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Lin D, Chen D, Huang J, Li Y, Wen X, Ou P, Shi H. Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risks of central obesity and hypertension in young school-aged children: a large, population-based study. Int Breastfeed J 2023; 18:52. [PMID: 37697319 PMCID: PMC10496387 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-023-00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examined the effects of breastfeeding on measured values of body circumferences or blood pressure during childhood. However, limited data are available for the association between child feeding and a specific disease diagnosed as central obesity or hypertension. Hence, we aimed to examine whether the type and duration of breastfeeding are associated with obesity/central obesity or hypertension in young school-aged children. METHODS We matched the data obtained from a cross-sectional survey in 2019 with retrospective breastfeeding information recorded in the database. Heights, weights, waist circumferences, and blood pressures of 8480 children in first grade of primary schools in Shanghai, China were measured to diagnose obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. Data on child feeding was collected retrospectively from clinical records. Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and children's measured values of body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were analysed by linear regression. Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and risks of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension were analysed by generalised linear models. RESULTS Breastfeeding duration was inversely associated with blood pressure values in children in the first grade. Each month's increase in the duration of any breastfeeding was associated with a 0.07 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) and a 0.05 mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01). Any breastfeeding > one month was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension (adjusted risk ratio 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.96, P = 0.01). Exclusive breastfeeding > one month was associated with a reduced risk of central obesity (adjusted risk ratio 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96, P = 0.02). Any breastfeeding > 12 months was linked with a lower risk of hypertension (adjusted risk ratio 0.83; 95% CI 0.70, 0.98, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Lack of breastfeeding is associated with higher risks of central obesity and hypertension during middle childhood. As a potential component of the public health strategy to reduce population levels of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, breastfeeding could be a vital prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Didi Chen
- Minhang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Minhang Maternal and Child Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Minhang Maternal and Child Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosa Wen
- Minhang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ou
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Chen M, Li Y, Chen L, Gao D, Yang Z, Ma Y, Ma T, Dong B, Dong Y, Ma J, Hu J. Associations Between Single-Child Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents in China. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:661164. [PMID: 34095028 PMCID: PMC8173115 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.661164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the associations between single-child status and metabolic syndrome (MS) and to identify the highest risk group of MS among single children. Methods: Differences in participants' characteristics by sex were examined by Student's t-test for continuous variables and Pearson's chi-squared test for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for MS and its components according to the single-child status. Radar maps were used to compare the composition of different components in MS. Results: In total, 11,784 (5,880 boys) children and adolescents were included in this study, with a mean age of (11.3 ± 3.1) years. MS was observed in 7.1% of participants, with a higher prevalence in boys (8.2%) than girls (5.9%) (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS, elevated blood pressure and abdominal obesity in single children were higher than that in children with siblings, particularly in boys (P < 0.001). Elevated risk of abdominal obesity was observed in single children [boys (1.56, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.85), girls (1.40, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.63)], however, increased ORs of elevated blood pressure and metabolic syndrome were observed in single-child boys only (1.19, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.40 and 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.31, respectively). Results showed that a statistically significant association between single child status and MS was mainly observed in urban boys (2.04, 95% CI: 1.33, 3.12) and rural boys (1.50, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.15), but not in girls. Among all the combinations of MS, two combinations were significantly associated with the single-child status, including the combination of elevated blood pressure, abdominal and low HDL-C (1.45, 1.04, 2.04) and the combination of elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia (2.04, 1.40, 3.06) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study found that single children and adolescents had a higher risk of MS, elevated blood pressure and abdominal obesity. The associations were stronger in urban boys. Further attention should be directed to the prevention and control strategies targeting the high-risk population of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaogeng Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Dong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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de Lima TR, Martins PC, Torre GL, Mannocci A, Silva KS, Silva DAS. Association between muscle strength and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:1-12. [PMID: 33055312 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify and summarize evidence for the association between muscle strength (MS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and MS and combinations of risk factors for MetS in children and adolescents. Five databases (Medline/PubMed, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge) were searched up to November 2019 with complementary reference list searches. Inclusion criteria were studies that investigated the relationship between MS and MetS or MS and combinations of risk factors for MetS in children and adolescents (≤19 years of age). Risk of bias was assessed using standard procedures. From the total of 15,599 articles initially identified, 13 articles were included, representing 11,641 children and adolescents. Higher MS values were associated with lower risk for MetS or combinations of risk factors for MetS (n=11/13 studies). Of the total of included studies, about 23.1% (03/13) were longitudinal and all included studies were classified as having a moderate risk of bias. This review provides preliminary evidence for a beneficial relationship between MS and MetS among children and adolescents. Additionally, although the body of evidence points to the beneficial relationship between higher MS and lower risk for combination of factors for MetS in children and adolescents, this relationship is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R de Lima
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Martins
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe L Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Mannocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kelly S Silva
