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Santos GKN, Navarro DMDAF, Maia ACD. Cuticular lipid profiles of selected species of cyclocephaline beetles (Melolonthidae, Cyclocephalini). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:124-133. [PMID: 38268108 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Neotropical cyclocephaline beetles, a diverse group of flower-loving insects, significantly impact natural and agricultural ecosystems. In particular, the genus Cyclocephala, with over 350 species, displays polymorphism and cryptic complexes. Lacking a comprehensive DNA barcoding framework, accessible tools for species differentiation are needed for research in taxonomy, ecology, and crop management. Moreover, cuticular hydrocarbons are believed to be involved in sexual recognition mechanisms in these beetles. In the present study we examined the cuticular chemical profiles of six species from the genus Cyclocephala and two populations of Erioscelis emarginata and assessed their efficiency in population, species, and sex differentiation. Overall we identified 74 compounds in cuticular extracts of the selected taxa. Linear alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons were prominent, with ten compounds between them explaining 85.6% of species dissimilarity. Although the cuticular chemical profiles efficiently differentiated all investigated taxa, only C. ohausiana showed significant cuticular profile differences between sexes. Our analysis also revealed two E. emarginata clades within a larger group of 'Cyclocephala' species, but they were not aligned with the two studied populations. Our research underscores the significance of cuticular lipid profiles in distinguishing selected cyclocephaline beetle species and contemplates their potential impact as contact pheromones on sexual segregation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanne Karla N Santos
- Secretaria Executiva de Meio Ambiente de Paulista (SEMA), Prefeitura Municipal do Paulista, Paulista, 53401-441, Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Daniela Maria do Amaral F Navarro
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-560, Brazil
| | - Artur Campos D Maia
- Department of Zoology, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Laboratory of Sciences for the Environment, University of Corsica, UMR 6134 SPE, Ajaccio, France
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Claudel C, Loiseau O, Silvestro D, Lev-Yadun S, Antonelli A. Patterns and drivers of heat production in the plant genus Amorphophallus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:874-894. [PMID: 37340521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenesis - the ability to generate metabolic heat - is much more common in animals than in plants, but it has been documented in several plant families, most prominently the Araceae. Metabolic heat is produced in floral organs during the flowering time (anthesis), with the hypothesised primary functions being to increase scent volatilisation for pollinator attraction, and/or to provide a heat reward for invertebrate pollinators. Despite in-depth studies on the thermogenesis of single species, no attempts have yet been made to examine plant thermogenesis across an entire clade. Here, we apply time-series clustering algorithms to 119 measurements of the full thermogenic patterns in inflorescences of 80 Amorphophallus species. We infer a new time-calibrated phylogeny of this genus and use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolutionary determinants of thermogenesis. We find striking phenotypic variation across the phylogeny, with heat production in multiple clades reaching up to 15°C, and in one case 21.7°C above ambient temperature. Our results show that the thermogenic capacity is phylogenetically conserved and is also associated with inflorescence thickness. Our study paves the way for further investigations of the eco-evolutionary benefits of thermogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Claudel
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Amancio G, Hernández-Ortiz V, Aguirre-Jaimes A, Guevara R, Quesada M. Feeding Specialization of Flies (Diptera: Richardiidae) in Aroid Infructescences (Araceae) of the Neotropics. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 31234211 PMCID: PMC6592413 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evolution and radiation between insects and flowering plants are both opportunistic and obligatory when the former feeds on the reproductive structures of the latter, whereas direct and indirect effects can influence the fitness of individuals, populations, and plant communities. The Araceae family constitutes an important element of the tropical rainforest of the Neotropics, and its morphology and floral biology provide a remarkable system for studying trophic interactions with insects, including the Richardiidae flies (Diptera). We studied the trophic interactions of the aroid-fly system, assessing infestation rates under natural conditions over an annual cycle. In the Neotropical region, we discovered for the first time that seven aroid species became infested by four richardiid species: Beebeomyia tuxtlaensis Hernández-Ortiz and Aguirre with Dieffenbachia oerstedii Schott and D. wendlandii Schott; B. palposa (Cresson) with Xanthosoma robustum Schott; Beebeomyia sp.3. in association with Philodendron radiatum Schott, P. tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott, and P. sagittifolium Liebm.; while Sepsisoma sp. only infested Rhodospatha wendlandii Schott. Infestation rates differed significantly among hosts, but comparisons with morphological traits did not provide evidence of a causal factor of the infestation. In contrast, larval density and time of development both exhibited significant differences between hosts. The findings suggest the high specialization of the flies, and that intrinsic factors of the plants, such as the presence of secondary metabolites and their maturation periods, may influence their infestation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Amancio
