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Ausband DE, Rebholz PF, Petrillo L. The effects of human-caused mortality on mammalian cooperative breeders: a synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39219435 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Human-caused mortality can be pervasive and even highly selective for individuals in groups of cooperative breeders. Many studies of cooperative breeders, however, do not address human-caused mortality. Similarly, studies focused on the effects of human-caused mortality on wildlife populations often do not consider the ecology of cooperative breeders. We searched the literature and identified 58 studies where human-caused mortality affected a group characteristic, vital rate, or population state of a cooperative breeder. Of studies reporting population growth or decline, 80% reported a link between human-caused mortality and population declines in cooperative breeders. Such studies often did not identify the mechanism behind population declines, but 28% identified concurrent declines in adult survival and another 21% reported concurrent declines in recruitment or reproduction. There was little overlap between the cooperative breeding and human-caused mortality literatures, limiting our ability to accrue knowledge. Future work would be beneficial if it (i) identified the vital rate(s) causing population declines, (ii) leveraged management actions such as lethal removal to ask questions about the ecology of group-living in cooperative breeders, and (iii) used insights from cooperative breeding theory to inform management actions and conservation of group-living species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ausband
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
| | - Peter F Rebholz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
| | - Lindsay Petrillo
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1141, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
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2
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Curveira-Santos G, Marion S, Sutherland C, Beirne C, Herdman EJ, Tattersall ER, Burgar JM, Fisher JT, Burton AC. Disturbance-mediated changes to boreal mammal spatial networks in industrializing landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e3004. [PMID: 38925578 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Compound effects of anthropogenic disturbances on wildlife emerge through a complex network of direct responses and species interactions. Land-use changes driven by energy and forestry industries are known to disrupt predator-prey dynamics in boreal ecosystems, yet how these disturbance effects propagate across mammal communities remains uncertain. Using structural equation modeling, we tested disturbance-mediated pathways governing the spatial structure of multipredator multiprey boreal mammal networks across a landscape-scale disturbance gradient within Canada's Athabasca oil sands region. Linear disturbances had pervasive direct effects, increasing site use for all focal species, except black bears and threatened caribou, in at least one landscape. Conversely, block (polygonal) disturbance effects were negative but less common. Indirect disturbance effects were widespread and mediated by caribou avoidance of wolves, tracking of primary prey by subordinate predators, and intraguild dependencies among predators and large prey. Context-dependent responses to linear disturbances were most common among prey and within the landscape with intermediate disturbance. Our research suggests that industrial disturbances directly affect a suite of boreal mammals by altering forage availability and movement, leading to indirect effects across a range of interacting predators and prey, including the keystone snowshoe hare. The complexity of network-level direct and indirect disturbance effects reinforces calls for increased investment in addressing habitat degradation as the root cause of threatened species declines and broader ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Curveira-Santos
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associated Laboratory, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Solène Marion
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chris Sutherland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Christopher Beirne
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Erin R Tattersall
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna M Burgar
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Jason T Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - A Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Lamb CT, Williams S, Boutin S, Bridger M, Cichowski D, Cornhill K, DeMars C, Dickie M, Ernst B, Ford A, Gillingham MP, Greene L, Heard DC, Hebblewhite M, Hervieux D, Klaczek M, McLellan BN, McNay RS, Neufeld L, Nobert B, Nowak JJ, Pelletier A, Reid A, Roberts AM, Russell M, Seip D, Seip C, Shores C, Steenweg R, White S, Wittmer HU, Wong M, Zimmerman KL, Serrouya R. Effectiveness of population-based recovery actions for threatened southern mountain caribou. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2965. [PMID: 38629596 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Habitat loss is affecting many species, including the southern mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) population in western North America. Over the last half century, this threatened caribou population's range and abundance have dramatically contracted. An integrated population model was used to analyze 51 years (1973-2023) of demographic data from 40 southern mountain caribou subpopulations to assess the effectiveness of population-based recovery actions at increasing population growth. Reducing potential limiting factors on threatened caribou populations offered a rare opportunity to identify the causes of decline and assess methods of recovery. Southern mountain caribou abundance declined by 51% between 1991 and 2023, and 37% of subpopulations were functionally extirpated. Wolf reduction was the only recovery action that consistently increased population growth when applied in isolation, and combinations of wolf reductions with maternal penning or supplemental feeding provided rapid growth but were applied to only four subpopulations. As of 2023, recovery actions have increased the abundance of southern mountain caribou by 52%, compared to a simulation with no interventions. When predation pressure was reduced, rapid population growth was observed, even under contemporary climate change and high levels of habitat loss. Unless predation is reduced, caribou subpopulations will continue to be extirpated well before habitat conservation and restoration can become effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton T Lamb
- Wildlife Science Center, Biodiversity Pathways, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Williams
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Stan Boutin
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Bridger
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kristina Cornhill
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig DeMars
- Wildlife Science Center, Biodiversity Pathways, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie Dickie
- Wildlife Science Center, Biodiversity Pathways, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bevan Ernst
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Ford
- Wildlife Science Center, Biodiversity Pathways, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael P Gillingham
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Greene
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas C Heard
- Tithonus Wildlife Research, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Dave Hervieux
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Government of Alberta, Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike Klaczek
- Ministry of Forests, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce N McLellan
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature Bear Specialist Group, D'Arcy, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Scott McNay
- Wildlife Infometrics Inc., Mackenzie, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Barry Nobert
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Government of Alberta, Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Agnès Pelletier
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Reid
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Roberts
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Russell
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Government of Alberta, Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dale Seip
- Ministry of Environment, Government of British Columbia, Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caroline Seip
- Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, Government of Alberta, Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn Shores
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin Steenweg
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shane White
- Ministry of Forests, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heiko U Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mark Wong
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Zimmerman
- Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship, Government of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Serrouya
- Wildlife Science Center, Biodiversity Pathways, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Langhammer PF, Bull JW, Bicknell JE, Oakley JL, Brown MH, Bruford MW, Butchart SHM, Carr JA, Church D, Cooney R, Cutajar S, Foden W, Foster MN, Gascon C, Geldmann J, Genovesi P, Hoffmann M, Howard-McCombe J, Lewis T, Macfarlane NBW, Melvin ZE, Merizalde RS, Morehouse MG, Pagad S, Polidoro B, Sechrest W, Segelbacher G, Smith KG, Steadman J, Strongin K, Williams J, Woodley S, Brooks TM. The positive impact of conservation action. Science 2024; 384:453-458. [PMID: 38662833 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Governments recently adopted new global targets to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to understand the outcomes of conservation actions. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 186 studies (including 665 trials) that measured biodiversity over time and compared outcomes under conservation action with a suitable counterfactual of no action. We find that in two-thirds of cases, conservation either improved the state of biodiversity or at least slowed declines. Specifically, we find that interventions targeted at species and ecosystems, such as invasive species control, habitat loss reduction and restoration, protected areas, and sustainable management, are highly effective and have large effect sizes. This provides the strongest evidence to date that conservation actions are successful but require transformational scaling up to meet global targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny F Langhammer
- Re:wild, PO Box 129, Austin, TX 78767, USA
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Joseph W Bull
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
- Wild Business Ltd, London, UK
| | - Jake E Bicknell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | | | | | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- IUCN SSC Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Jamie A Carr
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York YO10 15DD, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- IUCN SSC Climate Change Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Don Church
- Re:wild, PO Box 129, Austin, TX 78767, USA
| | - Rosie Cooney
- CEESP/SSC IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- IUCN SSC Climate Change Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- South African National Parks, Cape Research Centre, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Claude Gascon
- The Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
- IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jo Howard-McCombe
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- RZSS WildGenes, Conservation Department, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
| | - Tiffany Lewis
- Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Zoe E Melvin
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Bangor University, School of Natural Sciences, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Meredith G Morehouse
- LLaves: Keys to Bilingual Conservation, LLC, 346 Mayberry Hill Road, Casco, Maine 04015, USA
| | - Shyama Pagad
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Beth Polidoro
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85382, USA
| | | | - Gernot Segelbacher
- IUCN SSC Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin G Smith
- IUCN, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Janna Steadman
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Kyle Strongin
- Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jake Williams
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Stephen Woodley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, Quebec J9B 1T3, Canada
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center, University of The Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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McLean D, Goldingay R, Letnic M. Diet of the Dingo in Subtropical Australian Forests: Are Small, Threatened Macropods at Risk? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2257. [PMID: 37508035 PMCID: PMC10376500 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivores fulfil important ecological roles in natural systems yet can also jeopardise the persistence of threatened species. Understanding their diet is, therefore, essential for managing populations of carnivores, as well as those of their prey. This study was designed to better understand the diet of an Australian apex predator, the dingo, and determine whether it poses a threat to at-risk small macropods in two floristically different yet geographically close reserves in subtropical Australia. Based on an analysis of 512 scats, dingo diets comprised 34 different prey taxa, of which 50% were common between reserves. Our findings add support to the paradigm that dingoes are opportunistic and generalist predators that prey primarily on abundant mammalian fauna. Their diets in the Border Ranges were dominated by possum species (frequency of occurrence (FOC) = 92.5%), while their diets in Richmond Range were characterised by a high prevalence of pademelon species (FOC = 46.9%). Medium-sized mammals were the most important dietary items in both reserves and across all seasons. The dietary frequency of medium-sized mammals was generally related to their availability (indexed by camera trapping); however, the avoidance of some species with high availability indicates that prey accessibility may also be important in dictating their dietary choices. Other prey categories were supplementary to diets and varied in importance according to seasonal changes in their availability. The diets included two threatened macropods, the red-legged pademelon and black-striped wallaby. Our availability estimates, together with earlier dietary studies spanning 30 years, suggest that the red-legged pademelon is resilient to the observed predation. The black-striped wallaby occurred in only two dingo scats collected from Richmond Range and was not detected by cameras so the threat to this species could not be determined. Two locally abundant but highly threatened species (the koala and long-nosed potoroo) were not detected in the dingoes' diets, suggesting dingoes do not at present pose a threat to these populations. Our study highlights the importance of site-based assessments, population monitoring and including data on prey availability in dietary investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty McLean
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Ross Goldingay
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Khan P, Eliuk L, Frey S, Bone C, Fisher JT. Shifts in diel activity of Rocky Mountain mammal communities in response to anthropogenic disturbance and sympatric invasive white-tailed deer. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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7
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McKay TL, Finnegan LA. Predator–prey co‐occurrence in harvest blocks: Implications for caribou and forestry. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Ford AT, Dorsey B, Lee TS, Clevenger AP. A before-after-control-impact study of wildlife fencing along a highway in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.935420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife exclusion fencing has become a standard component of highway mitigation systems designed to reduce collisions with large mammals. Past work on the effectiveness of exclusion fencing has relied heavily on control–impact (i.e., space-for-time substitutions) and before–after study designs. These designs limit inference and may confound the effectiveness of mitigation with co-occurring process that also changes the rate of collisions. We used a replicated (n = 2 sites monitored for over 1000 km years combined) before-after-control-impact study design to assess fencing effectiveness along the Trans-Canada Highway in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. We found that collisions declined for common ungulates species (elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer) by up to 96% but not for large carnivores. The weak response of carnivores is likely due to the combination of fence intrusions and low sample sizes. We calculated realized fencing effectiveness by applying the same change in collision rates observed at control (unfenced) sites as the expected change for adjacent fenced sections. Compared with the apparent fencing effectiveness (i.e., the difference in WVCs rates before and after fencing was installed), the realized estimates of fencing effectiveness declined by 6% at one site and increased by 10% at another site. When factoring in the cost of ungulate collisions to society, fencing provided a net economic gain within 1 year of construction. Over a 10-year period, fencing would provide a net economic gain of > $500,000 per km in reduced collisions. Our study highlights the benefits of long-term monitoring of road mitigation projects and provides evidence of fencing effectiveness for reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions involving large mammals.