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Group on Physical Activity and Health, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Diego A S Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Guilherme FR, Nascimento MAD, Molena-Fernandes CA, Guilherme VR, Santos SRD, Elias RGM, Rinaldi W. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CRITERIA IN THE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN STUDENTS FROM PARANAVAÍ, PARANÁ. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2019; 37:332-337. [PMID: 31166466 PMCID: PMC6868564 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;3;00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the difference in the proportion of students with metabolic
syndrome, diagnosed according to different criteria. Methods: The sample consisted of 241 students (136 boys and 105 girls) aged 10 to 14
years, from public and private schools in Paranavaí, Paraná. We used three
distinct diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome, considering the
presence of at least three of the following risk factors: increased waist
circumference, hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and elevated
triglycerides. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome found was 1.7% (confidence interval of
95% - 95%CI 0-3.3) for the IDF criterion; 3.3% (95%CI 1.0-5.6) for Cook; and
17.4% (95%CI 12.6-22.3) for Ferranti. Analyzing the criteria in pairs, the
agreement between IDF and Cook was 97.5% (k=0.95); between IDF and Ferranti,
83.4% (k=0.67); and between Cook and Ferranti, 85.9% (k=0.72). Onlyone
student (0.4%) was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome solely by the IDF
criterion, while 34 (14.1%) were diagnosed exclusively by Ferranti. The
comparison of the three criteria showed that Ferranti presented the highest
proportion of metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), and Cook had a greater
proportion than IDF (p<0.001). Conclusions: We found a significant difference in the proportion of metabolic syndrome in
the three criteria. The choice of which criterion to use can compromise not
only the percentage of metabolic syndrome prevalence but also interfere in
strategies of intervention and prevention in children and adolescents with
and without metabolic syndrome, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Ricardo Guilherme
- Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Brazil; Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências do Norte do Paraná, Brazil
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Muscle strength field-based tests to identify European adolescents at risk of metabolic syndrome: The HELENA study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:929-934. [PMID: 31060964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether handgrip strength (HG) and/or standing long jump (SLJ) are capable of detecting risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in European adolescents, and to identify age- and sex-specific cut points for these tests. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Participants included 969 (aged 12.5-17.5 years old) adolescents from 9 European countries (n = 520 girls). Absolute and relative HG and SLJ tests were used to assess upper and lower muscle strength, respectively. MetS status was determined using the age- and sex-specific cut points proposed by Jolliffe and Janssen´s, Additionally, we computed a continuous cardiometabolic risk index with the average z-score of four cardiometabolic risk factors: Wait circumference, mean arterial pressure, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting insulin. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 3.1% in European adolescents. Relative HG and absolute SLJ were the best tests for detecting the presence of MetS (Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) = 0.799, 95%CI:0.773-0.824; and AUC = 0.695 95%CI:0.665-0.724), respectively) and elevated cardiometabolic risk index (AUC = 0.873, 95%CI:0.838-0.902; and AUC = 0.728 95%CI:0.698-0.756), respectively) and, regardless of cardiorespiratory fitness. We provide age- and sex-specific cut points of upper and lower muscle strength for European adolescents to identify the presence of MetS and elevated cardiometabolic risk index. CONCLUSIONS The proposed health-related cut points could be used as a starting point to define health-related levels of upper and lower muscle strength in adolescents. Likewise, the diagnostic statistics provided herein can be used to offer feedback to adolescents, parents, and education and health professionals about what it means to meet or fail test standards.
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Makkar H, Reynolds MA, Wadhawan A, Dagdag A, Merchant AT, Postolache TT. Periodontal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease: Exploring the role of inflammation and mental health. Pteridines 2018; 29:124-163. [PMID: 30705520 PMCID: PMC6350811 DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence connects periodontal disease, a modifiable condition affecting a majority of Americans, with metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on the likely mediation of these associations by immune activation and their potential interactions with mental illness. Future longitudinal, and ideally interventional studies, should focus on reciprocal interactions and cascading effects, as well as points for effective preventative and therapeutic interventions across diagnostic domains to reduce morbidity, mortality and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Makkar
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark A Reynolds
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Abhishek Wadhawan
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aline Dagdag
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO 80220, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 5, VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
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Albert Pérez E, Mateu Olivares V, Martínez-Espinosa RM, Molina Vila MD, Reig García-Galbis M. New Insights about How to Make an Intervention in Children and Adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome: Diet, Exercise vs. Changes in Body Composition. A Systematic Review of RCT. Nutrients 2018; 10:E878. [PMID: 29986479 PMCID: PMC6073719 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record which interventions produce the greatest variations in body composition in patients ≤19 years old with metabolic syndrome (MS). METHOD search dates between 2005 and 2017 in peer reviewed journals, following the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). The selection criteria were: diagnostic for MS or at least a criterion for diagnosis; randomized clinical trials, ≤19 years of age; intervention programs that use diet and/or exercise as a tool (interventions showing an interest in body composition). RESULTS 1781 clinical trials were identified under these criteria but only 0.51% were included. The most frequent characteristics of the selected clinical trials were that they used multidisciplinary interventions and were carried out in America. The most utilized parameters were BMI (body mass index) in kg/m² and BW (body weight) in kg. CONCLUSIONS Most of the clinical trials included had been diagnosed through at least 2 diagnostic criteria for MS. Multidisciplinary interventions obtained greater changes in body composition in patients with MS. This change was especially prevalent in the combinations of dietary interventions and physical exercise. It is proposed to follow the guidelines proposed for patients who are overweight, obese, or have diabetes type 2, and extrapolate these strategies as recommendations for future clinical trials designed for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
- Members of the Research Group of Applied Biochemistry (AppBiochem), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mariola D Molina Vila
- Members of the Research Group of Applied Biochemistry (AppBiochem), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Manuel Reig García-Galbis
- Members of the Research Group of Applied Biochemistry (AppBiochem), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atacama, Avda Copayapu 2862, III Region, Copiapo 1530000, Chile.