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, México
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Maia ACD, Grimm C, Schubert M, Etl F, Gonçalves EG, Do Amaral Ferraz Navarro DM, Schulz S, Dötterl S. Novel Floral Scent Compounds from Night-Blooming Araceae Pollinated by Cyclocephaline Scarabs (Melolonthidae, Cyclocephalini). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:204-213. [PMID: 30229355 PMCID: PMC6469606 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nocturnal flowering plants often release strong scents to attract their pollinators. Among night active flower visitors are cyclocephaline scarab beetles, which have been demonstrated to respond to uncommon volatile organic compounds released in high amounts by their host plants. In Araceae, the molecular structure of several such compounds is yet to be unveiled. We investigated headspace floral scent samples of Philodendron squamiferum, Thaumatophyllum mello-baretoanum, and Xanthosoma hylaeae by a variety of approaches, leading to the identification of novel compounds. Dehydrojasmone, (Z)-4-methylene-5-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (1), (Z)-3-methylene-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl acetate (isojasmyl acetate, 3), and (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-trien-5-yl acetate (4) had not been previously reported, while full analytical data of the recently described (Z)-3-methylene-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentan-1-ol (isojasmol, 2) are presented here. All these compounds are derived from more common precursors, (Z)-jasmone and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, likely through biosynthetic "post-processing".
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Campos D Maia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstraße 11 and Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Etl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, 70790-100, Brazil
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstraße 11 and Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Hoe YC, Gibernau M, Wong SY. Diversity of pollination ecology in the Schismatoglottis Calyptrata Complex Clade (Araceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:563-578. [PMID: 29316090 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Field studies integrating pollination investigations with an assessment of floral scent composition and thermogenesis in tropical aroids are rather few. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the pollination biology of nine species belonging to Schismatoglottis Calyptrata Complex Clade. The flowering mechanism, visiting insect activities, reproductive system, thermogenesis and floral scent composition were examined. Anthesis for all species started at dawn and lasted 25-29 h. Colocasiomyia (Diptera, Drosophilidae) are considered the main pollinators for all the investigated species. Cycreon (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) are considered secondary pollinators as they are only present in seven of the nine host plants, despite the fact that they are the most effective pollen carrier, carrying up to 15 times more pollen grains than Colocasiomyia flies. However, the number of Colocasiomyia individuals was six times higher than Cycreon beetles. Chaloenus (Chrysomelidae, Galeuricinae) appeared to be an inadvertent pollinator. Atheta (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) is considered a floral visitor in most investigated species of the Calyptrata Complex Clade in Sarawak, but a possible pollinator in S. muluensis. Chironomidae midges and pteromalid wasps are considered visitors in S. calyptrata. Thermogenesis in a biphasic pattern was observed in inflorescences of S. adducta, S. calyptrata, S. giamensis, S. pseudoniahensis and S. roh. The first peak occurred during pistillate anthesis; the second peak during staminate anthesis. Inflorescences of all investigated species of Calyptrata Complex Clade emitted four types of ester compound, with methyl ester-3-methyl-3-butenoic acid as a single major VOC (volatile organic compound). The appendix, pistillate zone, staminate zone and spathe emitted all these compounds. A mixed fly-beetle pollination system is considered an ancestral trait in the Calyptrata Complex Clade, persisting in Sarawak taxa, whereas the marked reduction of interpistillar staminodes in taxa from Peninsular Malaysia and especially, Ambon, Indonesia, is probably linked to a shift in these taxa to a fly-pollinated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Hoe
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch Campus, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - M Gibernau
- Natural Resources Project, Vignola Route des Sanguinaires Ajaccio, CNRS - University of Corsica, Ajaccio, France
| | - S Y Wong