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9
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A cautionary tale comparing spatial count and partial identity models for estimating densities of threatened and unmarked populations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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McNay RS, Lamb CT, Giguere L, Williams SH, Martin H, Sutherland GD, Hebblewhite M. Demographic responses of nearly extirpated endangered mountain caribou to recovery actions in Central British Columbia. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2580. [PMID: 35319129 PMCID: PMC9285560 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recovering endangered species is a difficult and often controversial task that challenges status quo land uses. Southern Mountain caribou are a threatened ecotype of caribou that historically ranged in southwestern Canada and northwestern USA and epitomize the tension between resource extraction, biodiversity conservation, and Indigenous Peoples' treaty rights. Human-induced habitat alteration is considered the ultimate cause of caribou population declines, whereby an increased abundance of primary prey-such as moose and deer-elevates predator populations and creates unsustainable caribou mortality. Here we focus on the Klinse-Za and Quintette subpopulations, part of the endangered Central Group of Southern Mountain caribou in British Columbia. These subpopulations were trending toward immediate extirpation until a collaborative group initiated recovery by implementing two short-term recovery actions. We test the effectiveness of these recovery actions-maternity penning of adult females and their calves, and the reduction of a primary predator, wolves-in increasing vital rates and population growth. Klinse-Za received both recovery actions, whereas Quintette only received wolf reductions, providing an opportunity to test efficacy between recovery actions. Between 1995 and 2021, we followed 162 collared female caribou for 414 animal-years to estimate survival and used aerial counts to estimate population abundance and calf recruitment. We combined these data in an integrated population model to estimate female population growth, total population abundance, and recovery action effectiveness. Results suggest that the subpopulations were declining rapidly (λ = 0.90-0.93) before interventions and would have been functionally extirpated (<10 animals) within 10-15 years. Wolf reduction increased population growth rates by ~0.12 for each subpopulation. Wolf reduction halted the decline of Quintette caribou and allowed them to increase (λ = 1.05), but alone would have only stabilized the Klinse-Za (λ = 1.02). However, maternity penning in the Klinse-Za increased population growth by a further ~0.06, which when combined with wolf reductions, allowed populations to grow (λ = 1.08). Taken together, the recovery actions in these subpopulations increased adult female survival, calf recruitment, and overall population growth, more than doubling abundance. Our results suggest that maternity penning and wolf reductions can be effective at increasing caribou numbers in the short term, while long-term commitments to habitat protection and restoration are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clayton T. Lamb
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Line Giguere
- Wildlife Infometrics IncMackenzieBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sara H. Williams
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Hans Martin
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | | | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
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11
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Lamb CT, Willson R, Richter C, Owens‐Beek N, Napoleon J, Muir B, McNay RS, Lavis E, Hebblewhite M, Giguere L, Dokkie T, Boutin S, Ford AT. Indigenous-led conservation: Pathways to recovery for the nearly extirpated Klinse-Za mountain caribou. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2581. [PMID: 35319140 PMCID: PMC9286450 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples around the northern hemisphere have long relied on caribou for subsistence and for ceremonial and community purposes. Unfortunately, despite recovery efforts by federal and provincial agencies, caribou are currently in decline in many areas across Canada. In response to recent and dramatic declines of mountain caribou populations within their traditional territory, West Moberly First Nations and Saulteau First Nations (collectively, the "Nations") came together to create a new vision for caribou recovery on the lands they have long stewarded and shared. The Nations focused on the Klinse-Za subpopulation, which had once encompassed so many caribou that West Moberly Elders remarked that they were "like bugs on the landscape." The Klinse-Za caribou declined from ~250 in the 1990s to only 38 in 2013, rendering Indigenous harvest of caribou nonviable and infringing on treaty rights to a subsistence livelihood. In collaboration with many groups and governments, this Indigenous-led conservation initiative paired short-term population recovery actions, predator reduction and maternal penning, with long-term habitat protection in an effort to create a self-sustaining caribou population. Here, we review these recovery actions and the promising evidence that the abundance of Klinse-Za caribou has more than doubled from 38 animals in 2013 to 101 in 2021, representing rapid population growth in response to recovery actions. With looming extirpation averted, the Nations focused efforts on securing a landmark conservation agreement in 2020 that protects caribou habitat over a 7986-km2 area. The Agreement provides habitat protection for >85% of the Klinse-Za subpopulation (up from only 1.8% protected pre-conservation agreement) and affords moderate protection for neighboring caribou subpopulations (29%-47% of subpopulation areas, up from 0%-20%). This Indigenous-led conservation initiative has set both the Indigenous and Canadian governments on the path to recover the Klinse-Za subpopulation and reinstate a culturally meaningful caribou hunt. This effort highlights how Indigenous governance and leadership can be the catalyst needed to establish meaningful conservation actions, enhance endangered species recovery, and honor cultural connections to now imperiled wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton T. Lamb
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Roland Willson
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Carmen Richter
- Saulteau First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | | | - Bruce Muir
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Estelle Lavis
- Saulteau First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Line Giguere
- Wildlife InfometricsMackenzieBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tamara Dokkie
- West Moberly First NationsMoberly LakeBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Cristescu B, Elbroch LM, Forrester TD, Allen ML, Spitz DB, Wilmers CC, Wittmer HU. Standardizing protocols for determining the cause of mortality in wildlife studies. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9034. [PMID: 35784072 PMCID: PMC9219102 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality site investigations of telemetered wildlife are important for cause-specific survival analyses and understanding underlying causes of observed population dynamics. Yet, eroding ecoliteracy and a lack of quality control in data collection can lead researchers to make incorrect conclusions, which may negatively impact management decisions for wildlife populations. We reviewed a random sample of 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2019 on survival and cause-specific mortality of ungulates monitored with telemetry devices. This concise review revealed extensive variation in reporting of field procedures, with many studies omitting critical information for the cause of mortality inference. Field protocols used to investigate mortality sites and ascertain the cause of mortality are often minimally described and frequently fail to address how investigators dealt with uncertainty. We outline a step-by-step procedure for mortality site investigations of telemetered ungulates, including evidence that should be documented in the field. Specifically, we highlight data that can be useful to differentiate predation from scavenging and more conclusively identify the predator species that killed the ungulate. We also outline how uncertainty in identifying the cause of mortality could be acknowledged and reported. We demonstrate the importance of rigorous protocols and prompt site investigations using data from our 5-year study on survival and cause-specific mortality of telemetered mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in northern California. Over the course of our study, we visited mortality sites of neonates (n = 91) and adults (n = 23) to ascertain the cause of mortality. Rapid site visitations significantly improved the successful identification of the cause of mortality and confidence levels for neonates. We discuss the need for rigorous and standardized protocols that include measures of confidence for mortality site investigations. We invite reviewers and journal editors to encourage authors to provide supportive information associated with the identification of causes of mortality, including uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Cristescu
- Environmental Studies DepartmentUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Tavis D. Forrester
- Oregon Department of Fish and WildlifeWildlife ResearchLa GrandeOregonUSA
| | | | - Derek B. Spitz
- Environmental Studies DepartmentUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Heiko U. Wittmer
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
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Johnson CJ, Ray JC, St‐Laurent M. Efficacy and ethics of intensive predator management to save endangered caribou. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Johnson
- Ecosystem Science and Management University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Martin‐Hugues St‐Laurent
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski, Centre for Forest Research, Centre for Northern Studies Rimouski Québec Canada
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Frey S, Tejero D, Baillie‐David K, Burton AC, Fisher JT. Predator control alters wolf interactions with prey and competitor species over the diel cycle. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Frey