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Bugge A, Möller S, Westfall DR, Tarp J, Gejl AK, Wedderkopp N, Hillman CH. Associations between waist circumference, metabolic risk and executive function in adolescents: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199281. [PMID: 29912925 PMCID: PMC6005548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the associations between waist circumference, metabolic risk factors, and executive function in adolescents. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and included 558 adolescents (mean age 14.2 years). Anthropometrics and systolic blood pressure (sysBP) were measured and fasting blood samples were analyzed for metabolic risk factors. A metabolic risk factor cluster score (MetS-cluster score) was computed from the sum of standardized sysBP, triglycerides (TG), inverse high-density lipid cholesterol (HDLc) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment). Cognitive control was measured with a modified flanker task. Results: Regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic variables, HDLc exhibited a negative and TG a positive association with flanker reaction time (RT). Waist circumference did not demonstrate a statistically significant total association with the cognitive outcomes. In structural equation modeling, waist circumference displayed an indirect positive association with incongruent RT through a higher MetS-cluster score and through lower HDLc. The only statistically significant direct association between waist circumference and the cognitive outcomes was for incongruent RT in the model including HDLc as mediator. Conclusions: These findings are consonant with the previous literature reporting an adverse association between certain metabolic risk factors and cognitive control. Accordingly, these results suggest specificity between metabolic risk factors and cognitive control outcomes. Further, results of the present study, although cross-sectional, provide new evidence that specific metabolic risk factors may mediate an indirect association between adiposity and cognitive control in adolescents, even though a direct association between these variables was not observed. However, taking the cross-sectional study design into consideration, these results should be interpreted with caution and future longitudinal or experimental studies should verify the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bugge
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sören Möller
- OPEN–Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel R. Westfall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Jakob Tarp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne K. Gejl
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sports Medicine clinic Orthopedic Department, Middelfart Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA, United States of America
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Northrup AA, Smaldone A. Maternal Attitudes, Normative Beliefs, and Subjective Norms of Mothers of 2- and 3-Year-Old Children. J Pediatr Health Care 2017; 31:262-274. [PMID: 27745978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This exploratory study examined maternal attitudes, normative beliefs, subjective norms, and meal selection behaviors of mothers of 2- and 3-year-old children. METHODS Guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action, we had mothers complete three surveys, two interviews, and a feeding simulation exercise. Data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate statistics and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS A total of 31 mothers (50% Latino, 34% Black, 46.9% ≤ high school education, 31.3% poor health literacy) of 32 children (37.5% overweight/obese) participated in this study. Maternal normative beliefs (knowledge of U.S. Department of Agriculture recommendations) did not reflect actual U.S. Department of Agriculture recommendations. Collectively, regression models explained 13% (dairy) to 51% (vegetables) of the variance in behavioral intent, with normative belief an independent predictor in all models except grain and dairy. DISCUSSION Meal selection behaviors, on average, were predicted by poor knowledge of U.S. Department of Agriculture recommendations. Dietary guidance appropriate to health literacy level should be incorporated into well-child visits.
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Lucke-Wold B, Shawley S, Ingels JS, Stewart J, Misra R. A Critical Examination of the Use of Trained Health Coaches to Decrease the Metabolic Syndrome for Participants of a Community-Based Diabetes Prevention and Management Program. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 1. [PMID: 27857997 PMCID: PMC5110146 DOI: 10.4172/2472-1654.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity and diabetes in the United States poses major challenge to the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Furthermore, when this is viewed in other components of the metabolic syndrome (i.e., the burden of high cholesterol and hypertension), the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome continues to rise in the USA continued challenge is how to deal with this epidemic from a medical and public health standpoint. Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is a unique approach and offers a novel perspective for answering this challenge. A critical set of goals for CBPR is to address health disparities and social inequalities while getting community members engaged in all aspects of the research process. Utilizing the West Virginia Diabetes Prevention and Management Program and trained Health Coaches as a model, we discuss topics of consideration related to CBPR, involving trained health coaches, optimizing early adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors, and enhancing participation. Through careful project planning and design, questions regarding disparities increasing susceptibility and preventive efforts within the community can be addressed successfully. These topics are part of a broader integration of theories such as participatory research, community engagement, and outcomes measurement. The understanding of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome can help frame an appropriate strategy for establishing long-term community-wide changes that promote health. In order to continue to improve investigations for preventing the metabolic syndrome, it will be necessary to have aggressive efforts at the individual and population level for developing culturally sensitive programs that start early and are sustainable in practical environments such as the workplace. In this comprehensive review, we will discuss practical considerations related to project design, implementation, and how to measure effectiveness in regards to reducing the burden of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ranjita Misra
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Are BMI and Sedentariness Correlated? A Multilevel Study in Children. Nutrients 2015; 7:5889-904. [PMID: 26193311 PMCID: PMC4517035 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and sedentariness (Sed) in children and to examine the influence of child and school correlates on their variation. The sample comprises 580 children (337 girls, 9-11 years). Sedentariness was assessed with an accelerometer, and BMI was computed. Child- and school-level covariates were analyzed using multilevel models. No significant correlation between Sed and BMI was found. School context explains 5% and 1.5% of the total variance in Sed and BMI, respectively. At the child level, only moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with both Sed (β = -0.02 ± 0.002) and BMI (β = -0.005 ± 0.002). Sleep time is related to Sed (β = -0.42 ± 0.04), while sex (β = 1.97 ± 0.13), biological maturity (β = 1.25 ± 0.07), media in the bedroom (β = 0.26 ± 0.08) and healthy (β = -0.09 ± 0.03) and unhealthy (β = -0.07 ± 0.04) diet scores were associated with BMI. None of the school-level covariates were related to BMI, but access to cafeteria (β = -0.97 ± 0.25), playground equipment (β = -0.67 ± 0.20) and restaurants (β = 0.16 ± 0.08) were related to Sed. In conclusion, Sed and BMI were not correlated. Further, they have different correlates, while children's traits seem to play more relevant roles in their differences in Sed and BMI than the school milieu. This information should be taken into account when strategies to reduce Sed and BMI are implemented.
