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Occurrence of Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia felis pmp9 Typing in Conjunctival and Rectal Samples of Swiss Stray and Pet Cats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080951. [PMID: 34451415 PMCID: PMC8400119 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia (C.) felis primarily replicates in feline conjunctival epithelial cells and is an important cause of conjunctivitis in cats. Data on C. felis infection rates in stray cats in Switzerland has been missing so far. We performed a qPCR-based Chlamydiaceae-screening on 565 conjunctival and 387 rectal samples from 309 stray and 86 pet cats followed by Chlamydia species identification and C. felis typing using the gene pmp9, which encodes a polymorphic membrane protein. Overall, 19.1% of the stray and 11.6% of the pet cats were Chlamydiaceae-positive with significantly higher rates in cats displaying signs of conjunctivitis (37.1%) compared to healthy animals (6.9%). Rectal shedding of Chlamydiaceae occurred in 25.0% of infected cats and was mostly associated with concurrent ocular positivity (87.5%). In 92.2% of positive conjunctival and rectal samples, the Chlamydia species was identified as C. felis and in 2.6% as C. abortus. The C. felis pmp9 gene was very conserved in the sampled population with only one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in one conjunctival sample. In conclusion, C. felis strains are circulating in Swiss cats, are associated with conjunctivitis, have a low pmp9 genetic variability, and are rectally shed in about 16% of positive cases.
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Sánchez Romano J, Leijon M, Hagström Å, Jinnerot T, Rockström UK, Tryland M. Chlamydia pecorum Associated With an Outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Semi-domesticated Reindeer in Sweden. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:14. [PMID: 30805351 PMCID: PMC6370630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), the most common ocular disease in ruminants worldwide, has affected semi-domesticated Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) for over 100 years, both as individual cases and in outbreaks affecting tens to hundreds of animals. Recurrent IKC outbreaks have been affecting a semi-domesticated reindeer herd in Östra Kikkejaure (Norrbotten county, Sweden) from 2014. The latest episode of these recurrent outbreaks, in winter 2016/2017, was investigated in this study. Clinical findings were in line with previous reports of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer and the clinical signs displayed by the affected animals (n = 30) included increased lacrimation, follicular conjunctivitis, purulent secretions around the affected eyes and corneal edema. Laboratory analyses of the samples revealed the presence of Chlamydiaceae in most samples obtained from the clinically affected animals (98.3%, n = 60), but also a high seroprevalence of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) antibodies (56.6%, n = 53). Moraxella bovoculi was isolated from nine IKC-affected animals during the outbreak (45.0%, n = 20). All affected animals were treated with long-acting antibiotics and recovered from the disease, testing negative for the presence of Chlamydiaceae DNA by PCR 16 days and 3 months after the initial treatment. For the first time, Chlamydia pecorum was identified in semi-domesticated reindeer, and the involvement of Chlamydiaceae in a clinical outbreak of IKC is reported. The CvHV2 seroprevalence (56.6%) and the data obtained from a previous outbreak in 2014 also suggest the involvement of the reindeer alphaherpesvirus in the recurrent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez Romano
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Hagström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Morten Tryland