- School of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Daniel Tejero
- Univ. de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | | | - A. Cole Burton
- Dept of Forest Resources Management, Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jason T. Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
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15
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Lochhead KD, Kleynhans EJ, Muhly TB. Linking woodland caribou abundance to forestry disturbance in southern British Columbia, Canada. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Lochhead
- Ministry of Forest Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development PO Box 9512, Stn. Prov. Govt. Victoria, BC V8W 9C2 Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. Kleynhans
- Ministry of Forest Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development PO Box 9512, Stn. Prov. Govt. Victoria, BC V8W 9C2 Canada
| | - Tyler B. Muhly
- Ministry of Forest Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development PO Box 9512, Stn. Prov. Govt. Victoria, BC V8W 9C2 Canada
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Kojola I, Hallikainen V, Heikkinen S, Forsman JT, Kukko T, Pusenius J, Antti P. Calf/female ratio and population dynamics of wild forest reindeer in relation to wolf and moose abundances in a managed European ecosystem. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259246. [PMID: 34965254 PMCID: PMC8716057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alternative prey hypothesis describes the mechanism for apparent competition whereby the mortality of the secondary prey species increases (and population size decreases decreases) by the increased predation by the shared predator if the population size of the primary prey decreases. Apparent competition is a process where the abundance of two co-existing prey species are negatively associated because they share a mutual predator, which negatively affects the abundance of both prey Here, we examined whether alternative prey and/or apparent competition hypothesis can explain the population dynamics and reproductive output of the secondary prey, wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) in Finland, in a predator-prey community in which moose (Alces alces) is the primary prey and the wolf (Canis lupus) is the generalist predator. METHODS We examined a 22-year time series (1996-2017) to determine how the population size and the calf/female ratio of wild forest reindeer in Eastern Finland were related to the abundances of wolf and moose. Only moose population size was regulated by hunting. Summer predation of wolves on reindeer focuses on calves. We used least squares regression (GLS) models (for handling autocorrelated error structures and resulting pseudo-R2s) and generalized linear mixed (GLMs) models (for avoidance of negative predictions) to determine the relationships between abundances. We performed linear and general linear models for the calf/female ratio of reindeer. RESULTS AND SYNTHESIS The trends in reindeer population size and moose abundance were almost identical: an increase during the first years and then a decrease until the last years of our study period. Wolf population size in turn did not show long-term trends. Change in reindeer population size between consecutive winters was related positively to the calf/female ratio. The calf/female ratio was negatively related to wolf population size, but the reindeer population size was related to the wolf population only when moose abundance was entered as another independent variable. The wolf population was not related to moose abundance even though it is likely to consist the majority of the prey biomass. Because reindeer and moose populations were positively associated, our results seemed to support the alternative prey hypothesis more than the apparent competition hypothesis. However, these two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and the primary mechanism is difficult to distinguish as the system is heavily managed by moose hunting. The recovery of wild forest reindeer in eastern Finland probably requires ecosystem management involving both habitat restoration and control of species abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilpo Kojola
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie, Rovaniemi, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ville Hallikainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Samuli Heikkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka T. Forsman
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Kukko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jyrki Pusenius
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistonkatu, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Paasivaara Antti
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie, Oulu, Finland
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Konkolics S, Dickie M, Serrouya R, Hervieux D, Boutin S. A Burning Question: What are the Implications of Forest Fires for Woodland Caribou? J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Konkolics
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Melanie Dickie
- Caribou Monitoring Unit, Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Robert Serrouya
- Caribou Monitoring Unit, Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Dave Hervieux
- Resource Stewardship Division Alberta Environment and Parks Grande Prairie AB T8V 6J8 Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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DeMars CA, Gilbert S, Serrouya R, Kelly AP, Larter NC, Hervieux D, Boutin S. Demographic responses of a threatened, low-density ungulate to annual variation in meteorological and phenological conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258136. [PMID: 34624030 PMCID: PMC8500449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As global climate change progresses, wildlife management will benefit from knowledge of demographic responses to climatic variation, particularly for species already endangered by other stressors. In Canada, climate change is expected to increasingly impact populations of threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and much focus has been placed on how a warming climate has potentially facilitated the northward expansion of apparent competitors and novel predators. Climate change, however, may also exert more direct effects on caribou populations that are not mediated by predation. These effects include meteorological changes that influence resource availability and energy expenditure. Research on other ungulates suggests that climatic variation may have minimal impact on low-density populations such as woodland caribou because per-capita resources may remain sufficient even in “bad” years. We evaluated this prediction using demographic data from 21 populations in western Canada that were monitored for various intervals between 1994 and 2015. We specifically assessed whether juvenile recruitment and adult female survival were correlated with annual variation in meteorological metrics and plant phenology. Against expectations, we found that both vital rates appeared to be influenced by annual climatic variation. Juvenile recruitment was primarily correlated with variation in phenological conditions in the year prior to birth. Adult female survival was more strongly correlated with meteorological conditions and declined during colder, more variable winters. These responses may be influenced by the life history of woodland caribou, which reside in low-productivity refugia where small climatic changes may result in changes to resources that are sufficient to elicit strong demographic effects. Across all models, explained variation in vital rates was low, suggesting that other factors had greater influence on caribou demography. Nonetheless, given the declining trajectories of many woodland caribou populations, our results highlight the increased relevance of recovery actions when adverse climatic conditions are likely to negatively affect caribou demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. DeMars
- Caribou Monitoring Unit, Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Department of Fish & Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States of America
| | - Robert Serrouya
- Caribou Monitoring Unit, Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Allicia P. Kelly
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories, Fort Smith, NT, Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Larter
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources (retired), Government of Northwest Territories, Fort Simpson, NT, Canada
| | - Dave Hervieux
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Cook JG, Kelly AP, Cook RC, Culling B, Culling D, McLaren A, Larter NC, Watters M. Seasonal patterns in nutritional condition of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in the southern Northwest Territories and northeastern British Columbia, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating nutritional condition provides insights of nutritional influences on wildlife populations. We sampled three measures of condition — body fat, body mass, and loin thickness — of adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in boreal settings in the Northwest Territories (NT), Canada, in December and March, 2016–2018, and in mountain and boreal settings in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in December and February, 2014–2015. We evaluated the effect of calf-rearing on condition in December, compared influences of summer–autumn versus winter on condition over winter, and developed an annual profile of nutritional condition with estimates from caribou dying in summer. Mean December body fat was 8.4% in females with calves and 11.4% in females without calves, demonstrating the influence of lactation on condition. Over winter, nutritional condition did not decline in northeastern BC and it declined slightly in NT: body fat by 0.55 percentage points, mass by 2.8 kg, and loin thickness did not change. Body fat peaked in December, changed little over winter, but declined to a minimum by early summer, temporally coinciding with elevated rates of adult female mortality. Consistent with those of other ungulate studies worldwide, our findings suggest a need to focus on nutritional limitations operating in late spring through early autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Cook
- Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 1401 Gekeler Lane, USA
| | - Allicia P. Kelly
