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El-Ghannam G, Moawad M, Abo-Elfadl MT, Elfeky SA. Beetroot extract@chitosan nanocomposite as a promising approach towards cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129700. [PMID: 38278395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The exceptional antioxidant properties of beetroot (BR) and the cancer antiproliferative effects of chitosan nanoparticles (CS NP) have led to the synthesis of a BR@CS nanocomposite (NC) in this study. The novel BR@CS NC was applied to human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), human epithelial ductal breast carcinoma (T-47D), and human epithelial lung carcinoma (A549) cells. SEM characterization of CS NP revealed a variety of particle shapes ranging from 20 to 58 nm in diameter. UV-VIS analysis confirmed the formation of the BR@CS NC, while FTIR analysis demonstrated strong hydrogen bonds between CS NP and BR. These bonds reduced the positive surface charge of CS NP, as indicated by zeta potential analysis. When applied to cancer cell lines at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, the BR@CS NC successfully eradicated 89 % of A549, 88 % of T-47D, and 83 % of Caco-2 cell lines. The cell death mode exhibited extensive, apoptotic, and massive necrotic changes in all cell lines treated with BR@CS NC. Caspase 3 (CasP3) and P53 levels were elevated in BR@CS NC-treated cells. This study merges BR's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with the antiangiogenic mechanism and inhibition of tumors by CS NP, resulting in a unique and innovative strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal El-Ghannam
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture (LAMPA), Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Moawad
- Department of Surgical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T Abo-Elfadl
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Souad A Elfeky
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture (LAMPA), Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
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Nirmal S, Olatunde OO, Medhe S, Vitti S, Khemtong C, Nirmal NP. Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:778-787. [PMID: 37824059 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nirmal
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Road, Saen Suk, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Seema Medhe
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Steven Vitti
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Building, Drexel University, 3601 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutimon Khemtong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Ferrada-Contreras E, Bonomini-Gnutzmann R, Jorquera-Aguilera C, MacmiIlan Kuthe N, Peña-Jorquera H, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F. Does Co-Supplementation with Beetroot Juice and Other Nutritional Supplements Positively Impact Sports Performance?: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4838. [PMID: 38004231 PMCID: PMC10675778 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of enhanced athletic prowess in different disciplines, athletes constantly look for strategies to increase their physical performance, encompassing technical skills and dietary components, which inevitably, in most cases, include the incorporation of sports supplements. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of athletes using ergogenic aids. In this context, scientific evidence must play a prominent role in either endorsing or warning against the use of these products, ensuring the preservation of health while promoting the theoretically established positive benefits. In this vein, beetroot juice (BJ) stands out as a key supplement as an ergogenic aid to improve sports performance, given its demonstrated influence on both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. However, despite widespread global demand, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the potential synergistic effects of combining BJ with other supplements. Consequently, our study aims to determine whether the combination of BJ with another nutritional supplement can enhance its beneficial effects and, therefore, optimize physical performance in humans. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in two major databases-Web of Science and PubMed-from 1 January 2018 to 29 January 2023, using specific keywords. After the exclusion criteria, six articles were selected for analysis. Therefore, our study shows that the effectiveness of combining BJ with another supplement mainly depends on the duration of the chronic intervention, which is where the greatest benefits have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Ferrada-Contreras
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (E.F.-C.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Romina Bonomini-Gnutzmann
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (E.F.-C.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile; (E.F.-C.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Norman MacmiIlan Kuthe
- IRyS Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (N.M.K.); (H.P.-J.)
| | - Humberto Peña-Jorquera
- IRyS Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (N.M.K.); (H.P.-J.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- IRyS Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (N.M.K.); (H.P.-J.)