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Maggs DJ, Sykes JE, Clarke HE, Yoo SH, Kass PH, Lappin MR, Rogers QR, Waldron MK, Fascetti AJ. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 9:97-108. [PMID: 17055313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effectiveness of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease (URD), 50 cats were fed a ration containing 11 or 51 g lysine/kg diet for 52 days. Food intake, body weight, clinical signs, plasma amino acid concentrations and presence of Chlamydophila felis or feline herpesvirus (FHV)-1 DNA within the conjunctival fornix were assessed. Food and lysine intake of both dietary groups decreased between days 17 and 22, coinciding with peak disease and viral presence. Mean disease score for cats fed the supplemented ration (0.94) was higher than for those fed the basal diet (0.21); however, this could be attributed to a small subset of male cats which demonstrated fighting behavior that may have contributed to stress within that cage. FHV-1 DNA was detected on 12 occasions in six cats receiving the supplemented diet and on one occasion in one cat fed the basal diet. C felis DNA was never detected. Mean plasma arginine concentration was lower and plasma lysine concentration was higher in supplemented cats. Mean plasma arginine concentration declined throughout the study in both dietary groups. Data from the present study raise important questions but do not permit a definitive conclusion regarding the efficacy of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic URD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Schulz C, Hartmann K, Mueller RS, Helps C, Schulz BS. Sampling sites for detection of feline herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus and Chlamydia felis in cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1012-9. [PMID: 25660223 PMCID: PMC10816354 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15569615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV) and Chlamydia felis are involved in feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD). Clinical signs caused by these agents can overlap, and the involvement of certain pathogens is often unpredictable. The objectives of this study were to compare detection rates of FHV-1, FCV and C felis at different sampling sites, and to investigate the correlation between positive test results and clinical signs in cats with FURTD. METHODS Swabs were taken from the nose, pharynx, tongue and conjunctiva of 104 cats with signs of FURTD. Real-time PCR was performed on all samples for the detection of FHV-1, FCV and C felis. RESULTS Infectious agents were identified in 93 (89.4%) cats. Of these, 55.8% were positive for FHV-1, 50.0% for FCV and 35.6% for C felis. FCV was found more frequently in the oropharynx (92.3% of FCV-positive cats) and on the tongue (90.4%) than the conjunctiva (38.5%) (P <0.001). There was no significant difference between the four sampling sites for the detection of FHV-1 and C felis. If nasal samples had also been taken, 94.9% of FHV-1-positive cats, 96.2% of FCV-positive cats and 81.1% of C felis-positive cats would have been detected. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The oropharynx can be recommended as the preferred single sampling site for the detection of FCV, FHV-1 and C felis if only one sample can be taken; however, taking samples at different sites significantly increases the detection rate for all pathogens studied. Interestingly, sampling from a site with FURTD-associated lesions did not increase the likelihood of detecting the infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bianka S Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Detection of bacterial and viral organisms from the conjunctiva of cats with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:775-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of pathogens are involved in conjunctivitis in cats. In this study, the prevalence of feline herpesvirus (FHV), Chlamydophila felis, mycoplasmas, and aerobic bacteria on the conjunctival surface of cats with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract disease was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and aerobic bacterial culture of ocular swabs. Forty-one cats were included of which 37 were found to be infected with an ocular organism. Single and multiple infections were present in 15 and 22 cats, respectively. FHV, mycoplasmas, and C felis were detected by PCR in 11 (27%), 20 (49%), and 23 (56%) cats, respectively. IFA detected 10 cats as positive for C felis. Mycoplasma felis, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma gateae, Mycoplasma lipophilum, and Mycoplasma hyopharyngis were identified by genetic sequencing. The most common aerobic bacteria cultured included Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Micrococcus species. The prevalence of mycoplasmas in cats with conjunctivitis was higher than previously reported, and four of the Mycoplasma species have not been described in cats so far.