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Khan NA, Raine LB, Donovan SM, Hillman CH. IV. The cognitive implications of obesity and nutrition in childhood. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2015; 79:51-71. [PMID: 25387415 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has tripled since the 1980s and is strongly linked to the early onset of several metabolic diseases. Recent studies indicate that lower cognitive function may be another complication of childhood obesity. This review considers the research to date on the role of obesity and nutrition on childhood cognition and brain health. Although a handful of studies point to a maladaptive relationship between obesity and aspects of cognitive control, remarkably little is known regarding the impact of fat mass on brain development and cognitive function. Further, missing from the literature is the role of nutrition in the obesity-cognition interaction. Nutrition may directly or indirectly influence cognitive performance via several pathways including provision of key substrates for optimal brain health, modulation of gut microbiota, and alterations in systemic energy balance. However, in the absence of malnutrition, the functional benefits of specific nutrient intake on particular cognitive domains are not well characterized. Here, we examine the literature linking childhood obesity and cognition while considering the effects of nutritional intake. Possible mechanisms for these relationships are discussed and suggestions are made for future study topics. Although childhood obesity prevalence rates in some developed countries have recently stabilized, significant disparities remain among groups based on sex and socioeconomic status. Given that the elevated prevalence of pediatric overweight and obesity may persist for the foreseeable future, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive understanding of the influence of obesity and nutrition on cognition and brain health in the pediatric population.
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Schoeppe S, Oliver M, Badland HM, Burke M, Duncan MJ. Recruitment and retention of children in behavioral health risk factor studies: REACH strategies. Int J Behav Med 2015; 21:794-803. [PMID: 24198037 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are a common target group in behavioral health research. Yet their recruitment into community setting studies poses challenges to researchers and little guidance exists on recruitment and retention methods. PURPOSE This study aims to present successful strategies for the recruitment and retention of children into behavioral health risk factor studies. METHOD Firstly, a literature search in various databases was undertaken for papers published 1990-2012, focusing on recruitment and retention methods used in community-based studies with children aged 3-18 years. Secondly, a Delphi study was conducted in 2012 with 27 international experts in the fields of child-related behavioral health risk factors to gather expertise and consensus on successful recruitment and retention strategies applicable in children. RESULTS The literature review and Delphi study yielded a set of successful child recruitment and retention strategies, and examples for implementation. These are presented as strategies to Recruit, Engage and retAin Children in behavioral Health risk factor studies (REACH). Recognized strategies for successful recruitment and retention included building trustful relationships between researchers and study partners, parents, and children; having project champions; optimizing consent and follow-up procedures; offering incentives to study partners, children, and parents; minimizing participant burden; and designing feasible studies with cohesive research teams. CONCLUSION Using multiple REACH strategies is most promising for maximizing response rates and minimizing attrition of children in cross-sectional, longitudinal, and behavioral intervention studies in community settings such as schools, child care centers, and other youth-related organizations. Researchers can select the most suitable strategies based on their specific study design and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schoeppe
- Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Institute for Health and Social Science Research, Central Queensland University, Building 18, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia,
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Machado-Rodrigues AM, Leite N, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martins RA, Valente-dos-Santos J, Mascarenhas LPG, Boguszewski MCS, Padez C, Malina RM. Independent association of clustered metabolic risk factors with cardiorespiratory fitness in youth aged 11-17 years. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 41:271-6. [PMID: 24702626 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.856471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased in youth, the potential independent contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to the clustering of metabolic risk factors has received relatively little attention. AIM This study evaluated associations between the clustering of metabolic risk factors and CRF in a sample of youth. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Height, weight, BMI, fasting glucose, insulin, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressures were measured in a cross-sectional sample of 924 youth (402 males, 522 females) of 11-17 years. CRF was assessed using the 20-metre shuttle run test. Physical activity (PA) was measured with a 3-day diary. Outcome variables were statistically normalized and expressed as Z-scores. A MetS risk score was computed as the mean of the Z-scores. Multiple linear regression was used to test associations between CRF and metabolic risk, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, PA and parental education. RESULTS CRF was inversely associated with MetS after adjustment for potential confounders. After adjusting for BMI, the relationship between CRF and metabolic risk has substantially improved. CONCLUSION CRF was independently associated with the clustering of metabolic risk factors in youth of 11-17 years of age.
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Lee KS, Lee SG, Kim EK, Jin HJ, Im SU, Lee HK, Merchant AT, Song KB, Choi YH. Metabolic syndrome parameters in adolescents may be determinants for the future periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:105-12. [PMID: 25469423 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases even in adolescents. The evidence that MetS is associated with the periodontal diseases in adolescents has been understudied. Therefore, our aim was to assess the association between MetS parameters and gingivitis in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 941 participants (590 boys, 351 girls), aged 12-18 years was selected from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey, which had had information on waist circumference, blood pressure, serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the fasting blood sugar and community periodontal Index (CPI). RESULTS The number of positive parameters of MetS showed significant positive correlation with gingivitis; adjusted and crude ORs with one positive parameters of MetS were 1.92 (95% CI: 1.21-3.04) and 1.88(95% CI: 1.28-2.76), respectively. And adjusted OR with three or more positive parameters of MetS was 3.29 (95% CI: 1.24-8.71). Among five parameters of MetS, Low HDL-cholesterol showed significant association with gingivitis (crude OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.20-3.73; adjusted OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.24-3.12). CONCLUSIONS Having more positive parameters of MetS and low HDL-cholesterol parameter had an independent relationship with the prevalence of gingivitis, which may be determinants for the future periodontal diseases even in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namgu, Daegu, Korea
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Schumacher TL, Burrows TL, Cliff DP, Jones RA, Okely AD, Baur LA, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Boggess MM, Collins CE. Dietary Intake Is Related to Multifactor Cardiovascular Risk Score in Obese Boys. Healthcare (Basel) 2014; 2:282-98. [PMID: 27429277 PMCID: PMC4934591 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare2030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) originates in childhood and early identification of risk factors provides an early intervention opportunity. The aim was to identify children at higher risk using a CVD risk score, developed from factors known to cluster in childhood. Risk was scored as very high (≥97.5th centile), high (≥95th), moderate (≥90th) or threshold (<90th) using normal pediatric reference ranges for 10 common biomedical risk factors. These were summed in a multifactor CVD risk score and applied to a sample of 285 observations from 136 overweight Australian children (41% male, aged 7-12 years). Strength of associations between CVD risk score and individual biomedical and dietary variables were assessed using univariate logistic regression. High waist circumference (Odds Ratio: 5.48 [95% CI: 2.60-11.55]), body mass index (OR: 3.22 [1.98-5.26]), serum insulin (OR: 3.37 [2.56-4.42]) and triglycerides (OR: 3.02 [2.22-4.12]) were all significantly related to CVD risk score. High intakes of total fat (OR: 4.44 [1.19-16.60]), sugar (OR: 2.82 [1.54-5.15]) and carbohydrate (OR 1.75 [1.11-2.77]) were significantly related to CVD risk score in boys only. This multifactor CVD risk score could be a useful tool for researchers to identify elevated risk in children. Further research is warranted to examine sex-specific dietary factors related to CVD risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Schumacher
