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Ma D, Li C, Shi W, Fan Y, Liang H, Li L, Zhang Z, Yeh CH. Benefits From Different Modes of Slow and Deep Breathing on Vagal Modulation. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2024; 12:520-532. [PMID: 39050620 PMCID: PMC11268930 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2024.3419805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Slow and deep breathing (SDB) is a relaxation technique that can increase vagal activity. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) serves as an index of vagal function usually quantified by the high-frequency power of heart rate variability (HRV). However, the low breathing rate during SDB results in deviations when estimating RSA by HRV. Besides, the impact of the inspiration-expiration (I: E) ratio and guidelines ways (fixed breathing rate or intelligent guidance) on SDB is not yet clear. In our study, 30 healthy people (mean age = 26.5 years, 17 females) participated in three SDB modes, including 6 breaths per minute (bpm) with an I:E ratio of 1:1/ 1:2, and intelligent guidance mode (I:E ratio of 1:2 with guiding to gradually lower breathing rate to 6 bpm). Parameters derived from HRV, multimodal coupling analysis (MMCA), Poincaré plot, and detrended fluctuation analysis were introduced to examine the effects of SDB exercises. Besides, multiple machine learning methods were applied to classify breathing patterns (spontaneous breathing vs. SDB) after feature selection by max-relevance and min-redundancy. All vagal-activity markers, especially MMCA-derived RSA, statistically increased during SDB. Among all SDB modes, breathing at 6 bpm with a 1:1 I:E ratio activated the vagal function the most statistically, while the intelligent guidance mode had more indicators that still significantly increased after training, including SDRR and MMCA-derived RSA, etc. About the classification of breathing patterns, the Naive Bayes classifier has the highest accuracy (92.2%) with input features including LFn, CPercent, pNN50, [Formula: see text], SDRatio, [Formula: see text], and LF. Our study proposed a system that can be applied to medical devices for automatic SDB identification and real-time feedback on the training effect. We demonstrated that breathing at 6 bpm with an I:E ratio of 1:1 performed best during the training phase, while intelligent guidance mode had a more long-lasting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshan Ma
- School of Information and ElectronicsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100811China
| | - Conghui Li
- Department of Child Rehabilitation MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450052China
| | - Wenbin Shi
- School of Information and ElectronicsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100811China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and InterventionMinistry of Education (Beijing Institute of Technology)Beijing100811China
| | - Yong Fan
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in MedicineMedical Innovation Research DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100036China
| | - Hong Liang
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in MedicineMedical Innovation Research DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100036China
| | - Lixuan Li
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in MedicineMedical Innovation Research DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100036China
| | - Zhengbo Zhang
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in MedicineMedical Innovation Research DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100036China
| | - Chien-Hung Yeh
- School of Information and ElectronicsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100811China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Health Intelligent Evaluation and InterventionMinistry of Education (Beijing Institute of Technology)Beijing100811China
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Chand K, Chandra S, Dutt V. A comprehensive evaluation of linear and non-linear HRV parameters between paced breathing and stressful mental state. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32195. [PMID: 38873683 PMCID: PMC11170182 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Heart rate variability (HRV) is a crucial metric that provides valuable insight into the balance between relaxation and stress. Previous research has shown that most HRV parameters improve during periods of mental relaxation, while decreasing during tasks involving cognitive workload. Although a comprehensive analysis of both linear and non-linear HRV parameters has been carried out in existing literature, there still exists a need for further research in this area. Additionally, limited knowledge exists regarding how specific interventions may influence the interpretation of these parameters and how the different parameters correlate under different interventions. This study aims to address these gaps by conducting a thorough comparison of different linear and non-linear HRV parameters under mentally relaxed versus stressful states. Methodology Participants were randomly and equally divided among two between-subjects groups: relaxed-stress (RS) (N = 22) and stress-relaxed (SR) (N = 22). In the RS group, a paced breathing task was given for 5 min to create relaxation, and was followed by a 5-min time-based mental calculation task to create stress. In the SR group, the order of the stress and relaxed tasks was reversed. There was a washout period of 15 min after the first task in both groups. Results Of the 37 HRV parameters, 33 differed significantly between the two interventions. The majority of the parameters exhibited an improving and degrading tendency of HRV parameters in the relaxed and stressed states, respectively. The correlation of the majority of HRV parameters decreases during stress, while prominent time domain and geometric domain parameters stand out in the correlation. Conclusion Overall, HRV parameters can be reliably used to assess a person's relaxed and stressed mental states during paced breathing and mental arithmetic task respectively. Furthermore, non-linear HRV parameters provide accurate estimators of the mental state, in addition to the commonly used linear parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Chand
- IIT Mandi iHub and HCi Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, HP, India , 175005
| | - Shilpa Chandra
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, HP, India , 175005
| | - Varun Dutt
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, HP, India , 175005
