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Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Chaouachi A, Behm DG. Age, Sex, and Training Specific Effects on Cross-Education Training. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39265978 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2024-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
An extensive number of publications have examined cross-education effects with adults, primarily investigating contralateral homologous (same) muscles. There are far fewer investigations on cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous (different) muscles and age (youth vs adult) and no studies investigating sex differences. Hence, the objective was to compare cross-education in female and male youth and young adults to contralateral homologous (chest press [CP], elbow flexors and extensors, handgrip isometric strength, and shot put) and heterologous (leg press, knee extension isometric strength, and countermovement jump) muscles. Twenty-eight female adults, 28 female youth, 28 male adults, and 28 male youth (total: 112) were examined before and after an 8-week (3 sessions/wk) unilateral, dominant arm, CP training program. Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant leg press and CP 1-repetition maximum, knee extensors, elbow extensors, elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, as well as shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Unilateral CP training induced training specific (CP 1-repetition maximum) and nonspecific (elbow extensors, elbow flexors, handgrip MVIC force, and shot put distance) improvements (P < .04, η2: .45-.85) but no significant lower body improvements. There was evidence for testing limb specificity as the dominant arm provided significantly (P < .021, η2: .17-.75) greater training gains than the nondominant arm. Youth's training adaptations exceeded with unilateral CP 1-repetition maximum, elbow extensors MVIC force, and shot put distance (P < .049, η2: .14-.49). No sex main effect differences were apparent. In conclusion, cross-education was training specific (greatest gains with upper body and dominant limbs) with greater benefits for youth and generally no sex differences with the exception of elbow extensors MVIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis,Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, RO,Brazil
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis,Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis,Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
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Curovic I, Rhodes D, Alexander J, Harper DJ. Vertical Strength Transfer Phenomenon Between Upper Body and Lower Body Exercise: Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:2109-2139. [PMID: 38743172 PMCID: PMC11329601 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a myriad of exercise variations in which upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) exercises have been intermittently used. However, it is still unclear how training of one body region (e.g. LB) affects adaptations in distant body areas (e.g. UB), and how different UB and LB exercise configurations could help facilitate physiological adaptations of either region; both referred to in this review as vertical strength transfer. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the existence of the vertical strength transfer phenomenon as a response to various UB and LB exercise configurations and to identify potential mechanisms underpinning its occurrence. METHODS A systematic search using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) for Scoping Reviews protocol was conducted in February 2024 using four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus and CINAHL) to identify peer-reviewed articles that investigated the vertical strength transfer phenomenon. RESULTS Of the 5242 identified articles, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that the addition of UB strength training to LB endurance exercise may help preserve power-generating capacity for the leg muscle fibres. Furthermore, systemic endocrine responses to high-volume resistance exercise may beneficially modulate adaptations in precedingly or subsequently trained muscles from a different body region, augmenting their strength gains. Last, strength training for LB could result in improved strength of untrained UB, likely due to the increased central neural drive. CONCLUSIONS Vertical strength transfer existence is enabled by neurophysiological mechanisms. Future research should involve athletic populations, examining the potential of vertical strength transfer to facilitate athletic performance and preserve strength in injured extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Curovic
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- , Jurija Gagarina 102/7, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - David Rhodes
- Human Performance Department, Burnley Football Club, Burnley, UK
| | - Jill Alexander
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Damian J Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Song JS, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Kang A, Loenneke JP. Cross-Education of Muscular Endurance: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:1771-1783. [PMID: 38758463 PMCID: PMC11258191 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research. METHODS A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. RESULTS A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index). CONCLUSION The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Sherman NE, Elion O, Kozol Z, Einat M, Frenkel-Toledo S. Ipsilateral transfer of motor skill from lower to upper limb in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303459. [PMID: 38768164 PMCID: PMC11104604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Whereas motor skills of the untrained upper limb (UL) can improve following practice with the other UL, it has yet to be determined if an UL motor skill can improve following practice of that skill with the lower limb (LL). METHODS Forty-five healthy subjects randomly participated in a 10-minute single-session intervention of (1) practicing 50 reaching movement (RM) sequences with the non-dominant left LL toward light switches (LL group); or (2) observing the identical 50 light switches sequences (Switches Observation (SO) group); or (3) observing nature films (Nature Observation (NO) group). RM sequence performance with the left UL toward the light switches was tested before and immediately after the intervention and retested after 24 h. RESULTS Reaching response time improved in the LL group more than in the SO and NO groups in the posttest (pBonferroni = 0.038 and pBonferroni < 0.001, respectively), and improved in the LL group more than in the NO group in the retest (pBonferroni = 0.004). Percentage of fails did not differ between groups across the timepoints. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the actual practice of the RM sequence skill with the UL together with the cognitive element embedded in the observation of the RM sequences contributes to ipsilateral transfer from LL to UL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Efrat Sherman