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Box 900, Fort Smith, NT X0E 0P0, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Cook
- Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 1401 Gekeler Lane, USA
| | - Brad Culling
- Diversified Environmental, Box 6263, Fort St. John, BC V1J 4X7, Canada
| | - Diane Culling
- Diversified Environmental, Box 6263, Fort St. John, BC V1J 4X7, Canada
| | - Ashley McLaren
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Larter
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Fort Simpson, NT X0E 0N0, Canada
| | - Megan Watters
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Fort St. John, BC V1J 6M7, Canada
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Nagy‐Reis M, Dickie M, Calvert AM, Hebblewhite M, Hervieux D, Seip DR, Gilbert SL, Venter O, DeMars C, Boutin S, Serrouya R. Habitat loss accelerates for the endangered woodland caribou in western Canada. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nagy‐Reis
- Caribou Monitoring Unit Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI), University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Melanie Dickie
- Caribou Monitoring Unit Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI), University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Anna M. Calvert
- Landscape Science & Technology Division Environment & Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Dave Hervieux
- Alberta Environment and Parks Grande Prairie Alberta Canada
| | | | - Sophie L. Gilbert
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Oscar Venter
- University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Craig DeMars
- Caribou Monitoring Unit Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI), University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Robert Serrouya
- Caribou Monitoring Unit Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI), University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Heard DC, Zimmerman KL. Fall supplemental feeding increases population growth rate of an endangered caribou herd. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10708. [PMID: 33854825 PMCID: PMC7953878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations are declining primarily because of unsustainable predation resulting from habitat-mediated apparent competition. Wolf (Canis lupus) reduction is an effective recovery option because it addresses the direct effect of predation. We considered the possibility that the indirect effects of predation might also affect caribou population dynamics by adversely affecting summer foraging behaviour. If spring and/or summer nutrition was inadequate, then supplemental feeding in fall might compensate for that limitation and contribute to population growth. Improved nutrition and therefore body condition going into winter could increase adult survival and lead to improved reproductive success the next spring. To test that hypothesis, we fed high-quality food pellets to free-ranging caribou in the Kennedy Siding caribou herd each fall for six years, starting in 2014, to see if population growth rate increased. Beginning in winter 2015–16, the Province of British Columbia began a concurrent annual program to promote caribou population increase by attempting to remove most wolves within the Kennedy Siding and the adjacent caribou herds’ ranges. To evaluate the impact of feeding, we compared lambdas before and after feeding began, and to the population trend in the adjacent Quintette herd over the subsequent four years. Supplemental feeding appeared to have an incremental effect on population growth. Population growth of the Kennedy Siding herd was higher in the year after feeding began (λ = 1.06) compared to previous years (λ = 0.91) and to the untreated Quintette herd (λ = 0.95). Average annual growth rate of the Kennedy Siding herd over the subsequent four years, where both feeding and wolf reduction occurred concurrently, was higher than in the Quintette herd where the only management action in those years was wolf reduction (λ = 1.16 vs. λ = 1.08). The higher growth rate of the Kennedy Siding herd was due to higher female survival (96.2%/yr vs. 88.9%/yr). Many caribou were in relatively poor condition in the fall. Consumption of supplemental food probably improved their nutritional status which ultimately led to population growth. Further feeding experiments on other caribou herds using an adaptive management approach would verify the effect of feeding as a population recovery tool. Our results support the recommendation that multiple management actions should be implemented to improve recovery prospects for caribou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Heard
- Tithonus Wildlife Research, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Zimmerman
- Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Province of British Columbia, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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Woody Biomass Mobilization for Bioenergy in a Constrained Landscape: A Case Study from Cold Lake First Nations in Alberta, Canada. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13236289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wood-based bioenergy systems developed and managed by Indigenous communities can improve their ability to thrive and grow economically and socially and improve their resource-based decision-making processes. In this study, we collaborated with Cold Lake First Nations (CLFN), a community located in Northern Alberta, Canada, to investigate the opportunities and challenges of biomass mobilization from different feedstocks. Based on remote sensing and ground data, harvest residue and fire residue feedstocks were identified within the boundaries of the community and inside a radius of 200 km at 18 and 39 oven-dry metric tonnes (odt)/ha, respectively. CLFN also received woody biomass from local oil and gas producers that operate in their traditional territory, which is estimated at 19,000 odt/year. Despite being abundant, the woody biomass is difficult to access due to the extensive human footprint that surrounds the area and constrains the landscape. In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, the potential also appears limited because the community has access to natural gas at a competitive and stable price, unlike off-grid communities. In terms of cost savings, the low oil and gas prices make the biomass resources (pellets) less competitive to utilize than the natural gas that is available in the community.
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Nagy-Reis M, Dickie M, Sólymos P, Gilbert SL, DeMars CA, Serrouya R, Boutin S. ‘WildLift’: An Open-Source Tool to Guide Decisions for Wildlife Conservation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.564508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Stewart FEC, Nowak JJ, Micheletti T, McIntire EJB, Schmiegelow FKA, Cumming SG. Boreal Caribou Can Coexist with Natural but Not Industrial Disturbances. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances E. C. Stewart
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada 506 Burnside Road W Victoria British Columbia V8Z 4N9 Canada
| | | | - Tatiane Micheletti
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Eliot J. B. McIntire
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada 506 Burnside Road W Victoria British Columbia V8Z 4N9 Canada
| | - Fiona K. A. Schmiegelow
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources 705A General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Steven G. Cumming
- Laval University, Department of Wood and Forest Science 2405, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City Quebec G1V 0A6 Canada
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Frey S, Volpe JP, Heim NA, Paczkowski J, Fisher JT. Move to nocturnality not a universal trend in carnivore species on disturbed landscapes. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Frey
- Univ. of Victoria, School of Environmental Studies PO Box 3060, STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 3R4 Canada
| | - J. P. Volpe
- Univ. of Victoria, School of Environmental Studies PO Box 3060, STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 3R4 Canada
| | - N. A. Heim
- Alberta Environment and Parks Alberta Canada
| | | | - J. T. Fisher
- Univ. of Victoria, School of Environmental Studies PO Box 3060, STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 3R4 Canada
- InnoTech Alberta Victoria BC Canada
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Frenette J, Pelletier F, St-Laurent MH. Linking habitat, predators and alternative prey to explain recruitment variations of an endangered caribou population. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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27
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Johnson CA, Sutherland GD, Neave E, Leblond M, Kirby P, Superbie C, McLoughlin PD. Science to inform policy: Linking population dynamics to habitat for a threatened species in Canada. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Johnson
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Erin Neave
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Mathieu Leblond
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Patrick Kirby
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Clara Superbie
- Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
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Winder R, Stewart FEC, Nebel S, McIntire EJB, Dyk A, Omendja K. Cumulative Effects and Boreal Woodland Caribou: How Bow-Tie Risk Analysis Addresses a Critical Issue in Canada's Forested Landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Slowing down wolves to protect boreal caribou populations: a spatial simulation model of linear feature restoration. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Adams LG, Farnell R, Oakley MP, Jung TS, Larocque LL, Lortie GM, Mclelland J, Reid ME, Roffler GH, Russell DE. Evaluation of Maternal Penning to Improve Calf Survival in the Chisana Caribou Herd. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Layne G. Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center 4210 University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Richard Farnell
- Yukon Department of Environment Fish and Wildlife Branch P. O. Box 2703 Whitehorse YT Y1A 2C6 Canada
| | - Michelle P. Oakley
- Yukon Department of Environment Fish and Wildlife Branch P. O. Box 5429 Haines Junction YT Y0B 1L0 Canada
| | - Thomas S. Jung
- Yukon Department of Environment Fish and Wildlife Branch P. O. Box 2703 Whitehorse YT Y1A 2C6 Canada
| | - Lorne L. Larocque