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Bentley RF, Dorian P, Vecchiarelli E, Banks L, Connelly KA, Yan AT, Osman W, Goodman JM. The effect of chronic exercise training and acute exercise on power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:148-156. [PMID: 37751466 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Moderate to vigorous physical activity performed regularly is cardioprotective and reduces all-cause mortality, concomitant with increased resting heart rate variability (HRV). However, there are contradictory reports regarding the effects of chronic and acute exercise on nocturnal HRV in those performing exercise well-beyond physical activity guidelines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the power spectral analysis components of HRV in middle-aged endurance athletes (EA) and recreationally active individuals (REC) and explore acute exercise effects in EA. A total of 119 EA (52, 49-57 years) and 32 REC (56, 52-60 years) were recruited to complete 24 h Holter monitoring (GE SEER 1000) in the absence of exercise. Fifty one EA (52, 49-57 years) then underwent 24 h Holter monitoring following an intense bout of endurance exercise. Power spectral HRV analysis was completed hourly and averaged to quantify morning (1000-1200 h), evening (1900-2100 h), and nocturnal (0200-0400 h) HRV. EA had greater very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) (both p < 0.001) compared to REC. LF/high frequency (HF) was greater in EA at 0200-0400 h (p = 0.04). Among all participants, the change in HR and HF from 1000-1200 to 0200-0400 h was negatively correlated (r = -0.47, p < 0.001). Following acute exercise in EA, only nocturnal HRV was assessed. VLF (p < 0.001) and HF (p = 0.008) decreased, while LF/HF increased (p = 0.02). These results suggest that in EA, both long-term and acute exercises increase nocturnal sympathovagal activity through an increase in LF and decrease in HF, respectively. Further work is required to understand the mechanism underlying reduced nocturnal HRV in middle-aged EA and the long-term health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Paul Dorian
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
| | - Emily Vecchiarelli
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Laura Banks
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
| | - Andrew T Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Wesseem Osman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jack M Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto
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Ritz T. Putting back respiration into respiratory sinus arrhythmia or high-frequency heart rate variability: Implications for interpretation, respiratory rhythmicity, and health. Biol Psychol 2024; 185:108728. [PMID: 38092221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on respiratory sinus arrhythmia, or high-frequency heart rate variability (its frequency-domain equivalent), has been popular in psychology and the behavioral sciences for some time. It is typically interpreted as an indicator of cardiac vagal activity. However, as research has shown for decades, the respiratory pattern can influence the amplitude of these noninvasive measures substantially, without necessarily reflecting changes in tonic cardiac vagal activity. Although changes in respiration are systematically associated with experiential and behavioral states, this potential confound in the interpretation of RSA, or HF-HRV, is rarely considered. Interpretations of within-individual changes in these parameters are therefore only conclusive if undertaken relative to the breathing pattern. The interpretation of absolute levels of these parameters between individuals is additionally burdened with the problem of residual inspiratory cardiac vagal activity in humans. Furthermore, multiple demographic, anthropometric, life-style, health, and medication variables can act as relevant third variables that might explain associations of RSA or HF-HRV with experiential and behavioral variables. Because vagal activity measured by these parameters only represents the portion of cardiac vagal outflow that is modulated by the respiratory rhythm, alternative interpretations beyond cardiac vagal activity should be considered. Accumulating research shows that activity of multiple populations of neurons in the brain and the periphery, and with that organ activity and function, are modulated rhythmically by respiratory activity. Thus, observable health benefits ascribed to the cardiac vagal system through RSA or HF-HRV may actually reflect beneficial effects of respiratory modulation. Respiratory rhythmicity may ultimately provide the mechanism that integrates central, autonomic, and visceral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Oliver TE, Sánchez‐Hechavarría ME, Carrazana‐Escalona R, Blaha CA, Sinoway LI, Drew RC. Rapid adjustments to autonomic control of cardiac rhythm at the onset of isometric exercise in healthy young adults. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15616. [PMID: 36823959 PMCID: PMC9950538 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) influences on cardiac rhythm at the onset of exercise, a time of rapid autonomic adjustments, are clinically important areas of investigation. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) involves time-frequency-based heart rate variability (HRV) analysis allowing investigation of autonomic influences on cardiac rhythm during short durations of exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize SNS and PNS influences on cardiac rhythm at the onset of isometric exercise in healthy young adults. CWT analysis was retrospectively applied to R-R interval data (electrocardiogram) previously collected from 14 healthy young adults (26 ± 2 years) who performed 30-s, one-legged, isometric, calf exercise at 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC; 70% MVC trial) or rested (0% MVC trial). Absolute and normalized low-frequency (aLF, nLF; 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (aHF, nHF; 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands and LF/HF were used to analyze one 30-s baseline period and six 5-s time windows during the 30-s exercise (70% MVC) or rest (0% MVC). Statistical analysis involved two-way analysis of variance with post-hoc analysis. aHF, aLF, LF/HF, nHF, and nLF displayed a trial-time interaction (all p ≤ 0.027). In the 70% compared to the 0% MVC trial, aHF and nHF were lower after 5-30 s (all p ≤ 0.040), aLF was lower after 20-30 s (all p ≤ 0.011) and LF/HF and nLF were higher after 5-20 s (all p ≤ 0.045). These results indicate the reduction of the PNS influence on cardiac rhythm begins sooner than the augmentation of the SNS influence at the onset of isometric exercise in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E. Oliver
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Miguel E. Sánchez‐Hechavarría
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Adventista de ChileChillánChile
| | - Ramón Carrazana‐Escalona
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Católica de la Santísima ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Cheryl A. Blaha
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lawrence I. Sinoway
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rachel C. Drew