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Silva KVC, Costa BD, Gomes AC, Saunders B, Mota JF. Factors that Moderate the Effect of Nitrate Ingestion on Exercise Performance in Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1866-1881. [PMID: 35580578 PMCID: PMC9526841 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify how variables such as exercise condition, supplementation strategy, participant characteristics and demographics, and practices that control oral microbiota diversity could modify the effect of inorganic nitrate ingestion (as nitrate salt supplements, beetroot juice, and nitrate-rich vegetables) on exercise performance, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis. Studies were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Eligibility criteria included randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of inorganic nitrate on exercise performance in healthy adults. To assess the variation in effect size, we used meta-regression models for continuous variables and subgroup analysis for categorical variables. A total of 123 studies were included in this meta-analysis, comprising 1705 participants. Nitrate was effective for improving exercise performance (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.101; 95% CI: 0.051, 0.151, P <0.001, I2 = 0%), although nitrate salts supplementation was not as effective (P = 0.629) as ingestion via beetroot juice (P <0.001) or a high-nitrate diet (P = 0.005). Practices that control oral microbiota diversity influenced the nitrate effect, with practices harmful to oral bacteria decreasing the ergogenic effect of nitrate. The ingestion of nitrate was most effective for exercise lasting between 2 and 10 min (P <0.001). An inverse dose-response relation between the fraction of inspired oxygen and the effect size (coefficient: -0.045, 95% CI: -0.085, -0.005, P = 0.028) suggests that nitrate was more effective in increasingly hypoxic conditions. There was a dose-response relation for acute administration (P = 0.049). The most effective acute dose was between 5 and 14.9 mmol provided ≥150 min prior to exercise (P <0.001). An inverse dose-response for protocols ≥2 d was observed (P = 0.025), with the optimal dose between 5 and 9.9 mmol·d-1 (P <0.001). Nitrate, via beetroot juice or a high-nitrate diet, improved exercise performance, in particular, in sessions lasting between 2 and 10 min. Ingestion of 5-14.9 mmol⋅d-1 taken ≥150 min prior to exercise appears optimal for performance gains and athletes should be aware that practices controlling oral microbiota diversity may decrease the effect of nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Breno Duarte Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Corado Gomes
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cheok A, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Caton PW, Rodriguez-Mateos A. Betalain-rich dragon fruit (pitaya) consumption improves vascular function in men and women: a double-blind, randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1418-1431. [PMID: 35265960 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betalains are natural red color pigments abundant in red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Recent research has shown that dragon fruit consumption may help improve blood glucose and lipid profile. However, investigations of its cardioprotective properties in human trials, especially in nutritionally achievable amounts, remain nonexistent. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute and short-term consumption of dragon fruit on vascular function in a healthy population. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in 19 young, healthy, nonsmoking men and women assigned to consume 24 g whole dragon fruit powder (33 mg betalains) or a nutrient-matched placebo, daily for 14 d. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), arterial stiffness, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h and finally at 14 d after daily consumption. RESULTS A total of 18 participants completed the trial. Dragon fruit consumption significantly improved acute FMD at 2 h (+0.8 ± 0.3%, P = 0.01), 3 h (+1.0 ± 0.3%, P = 0.001), and 4 h (+1.3 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001) postconsumption compared with placebo. This effect was sustained up until 14 d (+1.3 ± 0.2%, P < 0.001). Pulse-wave velocity was acutely significantly reduced at 3 h (-0.5 ± 0.2 m/s, P = 0.003), whereas augmentation index (AIx) also improved after 14 d (-7.0 ± 3.3%, P = 0.02) when compared with placebo. No differences were found in either peripheral or central BP across all time points. CONCLUSIONS Acute and short-term consumption of dragon fruit in dietary achievable amounts improved endothelial function and arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. This implies that regular dragon fruit consumption may have a meaningful impact on cardiovascular disease risk likely due to the high betalain content. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03995602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cheok
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Caton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Health-promoting potential of betalains in vivo and their relevance as functional ingredients: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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d'Unienville NMA, Blake HT, Coates AM, Hill AM, Nelson MJ, Buckley JD. Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:76. [PMID: 34965876 PMCID: PMC8715640 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability. METHODS Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration). RESULTS One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively, p<0.001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O2max ≥65 ml.kg.min-1) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption. CONCLUSION Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or sample size limitations. OTHER The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/u7nsj ) and no funding was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M A d'Unienville
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Noah.D'
| | - Henry T Blake
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Hill
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maximillian J Nelson
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Dietary Supplementation for Attenuating Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in Humans. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010070. [PMID: 35010943 PMCID: PMC8746365 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely used as a nutritional strategy to improve and maintain performance and achieve faster recovery in sports and exercise. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is caused by mechanical stress and subsequent inflammatory responses including reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. Therefore, dietary supplements with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have the potential to prevent and reduce muscle damage and symptoms characterized by loss of muscle strength and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). However, only a few supplements are considered to be effective at present. This review focuses on the effects of dietary supplements derived from phytochemicals and listed in the International Olympic Committee consensus statement on muscle damage evaluated by blood myofiber damage markers, muscle soreness, performance, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In this review, the effects of dietary supplements are also discussed in terms of study design (i.e., parallel and crossover studies), exercise model, and such subject characteristics as physical fitness level. Future perspectives and considerations for the use of dietary supplements to alleviate EIMD and DOMS are also discussed.
