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Predictive Validity of Image-Based Motivation-to-Eat Visual Analogue Scales in Normal Weight Children and Adolescents Aged 9-14 Years. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030636. [PMID: 35276995 PMCID: PMC8840208 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper-based motivation-to-eat visual analogue scales (VASs) developed for adults are widely used in the pediatric age range. The VAS is comprised of four domains: hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption. The purpose of the present study was to determine agreement between the traditional paper-based VAS and a novel digital VAS (with and without images), as well as the novel digital VAS's predictive validity for subsequent food intake (FI) in 9-14-year-old children and adolescents. Following an overnight fast and 3 h after consuming a standardized breakfast at home, children and adolescents (n = 17) completed three different VAS instruments (VASpaper, VASimages, VASno-images) in a randomized order at five time-points: 0 min (baseline), 5 min (immediately after consuming a 147 kcal yogurt treatment), 20 min, 35 min (immediately before an ad libitum lunch), and 65 min (immediately post ad libitum lunch). All three instruments were comparable, as shown by low bias and limits of agreement on Bland-Altman plots, moderate to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients for all domains at all time-points (ICC = 0.72-0.98), and no differences between the incremental area under the curve for any of the domains. All three instruments also showed good predictive validity for subsequent FI, with the strongest relationship observed immediately before the ad libitum lunch (p = 0.56-0.63). There was no significant association between subjective thirst and water intake, except with VASno-images at baseline (r = 0.49, p = 0.046). In conclusion, the present study suggests that a novel image-based digital VAS evaluating motivation-to-eat is interchangeable with the traditional paper-based VAS, and provides good predictive validity for next-meal FI in 9-14-year-old normal weight children and adolescents.
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Do children really eat what they like? Relationships between liking and intake across laboratory test-meals. Appetite 2022; 172:105946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gheller BJF, Li AC, Gheller ME, Armstrong T, Vandenboer E, Bellissimo N, Anini Y, Hamilton J, Nunes F, Mollard RC, Anderson GH, Luhovyy BL. The effect of dairy products and non-dairy snacks on food intake, subjective appetite and cortisol levels in children: a randomized control study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1097-1104. [PMID: 33725464 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dairy snacks are available in various physical forms and their consumption is linked to improved metabolic health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dairy snacks of different physical forms on short-term food intake (FI), subjective appetite, and the stress hormone, cortisol, in children. Following a repeated-measures crossover design, 40 children aged 9-14 years randomly consumed 1 of 5 isoenergetic (180 kcal) snacks per study session. These snacks included solid (potato chips, cookies, and cheese), semi-solid (Greek yogurt), and fluid (2% fat milk) snacks. FI was measured 120 min after snack consumption. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (immediately before the snack), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Salivary cortisol (n = 18) was measured after the Greek yogurt and cookie snacks at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. FI did not differ between snacks (P = 0.15). The Greek yogurt (P < 0.0001) and cheese (P = 0.0009) snacks reduced average appetite compared with the 2% fat milk snack. Salivary cortisol levels were not affected by snack (P = 0.84). This study demonstrates that dairy snacks are as effective as other popular snacks at influencing subsequent FI. However, solid and semi-solid dairy snacks are more effective at repressing subjective appetite than a fluid dairy snack. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02484625). Novelty: Milk, Greek yogurt and cheese have a similar effect on short-term food intake in children as popular potato chips and cookie snacks. Solid, semi-solid and liquid snacks have a similar effect on short-term food intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J F Gheller
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Athena C Li
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Mary E Gheller
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Tove Armstrong
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Erik Vandenboer
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1, Canada
| | - Fernando Nunes
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Mollard
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1, Canada
| | - Bohdan L Luhovyy
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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4