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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Liou JW, Wang PS, Wu YT, Lee SK, Chang SD, Liou M. ECG Approximate Entropy in the Elderly during Cycling Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5255. [PMID: 35890935 PMCID: PMC9324578 DOI: 10.3390/s22145255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximate entropy (ApEn) is used as a nonlinear measure of heart-rate variability (HRV) in the analysis of ECG time-series recordings. Previous studies have reported that HRV can differentiate between frail and pre-frail people. In this study, EEGs and ECGs were recorded from 38 elderly adults while performing a three-stage cycling routine. Before and after cycling stages, 5-min resting-state EEGs (rs-EEGs) and ECGs were also recorded under the eyes-open condition. Applying the K-mean classifier to pre-exercise rs-ECG ApEn values and body weights revealed nine females with EEG power which was far higher than that of the other subjects in all cycling stages. The breathing of those females was more rapid than that of other subjects and their average heart rate was faster. Those females also presented higher degrees of asymmetry in the alpha and theta bands (stronger power levels in the right frontal electrode), indicating stressful responses during the experiment. It appears that EEG delta activity could be used in conjunction with a very low ECG frequency power as a predictor of bursts in the heart rate to facilitate the monitoring of elderly adults at risk of heart failure. A resting ECG ApEn index in conjunction with the subject's weight or BMI is recommended for screening high-risk candidates prior to exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wei Liou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Gandau Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Kai Lee
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng-Kung University & Academia Sinica, Taipei 701, Taiwan;
| | - Shen-Da Chang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Michelle Liou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
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Finding a rhythm: Relating ultra-short-term heart rate variability measures in healthy young adults during rest, exercise, and recovery. Auton Neurosci 2022; 239:102953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gisselman AS, D'Amico M, Smoliga JM. Optimizing Intersession Reliability of Heart Rate Variability-The Effects of Artifact Correction and Breathing Type. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3199-3207. [PMID: 33105371 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gisselman, AS, D'Amico, M, and Smoliga, JM. Optimizing intersession reliability of heart rate variability-the effects of artifact correction and breathing type. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3199-3207, 2020-This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the reliability of multiple heart rate variability (HRV) parameters and to explore the influence of artifact removal and breathing condition on HRV reliability. Resting HRV was collected using Polar Team monitors on 41 participants (age: 19.9 ± 1.2 years; 28 females and 13 males) during 2 separate days. Within each session, participants performed 10 minutes each of spontaneous and controlled breathing (randomized order). Kubios HRV analysis software was used to analyze 180-second data epochs using "low" or "strong" artifact removal. Relative reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), and absolute reliability was quantified using mean-normalized SEM%. Time-domain and nonlinear parameters produced poor to good intersession agreement (ICC = 0.34-0.68; SEM% = 11.0-39.0) with "low" artifact removal, regardless of breathing condition. Frequency-domain parameters demonstrated fair intersession agreement during controlled breathing (ICC = 0.40-0.45; SEM% = 26.0-70.0) but poor agreement during spontaneous breathing (ICC = 0.07-0.13; SEM% = 32.0-81.0). Minimal differences in ICCs were observed between "low" and "strong" artifact removal. Thus, this study provides 3 practical applications: (a) HRV monitoring is most reliable when using time-domain and nonlinear parameters, regardless of breathing or filtering condition, but no single parameter is especially reliable. The large variation and poor intersession reliability of frequency indices during spontaneous breathing are improved by controlling breathing rate; (b) "Low" artifact removal seems superior to more aggressive artifact removal; and (c) intersession differences in HRV measurements <30% may be indicative of normal daily variation rather than true physiologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Gisselman
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maria D'Amico
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.,Departments of Exercise Science; and
| | - James M Smoliga
- Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
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Mayor D, Panday D, Kandel HK, Steffert T, Banks D. CEPS: An Open Access MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the Analysis of Complexity and Entropy in Physiological Signals. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23030321. [PMID: 33800469 PMCID: PMC7998823 DOI: 10.3390/e23030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed CEPS as an open access MATLAB® GUI (graphical user interface) for the analysis of Complexity and Entropy in Physiological Signals (CEPS), and demonstrate its use with an example data set that shows the effects of paced breathing (PB) on variability of heart, pulse and respiration rates. CEPS is also sufficiently adaptable to be used for other time series physiological data such as EEG (electroencephalography), postural sway or temperature measurements. METHODS Data were collected from a convenience sample of nine healthy adults in a pilot for a larger study investigating the effects on vagal tone of breathing paced at various different rates, part of a development programme for a home training stress reduction system. RESULTS The current version of CEPS focuses on those complexity and entropy measures that appear most frequently in the literature, together with some recently introduced entropy measures which may have advantages over those that are more established. Ten methods of estimating data complexity are currently included, and some 28 entropy measures. The GUI also includes a section for data pre-processing and standard ancillary methods to enable parameter estimation of embedding dimension m and time delay τ ('tau') where required. The software is freely available under version 3 of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv3) for non-commercial users. CEPS can be downloaded from Bitbucket. In our illustration on PB, most complexity and entropy measures decreased significantly in response to breathing at 7 breaths per minute, differentiating more clearly than conventional linear, time- and frequency-domain measures between breathing states. In contrast, Higuchi fractal dimension increased during paced breathing. CONCLUSIONS We have developed CEPS software as a physiological data visualiser able to integrate state of the art techniques. The interface is designed for clinical research and has a structure designed for integrating new tools. The aim is to strengthen collaboration between clinicians and the biomedical community, as demonstrated here by using CEPS to analyse various physiological responses to paced breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mayor