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Orit Elion
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Zvi Kozol
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Moshe Einat
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Medical Rehabilitation Center, Raanana, Israel
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Razian M, Hosseinzadeh M, Behm DG, Sardroodian M. Effect of leg dominance on ipsilateral and contralateral limb training adaptation in middle-aged women after unilateral sensorimotor and resistance exercise training. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:345-362. [PMID: 36036379 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the directionality of global training effects in middle-aged women after unilateral training. Thirty-nine middle-aged female volunteers (59.4 ± 5.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1. Unilateral Dominant Lower Limb Training (UDLT); 2. Unilateral Non-Dominant Lower Limb Training (UNDLT) or 3. Control group. Outcome measures assessing isometric strength, static and dynamic balance were recorded at baseline, and 1 week after 12 weeks (post-test) of training or no-intervention. The net cross education adaptation changes of the contralateral quadriceps isometric maximum voluntary (MVC) force (F2,34 = 4.33; p = 0.022), Stork balance score (F2,34 = 4.26; p = 0.023) and the Star Excursion Balance test score (F2,34 = 11.80; p = 0.001) were asymmetrical in the UNDLT group and on average, exceeded the UDLT group. The results demonstrated asymmetrical cross education training adaptations with unilateral training of non-dominant leg (UNDLT) to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles, with the exception of knee flexor MVC. The results of this study provide a novel exercise or rehabilitation strategy that can be employed when one of the limbs is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada
| | - Mahta Sardroodian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
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Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Relative Cross-Education Training Effects of Male Youth Exceed Male Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:881-890. [PMID: 38219228 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben Othman, A, Anvar, SH, Aragão-Santos, JC, Behm, DG, and Chaouachi, A. Relative cross-education training effects of male youth exceed male adults. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 881-890, 2024-Cross-education has been studied extensively with adults, examining the training effects on contralateral homologous muscles. There is less information on the cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous muscles and scant information comparing these responses between adults and youth. The objective was to compare cross-education training effects in male youth and adults to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles. Forty-two male children (10-13-years) and 42 adults (18-21-years) were tested before and following an 8-week unilateral, dominant or nondominant arm, chest press (CP) training program or control group (14 subjects each). Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant limb strength with leg press and CP 1 repetition maximum (1RM), knee extensors, elbow extensors (EE), elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength and shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Upper-body tests demonstrated large magnitude increases, with children overall exceeding adults ( p = 0.05- p < 0.0001, η2 : 0.51, 10.4 ± 11.1%). The dominant trained limb showed significantly higher training adaptations than the nondominant limb for the adults with CP 1RM ( p = 0.03, η2 : 0.26, 6.7 ± 11.5%) and EE ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.27, 8.8 ± 10.3%) MVIC force. Unilateral CP training induced significantly greater training adaptations with the ipsilateral vs. contralateral limb ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.93, 27.8 ± 12.7%). In conclusion, children demonstrated greater training adaptations than adults, upper-body strength increased with no significant lower-body improvements, and ipsilateral training effects were greater than contralateral training in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayem Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia; and
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Behm DG, Granacher U, Warneke K, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Konrad A. Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:289-302. [PMID: 37924459 PMCID: PMC10933173 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) on markers of performance and health. However, the literature is inconsistent with regards to the dosage effects (frequency, intensity, time, type) of RT to maximize training-induced improvements. This is most likely due to moderating factors such as age, sex, and training status. Moreover, individuals with limited time to exercise or who lack motivation to perform RT are interested in the least amount of RT to improve physical fitness. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to investigate and identify lower than typically recommended RT dosages (i.e., shorter durations, lower volumes, and intensity activities) that can improve fitness components such as muscle strength and endurance for sedentary individuals or beginners not meeting the minimal recommendation of exercise. METHODS Due to the broad research question involving different RT types, cohorts, and outcome measures (i.e., high heterogeneity), a narrative review was selected instead of a systematic meta-analysis approach. RESULTS It seems that one weekly RT session is sufficient to induce strength gains in RT beginners with < 3 sets and loads below 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). With regards to the number of repetitions, the literature is controversial and some authors report that repetition to failure is key to achieve optimal adaptations, while other authors report similar adaptations with fewer repetitions. Additionally, higher intensity or heavier loads tend to provide superior results. With regards to the RT type, multi-joint exercises induce similar or even larger effects than single-joint exercises. CONCLUSION The least amount of RT that can be performed to improve physical fitness for beginners for at least the first 12 weeks is one weekly session at intensities below 50% 1RM, with < 3 sets per multi-joint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jose Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.