- Yukon Department of Environment Fish and Wildlife Branch P. O. Box 5429 Haines Junction YT Y0B 1L0 Canada
| | | | - Jamie Mclelland
- Yukon Department of Environment Fish and Wildlife Branch P. O. Box 2703 Whitehorse YT Y1A 2C6 Canada
| | - Mason E. Reid
- U.S. National Park Service Wrangell‐St. Elias National Park and Preserve, P. O. Box 439, Copper Center, AK 99573 USA
| | - Gretchen H. Roffler
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center 4210 University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Don E. Russell
- Canadian Wildlife Service 91782 Alaska Highway Whitehorse YT Y1A 5B7 Canada
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Logan KA. Puma population limitation and regulation: What matters in puma management? J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Logan
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife 2300 S. Townsend Avenue Montrose CO 81401 USA
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Muhly TB, Johnson CA, Hebblewhite M, Neilson EW, Fortin D, Fryxell JM, Latham ADM, Latham MC, McLoughlin PD, Merrill E, Paquet PC, Patterson BR, Schmiegelow F, Scurrah F, Musiani M. Functional response of wolves to human development across boreal North America. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10801-10815. [PMID: 31624583 PMCID: PMC6787805 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The influence of humans on large carnivores, including wolves, is a worldwide conservation concern. In addition, human-caused changes in carnivore density and distribution might have impacts on prey and, indirectly, on vegetation. We therefore tested wolf responses to infrastructure related to natural resource development (i.e., human footprint). LOCATION Our study provides one of the most extensive assessments of how predators like wolves select habitat in response to various degrees of footprint across boreal ecosystems encompassing over a million square kilometers of Canada. METHODS We deployed GPS-collars on 172 wolves, monitored movements and used a generalized functional response (GFR) model of resource selection. A functional response in habitat selection occurs when selection varies as a function of the availability of that habitat. GFRs can clarify how human-induced habitat changes are influencing wildlife across large, diverse landscapes. RESULTS Wolves displayed a functional response to footprint. Wolves were more likely to select forest harvest cutblocks in regions with higher cutblock density (i.e., a positive functional response to high-quality habitats for ungulate prey) and to select for higher road density in regions where road density was high (i.e., a positive functional response to human-created travel routes). Wolves were more likely to use cutblocks in habitats with low road densities, and more likely to use roads in habitats with low cutblock densities, except in winter when wolves were more likely to use roads regardless of cutblock density. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These interactions suggest that wolves trade-off among human-impacted habitats, and adaptively switch from using roads to facilitate movement (while also risking encounters with humans), to using cutblocks that may have higher ungulate densities. We recommend that conservation managers consider the contextual and interacting effects of footprints when assessing impacts on carnivores. These effects likely have indirect impacts on ecosystems too, including on prey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Muhly
- Forest Analysis and Inventory BranchMinistry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural DevelopmentGovernment of British ColumbiaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Cheryl A. Johnson
- Science and Technology Branch of Environment and Climate Change CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology ProgramDepartment of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesW.A. Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Eric W. Neilson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Department of BiologyCentre d'étude de la forêtUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrated BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Evelyn Merrill
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Brent R. Patterson
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionMinistry of Natural Resources and ForestryTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Fiona Schmiegelow
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta c/o Yukon Research CentreWhitehorseYTCanada
| | - Fiona Scurrah
- Transmission Line and Civil ConstructionManitoba HydroWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
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Burgar JM, Burton AC, Fisher JT. The importance of considering multiple interacting species for conservation of species at risk. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:709-715. [PMID: 30306635 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. However, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. Knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. We investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial-recapture models for unmarked populations, can accomplish this through a case study of threatened boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Population declines in caribou are precipitous and well documented, but recovery strategies focus heavily on control of wolves (Canis lupus) and pay less attention to other known predators and apparent competitors. Obtaining necessary data on multispecies densities has been difficult. We used spatial count models to concurrently estimate densities of caribou, their predators (wolf, black bear [Ursus americanus], and coyote [Canis latrans]), and alternative prey (moose [Alces alces] and white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) from a camera-trap array in a highly disturbed landscape within northern Alberta's Oil Sands Region. Median densities were 0.22 caribous (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] = 0.08-0.65), 0.77 wolves (95% BCI = 0.26-2.67), 2.39 moose (95% BCI = 0.56-7.00), 2.64 coyotes (95% BCI = 0.45-6.68), and 3.63 black bears (95% BCI = 1.25-8.52) per 100 km2 . (The white-tailed deer model did not converge.) Although wolf densities were higher than densities recommended for caribou conservation, we suggest the markedly higher black bear and coyote densities may be of greater concern, especially if government wolf control further releases these species. Caribou conservation with a singular focus on wolf control may leave caribou vulnerable to other predators. We recommend a broader focus on the interacting species within a community when conserving species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Burgar
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - A Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jason T Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Ecosystem Management Unit, InnoTech Alberta, 3-4476 Markham Street, Victoria, BC, V8Z 7X8, Canada
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Eacker DR, Hebblewhite M, Steenweg R, Russell M, Flasko A, Hervieux D. Web-based application for threatened woodland caribou population modeling. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019; 43:167-177. [PMID: 31007303 PMCID: PMC6472330 DOI: 10.1002/wsb.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are threatened in Canada, with population and distribution declines evident in most regions of the country. Causes of declines are linked to landscape change from forest fires and human development, notably forestry oil and gas activities, which result in caribou habitat loss and affect ecosystem food webs. The Federal Species at Risk Act requires effective protection and restoration of caribou habitat, with actions to increase caribou survival. These requirements call for effective monitoring of caribou population trends to gauge success. Many woodland caribou populations are nearly impossible to count using traditional aerial survey methods, but demographic‐based monitoring approaches can be used to estimate population trends based on population modeling of vital rates from marked animals. Monitoring programs have used a well‐known simple population model (the Recruitment‐Mortality [R/M] equation) to estimate demographic rates for woodland caribou, but have faced challenges in managing large data streams and providing transparency in the demographic estimation process. We present a stand‐alone statistical software application using open‐source software to permit efficient, transparent, and replicable demographic estimation for woodland caribou populations. We developed an easy‐to‐use, interactive web‐based application for the R/M population model that uses a Bayesian estimation approach and provides the user flexibility in choice of prior distributions and other output features. We illustrate the web‐application to the A la Pêche Southern Mountain (Central Group) woodland caribou population in west‐central Alberta, Canada, during 1998–2017. Our estimates of population demographics are consistent with previous research on this population and highlight the utility of the application in assessing caribou population responses to species recovery actions. We provide example data, computer code, the web‐based application package, and a user manual to guide installation and use. We also review underlying assumptions and challenges of population monitoring in this case study. We expect our software will contribute to efficient monitoring of woodland caribou and help in the assessment of recovery actions for this species. © 2019 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We developed a stand‐alone Web‐Application to support population trend estimation for endangered and threatened woodland caribou populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Eacker
- Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Robin Steenweg
- Alberta Environment and Parks - Operations Division 1601 Provincial Building, 10320-99 Street Grande Prairie AB T8V 6J4 Canada
| | - Mike Russell
- Alberta Environment and Parks - Operations Division 1601 Provincial Building, 10320-99 Street Grande Prairie AB T8V 6J4 Canada
| | - Amy Flasko
- Alberta Environment and Parks - Policy Division 1601 Provincial Building, 10320-99 Street Grande Prairie AB T8V 6J4 Canada
| | - Dave Hervieux
- Alberta Environment and Parks - Operations Division 1601 Provincial Building, 10320-99 Street Grande Prairie AB T8V 6J4 Canada