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Deepak Panday
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK;
| | - Hari Kala Kandel
- Department of Computing, Goldsmiths College, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK;
| | - Tony Steffert
- MindSpire, Napier House, 14-16 Mount Ephraim Rd, Tunbridge Wells TN1 1EE, UK;
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Walton Hall, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Duncan Banks
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Walton Hall, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
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Lischke A, Pahnke R, Mau-Moeller A, Weippert M. Heart Rate Variability Modulates Interoceptive Accuracy. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:612445. [PMID: 33536870 PMCID: PMC7849500 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.612445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our emotional experiences depend on our interoceptive ability to perceive and interpret changes in our autonomous nervous system. An inaccurate perception and interpretation of autonomic changes impairs our ability to understand and regulate our emotional reactions. Impairments in emotion understanding and emotion regulation increase our risk for mental disorders, indicating that interoceptive deficits play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders. We, thus, need measures to identify those of us whose interoceptive deficits impair their emotion understanding and emotion regulation. Here, we used cardiac measures to investigate how our ability to engage prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain region regions affects our ability to perceive and interpret cardiac changes. We administered a heartbeat detection task to a sample of healthy individuals (n = 113) whose prefrontal-(para-) limbic engagement had been determined on basis of a heart rate variability recording. We found a positive association between heartbeat detection and heart rate variability, implying that individuals with higher heart rate variability were more accurate in heartbeat detection than individuals with lower heart rate variability. These findings suggest that our interoceptive accuracy depends on our prefrontal-(para-)limbic engagement during the perception and interpretation of cardiac changes. Our findings also show that cardiac measures may be useful to investigate the association between interoceptive accuracy and prefrontal-(para-)limbic engagement in a time- and cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rike Pahnke
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Mau-Moeller
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Weippert
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1905-1919. [PMID: 32583361 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to analyse the acute effects of set configuration on cardiac parasympathetic modulation and blood pressure (BP) after a whole-body resistance training (RT) session. METHODS Thirty-two participants (23 men and 9 women) performed one control (CON) and two RT sessions differing in the set configuration but with the same intensity (15RM load), volume (200 repetitions) and total resting time (360 s between sets for each exercise and 3 min between exercises): a long set configuration (LSC: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 2 resting minutes) and a short set configuration session (SSC, 8 sets of 5 repetitions with 51 resting seconds). Heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, the low frequency of systolic blood pressure oscillations (LFSBP), BP and lactatemia were evaluated before and after the sessions and mechanical performance was evaluated during exercise. RESULTS LSC induced greater reductions on cardiac parasympathetic modulation versus SSC after the session and the CON (p < 0.001 to p = 0.024). However, no LFSBP and BP significant changes were observed. Furthermore, LSC caused a higher lactate production (p < 0.001) and velocity loss (p ≤ 0.001) in comparison with SSC. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SSC attenuates the reduction of cardiac parasympathetic modulation after a whole-body RT, improving the mechanical performance and decreasing the glycolytic involvement, without alterations regarding vascular tone and BP.
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12
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Bentley RF, Vecchiarelli E, Banks L, Gonçalves PEO, Thomas SG, Goodman JM. Heart rate variability and recovery following maximal exercise in endurance athletes and physically active individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1138-1144. [PMID: 32294393 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine potential adverse cardiac effects of chronic endurance training by comparing sympathovagal modulation via heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) in middle-aged endurance athletes (EA) and physically active individuals (PA) following maximal exercise. Thirty-six (age, 53 ± 5 years) EA and 19 (age, 56 ± 5 years) PA were recruited to complete a 2-week exercise diary and graded exercise to exhaustion. Time domain and power spectral HRV analyses were completed on recorded R-R intervals. EA had a greater HRR slope following exercise (95% confidence interval, 0.0134-0.0138 vs. 0.0101-0.0104 beats/s; p < 0.001). While EA had greater HRR at 1-5 min after exercise (all p < 0.01), PA and EA did not differ when expressed as a percentage of baseline heart rate (130 ± 19 vs. 139 ± 19; p = 0.2). Root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals (rest and immediately after exercise) were elevated in EA (p < 0.05). Low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) spectral components were nonsignificantly elevated after exercise (p = 0.045-0.147) in EA while LF/HF was not different (p = 0.529-0.986). This data suggests greater HRR in EA may arise in part due to a lower resting HR. While nonsignificant elevations in HF and LF in EA produces a LF/HF similar to PA, absolute spectral component modulation differed. These observations require further exploration. Novelty Acute effects of exercise on HRV in EA compared with a relevant control group, PA, are unknown. EA had greater HRR and nonsignificant elevations in LF and HF compared with PA, yet LF/HF was not different. Future work should explore the implications of this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Emily Vecchiarelli
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Laura Banks
- University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Patric E O Gonçalves