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Voskuil CC, Andrushko JW, Huddleston BS, Farthing JP, Carr JC. Exercise prescription and strategies to promote the cross-education of strength: a scoping review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:569-582. [PMID: 37156010 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cross-education of strength is moderated by exercise design and prescription in clinical and non-clinical populations. This review synthesizes the available evidence regarding exercise design strategies for unilateral resistance training and provides evidence-based recommendations for the prescription of unilateral training to maximize the cross-education of strength. Greater insights regarding the timing and effectiveness of cross-education interventions in clinical scenarios will strengthen the use of unilateral resistance training for individuals who may benefit from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
| | - Justin W Andrushko
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Boglarka S Huddleston
- Health Sciences Librarian, Mary C. Burnett Library, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth TX, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Christian University School of Medicine, Fort Worth TX, USA
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Abe A, Sanui R, Loenneke JP, Abe T. One-Year Handgrip Strength Change in Kindergarteners Depends upon Physical Activity Status. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1665. [PMID: 37629522 PMCID: PMC10455176 DOI: 10.3390/life13081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Free play in kindergarten can be roughly divided into fine and gross motor activities, but the effects of these activities on improving handgrip strength are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to compare one-year changes in handgrip strength and forearm flexor muscle size in children separated by preferred play in a kindergarten. One hundred and eleven children were recruited from a local kindergarten. They underwent handgrip strength and forearm muscle thickness measurements, and 95 (49 boys and 46 girls) underwent a second measurement one year after the first measurement. Class teachers assessed the physical activity of everyone in their class after the second measurement. Using three evaluation scores by the class teachers, we divided children into three groups based on the children's preference to play in kindergarten (fine movement vs. gross motor movement). Handgrip strength did not change differently between groups across one year. However, children who liked active playing outside (i.e., gross motor activity) were stronger than others. Furthermore, children who like playing outside observed greater changes than the other groups in the ulna (right hand) and radius muscle thickness (left hand), suggesting that changes in forearm muscle size might be incongruent with changes in handgrip strength among the three activity groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Abe
- Division of Children’s Health and Exercise Research, Institute of Trainology, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan;
| | - Rika Sanui
- Child Health Research Group, Atagohama Kindergarten, Fukuoka 819-0002, Japan;
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Takashi Abe
- Division of Children’s Health and Exercise Research, Institute of Trainology, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan;
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai 270-1695, Japan
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Bilateral Improvements Following Unilateral Home-Based Training in Plantar Flexors: A Potential for Cross-Education in Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:14-23. [PMID: 35894916 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cross-education (CE) refers to neuromuscular gains in the untrained limb upon contralateral limb training. To date, only laboratory-based exercise programs have demonstrated CE. Home-based exercise prescription eliciting CE could have greater clinical applicability. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of an 8-week, home-based unilateral strength training intervention on isokinetic muscle strength, muscular excitation, and power in trained and untrained plantar flexors. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Thirty-four healthy participants were randomized to intervention (n = 20) or control (n = 14). The intervention group completed 3 sets of 12 repetitions of progressively loaded unilateral calf raises 3 days per week. Concentric and eccentric peak torque were measured using isokinetic dynamometry at 30°/s and 120°/s. Maximal electromyogram amplitude was simultaneously measured. Power was measured using a jump mat. All variables were measured at preintervention, midintervention, and postintervention. RESULTS Strength significantly increased bilaterally pre-post at both velocities concentrically and eccentrically in intervention group participants. Maximal electromyogram amplitude significantly increased pre-post bilaterally at both velocities in the medial gastrocnemii of the intervention group. Power significantly increased bilaterally pre-post in the intervention group, with a dose-response effect demonstrated in the untrained plantar flexors. The CE effects of strength, power, and electromyogram activation were 23.4%, 14.6%, and 25.3%, respectively. All control group values were unchanged pre-post. CONCLUSION This study shows that a simple at-home unilateral plantar flexor exercise protocol induces significant increases in contralateral strength, muscular excitation, and power. These results suggest the applicability of CE in home rehabilitation programs aiming to restore or maintain neuromuscular function in inactive individuals or immobilized ankles.