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Okada TE, Quan T, Bomhof MR. Exogenous Ketones Lower Post-exercise Acyl-Ghrelin and GLP-1 but Do Not Impact Ad libitum Energy Intake. Front Nutr 2021; 7:626480. [PMID: 33553236 PMCID: PMC7854551 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.626480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketosis and exercise are both associated with alterations in perceived appetite and modification of appetite-regulating hormones. This study utilized a ketone ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) to examine the impact of elevated ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) during and after a bout of exercise on appetite-related hormones, appetite perception, and ad libitum energy intake over a 2 h post-exercise period. In a randomized crossover trial, 13 healthy males and females (age: 23.6 ± 2.4 years; body mass index: 25.7 ± 3.2 kg·m−2) completed an exercise session @ 70% VO2peak for 60 min on a cycling ergometer and consumed either: (1) Ketone monoester (KET) (0.5 g·kg−1 pre-exercise + 0.25 g·kg−1 post-exercise); or (2) isocaloric dextrose control (DEX). Transient ketonaemia was achieved with βHB concentrations reaching 5.0 mM (range 4.1–6.1 mM) during the post-exercise period. Relative to the dextrose condition, acyl-ghrelin (P = 0.002) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (P = 0.038) were both reduced by acute ketosis immediately following exercise. AUC for acyl-ghrelin was lower in KET compared to DEX (P = 0.001), however there were no differences in AUC for GLP-1 (P = 0.221) or PYY (P = 0.654). Perceived appetite (hunger, P = 0.388; satisfaction, P = 0.082; prospective food consumption, P = 0.254; fullness, P = 0.282) and 2 h post-exercise ad libitum energy intake (P = 0.488) were not altered by exogenous ketosis. Although KE modifies homeostatic regulators of appetite, it does not appear that KE acutely alters energy intake during the post-exercise period in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro E Okada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tony Quan
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Bellissimo N, Fansabedian T, Wong VC, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Brett NR, Schwartz A, Cassin S, Suitor K, Rousseau D. Effect of Increasing the Dietary Protein Content of Breakfast on Subjective Appetite, Short-Term Food Intake and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103025. [PMID: 33023221 PMCID: PMC7601774 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein affects energy balance by decreasing food intake (FI) and increasing energy expenditure through diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in adults. Our objective was to investigate the effects of increasing the dietary protein in an isocaloric breakfast on subjective appetite, FI, blood glucose, and DIT in 9-14 y children. Two randomized repeated measures designs were used. In experiment 1, 17 children (9 boys, 8 girls) consumed isocaloric meals (450 kcal) on four separate mornings containing: 7 g (control), 15 g (low protein, LP), 30 g (medium protein, MP) or 45 g (high protein, HP) of protein. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and regular intervals for 4 h, and FI was measured at 4 h. In experiment 2, 9 children (6 boys, 3 girls) consumed the control or HP breakfast on two separate mornings, and both DIT and subjective appetite were determined over 5 h. In experiment 1, all dietary protein treatments suppressed subjective appetite compared to control (p < 0.001), and the HP breakfast suppressed FI compared with the LP breakfast and control (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, DIT was higher after HP than control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the dietary protein content of breakfast had favorable effects on satiety, FI, and DIT in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +14-16-979-5000-x553026
| | - Tammy Fansabedian
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Vincent C.H. Wong
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Neil R. Brett
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Stephanie Cassin
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada;
| | - Katherine Suitor
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada; (T.F.); (V.C.H.W.); (N.R.B.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B-2K3, Canada;
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Schwartz A, Hunschede S, Lacombe RJS, Chatterjee D, Sánchez-Hernández D, Kubant R, Bazinet RP, Hamilton JK, Anderson GH. Acute decrease in plasma testosterone and appetite after either glucose or protein beverages in adolescent males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:295-303. [PMID: 31055857 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic testosterone blood concentrations associate with food intake (FI), but acute effects of testosterone on appetite and effect of protein and glucose consumption on testosterone response have had little examination. METHODS In a randomized, crossover study, twenty-three adolescent (12-18 years old) males were given beverages containing either: (a) whey protein (1 g/kg body weight), (b) glucose (1 g/kg body weight) or (c) a calorie-free control (C). Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), GLP-1 (active), ghrelin (acylated), glucose, insulin and subjective appetite were measured prior (0) and at 20, 35 and 65 minutes after the consumption of the beverage. FI at an ad libitum pizza meal was assessed at 85 minutes. RESULTS Testosterone decreased acutely to 20 minutes after both protein and glucose with the decrease continuing after protein but not glucose to 65 minutes (P = 0.0382). LH was also decreased by both protein and glucose, but glucose had no effect at 20 minutes in contrast to protein (P < 0.001). Plasma testosterone concentration correlated positively with LH (r = 0.58762, P < 0.0001) and negatively with GLP-1 (r = -0.50656, P = 0.0003). No associations with appetite, ghrelin or glycaemic markers were found. Food intake was not affected by treatments. CONCLUSION Protein or glucose ingestion results in acute decreases in both plasma testosterone and LH in adolescent males. The physiological significance of this response remains to be determined as no support for testosterone's role in acute regulation of food intake was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sascha Hunschede
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russel John Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diptendu Chatterjee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Paul Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill K Hamilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gheller BJ, Gheller M, Li A, Nunes F, Anini Y, Glanville NT, Bellissimo N, Hamilton J, Anderson GH, Luhovyy BL. Effect of dairy and nondairy snacks on postprandial blood glucose regulation in 9-14-year-old children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1073-1080. [PMID: 30794429 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In adults, dairy consumption improves short-term blood glucose regulation. It is unknown if these short-term benefits extend to children of different weight statuses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a dairy and nondairy snack in both normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) children on blood glucose regulation and food intake (FI). In a repeated-measures crossover design, 11 NW and 7 OW/OB children (age: 9-14 years), consumed, in random order, a dairy (Greek yogurt, 198.9 g, 171 kcal, 0 g fat, 17 g protein) or nondairy (mini sandwich-type cookies, 37.5 g, 175 kcal, 7.5 g fat, 1.3 g protein) snack containing 25 g of available carbohydrates. Ad libitum FI was measured 120 min after snack consumption. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at 0 min (before the snack), and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption. Insulin secretion was calculated from deconvolution of C-peptide. Hepatic insulin extraction was calculated as C-peptide divided by insulin. FI did not differ between snacks (P = 0.55). Mean blood glucose was lower (P < 0.001) and insulin higher (P < 0.0001) in the 120 min after consuming the dairy snack. C-Peptide concentrations (P = 0.75) and insulin secretion (P = 0.37) were not different between snacks. The increase in insulin was explained by reduced hepatic insulin extraction (P < 0.01). Consumption of the dairy snack also increased mean GLP-1 concentrations (P < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of a dairy snack by NW and OW/OB children results in reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations and elevated circulating insulin compared with a nondairy snack possibly because of delayed hepatic insulin extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Gheller
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Mary Gheller
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Athena Li
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Fernando Nunes
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - N Theresa Glanville
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Bohdan L Luhovyy
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford, Hwy, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
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Poirier KL, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Bennett LJ, Brett NR, Boateng T, Schwartz A, Luhovyy BL, Bellissimo N. Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Boys. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020270. [PMID: 30691085 PMCID: PMC6412575 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether sugar sweetened beverages bypass regulatory controls of food intake (FI) in boys. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of isovolumetric preloads (350 mL) of a fruit-flavoured drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% M.F. chocolate milk (224 kcal), and water (0 kcal) on subjective appetite and FI in boys aged 9–14 years. On four separate mornings, boys consumed one of the preloads in a random order; subjective appetite was measured at 15 min intervals, and FI was measured via an ad libitum pizza lunch at 60 min post-beverage consumption. In the 32 boys (age: 11.8 ± 0.3 years), FI was reduced (p < 0.001) after cola (940 ± 46 kcal) and chocolate milk (878 ± 41 kcal) compared with the water control (1048 ± 35 kcal) and after chocolate milk compared to the fruit drink (1005 ± 44 kcal). Cumulative FI after the fruit drink was greater than the water control (1159 ± 44 vs. 1048 ± 35 kcal; p = 0.03). Average appetite was not affected by the treatment, but the cola treatment resulted in greater fullness (p = 0.04) and lower prospective food consumption (p = 0.004) compared with the fruit drink. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola suppressed next-meal FI at 60 min, while fruit drink increased cumulative FI (beverage + next meal) over 60 min in boys. Results from this study suggest that beverage composition is an important determinant of FI suppression in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Poirier