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Louise A Baur
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Robin Callister
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - May M Boggess
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Kim YH, Kim DH, Lim KS, Ko BJ, Han BD, Nam GE, Park YG, Han KD, Kim JH, Cho KH. Oral health behaviors and metabolic syndrome: the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1517-24. [PMID: 24061606 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined whether oral health behaviors are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults involved in the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 18,742 subjects (8,034 men and 10,708 women) were included. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement for Asians. Oral health behavior was assessed using a questionnaire included in the KNHANES. RESULTS Subjects with MetS brushed their teeth less frequently and used fewer secondary oral products than subjects without MetS (p < 0.01). As frequency of toothbrushing and number of secondary oral products increased, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and white blood cell count decreased, but high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased (all p for trend <0.01). In the multivariable logistic regression models, as frequency of toothbrushing increased, the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS, abdominal obesity, and hyperglycemia are more than one after adjusting for age, gender, education, income, alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, and the components of MetS. The ORs for MetS, abdominal obesity, and high blood pressure were more than one in subjects who do not use dental floss after adjusting for all covariates. CONCLUSION MetS is associated with infrequent daily toothbrushing and disuse of dental floss in South Korean. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dentists may recommend evaluation for MetS in the patients with infrequent daily toothbrushing and disuse of dental floss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea,
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18
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Lifestyle behaviors and dyslipidemia in Argentinean native versus urban children. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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dos Santos FK, Gomes TNQF, Damasceno A, Prista A, Eisenmann J, Maia JAR. Physical activity, fitness and the metabolic syndrome in rural youths from Mozambique. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 40:15-22. [PMID: 23013538 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.720708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Except for North America and Europe, few studies have reported the association among physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in youths, especially for rural African youth. AIM The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of PA levels, CRF, MetS and its indicators, and examine the association between these variables in a school-aged sample of youth from rural Mozambique. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample included 209 children and adolescents aged 7-15 years old from Calanga, a rural community in Mozambique. PA was estimated with a culturally-specific questionnaire. CRF was determined by 1-mile run test. Indicators of the MetS included fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood pressure and body mass index. A continuous metabolic risk score was computed. RESULTS Results showed high levels of PA and CRF and a low prevalence of MetS ( < 2%) among children and adolescents from Calanga. However, there was a moderately high prevalence of elevated blood pressure (81.8%) and triglycerides (18.7%), respectively. There were no significant associations between PA, CRF and MetS. CONCLUSION Youths from Calanga are physically active and possess high CRF and their lifestyle may be a protective effect against MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karina dos Santos
- Laboratório de Cineantropometria, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, Porto, Portugal.
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Nuviala A, Teva-Villen MR, Grao-Cruces A, Pérez-Ordás R, García-Fernández J, Nuviala R. Validity, reliability and exploratory factor analysis of the dropout scale in sport centres. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2012. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2012.71.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dietary Fiber and Nutrient Density Are Inversely Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in US Adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:1688-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shin E, Park NY, Jang Y, Oh H, Jeong J, Lim Y, Lee M. The association of lipoprotein lipase PvuII polymorphism and niacin intake in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a KMSRI-Seoul study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:331-41. [PMID: 22038562 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) polymorphism correlated with LPL activity is associated with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. We aimed to investigate the frequency of LPL PvuII polymorphism and effects of LPL PvuII polymorphism and niacin intake on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in Koreans. Lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometry, and dietary records were completed, and LPL PvuII polymorphism, LPL mass, and lipid profiles were determined in 548 Koreans (MetSyn: 278, Non-MetSyn: 270). The MetSyn group showed a significantly lower frequency of P1P1 (wild type) and a higher frequency of P1P2 (hetero type) than the non-MetSyn group. The P2P2 (mutant type) group significantly showed lower levels of HDLc and LPL mass and a higher level of TG than the P1P1 group. As niacin intake increased, LPL mass decreased in the P2P2 group (r (2) = 0.07). In particular, the lowest niacin intake group (≤14.82 mg/day) increased more than 3 times with regard to a higher risk of MetSyn than the others in the P2P2 mutant groups. However, the MetSyn risk declined 74% at the optimal levels of niacin intake (14.83-17.80 mg/day) in the P2P2 group compared to those of the P1 allele group. The findings indicate that optimal levels of niacin intake effectively decreased Korean MetSyn prevalence in the P2P2 mutant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, #249-1, 3-ga, Dongsun-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-742, Korea
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Buchan DS, Ollis S, Young JD, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Tong TK, Nie J, Malina RM, Baker JS. The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:517-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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McAdams CB. The environment and pediatric overweight: a review for nurse practitioners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:460-7. [PMID: 20854637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary aim of this article is to review environmental determinates on eating and physical activity behaviors that lead to overweight status in the pediatric population. DATA SOURCES Selected articles on pediatric obesity and overweight and federal government publications addressing pediatric overweight, physical activity, and dietary habits. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of disease and death in the United States and is considered a major public health threat to Americans of all ages. An energy-dense diet coupled with low physical activity creates an environment conducive to obesity. Obesity warrants immediate attention and nurse practitioners (NPs) must implement proactive strategies to prevent the development of chronic disease in American children and adolescents. An initial key to successful prevention is identification of environmental supports and barriers that influence pediatric overweight. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE NPs must identify at-risk and overweight youth and translate current research findings into their practices. Designing and implementing age and family appropriate strategies that address positive and negative environmental influences is crucial to prevent or reduce the overweight epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia B McAdams
