-nanoPCR was able to specifically detect BRV, BPV, and BVDV. Use of clinical samples indicated that target viruses can be detected accurately. Thus, DPO-nanoPCR is a new powerful, simple, specific, and sensitive tool for detecting mixed infections of BRV, BPV, and BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Yan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruichong Wang
- Department for Radiological Protection, Heilongjiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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An extensive field study reveals the circulation of new genetic variants of subtype 1a of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Arch Virol 2019; 165:145-156. [PMID: 31745717 PMCID: PMC7222985 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the livestock sector. In Uruguay, BVDV seroprevalence at the farm level is >80%. In this work, 2546 serum, blood or tissue samples collected from animals suspected of being affected by BVD between 2015 and 2017 were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR and sequencing. Analysis of the BVDV genomic regions 5'UTR/Npro, Npro and E2 revealed that BVDV-1a, 1i and 2b circulate in the country, with BVDV-1a being the most prevalent subtype. Population dynamics studies revealed that BVDV-1a has been circulating in our herds since ~1990. This subtype began to spread and evolve, accumulating point mutations at a rate of 3.48 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, acquiring specific genetic characteristics that gave rise to two local genetic lineages of BVDV-1a. These lineages are divergent from those circulating worldwide, as well as the vaccine strain currently used in Uruguay. The most notable differences between field and vaccine strains were found in the E2 glycoprotein, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions could result in failure of cross-protection/neutralization after vaccination. This is the first study that compares Uruguayan BVDV field and vaccine strains with other BVDV strains from throughout the world. The results obtained in this study will be very useful for developing a suitable immunization program for BVDV in Uruguay by identifying local field strains as candidates for vaccine development.
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Gethmann J, Probst C, Bassett J, Blunk P, Hövel P, Conraths FJ. An Epidemiological and Economic Simulation Model to Evaluate Strategies for the Control of Bovine Virus Diarrhea in Germany. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:406. [PMID: 31803768 PMCID: PMC6877714 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Models can be used to plan, evaluate, and improve programs for animal disease control. In Germany, a nationwide compulsory program to eradicate Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is in force since January 2011. As it is associated with substantial expenditures, the program is currently under revision. To provide the basis for a science-based decision on the future course of BVD control in Germany, we evaluated 13 scenarios (sc1-13) with respect to the chance of reaching freedom from disease and their economic implications for a period of 20 years (2011–2030). To simulate the impact of different control strategies on disease dynamics, a disease spread model was developed. To estimate the effects of a transient infection (TI) on animal level, a gross margin analysis was performed. To assess the value of cattle that died prematurely, a valuation model was used. Finally, an economic model was developed to perform a cost-benefit analysis and to compare each control scenario with a baseline setting with no BVD control. Costs comprised the expenditures for diagnostics, vaccination, preventive culling, and trade restrictions. Benefits were animal and production losses avoided by having control measures in place. The results show that reducing the PI prevalence on animal level to 0% is only feasible in scenarios that combine antigen or antibody testing with compulsory vaccination. All other scenarios, i.e., those based exclusively on a “test and cull” approach, including the current control program, will, according to the model, not achieve freedom of BVD by 2030. On the other hand, none of the scenarios that may lead to complete BVD eradication is economically attractive [benefit-cost ratio (BCR) between 0.64 and 0.94]. The average direct costs of BVD in Germany are estimated at 113 million Euros per year (34–402 million Euros), corresponding to 28.3 million Euros per million animals. Only the concepts of the former and the current national BVD control program (“ear tag testing and culling”) may reduce the BVD prevalence to 0.01% with an acceptable BCR (net present value of 222 and 238 million Euros, respectively, with a BCR of 1.22 and 1.24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jason Bassett
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Blunk
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Germany
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Duan H, Ma Z, Xu L, Zhang A, Li Z, Xiao S. A novel intracellularly expressed NS5B-specific nanobody suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108449. [PMID: 31836380 PMCID: PMC7117317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BVDV NS5B-specific nanobodies were identified. NS5B-specific nanobody Nb1 suppresses BVDV infection and replication. Nb1 interacts with NS5B protein during BVDV infection.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide and still represents a huge pressure on agricultural production. Thus, the development of novel anti-BVDV strategies are urgently needed. The nonstructural protein 5 (NS5B) of BVDV is essential for viral replication. Further, the camel single-domain antibody (nanobody) represents a promising antiviral approach with the advantages of small size, stable structure, high specificity and solubility, and the recognition of specific epitopes. However, no NS5B-specific nanobodies against BVDV have been reported. In this study, NS5B-specific nanobodies were isolated from a phage display library of variable domains of Camellidae heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs). Further, an MDBK cell line stably expressing Nb1 was established to explore antiviral activity. Results showed that Nb1 could markedly suppress BVDV replication and interact with the BVDV NS5B protein. This suggests that nanobodies have potential for the development of novel antiviral drugs against BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Lele Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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28