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Moore MR, Cave RD, Branham MA. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). Zookeys 2018; 745:101-378. [PMID: 29670449 PMCID: PMC5904534 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.745.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclocephaline scarab beetles represent the second largest tribe of the subfamily Dynastinae, and the group includes the most speciose genus of dynastines, Cyclocephala. The period following publication of Sebő Endrődi's The Dynastinae of the World has seen a huge increase in research interest on cyclocephalines, and much of this research has not been synthesized. The objective of this catalog and bibliography is to compile an exhaustive list of taxa in Cyclocephalini. This paper provides an updated foundation for understanding the taxonomy and classification of 14 genera and over 500 species in the tribe. It discusses the history of cataloging dynastine species, clarifies issues surrounding the neotype designations in Endrődi's revision of Cyclocephalini, synthesizes all published distribution data for cyclocephaline species, and increases accessibility to the voluminous literature on the group by providing an easily searchable bibliography for each species. We propose the nomen novum Cyclocephala rogerpauli, new replacement name, for C. nigra Dechambre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Moore
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ronald D. Cave
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Marc A. Branham
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Gonçalves-Souza P, Schlindwein C, Dötterl S, Paiva EAS. Unveiling the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum (Araceae) as a means to understanding interactions with pollinators. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:533-543. [PMID: 28065928 PMCID: PMC5458670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Araceae species pollinated by nocturnal Cyclocephalini beetles attract their pollinators by inflorescence scents. In Philodendron , despite the intense odour, the osmophores exhibit no definite morphological identity, making them difficult to locate. This may explain why structural studies of the scent-releasing tissue are not available so far. Methods Several approaches were employed for locating and understanding the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum . A sensory test allowed other analyses to be restricted to fertile and sterile stamens as odour production sites. Stamens were studied under light and electron microscopy. Dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to collect and analyse scents from different zones of the inflorescence. Key Results The epidermal cells of the distal portion of fertile stamens and staminodes are papillose and, similar to the parenchyma cells of this region, have dense cytoplasm and large nuclei. In these cells, the composition of organelles is compatible with secretory activity, especially the great number of mitochondria and plastids. In this portion, lipid droplets that are consumed concomitantly with the release of odour were observed. Quantitative scent analyses revealed that the scent, with a predominance of dihydro-β-ionone, is mainly emitted by the fertile and sterile staminate zones of the spadix. An amorphous substance in the stomata pores indicates that the components are secreted and volatilized outside of the osmophore under thermogenic heat. Conclusions Despite the difficulty in locating osmophores in the absence of morphological identity and inefficiency of neutral red staining, the osmophores of P. adamantinum have some features expected for these structures. The results indicate a functional link between thermogenesis and volatilization of osmophore secretions to produce olfactory signals for attracting specialized beetle pollinators. These first experimental data about the precise location of osmophores in Philodendron will stimulate studies in related species that will allow future comparison and the establishment of patterns of functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gonçalves-Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
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Pereira J, Schlindwein C, Antonini Y, Maia ACD, Dötterl S, Martins C, Navarro DMDAF, Oliveira R. Philodendron adamantinum(Araceae) lures its single cyclocephaline scarab pollinator with specific dominant floral scent volatiles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Yasmine Antonini
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP; Ouro Preto MG 35400 000 Brazil
| | - Artur Campos Dália Maia
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE; Recife PE Brazil
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- AG Ökologie; Biodiversität und Evolution der Pflanzen; Universität Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Cristiane Martins
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | | | - Reisla Oliveira
- Departamento de Biodiversidade; Evolução e Meio Ambiente; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP; Ouro Preto MG 35400 000 Brazil
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Terry LI, Roemer RB, Walter GH, Booth D. Thrips' responses to thermogenic associated signals in a cycad pollination system: the interplay of temperature, light, humidity and cone volatiles. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Irene Terry