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Klose TC, MacPhail CM, Schultheiss PC, Rosychuk RA, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Prevalence of select infectious agents in inflammatory aural and nasopharyngeal polyps from client-owned cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benign, inflammatory polyps may affect the nasopharynx and auditory canal of cats. It has been proposed that inflammation induced by infectious disease agents could trigger polyp formation. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), Mycoplasma species, Bartonella species and Chlamydophila felis nucleic acids in polyp tissues collected from 30 clinically affected cats. Samples collected from the tympanic bulla from 12 clinically normal cats were also assayed. DNA or RNA of some of the target agents were amplified from samples from 25% of normal cats and 33% of affected cats; however, statistical associations were not detected for individual agent results or grouped results. The study documents that common oropharyngeal or blood borne agents can be detected in the tympanic bullae of normal cats. Failure to consistently amplify RNA or DNA of the select agents from polyp tissues suggests the agents studied were not directly associated with the pathogenesis of this syndrome in the cats tested. Alternately, the inflammatory response may have cleared microbial nucleic acids to undetectable levels by the time of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Klose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Catriona M. MacPhail
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patricia C. Schultheiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rod A. Rosychuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Drazenovich TL, Fascetti AJ, Westermeyer HD, Sykes JE, Bannasch MJ, Kass PH, Hurley KF, Maggs DJ. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1391-400. [PMID: 19878022 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine within a cat shelter effects of dietary lysine supplementation on nasal and ocular disease and detection of nucleic acids of Chlamydophila felis, feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1). ANIMALS 261 adult cats. PROCEDURES Cats were fed a diet containing 1.7% (basal diet; control cats) or 5.7% (supplemented diet; treated cats) lysine for 4 weeks. Plasma concentrations of lysine and arginine were assessed at the beginning (baseline) and end of the study. Three times a week, cats were assigned a clinical score based on evidence of nasal and ocular disease. Conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab specimens were tested for FHV-1, FCV, and C felis nucleic acids once a week. RESULTS Data were collected from 123, 74, 59, and 47 cats during study weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. By study end, plasma lysine concentration in treated cats was greater than that in control cats and had increased from baseline. There was no difference between dietary groups in the proportion of cats developing mild disease. However, more treated cats than control cats developed moderate to severe disease during week 4. During week 2, FHV-1 DNA was detected more commonly in swab specimens from treated versus control cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary lysine supplementation in the amount used in our study was not a successful means of controlling infectious upper respiratory disease within a cat shelter. Rather, it led to increases in disease severity and the incidence of detection of FHV-1 DNA in oropharyngeal or conjunctival mucosal swab specimens at certain time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Drazenovich
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Spindel ME, Veir JK, Radecki SV, Lappin MR. Evaluation of pradofloxacin for the treatment of feline rhinitis. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:472-9. [PMID: 18619887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Forty humane society cats with suspected bacterial upper respiratory infections (URIs) were studied in order to compare amoxycillin and pradofloxacin for treatment of rhinitis and describe common pathogens. Nasal discharges were collected prior to random placement into one of three treatment groups. Cats failing to initially respond were crossed to the alternate drug. Drug toxicity was not noted. The organisms most frequently isolated or amplified pre-treatment were feline herpesvirus-1 (75%), Mycoplasma species (62.5%), Bordetella species (47.5%), Staphylococcus species (12.5%) and Streptococcus species (10.0%). No differences in clinical scores between groups over time were noted. Overall response rates for amoxycillin at 22 mg/kg, q12 h for seven doses (10/15 cats; 67%), pradofloxacin at 5 mg/kg, q24 h for seven doses (11/13 cats; 85%), and pradofloxacin at 10 mg/kg, q24 h for seven doses (11/12 cats; 92%) were not statistically significant. Results suggest that pradofloxacin can be a safe, efficacious therapy for some cats with suspected bacterial URI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E. Spindel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Julia K. Veir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven V. Radecki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Polkinghorne A, Borel N, Becker A, Lu ZH, Zimmermann DR, Brugnera E, Pospischil A, Vaughan L. Molecular evidence for chlamydial infections in the eyes of sheep. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:142-6. [PMID: 18945556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infections by chlamydiae are associated with ocular disease manifestations such as conjunctivitis and keratitis in humans and animals. Limited evidence exists that members of the order Chlamydiales can also cause ocular disease in sheep. In the current study, the prevalence of chlamydiae in the eyes of sheep was investigated by using PCR methods. Data obtained in sheep by broad-range 16S rRNA order Chlamydiales-specific PCR were compared to the prevalence of antibodies against chlamydiae detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Flocks tested included a clinically healthy flock and two flocks suffering from ocular disease and with histories of Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA). PCR detected DNA of Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus and Cp. pecorum in the eyes of both healthy and sick animals but also identified Chlamydia (C.) suis and a variety of uncultured chlamydia-like organisms. Good correlation was found between the presence of Cp. abortus DNA in sheep conjunctival samples and seropositivity detected by cELISA. Despite these findings, no association was found between the presence of chlamydial DNA in the sheep conjunctival samples and the onset of clinical disease. These results suggest that the biodiversity of chlamydiae in the eyes of sheep is greater than that previously thought. Further investigations are needed to determine whether a causal relationship between infection by chlamydiae and ocular disease exists in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polkinghorne
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Prevalence of selected infectious organisms and comparison of two anatomic sampling sites in shelter cats with upper respiratory tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:551-7. [PMID: 18539065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to describe the isolation rates of potential pathogens and to compare anatomic sampling site suitability, nasal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from cats with acute clinical upper respiratory disease in a humane society. DNA of feline herpesvirus-1 was amplified from 51 of 52 cats sampled, Mycoplasma species were cultured or detected by PCR in samples from 34 of 42 cats sampled for both culture and PCR, and Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from three of 59 cats sampled for aerobic culture. A single swab was positive for calicivirus and no swabs were positive for Chlamydophila felis. Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Moraxella species were all isolated from at least one cat in which no primary pathogen was identified. With the exception of B. bronchiseptica, which was detected in nasal swabs only, recovery rates for all suspect primary pathogens were comparable between sampling sites.
