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Lee J, Kang D, Shim K. Effect of lairage time prior to slaughter on stress in pigs: a path analysis. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:55. [PMID: 38093314 PMCID: PMC10717777 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-slaughter process during transportation, handling, and lairage causes stress in pigs, affecting animal welfare and meat quality. Therefore, lairage factors are important for relieving stress. A total of 24 LYD (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) barrows were used to investigate the effect of 6 and 20 h lairage time (LT) on cortisol, serotonin, and catecholamine in blood and physiological factors in muscle, and to verify the causal relationship between these factors. RESULTS The results revealed that cortisol was increased (0.064 ± 0.007 µg/ml), and epinephrine (0.020 ± 0.002 µg/ml) and norepinephrine (1.518 ± 0.071 µg/ml) were lower at a LT of 20 h than those at 6 h, and there was no significant effect on the muscle and carcass characteristic factors. In addition, cortisol and norepinephrine showed a negative correlation (r = -50,346, p = 0.0121), epinephrine and glycogen had a positive correlation (r = 0.4417, p = 0.0307), and serotonin and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were positively correlated (r = 0.4715, p = 0.0200). Path analysis indicated that the increase in LT had a direct effect on cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and an indirect effect on muscle glycogen. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the effect of the increase in LT from 6 to 20 h in the lairage room on the stress response of pigs. These findings support the legal requirements that advocate for shorter lairage times, in alignment with enhanced animal welfare standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Darae Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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Biosecurity and Lairage Time versus Pork Meat Quality Traits in a Farm-Abattoir Continuum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233382. [PMID: 36496903 PMCID: PMC9738693 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern pig production chain is increasingly focused on biosecurity, quality, and safety of meat and is associated with many challenges impacting world meat markets, such as animal disease outbreaks and sanitary restrictions, trade regulations and quality requirements. To overcome such challenges and assure more consistent pork meat quality (and safety), there is a need to develop an effective and reliable monitoring system in a farm-abattoir continuum that can be based on selected biomarkers. This study assessed interrelations of selected stress and inflammation biomarkers (acute phase proteins (APP)) between farm biosecurity score versus pork meat quality traits after two different lairage periods. Briefly, the maximum recorded levels of stress hormones (436.2 and 241.2 ng/mL, for cortisol and Chromogranin A (CgA), respectively) and APP (389.4 and 400.9 μg/mL, Pig Major Acute Proteins (MAP) and Haptoglobin (Hp), respectively) at four commercial farms were within the recommended threshold values. Cortisol and APP were negatively correlated to the internal and total biosecurity scores of farms. The increase of level of both sets of biomarkers was found at bleeding (after transportation and lairage period), but with lower values after long (18-20 h) versus short (1-3 h) lairage lay-over time. In general, negative correlation was confirmed between stress and inflammation biomarkers and carcass/meat quality traits. The farm total biosecurity level significantly affected chilling yield, meat temperature, and a* value. Pig-MAP emerged as a good biomarker with a promising potential for assessment and anticipation of broad aspects in the pork meat chain. It can be used for detection of failures in the pig production system and might be incorporated in certification programs for the pork meat industry.
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Prevalence of gross lesions and handling practices in pigs and their association with pork quality, Kiambu, Kenya. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272951. [PMID: 36026517 PMCID: PMC9417192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-slaughter handling of pigs has been documented to affect the quality of meat though no studies have investigated this relationship in the Kenyan context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gross lesions and practices related to sub-optimal welfare in pigs presented for slaughter while analyzing the relationship between occurrence of these lesions and meat quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a medium scale, non-integrated pig abattoir supplying to the Nairobi market, with a capacity to slaughter approximately 40 pigs a day. Data on welfare-associated lesions and handling practices were obtained from 529 pig carcasses and traders respectively. 387 pork samples were collected, and their quality evaluated by measuring their pH, meat color and drip loss. These three parameters were used to classify pork into four recognized categories namely: Red, Firm, Non-exudative (RFN), Pale Soft Exudative (PSE), Dark Firm Dry (DFD) and Red Soft Exudative (RSE). Almost all pigs were inefficiently stunned as evidenced by the presence of consciousness post-stunning. The majority of pigs (82.97%) having one or more welfare-associated gross lesions. Other animal welfare malpractices observed were high loading density and inadequate rest periods between transport and slaughter. A quarter of the pork samples were of sub-optimal quality including: RSE (11.36%), PSE (2.58%) and DFD (2.58%). Multinomial logistic regression revealed that pork originating from pigs transported at a high loading density had increased odds of being classified as DFD (OR 13.41, 95% CI 2.59–69.46). The findings indicate the need to educate stakeholders in the pork value chains on improved pig handling before and during slaughter to enhance pig welfare pre-slaughter and pork quality post-slaughter. Animal welfare legislation enforcement and implementation was observed to be insufficient. There is a need to educate key stakeholders on its importance of being put into practice both from economic and welfare perspectives.
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Conte S, Pomar C, Paiano D, Duan Y, Zhang P, Lévesque J, Guay F, Devillers N, Faucitano L. The effects of feeding finishing pigs of two genders with a high fiber and high fat diet on muscle glycolytic potential at slaughter and meat quality. Meat Sci 2021; 177:108484. [PMID: 33756246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 pigs, in groups of 8 pigs of mixed genders, were fed four finishing feeding strategies with the aim to reduce muscle glycolytic potential and improve meat quality. Pigs were fed a control diet (C; fat = 5.0%, ADF = 3.0%, NDF = 8.8%), a high-fat and high-fiber diet (HFF; fat = 11.2%, ADF = 9.1%, NDF = 19.5%), a blend of 50-50% C and HFF diets (fat = 8.2%, ADF = 6.7%, NDF = 14.2%) or the C diet and transferred to the HFF diet after a diet transition. Dietary treatments alone or in interaction with gender had no effect on pig growth performance, carcass quality traits, Longissimus and Semimembranosus muscle glycolytic potential and meat quality (P > 0.10). The inefficiency of the dietary treatments applied in this study may be due to the low ratio between fat and digestible carbohydrate in the diets combined with the mild pre-slaughter stress conditions pigs were exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Conte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Candido Pomar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Diovani Paiano
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, Brazil
| | - Yan Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Janie Lévesque
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales, Deschambault, QC G0A 1S0, Canada
| | - Frederic Guay
- Université Laval, Department of Animal Science, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Crotta M, Lavazza A, Mateus A, Guitian J. Viraemic pigs entering the food chain are the most likely source of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pork meat: Modelling the fate of HEV during slaughtering of pigs. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Flanagan LJ, Bennett T, Winslow E, Hebart M, Rutley D, Trengove C. Potential predisposing factors for ecchymosis in the intercostal muscles of sheep carcases in South Australia. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Ecchymosis is an undesirable appearance in meat caused by small bleeds from capillaries broken during the slaughter process. These lesions are heavily trimmed during processing, incurring labour costs and yield losses.