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Ng'weno CC, Buskirk SW, Georgiadis NJ, Gituku BC, Kibungei AK, Porensky LM, Rubenstein DI, Goheen JR. Apparent Competition, Lion Predation, and Managed Livestock Grazing: Can Conservation Value Be Enhanced? Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Field KA, Paquet PC, Artelle K, Proulx G, Brook RK, Darimont CT. Publication reform to safeguard wildlife from researcher harm. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000193. [PMID: 30973871 PMCID: PMC6459470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant focus on responsible care of laboratory animals, we argue that inattention to the maltreatment of wildlife constitutes an ethical blind spot in contemporary animal research. We begin by reviewing significant shortcomings in legal and institutional oversight, arguing for the relatively rapid and transformational potential of editorial oversight at journals in preventing harm to vertebrates studied in the field and outside the direct supervision of institutions. Straightforward changes to animal care policies in journals, which our analysis of 206 journals suggests are either absent (34%), weak, incoherent, or neglected by researchers, could provide a practical, effective, and rapidly imposed safeguard against unnecessary suffering. The Animals in Research: Reporting On Wildlife (ARROW) guidelines we propose here, coupled with strong enforcement, could result in significant changes to how animals involved in wildlife research are treated. The research process would also benefit. Sound science requires animal subjects to be physically, physiologically, and behaviorally unharmed. Accordingly, publication of methods that contravenes animal welfare principles risks perpetuating inhumane approaches and bad science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Field
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Artelle
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gilbert Proulx
- Alpha Wildlife Research and Management, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan K. Brook
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science and the Indigenous Land Management Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Johnson BK, Jackson DH, Cook RC, Clark DA, Coe PK, Cook JG, Rearden SN, Findholt SL, Noyes JH. Roles of maternal condition and predation in survival of juvenile Elk in Oregon. WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Johnson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Dewaine H. Jackson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 4192 N. Umpqua Highway Roseburg OR 97470 USA
| | - Rachel C. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Darren A. Clark
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Priscilla K. Coe
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - John G. Cook
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - Spencer N. Rearden
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Scott L. Findholt
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
| | - James H. Noyes
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 1401 Gekeler Lane La Grande OR 97850 USA
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Abstract
Adaptive management is a powerful means of learning about complex ecosystems, but is rarely used for recovering endangered species. Here, we demonstrate how it can benefit woodland caribou, which became the first large mammal extirpated from the contiguous United States in recent history. The continental scale of forest alteration and extended time needed for forest recovery means that relying only on habitat protection and restoration will likely fail. Therefore, population management is also needed as an emergency measure to avoid further extirpation. Reductions of predators and overabundant prey, translocations, and creating safe havens have been applied in a design covering >90,000 km2 Combinations of treatments that increased multiple vital rates produced the highest population growth. Moreover, the degree of ecosystem alteration did not influence this pattern. By coordinating recovery involving scientists, governments, and First Nations, treatments were applied across vast scales to benefit this iconic species.
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Johnson CJ, Mumma MA, St‐Laurent M. Modeling multispecies predator–prey dynamics: predicting the outcomes of conservation actions for woodland caribou. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Johnson
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Way Prince George British Columbia V2N 4Z9 Canada
| | - Matthew A. Mumma
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Centre for Northern Studies Centre for Forest Research Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Martin‐Hugues St‐Laurent
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Centre for Northern Studies Centre for Forest Research Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
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Stockdale C, Barber Q, Saxena A, Parisien MA. Examining management scenarios to mitigate wildfire hazard to caribou conservation projects using burn probability modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:238-248. [PMID: 30580119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The boreal forests of Alberta have extensive networks of legacy seismic exploration lines that have been linked to the decline of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations throughout the region. In order to improve habitat quality for caribou, energy companies are investing significant resources in the restoration of many of these seismic lines in key areas, however, frequent large and intense wildfires may compromise the effectiveness of these conservation measures. To minimize the wildfire risk, managers need to know the likelihood of wildfire and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. We undertook a wildfire risk assessment across the Cold Lake caribou range where we used the Burn-P3 model to determine: a) burn probability; b) wildfire risk to restored seismic line areas; and c) the effectiveness of mitigation measures. The burn probability of the landscape was highly heterogeneous, and recent large burns and some waterbodies provided "shields" that reduced burn probability on their leeward sides. We designed mitigation scenarios to mimic the shielding effect of waterbodies and large recent burns by modeling the effects of increase suppression activity and fuel conversion within intensive management zones upwind of the resources to be protected. We found that these intensive management zones reduced the burn probability and wildfire hazard in the restored habitat areas but the effect declined rapidly as distance from the treatment zones increased. If land managers want to minimize the risk of losing their investments in caribou conservation to wildfire, it would be preferable to have mitigation measures spatially targeted closer to the conservation areas. Furthermore, it would be advisable to have redundancy in any conservation measures and wildfire-risk mitigations to ensure that losses due to wildfire on one area do not jeopardize all conservation projects within the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quinn Barber
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Canada
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Social organization of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in response to decreasing annual snow depth. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
In Alaska, gray wolves (Canis lupis), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and black bears (U. americanus) are managed in most of the state in ways intended to significantly reduce their abundance in the expectation of increasing hunter harvests of ungulates. To our knowledge, Alaska is unique in the world because this management priority is both widespread and mandated by state law. Large carnivore management in Alaska is a reversion to outdated management concepts and occurs without effective monitoring programs designed to scientifically evaluate impacts on predator populations. Large carnivore management in Alaska should be based on rigorous science including the status and trends of carnivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Ripple
- Global Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sterling D. Miller
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - John W. Schoen
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
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Doherty TS, Davis NE, Dickman CR, Forsyth DM, Letnic M, Nimmo DG, Palmer R, Ritchie EG, Benshemesh J, Edwards G, Lawrence J, Lumsden L, Pascoe C, Sharp A, Stokeld D, Myers C, Story G, Story P, Triggs B, Venosta M, Wysong M, Newsome TM. Continental patterns in the diet of a top predator: Australia's dingo. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Doherty
- Deakin University; Geelong; Australia and School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology; 221 Burwood Highway Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Naomi E. Davis
- School of BioSciences; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David M. Forsyth
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Heidelberg VIC Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit; New South Wales Department of Primary Industries; Orange NSW Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Dale G. Nimmo
- School of Environmental Science; Institute for Land, Water and Society; Charles Sturt University; Albury NSW Australia
| | - Russell Palmer
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions; Bentley WA Australia
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Deakin University; Geelong; Australia and School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology; 221 Burwood Highway Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Joe Benshemesh
- Department of Ecology; Environment and Evolution; La Trobe University; Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Glenn Edwards
- Flora and Fauna Division; Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Alice Springs NT Australia
| | | | - Lindy Lumsden
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Heidelberg VIC Australia
| | | | - Andy Sharp
- Natural Resources Northern and Yorke; Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources; Clare SA Australia
| | - Danielle Stokeld
- Northern Territory Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Palmerston NT Australia
| | - Cecilia Myers
- Dunkeld Pastoral Company Pty Ltd; Dunkeld VIC Australia
| | | | - Paul Story
- Australian Plague Locust Commission; Canberra ACT Australia