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ISODA N, ASANO A, ICHIJO M, OHNO H, SATO K, OKAMOTO H, NAKAO S, KATO H, SAITO K, ITO N, USUI A, TAKAYAMA H, SAKODA Y. Assessment of the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk testing for bovine viral diarrhea in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:577-585. [PMID: 30828031 PMCID: PMC6483914 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a chronic disease of cattle caused by infection with BVD virus (BVDV) and can result in economic losses within the livestock industry. In Japan, the test and culling policy is a basic control measure, and implementation of an adequate vaccination program is recommended as a national policy. In addition, optional control measures, including compulsory testing of introduced animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) testing as a mass screening method, are used in several provinces, but their efficacy has not been completely assessed. We evaluated these control measures using the scenario tree model of BVD in Japan, developed in the previous study. The model outputs indicated that compulsory testing of all introduced cattle, rather than only heifers and/or non-vaccinated cattle, was cost effective and reduced the risk of BVDV introduction due to animal movement and that BTM testing could effectively monitor most part of the cattle population. Vaccination coverage and BVDV prevalence among introduced cattle could also affect the cost effectiveness of compulsory testing of targeted cattle, particularly under low vaccination coverage or high BVDV prevalence. However, even with the implementation of a highly effective monitoring scheme for many years, BVD risk could not be eliminated; it instead converged at a very low level (0.02%). Disease models with a cost-effective output could be a powerful tool in developing a control scheme for chronic animal diseases, including BVD, with the consent of relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu ISODA
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
| | - Akihiro ASANO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Michiru ICHIJO
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Hiroshi OHNO
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko SATO
- Western Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 109, Nishi-Syunbetsu, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido
088-2576, Japan
| | - Hirokazu OKAMOTO
- Northern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 37, Tawara-bashi 14, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun,
Hokkaido 086-1137, Japan
| | - Shigeru NAKAO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hajime KATO
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi
Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun,
Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Kazuma SAITO
- Betsukai Town Office, 280, Betsukai-Tokiwa, Betsukai,
Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0205, Japan
| | - Naoki ITO
- The Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in Nemuro, 2,
Higashi 1, Minami 1, Naka-shibetsu, Sibetsu-gun, Hokkaido 086-1006, Japan
| | - Akira USUI
- Hokkaido Veterinary Medical Association Nemuro Branch, 119,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TAKAYAMA
- Hokkaido Nemuro Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 69,
Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0214, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro SAKODA
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for
Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
Hokkaido 060-0018, Japan
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29
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Stalder H, Bachofen C, Schweizer M, Zanoni R, Sauerländer D, Peterhans E. Traces of history conserved over 600 years in the geographic distribution of genetic variants of an RNA virus: Bovine viral diarrhea virus in Switzerland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207604. [PMID: 30517140 PMCID: PMC6281212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first records of smallpox and rabies date back thousands of years and foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was described in the 16th century. These diseases stood out by their distinct signs, dramatic way of transmission from rabid dogs to humans, and sudden appearance in cattle herds. By contrast, infectious diseases that show variable signs and affect few individuals were identified only much later. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), endemic in cattle worldwide, was first described in 1946, together with the eponymous RNA virus as its cause. There is general agreement that BVD was not newly emerging at that time, but its history remains unknown. A search for associations between the nucleotide sequences of over 7,000 BVD viral strains obtained during a national campaign to eradicate BVD and features common to the hosts of these strains enabled us to trace back in time the presence of BVD in the Swiss cattle population. We found that animals of the two major traditional cattle breeds, Fleckvieh and Swiss Brown, were infected with strains of only four different subgenotypes of BVDV-1. The history of these cattle breeds and the events that determined the current distribution of the two populations are well documented. Specifically, Fleckvieh originates from the Bernese and Swiss Brown from the central Alps. The spread to their current geographic distribution was determined by historic events during a major expansion of the Swiss Confederation during the 15th and 16th centuries. The association of the two cattle populations with different BVD viral subgenotypes may have been preserved by a lack of cattle imports, trade barriers within the country, and unique virus-host interactions. The congruent traces of history in the distribution of the two cattle breeds and distinct viral subgenotypes suggests that BVD may have been endemic in Switzerland for at least 600 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Sauerländer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Campus Brugg-Windisch, Windisch, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Peterhans
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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30
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Caldas LA, Freitas TRP, Azevedo RC, de Souza W. Prostaglandin A 1 inhibits the replication of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:785-789. [PMID: 29544983 PMCID: PMC6175701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus can cause acute disease in livestock, leading to economic losses. We show that Prostaglandin A1 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replication in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (94% inhibition using 5μg/mL). Light and electron microscopy of infected cells shows that Prostaglandin A1 also prevents virus-induced vacuolization, but at higher concentrations (10μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcio Ayres Caldas
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Rosária Pereira Freitas
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO - MG, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Campos Azevedo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Pinior
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clair L Firth
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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