Aims
To estimate the prevalence of ecchymosis in a South Australian abattoir and investigate potential predisposing factors.
Methods
A generalised linear mixed model estimated the effects of breed, age, slaughter shift (morning or afternoon), kill date, direct or market consignment, hot standard carcase weight (HSCW, kg), deviation from lot average carcase weight (ZHSCW, standard units), palpated fat score (mm) and time in lairage (h) on the prevalence of ecchymosis. Over 7 days, 12286 lamb and 3802 mutton carcases from 82 properties were scored (0, 1) for ecchymosis.
Key results
Lambs had a higher prevalence of ecchymosis (14%) than did mutton (1%; P < 0.001), with significant variation between lines of lambs (P < 0.001). Considering lambs only, kill date (P < 0.01), time in lairage (P < 0.001), and the quadratic terms of HSCW (P < 0.001) and ZHSCW (P < 0.01) affected the prevalence of ecchymosis.
Conclusions
Ecchymosis had a significant prevalence in lambs only. The time lambs spend in lairage and their bodyweight may be predisposing factors for ecchymosis before slaughter and warrant further investigation.
Implications
The interaction of size and weight extremeness appeared to predispose lambs to developing ecchymosis at slaughter. Farm of origin was another identified risk factor (management group). Whether it was size and extremeness influencing body composition or other mechanisms involved in vascular integrity, is not known. Further research is required to identify these mechanisms so as to establish breeding and management guidelines that will decrease the likelihood and cost of ecchymosis in lambs. Ecchymosis remains poorly understood, but fractured capillaries indicate a weakness in vascular tissue. Given the present study included over 12000 observations in 7 days, ecchymosis in lambs could be used as a model to study vascular weakness in humans.
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Pilot Study of the Relationship between Deck Level and Journey Duration on Plasma Cortisol, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Levels in Italian Heavy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091578. [PMID: 32899653 PMCID: PMC7552316 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relationship between journey duration, deck level and activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM) in pigs. A total of 90 pigs were examined. The animals came from three different Italian farms associated with the same slaughterhouse located in Bari (Apulia region-Italy). A group of thirty animals was transported from Pordenone (11 h journey); a second group was transported from Terni (6.5 h journey); a third group was transported from Benevento (3 h journey). The animals were transported in the same vehicle, which complied with the structural characteristics indicated in the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005. The truck was composed of a lorry and a trailer, each one divided into three decks. Only the animals transported in the trailer were tested for the study. Before transportation, blood samples were collected on each farm, at 6:00 a.m., from 30 pigs randomly selected out of 135 pigs ready to be transported. Blood samples were also collected during slaughter to evaluate plasma cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, around 6:00 a.m. A journey duration of 11 h was associated with significantly higher plasma concentrations of stress hormones compared with shorter journeys. This increase was proportional to the journey duration, with the pigs travelling for 6.5 h displaying intermediate concentrations between those noticed after 3 h and 11 h journeys. The interaction between deck and journey distance was not significant on epinephrine, norepinephrine or cortisol levels collected at arrival. There was a significant effect of deck level on norepinephrine levels (p < 0.0001), a tendency to influence epinephrine levels (p = 0.073) but no effect on cortisol levels (p = 0.945). Overall, we observed that an 11 h-long journey seemed to impact negatively on pigs' HPA-SAM activity, likely requiring the animals to spend more time in the lairage facilities to recover.
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Acevedo-Giraldo J, Sánchez J, Romero M. Effects of feed withdrawal times prior to slaughter on some animal welfare indicators and meat quality traits in commercial pigs. Meat Sci 2020; 167:107993. [PMID: 32388087 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grandin T. Livestock Handling at the Abattoir: Effects on Welfare and Meat Quality. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-stress handling that uses behavioral principles can help reduce bruises and improve meat quality in cattle, pigs, and sheep. Short-term stressors before stunning, such as electric prod use or jamming in the race, may increase Pale, Soft, Exudative meat in pork and reduce tenderness in beef. Longer term stresses may increase Dark, Firm and Dry meat. Continuous assessment of livestock handling practices is recommended. Handlers should be trained to move small groups of livestock. They also need to understand behavioral principles. The most important ones are flight zone and the point of balance at the shoulder. Calm animals will be easier to handle. Simple economical improvements in races and lairages can help facilitate animal movement through the facility. The movement of livestock can often be improved by (1) installation of a light at a dark stun box entrance, (2) moving lamps to reduce reflections on shiny metal, (3) installation of solid shields to prevent incoming animals from seeing people on moving conveyors, (4) redirection of air flow at the stun box entrance, or (5) in elevated conveyor restrainers, use of a false floor to prevent entering animals from seeing the “visual cliff ” effect. Continuous assessment and supervision are required to maintain low-stress handling methods.