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Low HC, Powell CC, Veir JK, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp DNA in conjunctival cells collected from cats with and without conjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:643-8. [PMID: 17542698 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.6.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use PCR assays to determine the prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma spp DNA in conjunctival cells collected from cats with and without conjunctivitis; to compare results of conventional and real-time fluorogenic PCR assays for amplification of FHV-1 DNA; and to determine whether copy numbers of FHV-1 DNA are correlated with conjunctivitis. ANIMALS 55 cats with active conjunctivitis, 39 healthy cats that never had conjunctivitis, and 32 cats with a history of conjunctivitis that had been resolved for at least 3 months. PROCEDURES Samples were obtained by rolling cotton-tipped applicators on the ventral conjunctiva of awake cats treated topically with proparacaine. The DNA was extracted from the swab specimens and assessed in PCR assays to detect DNA of FHV-1 (fluorogenic PCR assay and conventional PCR assay), Mycoplasma spp (conventional PCR assay), and C felis (conventional PCR assay). RESULTS Overall prevalence rates of FHV-1, C felis, and Mycoplasma spp as assessed by the conventional PCR assays were 6.7%, 3.2%, and 9.6%, respectively. Percentage concordance between conventional PCR and fluorogenic PCR assays for FHV-1 was 92.5%. There were no significant differences among the 3 groups of cats for the mean copy number of FHV-1 divided by the copy number of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mycoplasma spp were the most prevalent organism detected and was associated with conjunctivitis. This study could not confirm that there are increased copy numbers of FHV-1 DNA in cats with conjunctivitis, compared with the copy numbers for cats without conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Low
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Lutz-Wohlgroth L, Becker A, Brugnera E, Huat ZL, Zimmermann D, Grimm F, Haessig M, Greub G, Kaps S, Spiess B, Pospischil A, Vaughan L. Chlamydiales in guinea-pigs and their zoonotic potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:185-93. [PMID: 16629952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to detect and characterize chlamydial infections in guinea-pigs (GP) with ocular disease, study their pathogenicity and zoonotic potential and to test for the presence of Acanthamoebae spp. in GP eyes and to investigate whether they could act as vectors for Chlamydia-like organisms. Overall 126 GP, of which 77 were symptomatic, were screened by clinical examination, cytology, gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacteriology. A new Chlamydiaceae-specific intergenic spacer rRNA gene PCR, designed to amplify this segment linking the 16S and 23S regions, was performed. DNA samples were also received from one owner including samples of his cat and rabbit. Guinea-pigs: 48 of 75 symptomatic, but only 11 of 48 asymptomatic GP were positive by PCR for Chlamydophila caviae guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) (P < 0.0001). Eighteen of 75 or 15/48, respectively, were positive for DNA from Chlamydia-like organisms. Acanthamoebae-DNA could be found in two GP, of which one was symptomatic. Owner, cat and rabbit: Samples of all three species were positive by PCR for C. caviae GPIC and the owner's one-day disposable contact lenses showed a positive PCR result for the Chlamydia-like organism Parachlamydia acanthamoebae. No Acanthamoebae-DNA could be detected. This study is the first to describe Chlamydia-like organisms in GP and to detect C. caviae GPIC in human, cat and rabbit. Therefore, C. caviae GPIC could pose a zoonotic potential. We believe that the finding of C. caviae GPIC in species other than GP is probably not unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lutz-Wohlgroth
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Helps CR, Lait P, Damhuis A, Björnehammar U, Bolta D, Brovida C, Chabanne L, Egberink H, Ferrand G, Fontbonne A, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Gunn-Moore D, Hartmann K, Lutz H, Malandain E, Möstl K, Stengel C, Harbour DA, Graat EAM. Factors associated with upper respiratory tract disease caused by feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, Chlamydophila felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats: experience from 218 European catteries. Vet Rec 2005; 156:669-73. [PMID: 15908495 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.21.