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Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Ozaki H, Yamasaki S, Loenneke JP. Children with Low Handgrip Strength: A Narrative Review of Possible Exercise Strategies to Improve Its Development. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1616. [PMID: 36360344 PMCID: PMC9688465 DOI: 10.3390/children9111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of health in both children and adults. Evidence suggests that without a possible strategy, children with low HGS may become adults with low HGS. However, little is known about what strategies are effective for children with low HGS to achieve a higher baseline level in adulthood. This narrative review aimed to investigate whether physical exercise interventions could improve HGS in children. METHODS The relevant databases/search engine was searched using keywords related to the main topics discussed throughout this review. RESULTS Our findings suggest that it may not be possible to improve HGS over that observed from normal development with physical education or traditional resistance-training programs. However, if the training program includes exercises that directly stimulate the forearm/hand muscle groups to grip, it may be possible to obtain changes in HGS that exceed the changes due to normal developmental growth. CONCLUSION Although there are associations between HGS and markers of health, no research could be identified that examined whether increasing HGS would lead to an improvement in health. If an increase in HGS really does represent an improvement in long-term health, then gripping exercise may need to be included into physical activity programs during the growth/development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai-shi 270-1695, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Children’s Health and Exercise Research, Institute of Trainology, Fukuoka-shi 814-0001, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Robert S. Thiebaud
- Department of Human Performance and Recreation, Brigham Young University–Idaho, Rexburg, ID 83440, USA
| | - Hayao Ozaki
- School of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, Miyoshi-shi 470-0207, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sakiya Yamasaki
- Department of Human Sciences, Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka-shi 814-8511, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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Latella C, Owen PJ, Davies T, Spathis J, Mallard A, VAN DEN Hoek D. Long-Term Adaptations in the Squat, Bench Press, and Deadlift: Assessing Strength Gain in Powerlifting Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:841-850. [PMID: 35019902 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding strength changes with resistance training is important in human performance. It also enables better understanding into the expected magnitude of strength increase and factors that influence this change over time. METHODS Squat, bench press, and deadlift scores were collated from 407 powerlifting meets (n = 1896 unique competitors: ~625 females, ~1270 males) between 2003 and 2018. Absolute (in kilograms) and relative starting strength (in kilograms per body weight) for each lift type was expressed for both sexes. Maximum and overall strength gain per day and per year (in kilograms) was calculated by comparing first and final, or maximum scores for each lift, respectively, and considered based on strength quartile classification. Paired and independent t-tests compared strength changes from baseline and between sexes. One-way ANOVAs compared strength changes between quartiles. Pearson correlations assessed relationships between strength changes over time, and baseline strength, number of competitions, and total days competing. RESULTS Maximum strength adaptations were greater for squat (20.2-25.4 kg·yr-1) and deadlift (18.1-21.1 kg·yr-1) compared with bench press (10.5-12.8 kg·yr-1, P ≤ 0.001). However, the change in absolute (all lifts: P = 0.247-0.379) and relative strength (all lifts: P = 0.641-0.821) did not differ between sexes. For females, maximum strength gain per day did not differ by quartile (all lifts: P = 0.091-0.746), nor did overall strength gain per day (P = 0.151-0.575). Conversely, males in the fourth quartile generally displayed lower maximum and overall strength gain per day. CONCLUSIONS These findings show differences in strength gain between upper- and lower-body lifts, but not sex differences in the change in strength. In line with previous research, the strongest males likely gain strength more slowly than weaker counterparts. Professionals should consider this information in the training, assessment, and long-term benchmarking of athletes whose sports require a focus on muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J Owen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Timothy Davies
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jemima Spathis
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Alistair Mallard
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Daniel VAN DEN Hoek
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
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13