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Rojano-Ortega D, Peña Amaro J, Berral-Aguilar AJ, Berral-de la Rosa FJ. Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2021; 14:556-565. [PMID: 34399653 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211036412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Beetroots have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of beetroot supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, and recovery after EIMD. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched, and hand-searching was performed by looking to relevant studies that were cited in other studies. STUDY SELECTION For a study to be included in this review, the following inclusion criteria had to be met: (1) research conducted with human participants, (2) original articles in peer-reviewed publications, (3) original studies that had investigated beetroot supplementation intervention on muscle damage and recovery, (4) research conducted with 1 control/placebo group, and (5) articles published from inception to October 2020. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION Two of the 4 authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the articles with the PEDro scale. All discrepancies were resolved through a consensus meeting. RESULTS A total of 9 studies were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Most of the studies found a better recovery of functional variables and muscle soreness, but improvements in markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress were not reported. CONCLUSION The existing evidence suggests that a short-term beetroot supplementation has the potential to accelerate recovery of functional measures and muscle soreness, but further research is needed to clarify if a longer supplementation period (with some days before exercise and some days after) could also promote recovery of markers of muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojano-Ortega
- Department of Informatics and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José Peña Amaro
- Department of Morphological and Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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10
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Gao Y, Liang X, Tian Z, Ma Y, Sun C. Betalain exerts cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects against the experimental model of heart failure. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S16-S28. [PMID: 34189972 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211027933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Betalain is a natural plant pigment known to elicit various biological activities. However, studies on the protective effect of betalain against heart failure have not reported yet. The experimental model of heart failure was created in Wistar rats using isoproterenol (ISO). The animals were randomly assigned into four groups such as sham-control, ISO-induced heart failure, betalain pretreated before ISO induction (50 mg/kg/day), and betalain drug control group were maintained for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, anti-oxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers, matrix proteins, cardiac-specific markers, and micro RNAs were elucidated using RT-PCR, and ELISA analysis. The results demonstrated that the rats induced with ISO displayed an abnormality in cardiac functions, increased oxidative stress markers (p < 0.01), inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.01) while abrogated the expression of miR-18a, and increased miR-199a. While betalain pre-treated rats prevented the cardiac failure significantly (p < 0.01) with improved anti-oxidant enzymes, abrogated the inflammatory signals with restored matrix proteins, cardiac biomarker genes, and attenuated miR-423 and miR-27 compared to heart failure rats. The results of the study suggest that the betalain treatment protected the hearts from failing via microRNA mediated activation the anti-inflammatory signaling and restoring the matrix protein modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Tian
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Ma
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - C Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Ma X, Chen H, Cao L, Zhao S, Zhao C, Yin S, Hu H. Mechanisms of Physical Fatigue and its Applications in Nutritional Interventions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6755-6768. [PMID: 34124894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical fatigue during exercise can be defined as an impairment of physical performance. Multiple factors have been found contributing to physical fatigue, including neurotransmitter-mediated defense action, insufficient energy supply, and induction of oxidative stress. These mechanistic findings provide a sound theoretical rationale for nutritional intervention since most of these factors can be modulated by nutrient supplementation. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the functional role of nutrients supplementation in managing physical performance and propose the issues that need to be addressed for better utilization of nutritional supplementation approach to improve physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixing Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Jones L, Bailey SJ, Rowland SN, Alsharif N, Shannon OM, Clifford T. The Effect of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:749-771. [PMID: 34151694 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1939472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examined whether dietary nitrate supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and is reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. Medline and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to June 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies in adult humans consuming inorganic nitrate before and after exercise and that measured markers implicated in the etiology of EIMD (muscle function, muscle soreness, inflammation, myocellular protein efflux, oxidative stress, range of motion) <168 h post. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias two tool was used to critically appraise the studies; forest plots were generated with random-effects models and standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies were included in the systematic review and six in the meta-analysis. All studies were rated to have some concerns for risk of bias. All trials in the meta-analysis provided nitrate as beetroot juice, which accelerated isometric strength recovery 72 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.54, p = 0.01) and countermovement jump performance 24-72 h post-exercise (SMD range: 0.75-1.32, p < 0.03). Pressure pain threshold was greater with beetroot juice 48 (SMD: 0.58, p = 0.03) and 72 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.61, p = 0.02). Beetroot juice had no effect on markers of oxidative stress and creatine kinase (p > 0.05), but c-reactive protein was higher vs. placebo at 48 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.55, p = 0.03). These findings suggest that nitrate-rich beetroot juice may attenuate some markers of EIMD, but more large-scale controlled trials in elite athletes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nehal Alsharif