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Rinaldi AEM, Pimentel GD, Pereira AF, Gabriel GFCP, Moreto F, Burini RC. Metabolic syndrome in overweight children from the city of Botucatu - São Paulo State - Brazil: agreement among six diagnostic criteria. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:39. [PMID: 20529375 PMCID: PMC2893090 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome has been described in children; however, a standard criterion has not been established for its diagnosis. Also, few studies have been conducted to specifically observe the possible existence of agreement among the existing diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the study is to evaluate agreement concerning prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome diagnosed by six different criteria in overweight schoolchildren in the city of Botucatu - SP -Brazil. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on 128 overweight schoolchildren. Clinical examination included anthropometry, pubertal staging evaluation, and blood pressure. Triacylglycerol, glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were determined. The Kappa index, the Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varied from 10 to 16.5% according to different diagnostic criteria. Results were similar for boys and girls and pubertal stage. Great agreement was observed among the six different diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Different diagnostic criteria, when adopted for subjects with similar demographic characteristics, generate similar and compatible prevalence. Results suggest that it is possible to adopt any of the analyzed criteria, and the choice should be according to the components available for each situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa M Rinaldi
- Uberlândia School of Medicine, Nutrition Course, Uberlândia Federal University - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism Center (CeMENutri), Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism Center (CeMENutri), Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition Physiology Division - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Avany F Pereira
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics - Rio de Janeiro Federal University - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gleice FCP Gabriel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Course of Physiopathology in Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreto
- Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism Center (CeMENutri), Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto C Burini
- Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism Center (CeMENutri), Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism Center (CeMENutri), Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Craig CL, Tudor-Locke C, Cragg S, Cameron C. Process and treatment of pedometer data collection for youth: the Canadian Physical Activity Levels among Youth study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:430-5. [PMID: 19952820 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b67544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedometry methods for collecting data in young populations are advancing, but it is unclear how many days of data are enough for population monitoring. METHODS Using random-digit dialing, 11,669 5- to 19-yr-olds were recruited into the Canadian Physical Activity Levels among Youth study and mailed a data collection package. Pedometers were worn for 7 d, and steps counts were logged daily. Reactivity was assessed by examining estimates from the pattern of pedometer data across days (arranged from first day of collection to last) using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were computed for the first day and consecutive additional days (compared with the criterion estimate based on the whole week) to determine the minimal number of days required to achieve a reliability ICC of 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90. RESULTS Most children (990%) wore the pedometer for 7 d. Mean steps per day differed across consecutive days (F = 52.7, P = 0.000); however, no difference occurred between the first and the second day of monitoring. Furthermore, no difference was observed between the first and either the third or the fourth day when monitoring commenced on a Monday or a Tuesday. Therefore, there was no clear evidence of reactivity. The first day provided a good representation of steps per day relative to the whole week in terms of both reliability (ICC = 0.79) and validity (relative absolute percent error [APE] =2.5%), and these improved with additional days (2 d, ICC > 0.85; > or = 3 d, ICC > 0.90; and > or = 3 d, APE < 1%). CONCLUSIONS The Canadian Physical Activity Levels among Youth demonstrates the feasibility of national surveillance of physical activity using pedometers.Two days are sufficient to determine steps per day, and a single day appears defensible in terms of population monitoring if minimal standards for reliability are acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Lynn Craig
- Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Park J, Hilmers DC, Mendoza JA, Stuff JE, Liu Y, Nicklas TA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years: comparison between the United States and Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:75-82. [PMID: 20052351 PMCID: PMC2800028 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its risk factors, and obesity in adolescents in the United States (US) and Korea. Data were obtained from 2003-2004 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 2005 Korea NHANES for adolescents aged 12-19 yr in the US (n=734) and in Korea (n=664). The 2007 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) pediatric definition for diagnosis of MetS and the 2000 US Growth Charts and 2007 Korea Growth Charts for assessment of obesity were utilized. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in US and Koreans was 5.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 18.1% in US compared to 9.0% in Koreans. The prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were higher in the US, whereas that of low HDL-C levels was higher in Korea. Despite the doubled prevalence for the single entities of MetS and obesity in the US, the prevalence of MetS in obese US and Koreans did not differ (20.8% and 24.3%, respectively). In conclusion, there are differences in the prevalence of MetS, obesity, and the individual MetS risk factors between the US and Korean adolescents; however, the risk of MetS among obese adolescents is similar in both countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Park
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C. Hilmers
- Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason A. Mendoza
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janice E. Stuff
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theresa A. Nicklas
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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The effect of a six-month training programme on the endurance and aerobic capacity parameters of adult women. Zdr Varst 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10152-010-0013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Thivel D, Malina RM, Isacco L, Aucouturier J, Meyer M, Duché P. Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children and Adolescents: Dichotomous or Continuous? Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7:549-55. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2008.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Thivel
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Bâtiment de Biologie B, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubière, France
| | - Robert M. Malina
- University of Texas at Austin and Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Bâtiment de Biologie B, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubière, France
| | - Julien Aucouturier
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Bâtiment de Biologie B, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubière, France
| | - Martine Meyer
- Pediatrics Department, Hotel Dieu, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Bâtiment de Biologie B, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, Aubière, France
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Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Public Health Nutr 2009; 13:797-805. [PMID: 19772691 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009991546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore mean food group intakes associated with central obesity anthropometry among children and adolescents enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Representative sampling of the US population (1998-2002). SUBJECTS Subjects were 3761 children (5-11 years) and 1803 adolescents (12-16 years) with single 24 h dietary recalls and anthropometric measures of central body fat (waist circumference and sum of subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses). RESULTS Results were controlled for confounding by age, height, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage, television viewing and parental education. In younger children, there was no relationship between central adiposity and mean intakes of dairy, fruit, vegetables or grains, while a positive association with meat intake was found among boys. In adolescent boys and girls, central body fat measures were inversely associated with mean dairy and grain intakes. Adolescent boys in the highest quartile of central adiposity consumed less fruit and fewer vegetables; those in the lowest central adiposity quartile consumed less meat. Finally, adolescents who met the criteria for central obesity (waist circumference >or=85th percentile for age and sex) reported consuming significantly less total dairy (as well as milk and cheese separately), total grains (whole and refined) and total fruit and vegetables. There was no association with meat consumption. To test the stability of these findings, the final analysis was replicated in 2541 same-aged adolescents from NHANES 1999-2002; the results were very similar. CONCLUSIONS These cross-sectional analyses suggest that intakes of dairy, grains and total fruits and vegetables are inversely associated with central obesity among adolescents.
