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Abstract
Among the animal superfamily Musteloidea, which includes those commonly known as mustelids, naturally occurring and species-specific alphacoronavirus infections have been observed in both mink (Mustela vison/Neovison vison) and domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV), in particular, has been associated with a rare but fatal systemic disease. In recent months, it has become apparent that both minks and ferrets are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a betacoronavirus and the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several mink farms have experienced SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, and experimental models have demonstrated susceptibility of ferrets to SARS-CoV-2. The potential for pet ferrets to become infected with SARS-CoV-2, however, remains elusive. During the 2002-2003 SARS epidemic, it was also apparent that ferrets were susceptible to SARS-CoV and could be utilized in vaccine development. From a comparative standpoint, understanding the relationships between different infections and disease pathogenesis in the animal superfamily Musteloidea may help elucidate viral infection and transmission mechanisms, as well as treatment and prevention strategies for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qinghua Guo
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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3
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Tarbert DK, Bolin LL, Stout AE, Schaefer DMW, Ruby RE, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez J, Duhamel GE, Whittaker GR, de Matos R. Persistent infection and pancytopenia associated with ferret systemic coronaviral disease in a domestic ferret. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:616-620. [PMID: 32589111 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720937105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret systemic coronaviral disease (FSCD) is a well-established cause of mortality in domestic ferrets. We describe herein novel findings in a case of FSCD that was diagnosed and medically managed following virus detection by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of surgical biopsy samples. Hematologic changes in this ferret suggested spread of the virus to the bone marrow, which was confirmed by IHC staining of a postmortem sample. Genotyping of the virus indicated that the virus grouped with alphacoronaviruses and was most closely related to ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) MSU-2. Our clinical case demonstrates that a FRECV MSU-2-like ferret coronavirus associated previously with the enteric pathotype may cause systemic disease, including bone marrow involvement causing persistent pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Tarbert
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Lisa L Bolin
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Alison E Stout
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Deanna M W Schaefer
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Rebecca E Ruby
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Julia Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
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Reavill DR, Lennox AM. Disease Overview of the Urinary Tract in Exotic Companion Mammals and Tips on Clinical Management. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:169-193. [PMID: 31759446 PMCID: PMC7110585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the urinary tract are reviewed, covering infectious (bacterial, viral, parasitic), degenerative, congenital, metabolic, nutritional, neoplastic, obstructive, and toxic causes. Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608-0515, USA.
| | - Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, 9330 Waldemar Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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5
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Abstract
Urogenital lesions are relatively common in ferrets. Renal disease is diagnosed as in traditional small animal medicine; however, peculiarities in ferrets include physiologically low levels of creatinine. Renal cysts are very common in ferrets but are usually incidental findings. Uroliths are usually composed of struvite or cystine. Urethral obstruction in male ferrets is predominantly caused by adrenal-associated prostatic disease. Spontaneous cystitis is rare in ferrets. Primary reproductive disease is uncommon in ferrets in the United States where animals are usually neutered at 6 weeks of age. In other countries, ferrets either remain unneutered or are neutered at 5 to 6 months of age. Ferrets are seasonal breeders, and female are induced ovulators. Prolonged estrus and hyperestrogenism often causes profound bone marrow suppression.
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Wills SE, Beaufrère HH, Brisson BA, Fraser RS, Smith DA. Pancreatitis and Systemic Coronavirus Infection in a Ferret ( Mustela putorius furo). Comp Med 2018; 68:208-211. [PMID: 29776456 PMCID: PMC6008714 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 1-y-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was referred for additional diagnostic evaluation after physical examination by the referring veterinarian revealed a cranial abdominal mass. The ferret had a 2-wk history of inappetence, weight loss, and lethargy. On presentation, the ferret was thin, and an approximately 3-cm mass was palpable in the cranial abdomen. No other abnormalities were noted. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a soft-tissue structure, with a moderate blood supply and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Fine-needle aspirates of the mass were nondiagnostic. Exploratory laparotomy revealed multiple nodules and thickened tissues throughout the mesentery, a thickened and nodular pancreas, and a small amount of free abdominal fluid. Histopathology of mesenteric, lymphatic, and pancreatic biopsies revealed suppurative pancreatitis and necrotizing and pyogranulomatous mesenteric steatitis. Positive immunohistochemistry for feline coronavirus confirmed a diagnosis of ferret systemic coronavirus disease (FSCD). The ferret was treated medically with oral prednisolone, improved dramatically, and was still doing well 22 mo after diagnosis. Although FSCD has been reported extensively, this case is noteworthy for the presence of suppurative pancreatitis and the positive long-term outcome after corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wills
- Exotic Animal Care Centre, Pasadena, California, USA; Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugues H Beaufrère
- Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brigitte A Brisson
- Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell S Fraser
- Departments of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dale A Smith
- Departments of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Li TC, Yoshizaki S, Kataoka M, Doan YH, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Nakamura T, Takeda N, Wakita T. Determination of Ferret Enteric Coronavirus Genome in Laboratory Ferrets. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1568-1570. [PMID: 28820366 PMCID: PMC5572892 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.160215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) RNA was detected in laboratory ferrets. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of 2 strains, FRCoV4370 and FRCoV063, revealed that FRECV shared 49.9%–68.9% nucleotide sequence identity with known coronaviruses. These results suggest that FRECV might be classified as a new species in the genus Alphacoronavirus.