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A full history of the management practices and the prevalence of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) at 218 rescue shelters, breeding establishments and private households with five or more cats was recorded. Oropharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and blood samples were taken from 1748 cats. The prevalences of feline herpesvirus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), Chlamydophila felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were determined by PCR on swab samples. An ELISA was applied to determine the prevalence of antibodies to B. bronchiseptica. The rates of detection by PCR of each pathogen in the cats in catteries with and without ongoing URTD were, respectively, FHV 16 per cent and 8 per cent; FCV 47 per cent and 29 per cent; C. felis 10 per cent and 3 per cent; and B. bronchiseptica 5 per cent and 1.3 per cent; the seroprevalences of B. bronchiseptica were 61 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively. There was evidence that FHV, FCV and B. bronchiseptica played a role in URTD. The risk factors associated with the disease were less than excellent hygiene, contact with dogs with URTD, and larger numbers of cats in the cattery or household.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Helps
- University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU
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Di Francesco A, Donati M, Carelle MS, Cevenini R, Baldelli R. Molecular characterisation of a Chlamydophila felis isolate from a cat in Italy. Vet Rec 2004; 154:239-40. [PMID: 15005450 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.8.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum University di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
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Bodetti TJ, Viggers K, Warren K, Swan R, Conaghty S, Sims C, Timms P. Wide range of Chlamydiales types detected in native Australian mammals. Vet Microbiol 2004; 96:177-87. [PMID: 14519335 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Chlamydiales are a unique order of intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause significant disease of birds and animals, including humans. The recent development of a Chlamydiales-specific 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has enabled the identification of Chlamydiales DNA from an increasing range of hosts and environmental sources. Whereas the Australian marsupial, the koala, has previously been shown to harbour several Chlamydiales types, no other Australian marsupials have been analysed. We therefore used a 16S rDNA PCR assay combined with direct sequencing to determine the presence and genotype of Chlamydiales in five wild Australian mammals (gliders, possums, bilbies, bandicoots, potoroos). We detected eight previously observed Chlamydiales genotypes as well as 10 new Chlamydiales sequences from these five Australian mammals. In addition to PCR analysis we used antigen specific staining and in vitro culture in HEp-2 cell monolayers to confirm some of the identifications. A strong association between ocular PCR positivity and the presence of clinical disease (conjunctivitis, proliferation of the eyelid) was observed in two of the species studied, gliders and bandicoots, whereas little clinical disease was observed in the other animals studied. These findings provide further evidence that novel Chlamydiales infections occur in a wide range of hosts and that, in some of these, the chlamydial infections may contribute to clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Bodetti
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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von Bomhard W, Polkinghorne A, Lu ZH, Vaughan L, Vögtlin A, Zimmermann DR, Spiess B, Pospischil A. Detection of novel chlamydiae in cats with ocular disease. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1421-8. [PMID: 14620780 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect and characterize the full range of chlamydial infections in cats with ocular disease by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, cytologic examination, immunohistochemical analysis, and evaluation of clinical information including status for feline herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1). SAMPLE POPULATION DNA extracted from 226 conjunctival samples obtained from cats with clinically diagnosed keratitis or conjunctivitis and 30 conjunctival samples from healthy cats. PROCEDURE PCR assays for the 16S rRNA gene specific for the order Chlamydiales and a new Chlamydophila felis (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) species-specific 23S rRNA gene were performed. Seventy-four conjunctival samples were prepared with Romanowsky-type stain, grouped on the basis of inflammatory pattern, and screened