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Dalla Costa FA, Dalla Costa OA, Coldebella A, de Lima GJMM, Ferraudo AS. How do season, on-farm fasting interval and lairage period affect swine welfare, carcass and meat quality traits? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1497-1505. [PMID: 29556763 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of different combinations of on-farm fasting intervals (8, 12, 16, 20 h) and 1.5 h of transport plus lairage periods (1, 3, 6 h) at different seasons (summer/winter) on blood stress parameters (cortisol and lactate), stomach content and weight, skin lesion and meat quality in a total of 960 pigs from eight farms. Blood lactate levels were greater in the summer (P < 0.001) and stomach content was affected (P < 0.05) by season, on-farm fasting interval (P < 0.001), lairage time (P < 0.0001). Stomach content weight reduces as the total feed withdrawal time increases up to on-farm fasting of 17 and 1 h of lairage. Stomach content can be influenced by feed and water in different ways according to treatments. Only 8 h of on-farm fasting is not enough to empty stomachs from feed content. However, an on-farm fasting period of 16 h or longer can also increase the occurrence of more water in the stomachs. Carcass lesions caused by fighting were greater (P ≤ 0.005) in the winter, mainly after 3 and 6 h of lairage (P ≤ 0.005). Loin and ham pHu was lower (P ≤ 0.05) for pigs slaughtered after 6 h of lairage during the summer. The application of 12 h of on-farm fasting with 6 h of lairage seemed to be best combination to reduce stomach content weight (feed and water). In the winter, shorter lairage period can be used to reduce percentage of skin lesions and better pork quality traits in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Antonio Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Concórdia, SC, 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Sérgio Ferraudo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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11
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Xing T, Gao F, Tume RK, Zhou G, Xu X. Stress Effects on Meat Quality: A Mechanistic Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:380-401. [PMID: 33336942 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress inevitably occurs from the farm to abattoir in modern livestock husbandry. The effects of stress on the behavioral and physiological status and ultimate meat quality have been well documented. However, reports on the mechanism of stress effects on physiological and biochemical changes and their consequent effects on meat quality attributes have been somewhat disjointed and limited. Furthermore, the causes of variability in meat quality traits among different animal species, muscle fibers within an animal, and even positions within a piece of meat in response to stress are still not entirely clear. This review 1st summarizes the primary stress factors, including heat stress, preslaughter handling stress, oxidative stress, and other stress factors affecting animal welfare; carcass quality; and eating quality. This review further delineates potential stress-induced pathways or mediators, including AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated energy metabolism, crosstalk among calcium signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species, protein modification, apoptosis, calpain and cathepsin proteolytic systems, and heat shock proteins that exert effects that cause biochemical changes during the early postmortem period and affect the subsequent meat quality. To obtain meat of high quality, further studies are needed to unravel the intricate mechanisms involving the aforementioned signaling pathways or mediators and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ronald K Tume
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Roelofs S, Godding L, de Haan JR, van der Staay FJ, Nordquist RE. Effects of parity and litter size on cortisol measures in commercially housed sows and their offspring. Physiol Behav 2018; 201:83-90. [PMID: 30553897 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breeding sows are regularly exposed to on-farm stressors throughout the duration of their production period. The impact of such stressors may differ for primi- and multiparous sows, as sows could learn to cope with stressors as they gain experience with them. If parity affects stress in sows, it may also impact their prenatal offspring through differential maternal stress. In addition to parity, litter size is another potential factor involved in stress of sows and piglets. Larger litters may be a source of discomfort for gestating sows, while it can result in intra-uterine growth restriction of piglets. In the current study, we aimed to assess whether parity and litter size affect cortisol measures in breeding sows and their offspring. To do this, we measured salivary cortisol concentrations of 16 primiparous and 16 multiparous sows at three time points: 1) while sows were group housed, 2) after sows were separated from the group prior to moving to the farrowing unit and 3) after handling procedures. In addition, hair cortisol concentration was determined for the sows during late gestation and for their low birth weight (n = 63) and normal birth weight (n = 43) offspring on day 3 after birth, to reflect in-utero cortisol exposure. It was expected that if sows adapt to on-farm stressors, the more experienced, multiparous sows would show decreased stress responses in comparison to primiparous sows. However, we found a comparable acute stress response of primi- and multiparous sows to separation from the group. Handling procedures did not influence sows' salivary cortisol concentrations. Sows' hair cortisol concentration was positively correlated with litter size. Future research is needed to assess whether this finding reflects increased stress in sows carrying larger litters. Parity or litter size did not have a direct effect on their offspring's hair cortisol concentration. Larger litters did have a higher occurrence of low birth weight piglets. For these piglets, females had higher neonatal hair cortisol concentrations than males. Overall, our results indicate that breeding sows do not adapt to all on-farm stressors. In addition, litter size may influence HPA axis activity in both sows and piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Roelofs
- Behavior & Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Godding
- Behavior & Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne R de Haan
- Behavior & Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aeres University of Applied Sciences, Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Behavior & Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Nordquist