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Jack M Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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Matić Z, Platiša MM, Kalauzi A, Bojić T. Slow 0.1 Hz Breathing and Body Posture Induced Perturbations of RRI and Respiratory Signal Complexity and Cardiorespiratory Coupling. Front Physiol 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32132926 PMCID: PMC7040454 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We explored the physiological background of the non-linear operating mode of cardiorespiratory oscillators as the fundamental question of cardiorespiratory homeodynamics and as a prerequisite for the understanding of neurocardiovascular diseases. We investigated 20 healthy human subjects for changes using electrocardiac RR interval (RRI) and respiratory signal (Resp) Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA, α1RRI, α2RRI, α1Resp, α2Resp), Multiple Scaling Entropy (MSERRI1-4, MSERRI5-10, MSEResp1-4, MSEResp5-10), spectral coherence (CohRRI-Resp), cross DFA (ρ1 and ρ2) and cross MSE (XMSE1-4 and XMSE5-10) indices in four physiological conditions: supine with spontaneous breathing, standing with spontaneous breathing, supine with 0.1 Hz breathing and standing with 0.1 Hz breathing. Main results: Standing is primarily characterized by the change of RRI parameters, insensitivity to change with respiratory parameters, decrease of CohRRI-Resp and insensitivity to change of in ρ1, ρ2, XMSE1-4, and XMSE5-10. Slow breathing in supine position was characterized by the change of the linear and non-linear parameters of both signals, reflecting the dominant vagal RRI modulation and the impact of slow 0.1 Hz breathing on Resp parameters. CohRRI-Resp did not change with respect to supine position, while ρ1 increased. Slow breathing in standing reflected the qualitatively specific state of autonomic regulation with striking impact on both cardiac and respiratory parameters, with specific patterns of cardiorespiratory coupling. Significance: Our results show that cardiac and respiratory short term and long term complexity parameters have different, state dependent patterns. Sympathovagal non-linear interactions are dependent on the pattern of their activation, having different scaling properties when individually activated with respect to the state of their joint activation. All investigated states induced a change of α1 vs. α2 relationship, which can be accurately expressed by the proposed measure-inter-fractal angle θ. Short scale (α1 vs. MSE1-4) and long scale (α2 vs. MSE5-10) complexity measures had reciprocal interrelation in standing with 0.1 Hz breathing, with specific cardiorespiratory coupling pattern (ρ1 vs. XMSE1-4). These results support the hypothesis of hierarchical organization of cardiorespiratory complexity mechanisms and their recruitment in ascendant manner with respect to the increase of behavioral challenge complexity. Specific and comprehensive cardiorespiratory regulation in standing with 0.1 Hz breathing suggests this state as the potentially most beneficial maneuver for cardiorespiratory conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Matić
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana M. Platiša
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Kalauzi
- Department for Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Bojić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics-080, Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Gronwald T, Hoos O. Correlation properties of heart rate variability during endurance exercise: A systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2019; 25:e12697. [PMID: 31498541 PMCID: PMC7358842 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐linear measures of heart rate variability (HRV) may provide new opportunities to monitor cardiac autonomic regulation during exercise. In healthy individuals, the HRV signal is mainly composed of quasi‐periodic oscillations, but it also possesses random fluctuations and so‐called fractal structures. One widely applied approach to investigate fractal correlation properties of heart rate (HR) time series is the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). DFA is a non‐linear method to quantify the fractal scale and the degree of correlation of a time series. Regarding the HRV analysis, it should be noted that the short‐term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA has been used not only to assess cardiovascular risk but also to assess prognosis and predict mortality in clinical settings. It has also been proven to be useful for application in exercise settings including higher exercise intensities, non‐stationary data segments, and relatively short recording times. Method Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to analyze studies that investigated the effects of acute dynamic endurance exercise on DFA‐alpha1 as a proxy of correlation properties in the HR time series. Results The initial search identified 442 articles (351 in PubMed, 91 in Scopus), of which 11 met all inclusion criteria. Conclusions The included studies show that DFA‐alpha1 of HRV is suitable for distinguishing between different organismic demands during endurance exercise and may prove helpful to monitor responses to different exercise intensities, movement frequencies, and exercise durations. Additionally, non‐linear DFA of HRV is a suitable analytical approach, providing a differentiated and qualitative view of exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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15
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Effect of Deep Slow Breathing on Pain-Related Variables in Osteoarthritis. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:5487050. [PMID: 31281558 PMCID: PMC6589254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5487050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a six-week deep slow breathing (DSB) program on pain, physical function, and heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects with lower extremity joint pain. Twenty subjects were assigned into training (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The training group participated in a six-week DSB program consisting of weekly training sessions and at-home breathing exercises. DSB exercises focused on prolonging the exhalation and the pause following exhalation. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess pain and physical function, and HRV data were obtained before and after intervention. Results revealed no significant interactions between group and time for any of the variables. There was no significant main effect for group, but there was a significant main effect (p < 0.025) and a large effect size for time on both pain (η p 2 = 0.454) and physical function (η p 2 = 0.506). There were no significant main effects (p > 0.017) for group and time on LF power (group η p 2 = 0.039, time η p 2 = 0.061), HF power (group η p 2 = 0.039, time η p 2 = 0.039), and LF/HF ratio (group η p 2 = 0.036, time η p 2 = 0.169). Results indicated that the six-week DSB program was not sufficient to alleviate pain or improve physical function in subjects with lower extremity joint pain. Although the pain was not alleviated, other beneficial effects such as better coping with the pain were reported in the majority of training subjects. As this is the first study to examine the use of DSB for lower extremity joint pain and dysfunction, further research is needed to investigate the efficacy and applicability of DSB.