for chlamydial inclusions by use of immunohistochemical analysis. Clinical information and FeHV-1 status were recorded. RESULTS 26 (12%) specimens had positive results for the only known feline chlamydial pathogen, C felis. Surprisingly, an additional 88 (39%) were positive for non-C felis chlamydial DNA. Identification of non-C felis chlamydial DNA by direct sequencing revealed 16S rRNA gene sequences that were 99% homologous to the sequence for Neochlamydia hartmannellae, an amebic endosymbiont. Chlamydial prevalence was significantly higher in cats with ocular disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Application of a broad-range detection method resulted in identification of a new agent associated with ocular disease in cats. Finding chlamydia-like agents such as N hartmannellae in coinfections with their obligate amebic host, Hartmannella vermiformis, raises questions about the potential role of these microorganisms in causation or exacerbation of ocular disease in cats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/diagnosis
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cats
- Chlamydia/classification
- Chlamydia/genetics
- Chlamydia/isolation & purification
- Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis
- Chlamydia Infections/pathology
- Chlamydia Infections/veterinary
- Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/diagnosis
- Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/pathology
- Conjunctivitis, Inclusion/veterinary
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/isolation & purification
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf von Bomhard
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Rampazzo A, Appino S, Pregel P, Tarducci A, Zini E, Biolatti B. Prevalence of Chlamydophila felis and Feline Herpesvirus 1 in Cats with Conjunctivitis in Northern Italy. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:799-807. [PMID: 14658715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Chlamydophila felis and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection in cats with conjunctivitis in northern Italy was investigated by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. In cats with conjunctivitis, C felis and FHV-1 were detected in 14 of 70 (20%) and in 23 of 70 (33%) animals, respectively. None of the 35 control cats were positive for C felis, whereas 7 (20%) of these cats were positive for FHV-1. Mixed infections were present in 5 of 70 cats (7%). Cats positive for C felis were significantly younger than control animals (P = .02), whereas no significant age differences were observed between FHV-1-positive cats and control cats (P = .41) or between FHV-1-positive animals and C felis-positive animals (P = .16). Cats sampled during acute-phase conjunctivitis were also investigated for the presence of C felis by conjunctival scrapings. In this acute phase, substantial agreement was found when comparing the results of the 2 methods (K = .80). The association between PCR results and conjunctivitis was evaluated for the 2 pathogens. The presence of C felis was significantly associated with conjunctivitis (P = .004), whereas the detection of FHV-1 did not significantly correlate with the clinical sign (P = .25), suggesting that, by itself. PCR is not suitable for the diagnosis of FHV-1-related conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rampazzo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
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19
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Sturgess CP, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Harbour DA, Jones RL. Controlled study of the efficacy of clavulanic acid-potentiated amoxycillin in the treatment of Chlamydia psittaci in cats. Vet Rec 2001; 149:73-6. [PMID: 11497397 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated with 3 x 10(3) infectious units of a field isolate of Chlamydia psittaci on to the corneal surface. Seven days later they were assigned randomly to three groups of eight and treated orally for 19 days with either clavulanic acid-potentiated amoxycillin, doxycycline or a placebo. Both treated groups responded rapidly, with a marked reduction in isolation rates and clinical scores which were significantly lower than in the placebo group within two and four days, respectively. After two days the group treated with potentiated amoxycillin had a significantly lower isolation score than the group treated with doxycycline. Forty days after they were infected the clinical signs recurred in five of the eight cats treated with potentiated amoxycillin, but a four-week course of potentiated amoxycillin resulted in a complete clinical recovery with no evidence of a recurrence for six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Sturgess