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Novel insights on the bottom–up rise strength transfer: investigating massed vs. distributed exercise training. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Pelet DCS, Orsatti FL. Effects of resistance training at different intensities of load on cross-education of muscle strength. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND METABOLISM = PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE, NUTRITION ET METABOLISME 2021; 46:1279-1289. [PMID: 33984253 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the extent of cross-transfer of high- versus low-load unilateral resistance training performed with external pacing of the movement (URTEP) and 2) to compare the time course of the two approaches. Fifty subjects were randomized to one of the following three groups: G80 [two sets at 80% and two sets at 40% of one maximum repetition (1RM), 1 concentric second and 3 eccentric seconds controlled by a metronome]; G40 (four sets at 40% of 1 RM, 1s and 3s controlled by a metronome); or CG (control group). At week 1, the G80 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. At week 4, both G80 and G40 increased the elbow flexion 1RM (P<0.05) in contralateral arm. However, a greater 1RM gain was observed in the G80 than in the G40 (P< .05). Thus, although higher-load URTEP seems to enhance the cross-education effect when compared to lower-load URTEP, the cross-education of dynamic strength can be achieved in the two approaches after four weeks. Many patients would benefit from cross-education of muscle strength through URPEP, even who are unable to exercise with high loads and in short periods of immobilization. Novelty bullets: (1) Unilateral resistance training promotes cross-education of dynamic muscle strength. (2) However, higher-load resistance training enhances the effects of cross-education of muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Lera Orsatti
- Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro , Department of Sport Sciences, Uberaba, Brazil;
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15
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Ipsilateral Lower-to-Upper Limb Cross-Transfer Effect on Muscle Strength, Mechanical Power, and Lean Tissue Mass after Accentuated Eccentric Loading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050445. [PMID: 34064370 PMCID: PMC8147780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To investigate the effects of unilateral accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on changes in lean mass and function of leg trained (TL) and ipsilateral non-trained arm (NTA) in young men and women. Materials and Methods: In a prospective trial, 69 Physically active university students (20.2 ± 2.2 years) were randomly placed into a training group (n = 46; 27 men, 19 women) or a control group without training (n = 23; 13 men, 10 women). Participants in the training group performed unilateral AEL in the leg press exercise of the dominant leg twice a week for 10 weeks. An electric motor device-generated isotonic resistance at different intensities for both concentric (30% of 1-RM) and eccentric contractions (105% of 1-RM). Changes in thigh and arm lean tissue mass, unilateral leg press and unilateral elbow flexion maximal concentric (1-RM) and isometric strength (MVIC), and unilateral muscle power at 40, 60, and 80% 1-RM for both leg press and elbow flexion exercises before and after intervention were compared between groups, between sexes and between TL and NTA. Results: Both men and women in the training group showed increases (p < 0.05) in lean tissue mass, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power for TL. In NTA, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power increased without significant differences between sexes, but neither in men nor women changes in lean tissue mass were observed. In addition, men showed greater changes in TL, but changes in NTA were similar between sexes. No gains in any variable were found for the control group. Conclusions: AEL protocol produced similar neuromuscular changes in TL and ipsilateral NTA, which suggests that strong ipsilateral lower-to-upper limb cross-transfer effects were induced by the eccentric-overload training. However, early ipsilateral increases in muscle force and power were not associated with lean mass gains. Both men and women experienced similar changes in NTA; however, men showed greater changes in TL.
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16
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Benito-Martínez E, Senovilla-Herguedas D, de la Torre-Montero JC, Martínez-Beltrán MJ, Reguera-García MM, Alonso-Cortés B. Local and Contralateral Effects after the Application of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation in Lower Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239028. [PMID: 33287409 PMCID: PMC7730668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) has been used mainly as a method to promote muscle strength, but its effects on improving blood flow are less well known. The aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge about the local and contralateral effects of the application of symmetric biphasic square currents on skin temperature (Tsk). An experimental pilot study was developed with a single study group consisting of 45 healthy subjects. Thermographic evaluations were recorded following the application of NMES to the anterior region of the thigh. The results showed an increase in the maximal Tsk of 0.67% in the anterior region of the thigh where the NMES was applied (p < 0.001) and an increase of 0.54% (p < 0.01) due to cross-education effects, which was higher when the NMES was applied on the dominant side (0.79%; p < 0.01). The duration of the effect was 20 min in the dominant leg and 10 min in the nondominant one. The application of a symmetrical biphasic current (8 Hz and 400 μs) creates an increase in the maximal Tsk at the local level. A temperature cross-education effect is produced, which is greater when the NMES is applied on the dominant side. This could be a useful noninvasive measurement tool in NMES treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Benito-Martínez
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - Diego Senovilla-Herguedas
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - Julio César de la Torre-Montero
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - María Jesús Martínez-Beltrán
- San Juan de Dios School of Nursing and Physical Therapy, Comillas Pontifical University, 28350 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (D.S.-H.); (J.C.d.l.T.-M.); (M.J.M.-B.)