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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13
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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14
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Tan ML, Hamid SBS. Beetroot as a Potential Functional Food for Cancer Chemoprevention, a Narrative Review. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:1-17. [PMID: 33842401 PMCID: PMC8020175 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are prone to several debilitating side effects including fatigue, insomnia, depression and cognitive disturbances. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) as a health promoting functional food may be potentially beneficial in cancer. As a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary nitrates and other useful nutrients, beetroot supplementation may provide a holistic means to prevent cancer and manage undesired effects associated with chemotherapy. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss beetroot’s nutrient composition, current studies on its potential utility in chemoprevention and cancer-related fatigue or treatment-related side effects such as cardiotoxicity. This review aims to provide the current status of knowledge and to identify the related research gaps in this area. The flavonoids and polyphenolic components present in abundance in beetroot support its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive and chemoprotective effects of beetroot have not been completely elucidated. Although recent clinical trials have shown that beetroot supplementation improves human performance, translational studies on beetroot and its functional benefits in managing fatigue or other symptoms in patients with cancer are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia.,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Nirmal NP, Mereddy R, Maqsood S. Recent developments in emerging technologies for beetroot pigment extraction and its food applications. Food Chem 2021; 356:129611. [PMID: 33838608 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot is well known for its deep red-purple colouring pigments called betalains. Betalains also found its application in the preparation of functional foods and drinks. Therefore, extraction of pigments with higher recovery and stability is the prime need for the industry. Conventional extraction techniques such as maceration, grinding or pressing have reported low yield of betalains and required large volume of solvent and energy. On the other hand, emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave and pulse electric field techniques are highly efficient processes and can achieve higher recovery. In this regard, this review provides an in-depth discussion on the various extraction methods and factors affecting the stability of betalains using conventional and emerging technologies. The recent applications of pigments in various food systems are also presented. Finally, challenges and future prospects of extraction and application of beetroot pigment have been identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ram Mereddy
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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Senefeld JW, Wiggins CC, Regimbal RJ, Dominelli PB, Baker SE, Joyner MJ. Ergogenic Effect of Nitrate Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2250-2261. [PMID: 32936597 PMCID: PMC7494956 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Although over 100 studies and reviews have examined the ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation in young, healthy men and women, it is unclear if participant and environmental factors modulate the well-described ergogenic effects—particularly relevant factors include biological sex, aerobic fitness, and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) during exercise. To address this limitation, the literature was systematically reviewed for randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled studies reporting exercise performance outcome metrics with NO3− supplementation in young, healthy adults. Of the 2033 articles identified, 80 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise performance improved with NO3− supplementation compared with placebo (d = 0.174; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.120–0.229; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses conducted on biological sex, aerobic fitness, and FiO2 demonstrated that the ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation was as follows: 1) not observed in studies with only women (n = 6; d = 0.116; 95% CI, −0.126 to 0.358; P = 0.347), 2) not observed in well-trained endurance athletes (≥65 mL·kg−1·min−1; n = 26; d = 0.021; 95% CI, −0.103 to 0.144; P = 0.745), and 3) not modulated by FiO2 (hypoxia vs normoxia). Together, the meta-analyses demonstrated a clear ergogenic effect of NO3− supplementation in recreationally active, young, healthy men across different exercise paradigms and NO3− supplementation parameters; however, the effect size of NO3− supplementation was objectively small (d = 0.174). NO3− supplementation has more limited utility as an ergogenic aid in participants with excellent aerobic fitness that have optimized other training parameters. Mechanistic research and studies incorporating a wide variety of subjects (e.g., women) are needed to advance the study of NO3− supplementation; however, additional descriptive studies of young, healthy men may have limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Riley J Regimbal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Sarah E Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010103. [PMID: 33375691 PMCID: PMC7796021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R’s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration—a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel—the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair—post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest—pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R’s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.