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; 257 S. 1400 E. Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Robert B. Roemer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Utah; 50 S. Central Campus Dr. 2202 Merrill Engineering Bldg. Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Gimme H. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - David Booth
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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Moore MR, Jameson ML. Floral associations of cyclocephaline scarab beetles. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:100. [PMID: 24738782 PMCID: PMC4062068 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The scarab beetle tribe Cyclocephalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) is the second largest tribe of rhinoceros beetles, with nearly 500 described species. This diverse group is most closely associated with early diverging angiosperm groups (the family Nymphaeaceae, magnoliid clade, and monocots), where they feed, mate, and receive the benefit of thermal rewards from the host plant. Cyclocephaline floral association data have never been synthesized, and a comprehensive review of this ecological interaction was necessary to promote research by updating nomenclature, identifying inconsistencies in the data, and reporting previously unpublished data. Based on the most specific data, at least 97 cyclocephaline beetle species have been reported from the flowers of 58 plant genera representing 17 families and 15 orders. Thirteen new cyclocephaline floral associations are reported herein. Six cyclocephaline and 25 plant synonyms were reported in the literature and on beetle voucher specimen labels, and these were updated to reflect current nomenclature. The valid names of three unavailable plant host names were identified. We review the cyclocephaline floral associations with respect to inferred relationships of angiosperm orders. Ten genera of cyclocephaline beetles have been recorded from flowers of early diverging angiosperm groups. In contrast, only one genus, Cyclocephala, has been recorded from dicot flowers. Cyclocephaline visitation of dicot flowers is limited to the New World, and it is unknown whether this is evolutionary meaningful or the result of sampling bias and incomplete data. The most important areas for future research include: (1) elucidating the factors that attract cyclocephalines to flowers including floral scent chemistry and thermogenesis, (2) determining whether cyclocephaline dicot visitation is truly limited to the New World, and (3) inferring evolutionary relationships within the Cyclocephalini to rigorously test vicarance hypotheses, host plant shifts, and mutualisms with angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Robert Moore
- Wichita State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USA 67260-0026
| | - Mary Liz Jameson
- Wichita State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USA 67260-0026
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Maia ACD, Gibernau M, Carvalho AT, Gonçalves EG, Schlindwein C. The cowl does not make the monk: scarab beetle pollination of the Neotropical aroidTaccarum ulei(Araceae: Spathicarpeae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Campos Dália Maia
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 50740-560; Recife; Brazil
| | - Marc Gibernau
- CNRS - Ecofog (UMR 8172); Campus Agronomique BP 316; F-97379; Kourou cedex; France
| | - Airton Torres Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia); Universidade Federal da Paraíba; 58059-900; João Pessoa; Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 31270-901; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 31270-901; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
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Schiestl FP, Dötterl S. The evolution of floral scent and olfactory preferences in pollinators: coevolution or pre-existing bias? Evolution 2012; 66:2042-55. [PMID: 22759283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution is thought to be a major factor in shaping plant-pollinator interactions. Alternatively, plants may have evolved traits that fitted pre-existing preferences or morphologies in the pollinators. Here, we test these two scenarios in the plant family of Araceae and scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) as pollinators. We focused on floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and production/detection of VOCs by scarab beetles. We found phylogenetic structure in the production/detection of methoxylated aromatics in scarabs, but not plants. Within the plants, most of the compounds showed a well-supported pattern of correlated evolution with scarab-beetle pollination. In contrast, the scarabs showed no correlation between VOC production/detection and visitation to Araceae flowers, with the exception of the VOC skatole. Moreover, many VOCs were found in nonpollinating beetle groups (e.g., Melolonthinae) that are ancestors of pollinating scarabs. Importantly, none of the tested VOCs were found to have originated in pollinating taxa. Our analysis indicates a Jurassic origin of VOC production/detection in scarabs, but a Cretaceous/Paleocene origin of floral VOCs in plants. Therefore, we argue against coevolution, instead supporting the scenario of sequential evolution of floral VOCs in Araceae driven by pre-existing bias of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Miller RE, Grant NM, Giles L, Ribas-Carbo M, Berry JA, Watling JR, Robinson SA. In the heat of the night--alternative pathway respiration drives thermogenesis in Philodendron bipinnatifidum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:1013-1026. [PMID: 21118259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