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Julia O Totosy de Zepetnek
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Lorianne J Bennett
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Neil R Brett
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Terence Boateng
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Bohdan L Luhovyy
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
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9
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Gheller BJF, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Welch JM, Rossiter MD, Luhovyy B, Brett NR, Bellissimo N. Effect of video game playing and a glucose preload on subjective appetite, subjective emotions, and food intake in overweight and obese boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:248-254. [PMID: 30096245 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Video game playing (VGP) is associated with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). VGP and caloric preloads in the pre-meal environment influence short-term food intake (FI) in healthy-weight children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of pre-meal VGP and a glucose preload on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and FI in boys with OW/OB. On 4 separate mornings, boys with OW/OB (n = 22; mean ± SD: age = 11.9 ± 1.6 years; body mass index percentile = 94.3 ± 3.9) participated in 4 test conditions. Two hours after a standardized breakfast, boys consumed equally sweetened preloads (250 mL) of sucralose (0 kcal) or glucose (200 kcal), with or without 30 min of subsequent VGP. Immediately after each test condition, FI was evaluated during an ad libitum pizza meal. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (baseline), 15, and 30 min. Subjective emotions (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, and frustration) were measured at 0 and 30 min. VGP did not affect FI, but the glucose preload decreased FI compared with the sucralose control (Δ = -103 ± 48 kcal, p < 0.01). However, cumulative FI (preload kcal + meal kcal) was 9% higher after the glucose preload (p < 0.01). Subjective appetite increased with time (p < 0.05) but was not influenced by preload or VGP. Frustration was the only subjective emotion that increased following VGP (p < 0.01). A glucose preload, but not VGP, suppressed FI in boys with OW/OB, suggesting a primary role of physiological factors in short-term FI regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J F Gheller
- a Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | | | - Jo M Welch
- c Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melissa D Rossiter
- d Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Bohdan Luhovyy
- a Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Neil R Brett
- e School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- e School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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10
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Guo Q, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Chang J, Hayden J, Crozier SJ, Mongia G, Rousseau D, Bellissimo N. Effect of Midmorning Puree Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:659-669. [PMID: 29702032 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1457457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Chang
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Hayden
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Girls. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040394. [PMID: 29570607 PMCID: PMC5946179 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and short-term FI in 9–14-year-old girls. The methods we used include using a randomized crossover design in which 28 girls consumed isovolumetric amounts (350 mL) of a fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal) on four separate mornings. Subjective appetite and thirst were measured at regular intervals via visual analogue scales (VAS) and FI was assessed at 60 min post-beverage consumption. The results show that subjective appetite and thirst decreased after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term FI was suppressed following consumption of chocolate milk (15%; p < 0.001) and cola (11%; p = 0.02) compared to the water control. However, cumulative energy intake (beverage (kcal) + test meal (kcal)) was not affected by beverage type. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola, but not fruit drink, suppressed FI in girls while cumulative FI did not differ among treatments.