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol
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20
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Sykes JE, Allen JL, Studdert VP, Browning GF. Detection of feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus 1 and Chlamydia psittaci mucosal swabs by multiplex RT-PCR/PCR. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:95-108. [PMID: 11376956 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A single tube, multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/PCR assay was developed for detection of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1), Chlamydia psittaci and feline calicivirus (FCV) in cats with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), incorporating a simple, rapid extraction procedure capable of extracting both DNA and RNA. The assay was found to be as sensitive in vitro as simplex assays that have previously been shown to be as sensitive as, or more sensitive than, culture for each pathogen in experimentally infected cats. Conjunctival alone or both conjunctival and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from cats in 104 households with URTD. FHV1 was detected in 18 (17.3%) and C. psittaci was detected in 12 (11.5%) households. The prevalence of C. psittaci was not significantly different to that determined using a duplex PCR assay for C. psittaci and FHV1. The prevalence of FCV was affected by sample storage temperature. Of samples stored at -70 degrees C, 0/31 were positive for FCV but FCV was detected in 10/73 (13.7%) samples stored at 4 degrees C (P=0.006). Of the samples stored at 4 degrees C, 3/19 (15.8%) conjunctival swabs were positive for FCV and 6/32 (18.8%) oropharyngeal/conjunctival swabs were positive for FCV (P=0.79). The potential utility of restriction endonuclease analysis of RT-PCR products resulting from amplification of the hypervariable region of the capsid protein gene of FCV in field samples, without prior cultivation, was also examined. The assay may have considerable importance for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys of feline upper respiratory tract pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- Calicivirus, Feline/genetics
- Cat Diseases/diagnosis
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis
- Chlamydia Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydia Infections/veterinary
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Male
- Mouth Mucosa/microbiology
- Mouth Mucosa/virology
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Fungal/chemistry
- RNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sykes
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Preclinical Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Vic., Australia
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21
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Herring IP, Troy GC, Toth TE, Champagne ES, Pickett JP, Haines DM. Feline leukemia virus detection in corneal tissues of cats by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Vet Ophthalmol 2001; 4:119-26. [PMID: 11422993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2001.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in the corneas of FeLV-infected cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-four random source cats. PROCEDURES Seventeen cats were found positive for FeLV serum p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twelve ELISA positive cats were also positive on peripheral blood samples by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. Seventeen ELISA negative cats served as negative controls. Full thickness corneal specimens were collected from the left cornea of all cats and analyzed for FeLV proviral DNA and gp70 antigen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing, respectively. RESULTS Eleven (64.7%) positive corneal PCR results were obtained from 17 ELISA positive cats. Of 12 cats that were both ELISA and IFA positive on peripheral blood, 10 (83.3%) had positive corneal PCR results. All corneal tissues from ELISA negative cats were PCR negative. IHC staining of corneal sections revealed the presence of FeLV gp70 in corneal tissues of nine (52.9%) ELISA positive cats. Of the 12 cats that were both ELISA and IFA positive on peripheral blood, eight (66.7%) had positive corneal IHC results. Positive IHC staining was localized to the corneal epithelium. Corneal tissues of all ELISA negative cats and all IFA negative cats were negative on IHC testing. CONCLUSIONS FeLV antigens and proviral DNA are present in corneal tissues of some FeLV-infected cats. Screening corneal donors for FeLV infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Herring
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA.