• Philodendron bipinnatifidum inflorescences heat up to 42 °C and thermoregulate. We investigated whether they generate heat via the cytochrome oxidase pathway uncoupled by uncoupling proteins (pUCPs), or the alternative oxidase (AOX). • Contribution of AOX and pUCPs to heating in fertile (FM) and sterile (SM) male florets was determined using a combination of oxygen isotope discrimination, protein and substrate analyses. • Both FM and SM florets thermoregulated independently for up to 30 h ex planta. In both floret types, AOX contributed > 90% of respiratory flux during peak heating. The AOX protein increased fivefold with the onset of thermogenesis in both floret types, whereas pUCP remained low throughout development. These data indicate that AOX is primarily responsible for heating, despite FM and SM florets potentially using different substrates, carbohydrates or lipids, respectively. Measurements of discrimination between O₂ isotopes in strongly respiring SM florets were affected by diffusion; however, this diffusional limitation was largely overcome using elevated O₂. • The first in vivo respiratory flux measurements in an arum show AOX contributes the bulk of heating in P. bipinnatifidum. Fine-scale regulation of AOX activity is post-translational. We also demonstrate that elevated O₂ can aid measurement of respiratory pathway fluxes in dense tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Miller
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole M Grant
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Larry Giles
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbo
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Watling
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Hentrich H, Kaiser R, Gottsberger G. Floral biology and reproductive isolation by floral scent in three sympatric aroid species in French Guiana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:587-596. [PMID: 20636901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We studied the reproductive biology of three sympatric Araceae species, Anthurium sagittatum, A. thrinax and Spathiphyllum humboldtii in French Guiana. The plants flowered simultaneously and were visited by scent-collecting male euglossine bees, which were apparently their major pollinators. In total, each species was visited by 3-7 euglossine species, and 2-3 euglossine species accounted for at least 80% of all flower visits, with visits being plant species-specific. Floral scent consisted of 6-10 main compounds, which made up 76-94% of the total amount of volatiles and were specific in these high amounts to each plant species. We suggest that the different floral scents lead to clear separation of the main pollinating euglossine species, providing a directed and efficient intraspecific pollen flow that results in high reproductive success. Since the simple floral (inflorescence) morphology of the studied plants does not support any morphological mechanisms to exclude visitors, as for example in euglossine-pollinated perfume orchids, floral scent might be of major importance for the reproductive isolation and sympatric occurrence of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hentrich
- Institut für Systematische Botanik und Okologie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Kumano-Nomura Y, Yamaoka R. Beetle visitations, and associations with quantitative variation of attractants in floral odors of Homalomena propinqua (Araceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2009; 122:183-192. [PMID: 19110656 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-008-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated floral visitations of two beetles, Parastasia bimaculata (Scarabaeidae) and Chaloenus schawalleri (Chrysomelidae), and examined associations between beetle visitations and variation in attractant traits, such as quantitative variations of attractants in floral odors and heat generation of spadices in Homalomena propinqua (Araceae). Observations showed P. bimaculata visited pistillate-phase inflorescences most frequently during heat generation, whereas C. schawalleri visited regardless of floral stages and heat generation. Chemical analyses of five dominant components of floral odors showed quantities of 2-butanol, veratrole, and alpha-pinene during the pistillate phase were the most abundant during all floral stages, and increased during heat generation. When testing combinations of these five authentic chemicals, some mixtures including 2-butanol or veratrole or both attracted both beetles, and veratrole attracted C. schawalleri. These results strongly suggested that the increased emission of floral odor attractants which accompanied heat generation influences floral visitations by P. bimaculata, but not by C. schawalleri. We therefore hypothesize that P. bimaculataaculata is a reliable pollinator, and that variation in attractant traits is a honest signal for P. bimaculata to seek rewards. In contrast, C. schawalleri can detect the signal even at low levels, and so visits inflorescences steadily during all floral stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kumano-Nomura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Seymour RS, Gibernau M. Respiration