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Baguhl R, Wilke B, Klöting N, Klöting I. Genes on rat chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 are linked with facets of metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1215-9. [PMID: 19584880 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
WOKW (Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W) rats develop metabolic syndrome closely resembling human disorder. In crossing studies between disease-prone WOKW and disease-resistant DA (Dark Agouti) rats, several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped. To prove the in vivo relevance of QTLs, congenic DA.WOKW rats, briefly termed DA.3aW, DA.3bW, DA.5W, DA.10W, and DA.16W, were generated by transferring chromosomal regions of WOKW chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 onto DA genetic background. Male (n=12) and female (n=12) rats of each congenic strain and their parental strain DA were characterized for adiposity index (AI), serum leptin, and serum insulin as well as serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides as single facets of metabolic syndrome at the age of 30 weeks. The data showed a significant higher AI for male and female DA.3aW and female DA.16W compared with DA. Serum leptin was significantly elevated in male and female DA.3aW, DA.10W, and DA.16W rats in comparison with DA. Rats of both sexes of DA.10W and female DA.16W showed significantly elevated serum insulin in comparison to DA. Female rats of all congenics had significantly higher serum cholesterol compared with DA, while males did not differ. Finally, triglycerides were only elevated in male DA.16W. The results demonstrate an involvement of WOKW chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 in developing facets of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Baguhl
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Medical Faculty, University Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
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Metabolic syndrome in fifth grade children with acanthosis nigricans: results from the CARDIAC project. World J Pediatr 2009; 5:23-30. [PMID: 19172328 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-009-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been linked to obesity and associated negative health outcomes in children. However, no consistent definition of metabolic syndrome exists for children. In addition, research is needed to systematically examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in high-risk children, including those with insulin resistance. This study explores several definitions of metabolic syndrome and determines the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a large sample of children with acanthosis nigricans (AN). METHODS The study used results from a large-scale screening of fifth-grade students in West Virginia to explore the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 676 male and female participants who had mild to severe AN. RESULTS In this high-risk sample of students who had AN, 49% met the criteria, i.e., three risk factors including insulin resistance, high body-mass index, and elevated blood pressure or dyslipidemia, when tested for metabolic syndrome. Children with AN who were classified as obese or morbidly obese were at significantly increased odds of having metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in terms of systematically defining metabolic syndrome for high-risk children, as well as public health and clinical interventions targeting children who are overweight or obese. The presence of AN and morbid obesity might be easily observed markers for metabolic syndrome.
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Ekelund U, Anderssen S, Andersen LB, Riddoch CJ, Sardinha LB, Luan J, Froberg K, Brage S. Prevalence and correlates of the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of European youth. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:90-6. [PMID: 19056570 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, there has been no unified definition of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the youth. Therefore, the prevalence of MetS and its association with potential correlates are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to quantify the prevalence, identify the correlates, and examine the independent associations between potential correlates with MetS. DESIGN A population-based cohort study was conducted in 10- and 15-y-old youth from Estonia, Denmark, and Portugal (n = 3193). MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation. Correlates included maternal socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and prevalent diabetes and maternally reported child's birth weight and duration of breastfeeding. Data on sexual maturity, objectively measured physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported sports participation, television viewing, and regular play were collected for the children. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 0.2% and 1.4% in 10- and 15-y-olds, respectively. Cardiorespiratory fitness (standardized odds ratio: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.75), physical activity (standardized odds ratio: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.88), and maternal BMI (standardized odds ratio: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.34) were all independently associated with MetS after adjustment for sex, age group, study location, birth weight, and sexual maturity. An increase in daily moderate-intensity physical activity by 10-20% was associated with a 33% lower risk of being categorized with MetS. CONCLUSIONS High maternal BMI and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity independently contribute to the MetS and may be targets for future interventions. Relatively small increases in physical activity may significantly reduce the risk of MetS in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Ekelund
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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Downs SM, Marshall D, Ng C, Willows ND. Central adiposity and associated lifestyle factors in Cree children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:476-82. [PMID: 18461100 DOI: 10.1139/h08-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aboriginal children are prone to central adiposity (CA), a component of the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine if lifestyle factors were associated with CA in Canadian Cree children. Children aged 9-12 years were classified as having CA if their waist circumference met or exceeded the 85th percentile of the NHANES III reference. Weight status was determined using the CDC growth reference, dietary intake using three 24 h dietary recalls, physical activity using pedometers, and fitness by completion of the 20 m shuttle run test. Of the 178 children (79% participation rate), 32.6% were normal weight, 23.6% were overweight, and 43.8% were obese. Half (52.2%) of the children had CA (97.4% of obese children, 35.7% of overweight children, and 2.2% of normal weight children). Waist circumference was negatively correlated with pedometer step counts (r = -0.187, p = 0.012) and shuttle run time (r = -0.508, p < 0.001). In children with CA, waist circumference was positively correlated with sweetened beverage intake (r = 0.250, p = 0.016). The odds ratio (adjusted for age and sex) for CA for children consuming 3 or more fruits and vegetables per day was 0.43 (95% CI 0.18 - 0.98), for meeting step recommendations for a healthy body weight was 0.45 (95% CI 0.24 - 0.84), and for relative fitness was 0.12 (95% CI 0.04 - 0.33). CA was prevalent in children who were overweight and obese. Preventive strategies might include promoting a healthy diet, physical activity, and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Downs