- Behavior & Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Faucitano L. Preslaughter handling practices and their effects on animal welfare and pork quality. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:728-738. [PMID: 29401265 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At all times, prior to slaughter, pigs may experience stress from a range of handling practices, such as fasting, loading and transport, mixing, and interaction with humans. These factors can affect the welfare of pigs and carcass and meat quality, both individually and collectively. Preslaughter stress is both an animal welfare and a meat quality issue. Behavioral and physiological studies have revealed that poor handling practices at the farm, during transport and at the slaughter plant, have an adverse effect on pigs and may result in the loss of profits due to animal losses during transport and in lairage. Also, poor preslaughter handling can also lead to losses in carcass value as a result of reduced yield, the presence of lesions and bacterial contamination, and meat quality defects (e.g., pale, soft, exudative and dark, firm, dry pork). These economic losses can be limited by improving the design of facilities, controlling the environmental conditions, and implementing training programs for the correct animal handling at any stage preslaughter. The objective of this review was to review research findings on the effects of preslaughter practices on ante-mortem behavioral and physiological response in pigs, including muscle metabolism, and to provide recommendations aimed at limiting the impact of preslaughter handling on animal losses and pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Corrales NU, Ramírez JFN, Villegas SH. Swine welfare at slaughterhouses in Valle de Aburrá (Colombia). Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:50-55. [PMID: 32734052 PMCID: PMC7386702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) makes recommendations related to the slaughter of animals for human consumption. Colombia has some regulations on animal welfare in slaughterhouses. This study assessed welfare of pigs in slaughterhouses in Valle de Aburrá, Colombia using measures from existing welfare protocols (Welfare Quality: Assessment protocol for pigs; Recommended Animal Handling Guidelines and Audit Guide for Cattle, Pig and Sheep). The objective was to determine the degree of compliance with some welfare protocols recommendation (Welfare Quality. Assessment protocol for pigs and Recommended Animal Handling Guidelines and Audit Guide for Cattle, Pig and Sheep) in regards to welfare of pigs in slaughterhouses in Valle de Aburrá, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from four slaughterhouses during 2017. Univariable analysis was performed, depending on the type of variable. Frequency distribution was assessed for descriptive variables, while quantity variables were assessed by central tendency and dispersion measures. It was found that electric prods are often used for moving pigs to lairage pens and to stunning area, the animals remain in lairage pens in too high stocking densities and also some signs related to inadequate loss of consciousness during stunning were shown. Some pigs were kept more than 10 h in lairage pens and some did not have access to water. Skin lesions occurred in 93.6% of the observed animals. It is concluded that the assessed slaughterhouses do not manage to keep animal welfare on a required level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Uribe Corrales
- Research Group Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Juan F. Naranjo Ramírez
- Research Group INCA-CES, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Henao Villegas
- Research Group INCA-CES, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
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Iulietto MF, Sechi P, Gaudenzi CM, Grispoldi L, Ceccarelli M, Barbera S, Cenci-Goga BT. Noise assessment in slaughterhouses by means of a smartphone app. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7053. [PMID: 30046554 PMCID: PMC6036995 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing establishes an obligation to spare animals any avoidable suffering or stress prior to their slaughter. Although it has been pointed out that stressors also include noise, which can cause suffering and affect the quality of the meat, current legislation does not set a limit for environmental noise in slaughterhouses. This study was conducted in three slaughterhouses in central Italy to assess the environmental acoustic level using a smartphone app. The selected, medium-sized slaughterhouses for pigs and cattle were subjected to measurements using a sound-level meter (Noise Meter for iOS) during working hours at the unloading area and lairage, along the chute to the restraining pen, at the time of stunning and at the slaughter hall. For the bovine lines the average values expressed in dB ranged from 76.33 (SD 2.08) to 93.00 (SD 2.14) for abattoir 1, from 75.00 (SD 1.87) to 92.33 (SD 4.89) for abattoir 2 and from 75.67 (SD 7.09) to 88.83 (SD 4.79) for abattoir 3. For the pig lines the average values expressed in dB ranged from 77.50 (SD 3.11) to 100.33 (SD 1.53) for abattoir 1, from 83.00 (SD 2.00) to 99.75 (SD 2.63) for abattoir 2 and from 71.20 (SD 6.49) to 99.50 (SD 1.31) for abattoir 3. Data show that the pig slaughter line was always noisier than the cattle line and the slaughter hall always showed the highest values (i.e. 100 dB), when compared to the unloading area (i.e. 79 dB).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Sechi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia
| | | | - Luca Grispoldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia
| | | | - Salvatore Barbera
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
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Walia K, Lynch H, Grant J, Duffy G, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE. The efficacy of disinfectant misting in the lairage of a pig abattoir to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae on pigs prior to slaughter. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Grant J, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE, Duffy G. The efficacy of different cleaning and disinfection procedures to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae in the lairage environment of a pig abattoir. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Nannoni E, Liuzzo G, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Martelli G, Sardi L, Vitali M, Romagnoli L, Moscardini E, Ostanello F. Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective observational study evaluated the risk factors for pre-slaughter losses (i.e. animal deaths occurring during transport and lairage) and their economic impact in Italian heavy pigs (~160 kg bodyweight). Of the 3 344 730 pigs transported, 1780 (0.053%) died before slaughter, with most losses occurring during transport (56.6%). The estimated economic impact was of 424 000 €. The percentage of batches with at least one animal lost pre-slaughter increased during summer (P < 0.001). The proportion of pre-slaughter losses was higher when journey lasted more than 90 min (P < 0.001) and was positively correlated with transport duration (P < 0.01). Losses were higher (P < 0.01) in batches transported at low stocking densities (i.e. when heavier pigs were transported). Batches with lower slaughtering order (i.e. longer lairage time) had higher proportions of losses (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of a given batch to have at least one animal lost pre-slaughter were 1.32 times higher for batches slaughtered in summer, 1.54 times higher if journey durations exceeded 90 min, 1.25 times higher for batches with low slaughtering order, and not significantly influenced by stocking density during transport.