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18
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Costa MS, Toscano LT, Toscano LDLT, Luna VR, Torres RA, Silva JA, Silva AS. Ergogenic potential of foods for performance and recovery: a new alternative in sports supplementation? A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1480-1501. [PMID: 33226268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been studies in the literature reporting the ergogenic effect of some different foods on sports performance. Given the reasonable number of studies in which some food has shown improvement in some physiological variables related to physical performance, a review is pertinent in order to produce a compilation of these studies, providing new elements for athletes and coaches which aim to optimize their performance. Thus, the objective of this work was to present a systematic review of the findings regarding the potential ergogenic effect of food for athletes. Researchers performed a double-blind research in Medline/PubMed considering articles published until January 2019 which resulted in 71 articles. Increased time until exhaustion, improved aerobic capacity and strength recovery were the most commonly reported physical effects. In general, food showed equal or superior ergogenic activity over supplements. Although the number of foods investigated is reasonable, there is still no body of evidence for each studied food, except beets. The current data support the possibility of certain foods being able to enhance athletic performance, as well as serving as an energy source. However, a larger volume of studies is needed to form a body of evidence on each of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana T Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lydiane de Lima Tavares Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Luna
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rayanne A Torres
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Janilson A Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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19
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Fu Y, Shi J, Xie SY, Zhang TY, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE. Red Beetroot Betalains: Perspectives on Extraction, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11595-11611. [PMID: 33040529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, red beetroot has received a growing interest due to its abundant source of bioactive compounds, particularly betalains. Red beetroot betalains have great potential as a functional food ingredient employed in the food and medical industry due to their diverse health-promoting effects. Betalains from red beetroot are natural pigments, which mainly include either yellow-orange betaxanthins or red-violet betacyanins. However, betalains are quite sensitive toward heat, pH, light, and oxygen, which leads to the poor stability during processing and storage. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehend the impacts of the processing approaches on betalains. In this review, the effective extraction and processing methods of betalains from red beetroot were emphatically reviewed. Furthermore, a variety of recently reported bioactivities of beetroot betalains were also summarized. The present work can provide a comprehensive review on both conventional and innovative extraction techniques, processing methods, and the stability of betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia Shi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Si-Yi Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting-Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Food Processing Development Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Government of Alberta, Leduc, Alberta T9E 7C5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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20
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Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1965-1996. [PMID: 32661771 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the nutritional strategies to treat the signs and symptoms related to EIMD. These strategies have been organized into the following sections based upon the quality and quantity of the scientific support available: (1) interventions with a good level of evidence; (2) interventions with some evidence and require more research; and (3) potential nutritional interventions with little to-no-evidence to support efficacy. METHOD Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were used. The search terms 'EIMD' and 'exercise-induced muscle damage' were individually concatenated with 'supplementation', 'athletes', 'recovery', 'adaptation', 'nutritional strategies', hormesis'. RESULT Supplementation with tart cherries, beetroot, pomegranate, creatine monohydrate and vitamin D appear to provide a prophylactic effect in reducing EIMD. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, and the ingestion of protein, BCAA and milk could represent promising strategies to manage EIMD. Other nutritional interventions were identified but offered limited effect in the treatment of EIMD; however, inconsistencies in the dose and frequency of interventions might account for the lack of consensus regarding their efficacy. CONCLUSION There are clearly varying levels of evidence and practitioners should be mindful to refer to this evidence-base when prescribing to clients and athletes. One concern is the potential for these interventions to interfere with the exercise-recovery-adaptation continuum. Whilst there is no evidence that these interventions will blunt adaptation, it seems pragmatic to use a periodised approach to administering these strategies until data are in place to provide and evidence base on any interference effect on adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Monika Nemmer
- Nutrition Department Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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21