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22
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Mochizuki M, Kawakami K, Hashimoto M, Ishida T. Recent epidemiological status of feline upper respiratory infections in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:801-3. [PMID: 10945306 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology of upper respiratory infections of cats was studied. Nasal, ocular, and oral swabs collected from 111 cats presented at animal hospitals during the past 2.5 years were examined. Twenty-four (21.6%) and 4 (3.6%) cats were diagnosed as feline calicivirus (FCV) infection and feline viral rhinotracheitis, respectively, indicating FCV is more prevalent than feline herpesvirus-1, which revealed a considerable shift from data obtained in 1970s. Cat sera immunized by using vaccines containing either FCV F9 or 255 strains neutralized 42.9% and 66.7% of the FCV isolates, respectively. Chlamydia psittaci, examined by a PCR assay amplifying the ompA gene, was found in 26.9% of 26 diseased cats that typically showed conjunctivitis and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Kyoritsu Shoji Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Bart M, Guscetti F, Zurbriggen A, Pospischil A, Schiller I. Feline infectious pneumonia: a short literature review and a retrospective immunohistological study on the involvement of Chlamydia spp. and distemper virus. Vet J 2000; 159:220-30. [PMID: 10775466 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A short literature review of feline infectious pneumonia, feline Chlamydia and Paramyxoviridae is presented. In a retrospective study (from 1987 to 1996) 245 cases of feline pneumonia or conjunctivitis/rhinitis were investigated: histological diagnoses and aetiologies were compared; all lungs were examined immunohistologically for the occurrence of chlamydia and of canine distemper virus (CDV), but neither pathogen could be demonstrated. The results confirm previous reports indicating that feline chlamydia is not a primarily pulmonary pathogen and that CDV is not a causative agent of pneumonia in cats as it is in large felids. The review provides a summary of the known causes and pathology of infectious pneumonia in cats (in order of frequency), although some remain aetiologically uncertain. It focuses on chlamydia and distemper virus - a recognized and as yet unknown cause of feline pneumonia. The role and especially the frequency of chlamydia as a cause of feline pneumonia are controversial but distemper virus, known to cause pneumonia in dogs and large felids, has not as yet been demonstrated in cats. The aims of the retrospective study were to determine the occurrence of chlamydia in 245 cases of feline pneumonia or conjunctivitis/rhinitis, and to investigate the presence of CDV in these lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bart
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Lutz H, Leutenegger C, Hofmann-Lehmann R. The role of polymerase chain reaction and its newer developments in feline medicine. J Feline Med Surg 1999; 1:89-100. [PMID: 11919022 PMCID: PMC7129993 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-612x(99)90065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We give a brief overview on the principles of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), quantitative competitive PCR and real-time PCR (TaqMan technology). The literature dealing with PCR and its role in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and research of infectious diseases of the domestic cat is reviewed. Cross-contaminations which occasionally occur during handling of amplified DNA may be an important problem in the PCR laboratory. In many infectious diseases, PCR results are difficult to interpret as their predictive positive and negative values are not always known. Newer assays, such as TaqMan procedures, are becoming increasingly reliable and cost-effective. It can be expected that additional knowledge on how to interpret PCR results will soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Sykes JE, Anderson GA, Studdert VP, Browning GF. Prevalence of Feline Chlamydia psittaci and Feline Herpesvirus 1 in Cats with Upper Respiratory Tract Disease. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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Sykes JE, Studdert VP, Browning GF. Comparison of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Culture for the Detection of FelineChlamydia psittaciin Untreated and Doxycycline-Treated Experimentally Infected Cats. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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McDonald M, Willett BJ, Jarrett O, Addie DD. A comparison of DNA amplification, isolation and serology for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci infection in cats. Vet Rec 1998; 143:97-101. [PMID: 9725174 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.4.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a significant cause of conjunctivitis in cats, but can be difficult to diagnose owing to the small number of organisms in conjunctival swabs. In the United Kingdom laboratory diagnosis is based on three techniques: isolation of the infectious organism, amplification of chlamydial DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the detection of anti-chlamydial antibodies by immunofluorescence assay. To determine the most sensitive method these techniques were compared in the field. The PCR based on previously published protocols was less sensitive than isolation, but by modifying the protocol its sensitivity was increased by a factor of 25 to 1250 and it was then more sensitive than isolation. The modified PCR detected chlamydia in samples containing non-infectious organisms. Serology was of limited use in predicting which cats shed C psittaci although seronegative cats were negative by PCR and isolation. The modified PCR was the most sensitive and robust method for confirming C psittaci infection in cases of conjunctivitis in pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McDonald
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden
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