| | - María Mercedes Reguera-García
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Alonso-Cortés
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Chaouachi A, Ben Othman A, Chaouachi M, Hechmi A, Farthing JP, Granacher U, Behm DG. Comparison of Cross-Education and Global Training Effects in Adults and Youth After Unilateral Strength Training. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2121-2131. [PMID: 32833889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chaouachi, A, Ben Othman, A, Chaouachi, M, Hechmi, A, Farthing, JP, Granacher, U, and Behm, DG. Comparison of cross-education and global training effects in adults and youth after unilateral strength training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Youth strength training research examining contralateral, homologous (cross-education), and heterologous (global training) effects after unilateral training have provided mixed results and the relationship to adults has not been compared. The objective was to compare adult and youth cross-education and global training effects on dominant and nondominant limb testing. Initially, 15 men and 15 prepubertal boys volunteered for each unilateral chest press (CP), handgrip training, and control groups (n = 89). Individuals trained their dominant limb 3 times per week for 8 weeks and had their dominant and nondominant limbs tested for CP and leg press 1 repetition maximum (1RM), handgrip, knee extension and flexion, and elbow extension and flexion maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). Adult CP training gains were significantly greater than youth with lower-body testing (p = 0.002-0.06), whereas youth CP training gains exceeded adults with upper-body tests (p = 0.03-0.07). Training specificity was evident with greater CP 1RM increases with CP vs. handgrip training for both youth (p < 0.0001) and adults (p < 0.0001). Handgrip training elicited greater gains in handgrip MVICs compared with other strength tests (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, only contralateral CP 1RM showed a training advantage for unilateral CP over unilateral handgrip training. Adults showed greater gains with lower-body testing, whereas youth showed greater gains with upper-body testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Movement Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Rennes, France
| | - Abderraouf Hechmi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jonathan P Farthing
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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18
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Unilateral Elbow Flexion and Leg Press Training Induce Cross-Education But Not Global Training Gains in Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:36-47. [PMID: 31653801 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whereas cross-education has been extensively investigated with adults, there are far fewer youth investigations. Two studies suggested that children had greater global responses to unilateral knee extensor fatigue and training, respectively, than adults. The objective of this study was to compare global training responses and cross-education effects after unilateral elbow flexion (EFlex) and leg press (LP) training. METHODS Forty-three prepubertal youths (aged 10-13 y) were randomly allocated into dominant LP (n = 15), EFlex (n = 15) training groups, or a control (n = 13). Experimental groups trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and were tested pretraining and posttraining for ipsilateral and contralateral 1-repetition maximum LP; knee extensor, knee flexors, elbow flexors; and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), and countermovement jump. RESULTS In comparison to no significant changes with the control group, dominant elbow flexors training demonstrated significant ( P < .001) improvements only with ipsilateral and contralateral upper body testing (EFlex MVIC [15.9-21.5%], EFlex 1-repetition maximum [22.9-50.8%], handgrip MVIC [5.5-13.8%]). Dominant LP training similarly exhibited only significant ( P < .001) improvements for ipsilateral and contralateral lower body testing (LP 1-repetition maximum [59.6-81.8%], knee extensor MVIC [12.4-18.3%], knee flexor MVIC [7.9-22.3%], and countermovement jump [11.1-18.1%]). CONCLUSIONS The ipsilateral and contralateral training adaptations in youth were specific to upper or lower body training, respectively.