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/ Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Canada
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Ball GD, Lenk JM, Barbarich BN, Plotnikoff RC, Fishburne GJ, Mackenzie KA, Willows ND. Overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management: are they meeting lifestyle behaviour recommendations? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:936-45. [DOI: 10.1139/h08-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle behaviours can help overweight boys and girls manage their weight and reduce obesity-related health risks. However, we currently know very little about the lifestyle habits of overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management in Canada and whether or not they are meeting current lifestyle recommendations. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the demographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours of overweight children and adolescents referred for clinical weight management, and (ii) to examine sex (boys vs. girls) and (or) age (child vs. youth) differences with respect to the achievement of lifestyle behaviour recommendations. Overweight (age- and sex-specific body mass index ≥ 85th percentile) children (n = 27 girls, n = 24 boys) and adolescents (n = 29 girls, n = 19 boys) were referred to and enrolled in weight-management programs at the Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health (PCWH) at the Stollery Children’s Hospital (Edmonton, Alta.) from January 2006–September 2007. Information was collected at intake regarding demography, anthropometry, and lifestyle behaviours before participants started a formal weight-management program. Lifestyle behaviour recommendations for nutrition, physical activity, screen time, and sleep were used to determine whether participants were meeting established guidelines. Overall, participants presented with poor lifestyle behaviours. Although most consumed adequate servings of grain products (93.9%) and meat and alternatives (68.7%), few met the serving recommendations for milk and alternatives (31.3%) or vegetables and fruit (14.1%). Physical activity levels were low – 7.4% and 4.1% achieved the recommended time and steps per day goals, respectively. Approximately 1/4 (22.7%) met the screen time recommendation, whereas fewer than 1/2 (47.4%) achieved the nightly sleep duration goal. Sex and age-group comparisons revealed subtle, but potentially important, differences in lifestyle behaviours that have implications for pediatric weight management. This study highlights the sub-optimal lifestyle behaviours of overweight children and adolescents referred for weight management. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether overweight boys and girls who achieve the lifestyle behaviour targets included in this study are able to successfully manage their weight and (or) reduce obesity-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff D.C. Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Julie M. Lenk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Bobbi N. Barbarich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ronald C. Plotnikoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Graham J. Fishburne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kelly A. Mackenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Noreen D. Willows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Pediatric Centre for Weight and Health, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Capital Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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Steele RM, Brage S, Corder K, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome in youth. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:342-51. [PMID: 18369096 PMCID: PMC2494842 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is defined as the coexistence of multiple cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors, the prevalence of which has increased dramatically in adult populations in the last decades. More recently, the same cluster of metabolic risk factors has also been recognized in children and adolescents. Epidemiological evidence suggests that high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity are associated with a favorable metabolic risk profile in adults. However, in youth the role of these factors is less clear. Therefore, the purpose of this mini-review is to examine the recent evidence between objectively measured habitual physical activity and CRF with clustered metabolic risk in youth. In general, it appears that both physical activity and CRF are separately and independently associated with metabolic risk factors in youth, possibly through different causal pathways. Further research is necessary to quantify how much physical activity is needed to prevent the metabolic syndrome and the diseases with which it is associated. Public health approaches that encourage increased physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors may prove useful in reducing the population burden associated with metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Steele
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Huang TTK, Nansel TR, Belsheim AR, Morrison JA. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pediatric metabolic syndrome components in relation to adult metabolic syndrome: the Princeton LRC follow-up study. J Pediatr 2008; 152:185-90. [PMID: 18206687 PMCID: PMC2414260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (obesity, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and blood pressure) at various cutoff points in relation to adult MetS. STUDY DESIGN Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Lipid Research Clinics Princeton Prevalence Study (1973-1976) and the Princeton Follow-up Study (2000-2004) were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for each component at a given cutoff point and for aggregates of components. RESULTS Individual pediatric components alone showed low to moderate sensitivity, high specificity, and moderate predictive values in relation to adult MetS. When all 5 pediatric MetS components were considered, the presence of at least 1 abnormality had higher sensitivity for adult MetS than individual components alone. When multiple abnormalities were mandatory for MetS, positive predictive value was high and sensitivity was low. Childhood body mass alone showed neither high sensitivity nor high positive predictive value for adult MetS. CONCLUSIONS Considering multiple metabolic variables in childhood can improve the predictive usefulness for adult MetS, compared with each component or body mass alone. MetS variables may be useful for identifying some children who are at risk for prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry T-K Huang
- Endocrinology, Nutrition and Growth Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tonja R. Nansel
- Prevention Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Allen R. Belsheim
- Prevention Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - John A. Morrison
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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