| | | | | | - Mike Wysong
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - Thomas M. Newsome
- Deakin University; Geelong; Australia and School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology; 221 Burwood Highway Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
- Desert Ecology Research Group; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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Hauer G, Vic Adamowicz WL, Boutin S. Economic analysis of threatened species conservation: The case of woodland caribou and oilsands development in Alberta, Canada. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 218:103-117. [PMID: 29674158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tradeoffs between cost and recovery targets for boreal caribou herds, threatened species in Alberta, Canada, are examined using a dynamic cost minimization model. Unlike most approaches used for minimizing costs of achieving threatened species targets, we incorporate opportunity costs of surface (forests) and subsurface resources (energy) as well as direct costs of conservation (habitat restoration and direct predator control), into a forward looking model of species protection. Opportunity costs of conservation over time are minimized with an explicit target date for meeting species recovery targets; defined as the number of self-sustaining caribou herds, which requires that both habitat and population targets are met by a set date. The model was run under various scenarios including three species recovery criteria, two oil and gas price regimes, and targets for the number of herds to recover from 1 to 12. The derived cost curve follows a typical pattern as costs of recovery per herd increase as the number of herds targeted for recovery increases. The results also show that the opportunity costs for direct predator control are small compared to habitat restoration and protection costs. However, direct predator control is essential for meeting caribou population targets and reducing the risk of extirpation while habitat is recovered over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Hauer
- Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - W L Vic Adamowicz
- Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
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Toews M, Juanes F, Burton AC. Mammal responses to the human footprint vary across species and stressors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:690-699. [PMID: 29654972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly expanding human footprint - comprised of anthropogenic land-use change and infrastructure - is profoundly affecting wildlife distributions worldwide. Cumulative effects management (CEM) is a regional approach that seeks to manage combined effects of the human footprint on biodiversity across large spatial scales. Challenges to implementing this approach include a lack of ecological data at large spatial scales, the high cost of monitoring multiple indicators, and the need to manage multiple footprints across industries. To inform development of effective CEM, we used large mammals as indicators to address the following questions: a) do species respond more strongly to individual footprint features or to cumulative effects (combined area of all footprint types, measured as total footprint), b) which features elicit the strongest responses across species, and c) are the direction of responses to footprint consistent? We used data from 12 years of snowtrack surveys (2001-2013) in the boreal forest of Alberta, coupled with regional footprint and landcover data, to develop generalized linear mixed-effects models relating the relative abundance of five boreal mammals [gray wolf (Canis lupus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), coyote (Canis latrans), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and moose (Alces alces)] to individual and cumulative effects of the human footprint. We found that across species the strongest responses were to agriculture, roads, and young cutblocks (<10 years), suggesting these as potential priority stressors to address within CEM. Most species also responded to total footprint, indicating that in the absence of detailed information on individual features, this coarse measure can serve as an index of cumulative effects. There was high variability in direction and magnitude of responses across species, indicating that community-level responses are likely and should be considered within CEM planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Toews
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - A Cole Burton
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2045 - 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Skatter H, Charlebois M, Eftestøl S, Tsegaye D, Colman J, Kansas J, Flydal K, Balicki B. Living in a burned landscape: woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) use of postfire residual patches for calving in a high fire – low anthropogenic Boreal Shield ecozone. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) calculated that 55% of Saskatchewan’s Boreal Shield has been disturbed by wildfire in the last 40 years. The 2012 Canadian Federal Recovery Strategy for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)) states that these large-scale natural disturbances can cause caribou to cease use of portions of their range. This assumption neglects the potential habitat value of postfire residuals. We tested this assumption using 2 years of GPS data obtained from 56 female caribou to identify calving site selection. Seventy-nine calving events were identified from 91 individual calving seasons. For both calving and postcalving periods, woodland caribou preferred nonburned (>40 years) over burned habitats (≤40 years). Within burned areas, residual patches dominated by bogs–fens were preferred, indicating that burns with residuals are important woodland caribou calving habitat. The residuals may act as island refuges providing food–security, while surrounding burns provide reduced visual obstruction from which caribou can detect approaching predators. Although more data are necessary to make robust conclusions, this study provides novel insight into the ecological interactions of forest fires with woodland caribou in northern Saskatchewan, and offers important considerations regarding critical habitat identification and range-level planning to ensure all suitable caribou habitats are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.G. Skatter
- Omnia Ecological Services, 722-27th Avenue Northwest, Calgary, AB T2M 2J3, Canada
| | - M.L. Charlebois
- Omnia Ecological Services, 722-27th Avenue Northwest, Calgary, AB T2M 2J3, Canada
| | - S. Eftestøl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Naturrestaurering AS, Wergelandsveien 23B, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - D. Tsegaye
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - J.E. Colman
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Naturrestaurering AS, Wergelandsveien 23B, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - J.L. Kansas
- Kansas & Associates, 433 Elgin Gardens Southeast, Calgary, AB T2Z 4T8, Canada
| | - K. Flydal
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Naturrestaurering AS, Wergelandsveien 23B, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Balicki
- Cameco Corporation, 2121-11th Street West, Saskatoon, SK S7M 1J3, Canada
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Newton EJ, Patterson BR, Anderson ML, Rodgers AR, Vander Vennen LM, Fryxell JM. Compensatory selection for roads over natural linear features by wolves in northern Ontario: Implications for caribou conservation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186525. [PMID: 29117234 PMCID: PMC5695599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Ontario are a threatened species that have experienced a substantial retraction of their historic range. Part of their decline has been attributed to increasing densities of anthropogenic linear features such as trails, roads, railways, and hydro lines. These features have been shown to increase the search efficiency and kill rate of wolves. However, it is unclear whether selection for anthropogenic linear features is additive or compensatory to selection for natural (water) linear features which may also be used for travel. We studied the selection of water and anthropogenic linear features by 52 resident wolves (Canis lupus x lycaon) over four years across three study areas in northern Ontario that varied in degrees of forestry activity and human disturbance. We used Euclidean distance-based resource selection functions (mixed-effects logistic regression) at the seasonal range scale with random coefficients for distance to water linear features, primary/secondary roads/railways, and hydro lines, and tertiary roads to estimate the strength of selection for each linear feature and for several habitat types, while accounting for availability of each feature. Next, we investigated the trade-off between selection for anthropogenic and water linear features. Wolves selected both anthropogenic and water linear features; selection for anthropogenic features was stronger than for water during the rendezvous season. Selection for anthropogenic linear features increased with increasing density of these features on the landscape, while selection for natural linear features declined, indicating compensatory selection of anthropogenic linear features. These results have implications for woodland caribou conservation. Prey encounter rates between wolves and caribou seem to be strongly influenced by increasing linear feature densities. This behavioral mechanism–a compensatory functional response to anthropogenic linear feature density resulting in decreased use of natural travel corridors–has negative consequences for the viability of woodland caribou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Newton
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Brent R. Patterson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan L. Anderson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur R. Rodgers
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wilman EA, Wilman EN. Fast, slow, and adaptive management of habitat modification-invasion interactions: woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
). Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Wilman
- Department of Economics; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N1N4 Canada
| | - Elspeth N. Wilman
- Department of Ecology & Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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