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19
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Hucteau E, Jubeau M, Cornu C, Cattagni T. Is there an intermuscular relationship in voluntary activation capacities and contractile kinetics? Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:513-526. [PMID: 31925519 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The force-generating capacities of human skeletal muscles are interrelated, highlighting a common construct of limb strength. This study aimed to further determine whether there is an intermuscular relationship in maximal voluntary activation capacities and contractile kinetics of human muscles. METHODS Twenty-six young healthy individuals participated in this study. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, voluntary activation level (VAL), and doublet twitch contractile kinetics (contraction time and half-relaxation time) evoked by a paired supramaximal peripheral nerve stimulation at 100 Hz were obtained in elbow flexors, knee extensors, plantar flexors and dorsiflexors of the dominant limb. RESULTS Peak MVC torque had significant positive correlations between all muscle group pairs (all P values < 0.01). A significant positive correlation for VAL was found only between knee extensors and plantar flexors (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). There were no significant correlations between all muscle group pairs for doublet twitch contraction time and doublet twitch half-relaxation time. DISCUSSION These results show that there is a partial common construct of maximal voluntary activation capacities that only concerns muscle groups that have incomplete activation during MVC (i.e., knee extensors and plantar flexors). This suggests that the common construct of MVC strength between these two muscle groups is partly influenced by neural mechanisms. The lack of intermuscular relationship of contractile kinetics showed that there is no common construct of muscle contractile kinetics, as assessed in vivo by investigating the time-course of evoked doublet twitch contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Hucteau
- Laboratoire "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" EA 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR STAPS, University of Nantes, 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, 44 322, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Laboratoire "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" EA 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR STAPS, University of Nantes, 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, 44 322, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Cornu
- Laboratoire "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" EA 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR STAPS, University of Nantes, 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, 44 322, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Laboratoire "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" EA 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR STAPS, University of Nantes, 25 bis Boulevard Guy Mollet-BP 72206, 44 322, Nantes cedex 3, France.
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Ben Othman A, Chaouachi A, Chaouachi M, Makhlouf I, Farthing JP, Granacher U, Behm DG. Dominant and nondominant leg press training induce similar contralateral and ipsilateral limb training adaptations with children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:973-984. [PMID: 30664382 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education has been extensively investigated with adults. Adult studies report asymmetrical cross-education adaptations predominately after dominant limb training. The objective of the study was to examine unilateral leg press (LP) training of the dominant or nondominant leg on contralateral and ipsilateral strength and balance measures. Forty-two youth (10-13 years) were placed (random allocation) into a dominant (n = 15) or nondominant (n = 14) leg press training group or nontraining control (n = 13). Experimental groups trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and were tested pre-/post-training for ipsilateral and contralateral 1-repetition maximum (RM) horizontal LP, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF), countermovement jump (CMJ), triple hop test (THT), MVIC strength of elbow flexors (EF) and handgrip, as well as the stork and Y balance tests. Both dominant and nondominant LP training significantly (p < 0.05) increased both ipsilateral and contralateral lower body strength (LP 1RM (dominant: 59.6%-81.8%; nondominant: 59.5%-96.3%), KE MVIC (dominant: 12.4%-18.3%; nondominant: 8.6%-18.6%), KF MVIC (dominant: 7.9%-22.3%; nondominant: nonsignificant-3.8%), and power (CMJ: dominant: 11.1%-18.1%; nondominant: 7.7%-16.6%)). The exception was that nondominant LP training demonstrated a nonsignificant change with the contralateral KF MVIC. Other significant improvements were with nondominant LP training on ipsilateral EF 1RM (6.2%) and THT (9.6%). There were no significant changes with EF and handgrip MVIC. The contralateral leg stork balance test was impaired following dominant LP training. KF MVIC exhibited the only significant relative post-training to pretraining (post-test/pre-test) ratio differences between dominant versus nondominant LP cross-education training effects. In conclusion, children exhibit symmetrical cross-education or global training adaptations with unilateral training of dominant or nondominant upper leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.,PVF Football Academy, Hang Yen, Vietnam
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Movement Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Université Rennes 2-ENS, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jonathan P Farthing