of thermogenic inflorescences of Philodendron melinonii: natural pattern and responses to experimental temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:1353-62. [PMID: 18375932 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of temperature and respiratory changes in the protogynous inflorescences of Philodendron melinonii (Araceae) were studied in the field in French Guiana. These are the first respiratory measurements from a member of the large subgenus Philodendron, a group previously thought to lack thermoregulatory inflorescences, in contrast to thermoregulatory Philodendron species of the subgenus Meconostigma. Heating by the male and sterile male florets was strong on the first evening of anthesis when beetles are attracted and the female florets are receptive. Heat production of the inflorescence peaked at approximately 0.9 W and spadix temperature reached approximately 39.5 degrees C, a level somewhat independent of ambient temperature. Thermogenesis continued throughout the night and the next day, but at a lower level, and floral temperatures fell. On the second evening, when pollen was shed, there was a small elevation in respiration and spadix temperature. Responses of cut spadix sections to experimental step changes in ambient temperature resulted in a prompt response in floral temperature and respiration rate in the direction of the change and then a much slower regulatory adjustment in the opposite direction. These responses are consistent with an immediate van 't Hoff effect, followed by up- or down-regulation of thermogenesis. However, the responses required several hours. It is concluded that the male floret tissues possess the same thermoregulatory mechanism of more precise thermoregulatory species, but a combination of small spadix size (that favours heat loss), moderate thermogenic capacity (that limits heating rate), and slow reaction time (that causes long lags between temperature change and the regulatory response) result in poor thermoregulatory performance during the second day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Seymour
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A. 5005, Australia.
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Ivancic A, Roupsard O, Garcia JQ, Melteras M, Molisale T, Tara S, Lebot V. Thermogenesis and flowering biology of Colocasia gigantea, Araceae. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:73-82. [PMID: 18058190 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The thermogenesis and flowering biology of Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook. f. were studied from December 2005 to February 2006 on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu (South Pacific). Endogenous thermogenesis was measured in two ways: (1) continuously over 5-day periods, and (2) over 3 h during maximum heating. The study showed that heat was generated by the male part of the spadix and probably the lower zone of the sterile region. The temperatures of the male part peaked twice: (1) between 0625 and 0640 (during the female phase) and (2) 24 h later (during the male phase). The average maximum temperature was 42.25 +/- 0.14 degrees C during the female phase (16.63 degrees C above the ambient temperature) and 35.14 +/- 0.22 degrees C during the male phase (10.61 degrees C above the ambient temperature). In the lower zone of the sterile region, thermogenesis was documented only during the female phase. The average maximum temperature was 35.44 +/- 0.41 degrees C (9.82 degrees C above the ambient temperature). Thermogenic heating appeared to be closely associated with the activities of pollinating insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivancic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Vrbanska 30, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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18
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Abstract
Floral cycles and spadix temperatures were recorded for two species of Syngonium: Syngonium schottianum Wendl. ex Schott (section Cordatum) and Syngonium angustatum Schott (section Syngonium). Both species exhibited a 3-day flowering cycle, beginning with stigma receptivity and opening of the spathe the first day, the female phase continues over the second day, and the male phase continues over the third day. These species displayed two distinct patterns of heat production during flowering. In S. schottianum, the spadix warmed up twice during the beginning of the second and third nights, but in S. angustatum, the spadix warmed up twice the second day, once the second night, and once the third day. These different thermogenic cycles are discussed in regard to other genera that are phylogenetically close or sharing similar flowering and thermogenic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chouteau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d’évolution et diversité biologique (UMR 5174), Bâtiment 4R3-B2, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Denis Barabé
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d’évolution et diversité biologique (UMR 5174), Bâtiment 4R3-B2, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d’évolution et diversité biologique (UMR 5174), Bâtiment 4R3-B2, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