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Knecht D, Jankowska-Mąkosa A, Duziński K. The Effect of Production Size and Pre-Slaughter Time on the Carcass Parameters and Meat Quality of Slaughtered Finisher Pigs. J FOOD QUALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Knecht
- Institute of Animal Breeding; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chelmonskiego Wroclaw Poland
| | - Anna Jankowska-Mąkosa
- Institute of Animal Breeding; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chelmonskiego Wroclaw Poland
| | - Kamil Duziński
- Institute of Animal Breeding; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chelmonskiego Wroclaw Poland
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Dokmanovic M, Ivanovic J, Janjic J, Boskovic M, Laudanovic M, Pantic S, Baltic MZ. Effect of lairage time, behaviour and gender on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:500-506. [PMID: 27349831 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lairage time (short vs. long), behavior (aggressive vs. non-aggressive) and gender (gilts, barrows and boars) on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs (n = 100). In the group with short lairage, aggressive behavior of gilts and boars was observed. At exsanguination, blood samples were collected and levels of blood lactate and plasma cortisol were determined. Post mortem pH value, temperature, drip loss, sensory and instrumental color and meat quality class were determined on the muscle Longissimus dorsi. Higher blood lactate concentration (P < 0.05) and skin blemish score (P <0.001), lower temperature (P < 0.05) and drip loss (P < 0.01), as well as darker, less red and yellow meat color (P < 0.001) were found after long lairage compared to short lairage. Gilts had higher plasma cortisol concentrations than barrows (P < 0.05), while barrows had lower skin blemish scores (P < 0.05) than gilts and boars after long lairage. The highest incidence of PSE (pale, soft and exudative) meat was observed in barrows (100.00%) and boars (91.67%) after short lairage, while the lowest incidence of PSE meat was found in barrows (28.89%) after long lairage. Aggressiveness affected meat temperature, as aggressive pigs had higher meat temperature (P < 0.05) than non-aggressive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dokmanovic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ivanovic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Janjic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Boskovic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Laudanovic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Pantic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Z Baltic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Costa LN. Short-term stress: the case of transport and slaughter. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Bonardi S, Alpigiani I, Bruini I, Barilli E, Brindani F, Morganti M, Cavallini P, Bolzoni L, Pongolini S. Detection of Salmonella enterica in pigs at slaughter and comparison with human isolates in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 218:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Dokmanovic M, Baltic MZ, Duric J, Ivanovic J, Popovic L, Todorovic M, Markovic R, Pantic S. Correlations among Stress Parameters, Meat and Carcass Quality Parameters in Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:435-41. [PMID: 25656214 PMCID: PMC4341090 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Relationships among different stress parameters (lairage time and blood level of lactate and cortisol), meat quality parameters (initial and ultimate pH value, temperature, drip loss, sensory and instrumental colour, marbling) and carcass quality parameters (degree of rigor mortis and skin damages, hot carcass weight, carcass fat thickness, meatiness) were determined in pigs (n = 100) using Pearson correlations. After longer lairage, blood lactate (p<0.05) and degree of injuries (p<0.001) increased, meat became darker (p<0.001), while drip loss decreased (p<0.05). Higher lactate was associated with lower initial pH value (p<0.01), higher temperature (p<0.001) and skin blemishes score (p<0.05) and more developed rigor mortis (p<0.05), suggesting that lactate could be a predictor of both meat quality and the level of preslaughter stress. Cortisol affected carcass quality, so higher levels of cortisol were associated with increased hot carcass weight, carcass fat thickness on the back and at the sacrum and marbling, but also with decreased meatiness. The most important meat quality parameters (pH and temperature after 60 minutes) deteriorated when blood lactate concentration was above 12 mmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dokmanovic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milan Z Baltic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Duric
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ivanovic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ljuba Popovic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Todorovic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Radmila Markovic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Srdan Pantic
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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24
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Hand-held lactate analyzer as a tool for the real-time measurement of physical fatigue before slaughter and pork quality prediction. Animal 2014; 9:707-14. [PMID: 25399703 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between blood lactate variation measured at the plant, and pork quality variation on a large sample size and under commercial preslaughter handling conditions. A total of 600 pigs were randomly chosen on arrival at a commercial slaughter plant and blood samples taken from the ear vein at unloading (UN), after lairage (LA), in the restrainer (RE; before stunning) and at exsanguination (EX) were analysed for lactate content using a Lactate Scout Analyzer (LSA). In order to have a large range of measures, pigs were distributed into two groups; one kept in lairage overnight (G1) and the other for 2 to 3 h (G2) before slaughter. Meat quality was assessed in the Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semimembranosus (SM) and Adductor (AD) muscles by measuring the pH 30 min postmortem (pH1) and at 24 h postmortem (pHu), the colour and the drip loss. Blood lactate levels did not differ between G1 and G2 (P>0.05). A reduced muscle lactate and glucose contents (P=0.02 and P=0.004, respectively) resulting in a lower (P<0.001) glycolytic potential (GP) was observed in the LT muscle of G1 pigs when compared with G2 loins. In the LT muscle of G1 pigs, the lower GP resulted in an increased pHu (r=-0.67; P<0.001), decreased drip loss (r=0.57; P<0.001) and darker colour (r=0.50; P<0.001) compared with G2. In both G1 and G2 pigs, the lower GP was correlated to higher pHu value in the SM and AD muscles (r=-0.73; P<0.001). The greatest correlation was observed in G2 between blood lactate levels at LA and pHu value of the SM and AD muscles (r=0.46 and r=0.44, respectively; P<0.001 for both muscles). The second greatest correlation was found between blood lactate levels at EX and pH1 value in the SM muscle in both groups (r=-0.37 and r=-0.41, respectively; P<0.001 for both groups). Based on the results of this study, it appears that blood lactate levels, as measured by the LSA, reliably reflect the physiological response of pigs to perimortem stress and may help explain the variation in pork quality.
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25
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Dokmanović M, Velarde A, Tomović V, Glamočlija N, Marković R, Janjić J, Baltić M. The effects of lairage time and handling procedure prior to slaughter on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs. Meat Sci 2014; 98:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Goumon S, Brown JA, Faucitano L, Bergeron R, Crowe T, Connor ML, Gonyou HW. Effect of rest duration on recovery from repeated exercise in near-market-weight pigs1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5859-67. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Goumon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Prairie Swine Centre, Box 21057, 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9
| | - J. A. Brown
- Prairie Swine Centre, Box 21057, 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9
| | - L. Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R. Bergeron
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T. Crowe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A9
| | - M. L. Connor
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - H. W. Gonyou
- Prairie Swine Centre, Box 21057, 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9
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27
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Arguello H, Alvarez-Ordoñez A, Carvajal A, Rubio P, Prieto M. Role of slaughtering in Salmonella spreading and control in pork production. J Food Prot 2013; 76:899-911. [PMID: 23643137 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. Pork products are among the main sources of Salmonella infection in humans, and several countries have established Salmonella surveillance and control programs. The role of slaughtering in carcass contamination has been indicated by studies focused on the slaughterhouse environment. In this review, we examine and discuss the information available regarding the influence that farm status, pig transport, and lairage have on the carriage of Salmonella by pigs entering the slaughter line. The evolution of carcass contamination throughout the slaughtering process, the main sources of contamination in the dirty and clean zones of the slaughter line, and previously reported prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and factors affecting this prevalence also are discussed. The importance of implementing interventions at the slaughter level is discussed briefly. Consistent with the information available, pigs from infected farms and newly acquired or recrudescent infections in pigs at the subsequent stages of transport and lairage are important sources of Salmonella at the slaughtering plant. The continuous introduction of Salmonella into the slaughterhouse and the potential for resident flora constitute a risk for carcass contamination. At the slaughterhouse, some dressing activities can reduce carcass contamination, but others are critical control points that jeopardize carcass hygiene. This information indicates the importance of considering slaughter and previous stages in the pork production chain for controlling Salmonella in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Arguello
- Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal Health, University of León, León, Spain.