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Bilgic P, Kocahan T, Deliceoğlu G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is it Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061877. [PMID: 32586010 PMCID: PMC7353279 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) the effects of dietary total antioxidant intake on body antioxidant mechanisms, and (ii) an exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage in ultra-endurance athletes. The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO2max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO2max to exhaustion). Oxidative stress-related biomarkers (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2a), total oxidant status (TOS, total antioxidant status (TAS)) in plasma were collected before and after exercise. Oxidative stress index was calculated to assess the aspect of redox balance. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured at the 3rd and 6th min after exercise. Dietary antioxidant intake was calculated using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Dietary total antioxidant intake of the subjects was negatively correlated with pre-exercise TOS concentrations (rs = -0.641 in male, and rs = -0.741 in females) and post- vs. pre- (∆) 8-iso PGF2a levels (rs = -0.702 in male; p = 0.016, and rs = -0.682 in females; p = 0.024), and positively correlated with ∆ TAS concentrations (rs = 0.893 in males; p = 0.001, and rs = 0.769 in females; p = 0.002) and post- exercise lactate concentrations (rs = 0.795 for males; p = 0.006, and rs = 0.642 for females; p = 0.024). A positive meaningful (p = 0.013) interaction was observed between time at exhaustion and dietary antioxidant intake (rs = 0.692) in males, but not in females. In conclusion, the determination of total dietary antioxidant intake in ultra-endurance athletes may be crucial for gaining a better perspective on body antioxidant defense against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effects of dietary antioxidant on exercise performance and recovery rate needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Tuğba Kocahan
- Sport Medicine Physician, Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Center of Athlete Training and Health Research, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Gökhan Deliceoğlu
- Sport Scientist, Faculty of Sports Science, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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Abstract
Exercise is universally recognized for its health benefits and distance running has long been a popular form of exercise and sport. Ultramarathons, defined as races longer than a marathon, have become increasingly popular in recent years. The diverse ultramarathon distances and courses provide additional challenges in race performance and medical coverage for these events. As the sport grows in popularity, more literature has become available regarding ultramarathon-specific illnesses and injuries, nutrition guidelines, psychology, physiologic changes, and equipment. This review focuses on recent findings and trends in ultramarathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Spittler
- UCH-A.F. Williams Family Medicine Center at Stapleton, Denver, CO
| | - Lauren Oberle
- University of Colorado-Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO
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23
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Swartz MC, Allen K, Deer RR, Lyons EJ, Swartz MD, Clifford T. A Narrative Review on the Potential of Red Beetroot as an Adjuvant Strategy to Counter Fatigue in Children with Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3003. [PMID: 31817919 PMCID: PMC6949985 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating adverse effect among children with cancer and a significant barrier to physical activity (PA) participation. PA interventions are effective at reducing fatigue and improving both quality of life (QOL) and functional outcomes in children with cancer. However, 50-70% of children with cancer do not meet PA guidelines. Thus, adjuvant methods are needed to increase PA participation. Given the growing interest in the use of beetroot juice to reduce exercise-induced fatigue, our narrative review evaluated the potential use of beetroot to improve PA participation to counter CRF and improve QOL. Our review of 249 articles showed a lack of published clinical trials of beetroot in children and adults with cancer. Trials of beetroot use had been conducted in a noncancer population (n = 198), and anticancer studies were primarily in the preclinical phase (n = 40). Although results are promising, with beetroot juice shown to counter exercise-induced fatigue in a variety of athletic and patient populations, its use to counter CRF in children with cancer is inconclusive. Pilot and feasibility studies are needed to examine the potential benefits of beetroot to counter CRF, increase PA participation, and improve QOL in children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Swartz
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Allen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1124, USA; (K.A.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Rachel R. Deer
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1137, USA;
| | - Elizabeth J. Lyons
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1124, USA; (K.A.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK;