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Maia ACD, Schlindwein C. Caladium bicolor (Araceae) and Cyclocephala celata (Coleoptera, Dynastinae): a well-established pollination system in the Northern Atlantic rainforest of Pernambuco, Brazil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:529-34. [PMID: 16906489 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowering, pollination ecology, and floral thermogenesis of Caladium bicolor were studied in the Atlantic Rainforest of Pernambuco, NE Brazil. Inflorescences of this species are adapted to the characteristic pollination syndrome performed by Cyclocephalini beetles. They bear nutritious rewards inside well-developed floral chambers and exhibit a thermogenic cycle which is synchronized to the activity period of visiting beetles. Heating intervals of the spadix were observed during consecutive evenings corresponding to the beginning of the female and male phases of anthesis. Highest temperatures were recorded during the longer-lasting female phase. An intense sweet odour was volatized on both evenings. Beetles of a single species, Cyclocephala celata, were attracted to odoriferous inflorescences of C. bicolor and are reported for the first time as Araceae visitors. All the inflorescences visited by C. celata developed into infructescences, whereas unvisited inflorescences showed no fruit development. Findings of previous studies in the Amazon basin of Surinam indicated that Cyclocephala rustica is a likely pollinator of C. bicolor. This leads to the assumption that locally abundant Cyclocephalini species are involved in the pollination of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C D Maia
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Morais Rego, 1235, Recife, BR 50670-420, Brazil.
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Gibernau M, Barabé D, Moisson M, Trombe A. Physical constraints on temperature difference in some thermogenic aroid inflorescences. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 96:117-25. [PMID: 15883130 PMCID: PMC4246816 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Thermogenesis in reproductive organs is known from several plant families, including the Araceae. A study was made of the relationship between temperature increase and spadix size in the subfamily Aroideae in order to determine whether the quantitative variation of heat production among species and inflorescences of different sizes follows a physical law of heat transfer. * METHODS Spadix temperature was measured in 18 species from eight genera of tropical Araceae from the basal clade of Aroideae, both in French Guiana and in the glasshouses of the Montreal Botanical Garden. * KEY RESULTS A significant logarithmic relationship was found between the volume of the thermogenic spadix zone and the maximum temperature difference between the spadix and ambient air. Four heat transfer models were applied to the data (conductive heat transfer alone, convective heat transfer alone, radiative heat transfer alone, and convective and radiative heat transfers) to test if physical (geometric and thermic) constraints apply. Which heat transfer model was the most probable was determined by using the criterion of a classical minimization process represented by the least-squares method. Two heat transfer models appeared to fit the data well and were equivalent: conductive heat transfer alone, and convective plus radiative heat transfers. * CONCLUSIONS The increase in the temperature difference between the spadix and ambient air appears to be physically constrained and corresponds to the value of a thermal model of heat conduction in an insulated cylinder with an internal heat source. In the models, a heat metabolic rate of 29.5 mW g(-1) was used, which was an acceptable value for an overall metabolic heat rate in aroid inflorescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gibernau
- Laboratoire d'Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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Ivancic A, Lebot V, Roupsard O, Garcia JQ, Okpul T. Thermogenic flowering of taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis and its association with taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) flowering was studied during the warmest period of the year (December 2002 – February 2003) within a large collection of heterogeneous plant material on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. On each studied inflorescence, temperatures of the three main parts of the spadix and the ambient air were recorded during a period of 38 h. The investigation indicates that significant thermogenic activity of taro inflorescences takes place during two successive nights: (1) during the night when an inflorescence becomes odorous (the female phase) and (2) a night later, when microsporogenesis approaches its final phase (the male phase). The highest average difference between mean temperatures of the ambient air and inflorescences were documented during the female phase, at 0500 hours (the mean temperature of the sterile appendix was 29.1 ± 0.9 °C (P = 0.05) and this was 6.8 °C above the temperature of the ambient air). Thermogenic activity is synchronized with the protogynous nature of the species and insect pollination in the early morning hours. Its main putative functions are (1) to reduce the deviations of ambient air temperatures during the most critical periods of flowering, and (2) to promote cross-pollination. It stops 1–1.5 h after pollen has been released.Key words: taro, Colocasia esculenta, thermogenesis, inflorescence development, pollination.
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