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8
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Suran JN, Latney LV, Wyre NR. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings of the spleen and abdominal lymph nodes in healthy domestic ferrets. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:444-453. [PMID: 28414856 PMCID: PMC7166479 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the radiographic and ultrasonographic characteristics of the spleen and abdominal lymph nodes in clinically healthy ferrets. Materials and Methods Fifty‐five clinically healthy ferrets were prospectively recruited for this cross‐sectional study. Three‐view whole body radiographs and abdominal ultrasonography were performed on awake (23 out of 55) or sedated (32 out of 55) ferrets. On radiographs splenic and abdominal lymph node visibility was assessed. Splenic thickness and echogenicity and lymph node length, thickness, echogenicity, number and presence of cyst‐like changes were recorded. Results The spleen was radiographically detectable in all ferrets. On ultrasound the spleen was hyperechoic to the liver (55 out of 55) and mildly hyperechoic (28 out of 55), isoechoic (15 out of 55) or mildly hypoechoic (12 out of 55) to the renal cortices. Mean splenic thickness was 11.80 ±0.34 mm. Lymph nodes were radiographically discernible in 28 out of 55 ferrets and included caudal mesenteric and sublumbar nodes. An average of 9 ±2 lymph nodes (mean± standard deviation; mode 10) were identified in each ferret using ultrasound. A single large jejunal lymph node was identified in all ferrets and had a mean thickness of 5.28 ± 1.66 mm. For other lymph nodes the mean thickness measurements plus one standard deviation were less than 4.4 mm (95% confidence interval: ≤ 3.72 mm). Clinical Significance The information provided in this study may act as a baseline for evaluation of the spleen and lymph nodes in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Suran
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - L V Latney
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - N R Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, Tin Hau, Hong Kong
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9
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Lindemann DM, Eshar D, Schumacher LL, Almes KM, Rankin AJ. Pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis with systemic coronavirus disease in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19:167-71. [PMID: 25918975 PMCID: PMC7169242 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A 15-month-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) presented for lethargy and weight loss of 2 weeks duration. Upon physical examination, a 2-mm-diameter focal area of opacity was noted in the left cornea. In addition, the ferret was quiet, in poor body condition, and dehydrated. A complete blood count and plasma biochemistry revealed a severe nonregenerative anemia, azotemia, hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and mild hyperphosphatemia and hyperchloremia. Urinalysis revealed hyposthenuria. Whole body radiographs showed multifocal thoracic nodular disease, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed bilaterally enlarged kidneys, hypoechoic liver and spleen, and a caudal abdominal hypoechoic mobile nodule. The ferret was humanely euthanized, and a postmortem examination with subsequent histopathology showed multifocal necrotizing pyogranulomas in the lung, spleen, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes, and serosa of the duodenum. Pyogranulomatous panophthalmitis was diagnosed in the left eye. The multisystemic granulomatous lesions were suggestive of ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV). The presence of coronavirus in the left eye was confirmed by positive immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from the lung, spleen, and kidney was negative for FRSCV and positive for ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV). Systemic coronavirus disease in ferrets closely resembles feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in domestic cats, which can manifest with anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, and retinal detachment. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ocular lesions in a ferret with systemic coronavirus disease, suggesting that ferrets presented with similar ocular lesions should also be evaluated for evidence of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Lindemann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Loni L Schumacher
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Kelli M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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10
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Gnirs K, Quinton JF, Dally C, Nicolier A, Ruel Y. Cerebral pyogranuloma associated with systemic coronavirus infection in a ferret. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:36-9. [PMID: 26046449 PMCID: PMC7166721 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old male ferret was presented with central nervous system signs. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed a well-defined contrast-enhancing lesion on the rostral forebrain that appeared extraparenchymal. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and the ferret was euthanised during the procedure. Histopathology of the excised mass showed multiple meningeal nodular lesions with infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages, occasionally centred on degenerated neutrophils and surrounded by a broad rim of plasma cells, features consistent with pyogranulomatous meningitis. The histopathological features in this ferret were similar to those in cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Definitive diagnosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry, confirming a ferret systemic coronavirus (FSCV) associated disease. This is the first case of coronavirus granuloma described on CT-scan in the central nervous system of a ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnirs
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - J F Quinton
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - C Dally
- Department of Pathology, LAPVSO, Toulouse, France
| | - A Nicolier
- Vet Diagnostics Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Y Ruel
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
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11
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Unusual presentation of systemic coronavirosis in a ferret. PRATIQUE MÉDICALE ET CHIRURGICALE DE L'ANIMAL DE COMPAGNIE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7147865 DOI: 10.1016/j.anicom.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A young ferret was presented for a posterior paresis, urinary and fecal incontinence, weight loss, anorexia and lethargy. Biochemichemistry and hematology revealed hyperproteinemia with hyperglobulinemia and anemia. Abdominal ultrasonography showed splenomegaly, adenomegaly and nephromegaly with abdnomal echogenicity of the abdominal organs, compatible with a diagnosis of systemic coronavirosis. The ferret was humanely euthanized. On histopathology, a severe pyogranulomatous inflammation with neutrophilic vasculitis was seen in several organs (kidney, liver, lung, spleen and lymph node). Immunochemistry with FIPV3-70 antibody revealed the presence of coronaviral antigen within the lesions, confirming the diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis-like disease. A slight mononuclear radiculoneuritis was also present in the sciatic nerve, possibly explaining the peripheral neuropathy observed in this ferret. Whereas posterior paresis is common and non-specific in ferrets, fecal and urinary incontinence are rarely described. Radiculoneuritis caused by systemic coronavirus should be considered in young patients presenting these symptoms.
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12
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Abstract
Exotic small mammal medicine is a relatively new specialty area within veterinary medicine. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents have long been used as animal models in human medical research investigations, resulting in a body of basic anatomic and physiologic information that can be used by veterinarians treating these species. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of veterinary articles that describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options of gastrointestinal (GI) disease as it affects exotic small mammals. Although there is little reference material relating to exotic small mammal GI disease, patients are commonly presented to veterinary hospitals with digestive tract disorders. This article provides the latest information available for GI disease in ferrets (Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], GI lymphoma, systemic coronavirus, coccidiosis, and liver disease), rabbits (GI motility disorders, liver lobe torsion, astrovirus, and coccidiosis), guinea pigs (gastric dilatation volvulus [GDV]), rats (Taenia taeniaeformis), and hamsters (Clostridium difficile). Both noninfectious diseases and emerging infectious diseases are reviewed as well as the most up-to-date diagnostics and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Exotic Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, Arcueil, France
| | - Charly Pignon
- Exotic Medicine Service, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Abstract
Liver disease in ferrets is often subclinical and underdiagnosed. Clinical pathology and diagnostic imaging are needed to guide clinicians but definite diagnosis is based on histopathologic lesions. Inflammatory digestive conditions can lead to ascending tract infection and hepatobiliary inflammation. Ferrets have a specific sensitivity to hepatic lipidosis. Incidence of hepatic neoplasia is high in ferrets. After a summary of anatomy and physiology of the ferret liver, hepatic diseases known in ferret species are reviewed with their subsequent diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Exotic Department, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, Arcueil 94110, France.
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Ferret Systemic Coronaviral Disease (FSCD). CLINICAL VETERINARY ADVISOR 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151897 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3969-3.00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Shanaman MM, Mitchell MA, Haskins S, Welle K, Demeter Z, Hsiao SH, Murrell-Ritter S, O'Brien RT. Diagnostic Challenge. J Exot Pet Med 2012; 21:264-269. [PMID: 32288676 PMCID: PMC7129360 DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M Shanaman
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Samantha Haskins
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ken Welle
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Zoltan Demeter
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Shih-Hsuan Hsiao
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sandra Murrell-Ritter
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert T O'Brien
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802 USA, and All Creatures Animal Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801
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