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Campus Am Neuen Palais, Am Neuen Palais 10, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Pietrangelo T, Bondi D, Kinel E, Verratti V. The Bottom-Up Rise Strength Transfer in Elderly After Endurance and Resistance Training: The BURST. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1944. [PMID: 30692938 PMCID: PMC6339983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of strength gain is highly relevant for sarcopenia and clinical aspect linked to aging. Recent advancements drive the interest toward the exercise-related cross-talk between distant tissues. We demonstrated the cross-talk between lower and upper limbs, we named the Bottom-Up Rise Strength Transfer (BURST), mainly linked to endurance training. In our opinion, this effect can be mainly related to systemic factors, likely circulating myokines and extracellular vesicles (recently defined in terms of “exerkines” and “exersomes”) whit an eventual concomitant reduction of a sub-clinical chronic inflammation. The neuronal mechanisms, even if to our sight less likely involved in this adaptation, need to be deeply investigated. Further studies are needed to better characterize the exercise-related BURST, concerning the specificity of different protocols and the underlying physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging e Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging e Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Edyta Kinel
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Clinic of Rehabilitation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Makhlouf I, Chaouachi A, Chaouachi M, Ben Othman A, Granacher U, Behm DG. Combination of Agility and Plyometric Training Provides Similar Training Benefits as Combined Balance and Plyometric Training in Young Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1611. [PMID: 30483158 PMCID: PMC6243212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies that combined balance and resistance training induced larger performance improvements compared with single mode training. Agility exercises contain more dynamic and sport-specific movements compared with balance training. Thus, the purpose of this study was to contrast the effects of combined balance and plyometric training with combined agility and plyometric training and an active control on physical fitness in youth. Methods: Fifty-seven male soccer players aged 10–12 years participated in an 8-week training program (2 × week). They were randomly assigned to a balance-plyometric (BPT: n = 21), agility-plyometric (APT: n = 20) or control group (n = 16). Measures included proxies of muscle power [countermovement jump (CMJ), triple-hop-test (THT)], muscle strength [reactive strength index (RSI), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of handgrip, back extensors, knee extensors], agility [4-m × 9-m shuttle run, Illinois change of direction test (ICODT) with and without the ball], balance (Standing Stork, Y-Balance), and speed (10–30 m sprints). Results: Significant time × group interactions were found for CMJ, hand grip MVIC force, ICODT without a ball, agility (4 m × 9 m), standing stork balance, Y-balance, 10 and 30-m sprint. The APT pre- to post-test measures displayed large ES improvements for hand grip MVIC force, ICODT without a ball, agility test, CMJ, standing stork balance test, Y-balance test but only moderate ES improvements with the 10 and 30 m sprints. The BPT group showed small (30 m sprint), moderate (hand grip MVIC, ICODTwithout a ball) and large ES [agility (4 m × 9 m) test, CMJ, standing stork balance test, Y-balance] improvements, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, both training groups provided significant improvements in all measures. It is recommended that youth incorporate balance exercises into their training and progress to agility with their strength and power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Chaouachi A, Ben Othman A, Makhlouf I, Young JD, Granacher U, Behm DG. Global Training Effects of Trained and Untrained Muscles With Youth Can be Maintained During 4 Weeks of Detraining. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:2788-2800. [PMID: 29794891 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chaouachi, A, Ben Othman, A, Makhlouf, I, Young, JD, Granacher, U, and Behm, DG. Global training effects of trained and untrained muscles with youth can be maintained during 4 weeks of detraining. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2788-2800, 2019-Global (whole-body) effects of resistance training (i.e., cross-education) may be pervasive with children. Detraining induces less substantial deficits with children than adults. It was the objective of this study to investigate the global responses to 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of unilateral leg press (LP) training in 10-13-year-old, pre-peak-height-velocity stage boys. Subjects were randomly separated into 2 unilateral resistance training groups (high load/low repetitions [HL-LR] and low load/high repetitions [LL-HR], and control group). Assessments at pre-training, post-training, and detraining included dominant and nondominant limbs, unilateral, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60% 1RM LP, knee extension, knee flexion, elbow flexion, and handgrip maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). All measures significantly increased from pre-test to detraining for both training programs, except for elbow flexion MVIC with increases only with HL-LR. All measures except CMJ and handgrip MVIC significantly decreased from post-test to detraining, except for elbow flexion MVIC with decreases only with HL-LR. The dominant trained limb experienced significantly greater LP improvements (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with LP 1RM and 60% 1RM LP. In conclusion, youth HL-LR and LL-HR global training effects of trained and untrained limbs demonstrate similar benefits (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with detraining. The findings emphasize that training any muscle group in a child can have positive global implications for improved strength and power that can persist over baseline measures for at least a month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - James D Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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