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28
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Zhen S, Liu Y, Li X, Ge K, Chen H, Li C, Ren F. Effects of lairage time on welfare indicators, energy metabolism and meat quality of pigs in Beijing. Meat Sci 2013; 93:287-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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EL-Deeb WM, El-Bahr SM. Acute-phase proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers in water buffalo calves subjected to transportation stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Panella-Riera N, Gispert M, Gil M, Soler J, Tibau J, Oliver M, A.Velarde, Fàbrega E. Effect of feed deprivation and lairage time on carcass and meat quality traits on pigs under minimal stressful conditions. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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32
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Smid JH, Swart AN, Havelaar AH, Pielaat A. A practical framework for the construction of a biotracing model: application to Salmonella in the pork slaughter chain. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2011; 31:1434-1450. [PMID: 21418081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel purpose of the use of mathematical models in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is to identify the sources of microbial contamination in a food chain (i.e., biotracing). In this article we propose a framework for the construction of a biotracing model, eventually to be used in industrial food production chains where discrete numbers of products are processed that may be contaminated by a multitude of sources. The framework consists of steps in which a Monte Carlo model, simulating sequential events in the chain following a modular process risk modeling (MPRM) approach, is converted to a Bayesian belief network (BBN). The resulting model provides a probabilistic quantification of concentrations of a pathogen throughout a production chain. A BBN allows for updating the parameters of the model based on observational data, and global parameter sensitivity analysis is readily performed in a BBN. Moreover, a BBN enables "backward reasoning" when downstream data are available and is therefore a natural framework for answering biotracing questions. The proposed framework is illustrated with a biotracing model of Salmonella in the pork slaughter chain, based on a recently published Monte Carlo simulation model. This model, implemented as a BBN, describes the dynamics of Salmonella in a Dutch slaughterhouse and enables finding the source of contamination of specific carcasses at the end of the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Smid
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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33
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Kirchner M, Marier E, Miller A, Snow L, McLaren I, Davies R, Clifton-Hadley F, Cook A. Application of variable number of tandem repeat analysis to track Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of pigs reared on three British farms through the production cycle to the abattoir. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:960-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Miranda-de la Lama GC, Sepúlveda WS, Villarroel M, María GA. Livestock Vehicle Accidents in Spain: Causes, Consequences, and Effects on Animal Welfare. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2011; 14:109-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2011.551622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Liste G, Miranda-de la Lama GC, Campo MM, Villarroel M, Muela E, María GA. Effect of lairage on lamb welfare and meat quality. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study analysed the effect of lairage on some indicators of welfare and meat quality in lambs. Forty-eight lambs were divided into two treatments: T1 without lairage and T2 with 12 h of lairage. Blood samples were collected at slaughter to analyse cortisol, lactate, glucose, creatinine kinase, non-esterified fatty acid, white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit and ratio of neutrophil : lymphocytes. Meat from the M. longissimus was analysed in terms of pH 24 h post-mortem, water-holding capacity, texture and colour. Sensory analyses were performed by a trained panel. Lairage had a significant effect on stress response, but had no effect on haematological variables. The lambs with a lairage period before slaughter (T2) had significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower values of cortisol at the time of slaughter. A similar result was observed for lactate and glucose, with T1 lambs showing significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher values than T2 lambs. The creatinine kinase activity and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were highest in T2 lambs (P ≤ 0.05). Instrumental and sensory meat quality were not affected, with the exception of water-holding capacity and some meat colour indicators. The water-holding capacity was significantly higher for T2 (P ≤ 0.05), while T1 lambs had a higher yellow index (P ≤ 0.05) and hue (P ≤ 0.05). The results obtained in this study suggest that animals will be less stressed at the time of slaughter with an overnight lairage compared with slaughter on arrival at the abattoir. While stress at the time of slaughter can influence meat quality, these changes were small and always within the normal commercial range.