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Menezes-Rodrigues FS, Errante PR, Tavares JGP, Ferraz RRN, Gomes WJ, Taha MO, Scorza CA, Scorza FA, Caricati-Neto A. Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900505. [PMID: 31166461 PMCID: PMC6583939 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190050000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.
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Nuckowska MK, Gruszecki M, Kot J, Wolf J, Guminski W, Frydrychowski AF, Wtorek J, Narkiewicz K, Winklewski PJ. Impact of slow breathing on the blood pressure and subarachnoid space width oscillations in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6232. [PMID: 30996273 PMCID: PMC6470142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess cardiac and respiratory blood pressure (BP) and subarachnoid space (SAS) width oscillations during the resting state for slow and fast breathing and breathing against inspiratory resistance. Experiments were performed on a group of 20 healthy volunteers (8 males and 12 females; age 25.3 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 22.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2). BP and heart rate (HR) were measured using continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography. SAS signals were recorded using an SAS monitor. Oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2) and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) were measured using a medical monitoring system. Procedure 1 consisted of breathing spontaneously and at controlled rates of 6 breaths/minute and 6 breaths/minute with inspiratory resistance for 10 minutes. Procedure 2 consisted of breathing spontaneously and at controlled rates of 6, 12 and 18 breaths/minute for 5 minutes. Wavelet analysis with the Morlet mother wavelet was applied for delineation of BP and SAS signals cardiac and respiratory components. Slow breathing diminishes amplitude of cardiac BP and SAS oscillations. The overall increase in BP and SAS oscillations during slow breathing is driven by the respiratory component. Drop in cardiac component of BP amplitude evoked by slow-breathing may be perceived as a cardiovascular protective mechanism to avoid target organ damage. Further studies are warranted to assess long-term effects of slow breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Nuckowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Kot
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Wtorek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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18
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Effects of a Short-Term Cycling Interval Session and Active Recovery on Non-Linear Dynamics of Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Endurance Trained Cyclists. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020194. [PMID: 30736284 PMCID: PMC6407005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the non-linear dynamics of physiologic variability in a heart rate time series (HRV) provides new opportunities to monitor cardiac autonomic activity during exercise and recovery periods. Using the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) technique to assess correlation properties, the present study examines the influence of exercise intensity and recovery on total variability and complexity in the non-linear dynamics of HRV. Sixteen well-trained cyclists performed interval sessions with active recovery periods. During exercise, heart rate (HR) and beat-to-beat (RR)-intervals were recorded continuously. HRV time domain measurements and fractal correlation properties were analyzed using the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA. Lactate (La) levels and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded at regular time intervals. HR, La, and RPE showed increased values during the interval blocks (p < 0.05). In contrast, meanRR and DFA-alpha1 showed decreased values during the interval blocks (p < 0.05). Also, DFA-alpha1 increased to the level in the warm-up periods during active recovery (p < 0.05) and remained unchanged until the end of active recovery (p = 1.000). The present data verify a decrease in the overall variability, as well as a reduction in the complexity of the RR-interval-fluctuations, owing to increased organismic demands. The acute increase in DFA-alpha1 following intensity-based training stimuli in active recovery may be interpreted as a systematic reorganization of the organism with increased correlation properties in cardiac autonomic activity in endurance trained cyclists.