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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Kumorkiewicz A, Szmyr N, Popenda Ł, Pietrzkowski Z, Wybraniec S. Alternative Mechanisms of Betacyanin Oxidation by Complexation and Radical Generation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7455-7465. [PMID: 31244196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural pigments such as betalains in food and health-related products is often limited by said pigments' relative oxidative stabilities in the products or physiological matrices. Determination of the mechanism of oxidation may inform future development and delivery of better stabilized molecules for improved outcomes. In order to best determine the oxidation mechanism of betanin, a natural food colorant, our efforts were directed toward structural elucidation (LCMS-IT-TOF and NMR) of previously tentatively identified key dehydrogenation products that had been generated as a result of betanin, decarboxylated betanin, and neobetanin oxidation by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radicals. The resultant oxidation products, the neo-derivatives, were the most stable and survived the preparative isolation and purification process. Structural analyses subsequently confirmed that these compounds, as well as neobetanin, were also the key products of alternative pathways of betanin and 2-decarboxy-betanin oxidation when catalyzed by Cu2+ cations in aqueous solutions at pH close to neutral. Therefore, the structures of the following five neo- or xanneo-derivatives (14,15- or 2,3,14,15-dehydrogenated derivatives, respectively) were confirmed: neobetanin, 2-decarboxy-neobetanin, 2-decarboxy-xanneobetanin, 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneobetanin, and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-xanneobetanin. This research confirmed that Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of betanin and 2-decarboxy-betanin results in generation of neo-derivatives of betanin. In contrast, Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of 17-decarboxy-betanin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betanin resulted mostly in formation of betanin xan-derivatives. A relevant mechanism of Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of the pigments is proposed herein that suggests that the oxidation of betanin can possibly occur in the region of the dihydropyridinic ring and can omit the stage of methide quinone formation in the dihydroindolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Natalia Szmyr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Pietrzkowski
- FutureCeuticals Inc. , 23 Peters Canyon Road , Irvine , California 92606 , United States
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Cracow University of Technology , ul. Warszawska 24 , Cracow 31-155 , Poland
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Imamura T, Isozumi N, Higashimura Y, Miyazato A, Mizukoshi H, Ohki S, Mori M. Isolation of amaranthin synthetase from Chenopodium quinoa and construction of an amaranthin production system using suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:969-981. [PMID: 30451369 PMCID: PMC6587806 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments primarily produced by plants of the order Caryophyllales. Because betalain possesses anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, it may be useful as a pharmaceutical agent and dietary supplement. Recent studies have identified the genes involved in the betalain biosynthesis of betanin. Amaranthin and celosianin II are abundant in the quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) hypocotyl, and amaranthin comprises glucuronic acid bound to betanin; therefore, this suggests the existence of a glucuronyltransferase involved in the synthesis of amaranthin in the quinoa hypocotyl. To identify the gene involved in amaranthin biosynthesis, we performed a BLAST analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis based on sequences homologous to flavonoid glycosyltransferase, followed by expression analysis on the quinoa hypocotyl to obtain three candidate proteins. Production of amaranthin in a transient Nicotiana benthamiana expression system was evaluated for these candidates and one was identified as having the ability to produce amaranthin. The gene encoding this protein was quinoa amaranthin synthetase 1 (CqAmaSy1). We also created a transgenic tobacco bright yellow-2 (BY-2) cell line wherein four betalain biosynthesis genes were introduced to facilitate amaranthin production. This transgenic cell line produced 13.67 ± 4.13 μm (mean ± SEM) amaranthin and 26.60 ± 1.53 μm betanin, whereas the production of isoamaranthin and isobetanin could not be detected. Tests confirmed the ability of amaranthin and betanin to slightly suppress cancer cell viability. Furthermore, amaranthin was shown to significantly inhibit HIV-1 protease activity, whereas betanin did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and BiotechnologyIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food ScienceIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and BiotechnologyIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
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Baker ME, DeCesare KN, Johnson A, Kress KS, Inman CL, Weiss EP. Short-Term Mediterranean Diet Improves Endurance Exercise Performance: A Randomized-Sequence Crossover Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:597-605. [PMID: 30758261 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1568322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Healthful dietary patterns have constituents that are known to improve exercise performance, such as antioxidants, nitrates, and alkalizing effects. However, ergogenic effects of such diets have not been evaluated. We hypothesized that a short-term Mediterranean diet results in better exercise performance, as compared to a typical Western diet. Methods: Eleven recreationally active women (n = 7) and men (n = 4) (body mass index, 24.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2; age 28 ± 3 years) were studied in a randomized-sequence crossover study, in which they underwent exercise performance testing on one occasion after 4 days of a Mediterranean diet and on another occasion after 4 days of a Western diet. A 9- to 16-day washout period separated the two trials. Endurance exercise performance was evaluated with a 5-km treadmill time trial. Anaerobic exercise performance tests included a Wingate cycle test, a vertical jump test, and hand grip dynamometry. Results: Five-kilometer run time was 6% ± 3% shorter (faster) in the Mediterranean diet trial than in the Western diet trial (27.09 ± 3.55 vs 28.59 ± 3.21 minutes; p = 0.030) despite similar heart rates (160 ± 5 vs 160 ± 4 beats/min; p = 0.941) and ratings of perceived exertion (14.6 ± 0.5 vs 15.0 ± 0.5; p = 0.356). No differences between the diet conditions were observed for anaerobic exercise tests, including peak and mean power from the Wingate test (both p ≥ 0.05), the vertical jump test (p = 0.19), and the hand grip strength test (p = 0.69). Conclusions: Our findings extend existing evidence of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet by showing that this diet is also effective for improving endurance exercise performance in as little as 4 days. Further studies are warranted to determine whether a longer-term Mediterranean diet provides greater benefits and whether it might also be beneficial for anaerobic exercise performance and muscle strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Baker