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36
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Correa JA, Torrey S, Devillers N, Laforest JP, Gonyou HW, Faucitano L. Effects of different moving devices at loading on stress response and meat quality in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:4086-93. [PMID: 20802143 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Correa
- F. Ménard Inc., Ange Gardien, Quebec, J0E 1E0, Canada
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37
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GOLDING-MYERS J, SHOWERS C, SHAND P, ROSSER B. MUSCLE FIBER TYPE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF PALE, SOFT, EXUDATIVE PORK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2009.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Guàrdia MD, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A. Risk assessment of DFD meat due to pre-slaughter conditions in pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 70:709-716. [PMID: 20416842 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polychotomous logistic regression model was used to identify and assess the risk factors for pork becoming dark, firm and dry meat (DFD). A total of 116 deliveries, comprising 3075 commercial pigs delivered from different farms to five commercial Spanish pig abattoirs were surveyed. The DFD condition was described as an ordinal response variable (normal, moderate and serious) based on measurements of pH(24) in the Semimembranosus muscle. The abattoir, the floor of the lorry, the season, the gender, and the stocking density during transportation influenced the risk of DFD, as well as on-farm fasting time, lairage time and estimated carcass lean content. No effect of the RYR1 gene in the risk of DFD was found. Abattoirs should be especially careful with females slaughtered in winter, where the risk of serious DFD is 4.6% higher than with males slaughtered in summer. The risk of DFD increased with high stocking density and lairage time, and with on-farm fasting times longer than 22h. Our results revealed that lowering the stocking density from 0.37 to 0.50m(2) per 100kg pig during transport would increase the risk of DFD pork by 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Guàrdia
- IRTA, Centre de Tecnologia de la Carn, Granja Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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39
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Abstract
All farm animals will experience some level of stress during their lives. Stress reduces the fitness of an animal, which can be expressed through failure to achieve production performance standards, or through disease and death. Stress in farm animals can also have detrimental effects on the quality of food products. However, although a common assumption of a potential effect of stress on food safety exists, little is actually known about how this interaction may occur. The aim of this review was to examine the current knowledge of the potential impact of stress in farm animals on food safety risk. Colonization of farm animals by enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and their subsequent dissemination into the human food chain are a major public health and economic concern for the food industries. This review shows that there is increasing evidence to demonstrate that stress can have a significant deleterious effect on food safety through a variety of potential mechanisms. However, as the impact of stress is difficult to precisely determine, it is imperative that the issue receives more research attention in the interests of optimizing animal welfare and minimizing losses in product yield and quality, as well as to food safety risks to consumers. While there is some evidence linking stress with pathogen carriage and shedding in farm animals, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Understanding when pathogen loads on the farm are the highest or when animals are most susceptible to infection will help identifying times when intervention strategies for pathogen control may be most effective, and consequently, increase the safety of food of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos H Rostagno
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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40
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Sterten H, Fr⊘ystein T, Ekker AS, Kjos NP. Influence of feeding regime, sex and fasting time prior to slaughter on growth rate, carcass characteristics, ultimate pH and skin damage of pigs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700903254273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Influence of road transportation on plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins, including fibrinogen, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and ceruloplasmin, in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009-0839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Guàrdia MD, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A. Risk assessment of skin damage due to pre-slaughter conditions and RYR1 gene in pigs. Meat Sci 2008; 81:745-51. [PMID: 20416560 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A polychotomous logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for skin damage prior to slaughter. A total of 116 deliveries (15,695 pigs) from commercial farms to five Spanish pig abattoirs were surveyed. The skin damage condition was described as an ordinal response (1: no damage; 2: very slight damage; and 3: slight or more damage). The abattoir by the season (p<0.01), the floor surface of the lorry (p=0.02), and the mixing of unfamiliar pigs at loading (p=0.01) influenced the occurrence of skin blemishes. Skin damage increased with on-farm fasting time (p<0.01), loading time (p<0.01), lairage time (p<0.01), as well as with carcass weight (p<0.01). In winter transports the risk of skin damage decreased (p<0.01) at higher space allowance in the lorry. The risk of developing PSE and DFD pork increased with the skin damage score (p<0.01). The nn genotype for the RYR1 gene was less prone to skin damage but at the same time it is more sensitive to skin damage in relation to PSE risk. It is concluded that the skin damage score can be used as a rapid indicator of animal welfare and pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Guàrdia
- IRTA, Tecnologia dels Aliments, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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43
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Martín-Peláez S, Martín-Orúe S, Pérez J, Fàbrega E, Tibau J, Gasa J. Increasing feed withdrawal and lairage times prior to slaughter decreases the gastrointestinal tract weight but favours the growth of cecal Enterobacteriaceae in pigs. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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A review of welfare in cattle, sheep and pig lairages, with emphasis on stocking rates, ventilation and noise. Anim Welf 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s096272860003219x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAppropriate space allowances for animals are yet to be specifically determined for lairage. Space allowances that may be suitable for animals in lairage are suggested, based on reviewed studies of animals in transport, lairage and on farm. The longer animals are in lairage the more space they require, in order to be able to get up and lie down and lie undisturbed by congeners. Little work has been done on air quality and air flow characteristics in lairages. The range of ventilation must be sufficient to control levels of toxic or irritant gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia and to remove excess heat and humidity; the latter being particularly relevant for pig lairages in hot weather. Intensities of sound measured in lairages often exceed 85 dB and there is evidence to suggest that such levels can be stressful especially for pigs; and human shouting appears particularly aversive to animals. Cattle vocalise in response to painful stimuli and to convey information to conspecifics that may be related to fear and distress. There is limited evidence that sheep adapt to continuous sound, provided it is not too loud, but respond to intermittent sounds such as gates banging and human shouting. Vocal communication between sheep may be less important than that between cattle and pigs. Levels of vocalisation are potential indices of animal welfare. Animals' prior experiences and factors such as sex, group size and constitution, pen design, and climatic or environmental conditions affect their welfare and responses to conditions in lairage.
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45
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Carr C, Newman D, Rentfrow G, Keisler D, Berg E. Effects of Slaughter Date, On-Farm Handling, Transport Stocking Density, and Time in Lairage on Digestive Tract Temperature, Serum Cortisol Concentrations, and Pork Lean Quality of Market Hogs1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1532/s1080-7446(15)30842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Preslaughter handling effects on pork quality and glycolytic potential in two muscles differing in fiber type composition. J Anim Sci 2007; 83:900-7. [PMID: 15753346 DOI: 10.2527/2005.834900x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of transportation, lairage, and preslaughter stressor treatment on glycolytic potential and pork quality of the glycolytic longissimus and the oxidative supraspinatus (SSP) or serratus ventralis (SV) muscles. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, 384 pigs were assigned randomly either to short (50 min) and smooth or long (3 h) and rough transport, long (3 h) or short (< 45 min) lairage, and minimal or high preslaughter stress. Muscle samples were taken from the LM at 135 min and from the SSP at 160 min postmortem for determination of the glycolytic potential and rate of glycolysis. At 23 h postmortem, pork quality was assessed in the LM and the SV. Effects of transport and lairage conditions were similar in both muscle types. Long transport increased (P < 0.01) the glycolytic potential and muscle lactate concentrations compared with short transport. Both long transportation and short lairage decreased (P < 0.01) redness (a* values) and yellowness (b* values) of the LM and SV. In combination with short lairage, long transport decreased (P < 0.05) pork lightness (lower L* values), and electrical conductivity was increased (P < 0.05) after long transport. Several interactions between stress level and muscle type (P < 0.001) were observed. High preslaughter stress decreased (P < 0.001) muscle glycogen in both the LM and SSP, but this decrease was greater in the LM. Lactate concentrations were increased (P < 0.001) only in the LM by high preslaughter stress. Increases in ultimate pH (P < 0.001) and decreases in a* values (P < 0.01) were greatest in the SV, whereas increases in electrical conductivity (P < 0.001) were greatest in the LM. The lack of interactions among transportation, lairage, and muscle type was attributed to the relatively minor differences in stress among treatments. It was concluded that, in glycolytic muscle types such as the LM, the high physical and psychological stress levels associated with stress in the immediate preslaughter period have a greater effect on the water-holding capacity of the meat and may promote PSE development. Conversely, oxidative muscle types tend to have higher ultimate pH values and produce DFD pork in response to intense physical activity and/or high psychological stress levels preslaughter.