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JÄRVELIN-PASANEN S, SINIKALLIO S, TARVAINEN MP. Heart rate variability and occupational stress-systematic review. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:500-511. [PMID: 29910218 PMCID: PMC6258751 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to explore studies regarding association between occupational stress and heart rate variability (HRV) during work. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cinahl and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2005 and September 2017. A total of 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were analyzed in terms of study design, study population, assessment of occupational stress and HRV, and the study limitations. Among the studies there were cross-sectional (n=9) studies and one longitudinal study design. Sample size varied from 19 to 653 participants and both females and males were included. The most common assessment methods of occupational stress were the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire. HRV was assessed using 24 h or longer Holter ECG or HR monitoring and analyzed mostly using standard time-domain and frequency-domain parameters. The main finding was that heightened occupational stress was found associated with lowered HRV, specifically with reduced parasympathetic activation. Reduced parasympathetic activation was seen as decreases in RMSSD and HF power, and increase in LF/HF ratio. The assessment and analysis methods of occupational stress and HRV were diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna JÄRVELIN-PASANEN
- Institution of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition,
Ergonomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland,
Finland
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Sanna SINIKALLIO
- Philosophical Faculty, School of Educational Sciences and
Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Mika P. TARVAINEN
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and
Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine,
Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
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20
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Martinelli B, Di Lorenzo VAP, Neves VR, Barrile SR, Costa D, Jamami M. Cardiorespiratory repercussions of the chest physical therapy in men with abdominal obesity and restrictive pulmonary disorders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2018.1503716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martinelli
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of do Sagrado Coração – USC, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Victor R. Neves
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of do Sagrado Coração – USC, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Barrile
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of do Sagrado Coração – USC, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Costa
- Department of Physical Therapy, UNINOVE University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Jamami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Paulo, Brazil
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Enevoldsen J, Vistisen ST, Krogh K, Nielsen JF, Knudsen K, Borghammer P, Andersen H. Gastrointestinal transit time and heart rate variability in patients with mild acquired brain injury. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4912. [PMID: 29892504 PMCID: PMC5994161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is suspected to occur frequently after acquired brain injury (ABI). In patients with ABI, heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced suggesting autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with prolonged gastrointestinal transit time (GITT). The primary aim of this study was to investigate if GITT is prolonged in patients with ABI. Secondarily, HRV and its correlation with GITT was investigated. Methods We included 25 patients with ABI (18 men, median age: 61.3 years, range [30.7-74.5]). GITT was assessed using radio-opaque markers and HRV was calculated from 24-hour electrocardiograms. Medical records were reviewed for important covariates, including primary diagnosis, time since injury, functional independence measure, and use of medication. The GITT assessed in patients was compared to a control group of 25 healthy subjects (18 men, median age: 61.5 years, range [34.0-70.9]). Results In ABI patients, the mean GITT was significantly longer than in healthy controls (2.68 days, 95% CI [2.16-3.19] versus (1.92 days, 95% CI [1.62-2.22], p = 0.011)). No correlation was found between HRV and GITT. Conclusion Patients with mild to moderate ABI have prolonged GITT unrelated to the HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon T Vistisen
- Research Centre for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Krogh
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus Univeristy Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F Nielsen
- Hammel Neurocenter and University Clinic, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bansal T, Haji GS, Rossiter HB, Polkey MI, Hull JH. Exercise ventilatory irregularity can be quantified by approximate entropy to detect breathing pattern disorder. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 255:1-6. [PMID: 29730423 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) is a prevalent cause of exertional dyspnea and yet there is currently no reliable objective measure for its diagnosis. We propose that statistical analysis of ventilatory irregularity, quantified by approximate entropy (ApEn), could be used to detect BPD when applied to cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data. We hypothesised that ApEn of ventilatory variables (tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (Bf), minute ventilation (VE)) would be greater, i.e. more irregular, in patients with BPD than healthy controls. METHODS We evaluated ventilatory ApEn in 20 adults (14 female) with exertional dyspnoea, undergoing CPET and independently diagnosed with BPD by a specialist respiratory physiotherapist. Data were compared with 15 age- gender- and BMI-matched controls. ApEn for VT, Bf and VE were calculated for an incremental cycle exercise test. RESULTS Patients with BPD more frequently rated breathlessness as the reason for exercise limitation and had a lower mean (SD) peak oxygen uptake compared with controls: 80 (18) vs. 124 (27) % predicted (P < 0.001). ApEn was significantly greater for VT (p = .006) and VE (p = .002) in BPD than controls. ApEn VE was inversely related (r2 = 0.24, p = .03) to peak oxygen uptake in BPD but not controls. ROC analysis revealed that ApEn VE > 0.88, conferred a sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 87% respectively, for detection of BPD. CONCLUSIONS Non-linear statistical interrogation of CPET-acquired ventilatory data has utility in the detection of BPD. A simple calculation of approximate entropy of ventilation, during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, provides a quantitative method to detect BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranpal Bansal
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College, London UK
| | - Gulam S Haji
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College, London UK
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, USA; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mike I Polkey
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College, London UK
| | - James H Hull
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College, London UK.