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Kristen N DeCesare
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Abby Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Kathleen S Kress
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Cynthia L Inman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA.,Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville , Edwardsville , Illinois , USA
| | - Edward P Weiss
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , Missouri , USA
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Harty PS, Cottet ML, Malloy JK, Kerksick CM. Nutritional and Supplementation Strategies to Prevent and Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: a Brief Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 30617517 PMCID: PMC6323061 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is typically caused by unaccustomed exercise and results in pain, soreness, inflammation, and reduced muscle function. These negative outcomes may cause discomfort and impair subsequent athletic performance or training quality, particularly in individuals who have limited time to recover between training sessions or competitions. In recent years, a multitude of techniques including massage, cryotherapy, and stretching have been employed to combat the signs and symptoms of EIMD, with mixed results. Likewise, many varied nutritional and supplementation interventions intended to treat EIMD-related outcomes have gained prominence in the literature. To date, several review articles have been published that explore the many recovery strategies purported to minimize indirect markers of muscle damage. However, these articles are very limited from a nutritional standpoint. Thus, the purpose of this review is to briefly and comprehensively summarize many of these strategies that have been shown to positively influence the recovery process after damaging exercise. These strategies have been organized into the following sections based on nutrient source: fruits and fruit-derived supplements, vegetables and plant-derived supplements, herbs and herbal supplements, amino acid and protein supplements, vitamin supplements, and other supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Megan L. Cottet
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - James K. Malloy
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
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Mumford PW, Kephart WC, Romero MA, Haun CT, Mobley CB, Osburn SC, Healy JC, Moore AN, Pascoe DD, Ruffin WC, Beck DT, Martin JS, Roberts MD, Young KC. Effect of 1-week betalain-rich beetroot concentrate supplementation on cycling performance and select physiological parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Casazza GA, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Cortez AN, Davis BA. Energy Availability, Macronutrient Intake, and Nutritional Supplementation for Improving Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:215-223. [PMID: 29889151 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes use nutritional guidelines and supplements to improve exercise performance and recovery. However, use is not always based on scientific evidence of improved performance, which type of athlete would benefit most, or the optimal dose and timing of a particular supplement. Health professionals that give advice to athletes need to target their recommendations on the energy systems and muscle fiber types used for the athlete's sporting event, the goal of the training block, the time of the competitive season, and the characteristics and food preferences of the individual athlete. This review aims to summarize the most current research findings on the optimal calorie, carbohydrate, and protein intake for athlete health, performance, and recovery. We also summarized new findings on fluid intake and the optimal dose and timing of beetroot and caffeine supplementation on time trial performance in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Christine E Richardson
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Angela N Cortez
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Brian A Davis
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Early interventional trials reported improvements in cardiac and exercise outcomes with inorganic nitrate ingestion. The current review aims to provide a brief update of recent evidence regarding ergogenic and cardiovascular effects of dietary nitrate and practical recommendations. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence has been inconsistent and questions remain regarding effective dose, duration, and source of nitrate and cohorts likely to benefit. Dietary nitrate may be most relevant to those with vascular/metabolic impairments, those engaging in short-term, intense exercise, deconditioned individuals, and those with a low dietary nitrate intake. SUMMARY The evidence for cardiovascular/exercise benefit is plausible but inconsistent. However, dietary nitrate, in contrast to pharmacological nitrate, has a high benefit-risk ratio. Although nitrate supplementation has grown in popularity, it is suggested that increased green vegetables consumption may provide similar/superior benefits to nitrate supplementation in a cheaper, safer, and potentially tastier context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor P Kerley
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Ste. 400, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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