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47
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Piñeiro M, Piñeiro C, Carpintero R, Morales J, Campbell FM, Eckersall PD, Toussaint MJM, Lampreave F. Characterisation of the pig acute phase protein response to road transport. Vet J 2007; 173:669-74. [PMID: 16584904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase protein (APP) response was evaluated after prolonged transportation of pigs under commercial conditions. Elevated serum APP concentrations were observed in two groups of boars immediately after their arrival at a destination farm compared with within-animal control samples obtained one month later. The effect was more pronounced in the first group of pigs conveyed under average transport conditions (Transport 1, 24 h), although the second group was transported for a longer time period (Transport 2, 48 h) but in superior transport conditions. In a second trial, pigs were sampled before transport, on arrival at an abattoir (following 12 h transport), and at the slaughter-line (after 6 h lairage). Significant increases in major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and a decrease in apolipoprotein A-I, were observed at slaughter. The results demonstrate that shipment of pigs by road can result in an APP response that is probably related to the stress of transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Piñeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; PigCHAMP Pro Europa S.A. Ctra San Rafael 42, 40006 Segovia, Spain.
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48
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to “Risk assessment and mitigation options of Salmonella in pig production”. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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49
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Namvar A, Warriner K. Application of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction to trace the fate of generic Escherichia coli within a high capacity pork slaughter line. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:155-63. [PMID: 16386814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of enteric contaminants (generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella) associated with pork carcasses and contact surfaces within a high capacity (6,000 carcasses per day) pork slaughter line was evaluated. Sponge samples were taken periodically from the holding area floor and carcasses at different points in the line throughout an 8.75 h production period. E. coli levels within the holding area were high (ca. 6 log cfu 100 cm(-2)) during the initial phase of processing and did not significantly increase throughout the activity period. In the course of dehairing carcasses, the levels of E. coli were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by scalding but increased during the scraping process. A combination of polishing and triple singeing reduced E. coli populations and the bacterium was only recovered sporadically on eviscerated carcasses. The E. coli populations associated with the slaughter line had a low diversity considering the large number of carcasses processed. In Visit I, the 665 E. coli isolates typed using ERIC-PCR could be grouped into 41 genotypes. In Visit II, 141 genotypes were identified among the 855 E. coli isolates tested. This would suggest that contamination on incoming pigs was of only minor significance compared to that present within the slaughterhouse environment. The holding area was shown to act as a reservoir for endemic E. coli genotypes that could be systematically transferred throughout the dressing line on carcasses. Indeed, the majority of genotypes could be re-isolated throughout the 8.75-h processing period. E. coli isolated from carcasses within the evisceration area could be traced to up-stream operations. The holding area and scraper operation were found to be the most important sites of cross-contamination. Fourteen genotypes recovered (primarily within the holding area) on Visit I were re-isolated on Visit II. Despite the presence of endemic E. coli populations, Salmonella was recovered from only two sites (holding area floor and a carcass within the cooler) on a single occasion. The two Salmonella recovered were genetically distinct (similarity index=22%) suggesting that they originated from different sources and were not part of an endemic population. The study has further illustrated the utility of molecular typing of generic E. coli isolates to establish the dynamics of enteric contamination within pork slaughter lines. However, the extent to which the distribution of E. coli can be extrapolated to that of Salmonella remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Namvar
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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50
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Hurd HS, Gailey JK, McKean JD, Griffith RW. Variable abattoir conditions affect Salmonella enterica prevalence and meat quality in swine and pork. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 2:77-81. [PMID: 15992301 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that abattoir holding pens pose significant Salmonella enterica risk to swine immediately preharvest. The goal of this study was to evaluate those factors related to holding that increased the prevalence of S. enterica in swine at slaughter. To accomplish this goal, we focused on holding time and flooring. Our objectives were to (1) compare Salmonella enterica prevalence among pigs held for short (15-45 min) versus long (up to 4 h) periods before slaughter; and (2) determine the impact of flooring (slatted vs. concrete) as it relates to the prevalence of S. enterica. The study consisted of seven repetitions at a large volume (11,000 head/day) Midwest abattoir. Each repetition consisted of one truck load of pigs (n = 170) sorted into one of three groups: (1) animals held for a short time (15-45 min) on solid floors (short-hold); (2) animals held for 4 +/- 0.5 h on slatted floors; and (3) animals held for 4 +/- 0.5 h on solid concrete floors. At slaughter, samples were collected from 30 pigs in each group. Cecal contents (20 mL), feces (20 g), and the ileocecal lymph node were cultured for S. enterica. Additionally, the effect of holding time on meat quality parameters (loin pH at 35 min and 6 h, color, drip loss) was evaluated for the first four replicates. The proportion of S. enterica-positive samples was highest (p < 0.05) in the cecum of pigs held on solid concrete floors (72.4%), and slightly less for pigs held on slatted floors (63.3%). Animals held for less than 45 min before slaughter demonstrated the lowest proportion of S. enterica-positive samples (52.9%). The pig prevalence, as measured by any one of the three samples being positive, was significantly different (p < 0.05) between animals held on solid floors (81%) and those animals held for 45 min or less before slaughter (69%). Meat quality, as measured by multiple parameters, was adversely affected by lack of a rest period. The mean 24-h pH was significantly lower for the short-hold group compared to the other two groups. The mean Minolta L and the drip loss were significantly higher in the short-hold group. From this and other studies, it appears that elimination of the holding process is not feasible S. enterica control option, given current U.S. harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hurd
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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