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Lischke A, Jacksteit R, Mau-Moeller A, Pahnke R, Hamm AO, Weippert M. Heart rate variability is associated with psychosocial stress in distinct social domains. J Psychosom Res 2018; 106:56-61. [PMID: 29455900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in biomarkers that indicate whether individuals show adaptive (i.e., stress-buffering and health-promoting) or maladaptive (i.e., stress-escalating and health-impairing) stress reactions in social contexts. As heart rate variability (HRV) has been suggested to be a biomarker of adaptive behavior during social encounters, it may be possible that inter-individual differences in HRV are associated with inter-individual differences regarding stress in distinct social domains. METHODS To test this hypothesis, resting state HRV and psychosocial stress was assessed in 83 healthy community-dwelling individuals (age: 18-35years). HRV was derived from heart rate recordings during spontaneous and instructed breathing to assess the robustness of possible associations between inter-individual differences in HRV and inter-individual differences in psychosocial stress. Psychosocial stress was determined with a self-report questionnaire assessing stress in distinct social domains. RESULTS A series of categorical and dimensional analyses revealed an association between inter-individual differences in HRV and inter-individual differences in psychosocial stress: Individuals with high HRV reported less stress in social life, but not in family life, work life or everyday life, than individuals with low HRV. CONCLUSIONS On basis of these findings, it may be assumed that individuals with high HRV experience less psychosocial stress than individuals with low HRV. Although such an assumption needs to be corroborated by further findings, it seems to be consistent with previous findings showing that individuals with high HRV suffer less from stress and stress-related disorders than individuals with low HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Robert Jacksteit
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Mau-Moeller
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rike Pahnke
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alfons O Hamm
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Weippert
- Department of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Fazan FS, Brognara F, Fazan Junior R, Murta Junior LO, Virgilio Silva LE. Changes in the Complexity of Heart Rate Variability with Exercise Training Measured by Multiscale Entropy-Based Measurements. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20010047. [PMID: 33265153 PMCID: PMC7512234 DOI: 10.3390/e20010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying complexity from heart rate variability (HRV) series is a challenging task, and multiscale entropy (MSE), along with its variants, has been demonstrated to be one of the most robust approaches to achieve this goal. Although physical training is known to be beneficial, there is little information about the long-term complexity changes induced by the physical conditioning. The present study aimed to quantify the changes in physiological complexity elicited by physical training through multiscale entropy-based complexity measurements. Rats were subject to a protocol of medium intensity training ( n = 13 ) or a sedentary protocol ( n = 12 ). One-hour HRV series were obtained from all conscious rats five days after the experimental protocol. We estimated MSE, multiscale dispersion entropy (MDE) and multiscale SDiff q from HRV series. Multiscale SDiff q is a recent approach that accounts for entropy differences between a given time series and its shuffled dynamics. From SDiff q , three attributes (q-attributes) were derived, namely SDiff q m a x , q m a x and q z e r o . MSE, MDE and multiscale q-attributes presented similar profiles, except for SDiff q m a x . q m a x showed significant differences between trained and sedentary groups on Time Scales 6 to 20. Results suggest that physical training increases the system complexity and that multiscale q-attributes provide valuable information about the physiological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Sassoli Fazan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rubens Fazan Junior
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Otavio Murta Junior
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Weippert M, Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A, Bruhn S, Behrens K. Cycling before and after Exhaustion Differently Affects Cardiac Autonomic Control during Heart Rate Matched Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 29163192 PMCID: PMC5671980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During cycling before (PRE) and after exhaustion (POST) different modes of autonomic cardiac control might occur due to different interoceptive input and altered influences from higher brain centers. We hypothesized that heart rate variability (HRV) is significantly affected by an interaction of the experimental period (PRE vs. POST) and exercise intensity (HIGH vs. LOW; HIGH = HR > HR at the lactate threshold (HRLT), LOW = HR ≤ HRLT) despite identical average HR. Methods: Fifty healthy volunteers completed an incremental cycling test until exhaustion. Workload started with 30 W at a constant pedaling rate (60 revolutions · min−1) and was gradually increased by 30 W · 5 min−1. Five adjacent 60 s inter-beat (R-R) interval segments from the immediate recovery period (POST 1–5 at 30 W and 60 rpm) were each matched with their HR-corresponding 60 s-segments during the cycle test (PRE 1–5). An analysis of covariance was carried out with one repeated-measures factor (PRE vs. POST exhaustion), one between-subject factor (HIGH vs. LOW intensity) and respiration rate as covariate to test for significant effects (p < 0.050) on the natural log-transformed root mean square of successive differences between adjacent R-R intervals (lnRMSSD60s). Results: LnRMSSD60s was significantly affected by the interaction of experimental period × intensity [F(1, 242) = 30.233, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.111]. LnRMSSD60s was higher during PRE compared to POST at LOW intensity (1.6 ± 0.6 vs. 1.4 ± 0.6 ms; p < 0.001). In contrast, at HIGH intensity lnRMSSD60s was lower during PRE compared to POST (1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4 ms; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Identical net HR during cycling can result from distinct autonomic modulation patterns. Results suggest a pronounced sympathetic-parasympathetic coactivation immediately after the cessation of peak workload compared to HR-matched cycling before exhaustion at HIGH intensity. On the opposite, at LOW intensity cycling, a stronger coactivational cardiac autonomic modulation pattern occurs during PRE-exhaustion if compared to POST-exhaustion cycling. The different autonomic modes during these phases might be the result of different afferent and/or central inputs to the cardiovascular control centers in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Behrens
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Mau-Moeller
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kristin Behrens
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Recovery of heart rate variability after treadmill exercise analyzed by lagged Poincaré plot and spectral characteristics. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 56:221-231. [PMID: 28699055 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the recovery of heart rate variability (HRV) after treadmill exercise and to investigate the autonomic nervous system response after exercise. Frequency domain indices, i.e., LF(ms2), HF(ms2), LF(n.u.), HF(n.u.) and LF/HF, and lagged Poincaré plot width (SD1 m ) and length (SD2 m ) were introduced for comparison between the baseline period (Pre-E) before treadmill running and two periods after treadmill running (Post-E1 and Post-E2). The correlations between lagged Poincaré plot indices and frequency domain indices were applied to reveal the long-range correlation between linear and nonlinear indices during the recovery of HRV. The results suggested entirely attenuated autonomic nervous activity to the heart following the treadmill exercise. After the treadmill running, the sympathetic nerves achieved dominance and the parasympathetic activity was suppressed, which lasted for more than 4 min. The correlation coefficients between lagged Poincaré plot indices and spectral power indices could separate not only Pre-E and two sessions after the treadmill running, but also the two sessions in recovery periods, i.e., Post-E1 and Post-E2. Lagged Poincaré plot as an innovative nonlinear method showed a better performance over linear frequency domain analysis and conventional nonlinear Poincaré plot.
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