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Holt GM, Owen LJ, Till S, Cheng Y, Grant VA, Harden CJ, Corfe BM. Systematic literature review shows that appetite rating does not predict energy intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3577-3582. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1246414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy M. Holt
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren J. Owen
- University of Central Lancashire, Psychology Department, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Till
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yanying Cheng
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky A. Grant
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J. Harden
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard M. Corfe
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Chula de Castro JA, Lima TRD, Silva DAS. Body composition estimation in children and adolescents by bioelectrical impedance analysis: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2017; 22:134-146. [PMID: 29332738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has commonly been used to assess the body composition of children and adolescents. BIA validation studies have found distinct correlation values with reference methods. OBJECTIVES To assess the reproducibility, correlation and mean differences in body composition estimated by BIA and reference methods, we systematically reviewed the literature in the pediatric population. METHOD The search for articles was conducted in March 2016 and was limited to articles published from 2005 to 2015 in the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases. Two reviewers independently performed data selection and extraction of studies that investigated the BIA validity, responsiveness, reliability and/or measurement error (reproducibility) to estimate body composition in children and adolescents with an average age ≤ 18 years. RESULTS The search produced 48 articles. Almost perfect reproducibility was found in the body fat percentage estimated by BIA, and there was almost perfect correlation between the BIA ratings and reference methods for fat mass and fat-free mass. Regarding component estimates, BIA underestimated the fat mass in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS The body fat percentage estimated by BIA exhibited almost perfect reproducibility. The fat mass and fat-free mass estimated by BIA correlated almost perfectly with the reference methods in both sexes. BIA underestimated the fat mass in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Antônio Chula de Castro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Rodrigues de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Bawden S, Stephenson M, Falcone Y, Lingaya M, Ciampi E, Hunter K, Bligh F, Schirra J, Taylor M, Morris P, Macdonald I, Gowland P, Marciani L, Aithal GP. Increased liver fat and glycogen stores after consumption of high versus low glycaemic index food: A randomized crossover study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:70-77. [PMID: 27593525 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the acute and longer-term effects of low (LGI) versus high glycaemic index (HGI) diets on hepatic fat and glycogen accumulation and related blood measures in healthy volunteers. METHODS Eight healthy men (age 20.1 ± 0.4 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 0.9 kg/m2 ) attended a test day before and after a 7-day macronutrient- and energy-matched HGI or LGI diet, followed by a minimum 4-week wash-out period, and then returned to repeat the intervention with the alternative diet. During test days, participants consumed either an HGI or an LGI test meal corresponding to their diet week, and liver fat [ 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)], glycogen ( 13 C MRS) and gastric content volume (MRI) were measured. Blood samples were obtained regularly throughout the test day to assess plasma glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS Plasma glucose and insulin peak values and area under the curve were significantly greater after the HGI test meal compared with the LGI test meal, as expected. Hepatic glycogen concentrations increased more after the HGI test meal ( P < .05) and peak levels were significantly greater after 7 days of HGI dietary intervention compared with those at the beginning of the intervention ( P < .05). Liver fat fractions increased significantly after the HGI dietary intervention compared with the LGI dietary intervention (two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance P ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with an LGI diet, a 1-week HGI diet increased hepatic fat and glycogen stores. This may have important clinical relevance for dietary interventions in the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bawden
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Physics and Astronomy, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary Stephenson
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yirga Falcone
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Melanie Lingaya
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Schirra
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Ludwig-Maxmillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Moira Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Morris
- Physics and Astronomy, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Macdonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- Physics and Astronomy, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luca Marciani
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Adolphus K, Bellissimo N, Lawton CL, Ford NA, Rains TM, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Dye L. Methodological Challenges in Studies Examining the Effects of Breakfast on Cognitive Performance and Appetite in Children and Adolescents. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:184S-196S. [PMID: 28096143 PMCID: PMC5227972 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakfast is purported to confer a number of benefits on diet quality, health, appetite regulation, and cognitive performance. However, new evidence has challenged the long-held belief that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of the key methodological challenges and considerations in studies assessing the effect of breakfast on cognitive performance and appetite control, along with recommendations for future research. This review focuses on the myriad challenges involved in studying children and adolescents specifically. Key methodological challenges and considerations include study design and location, sampling and sample section, choice of objective cognitive tests, choice of objective and subjective appetite measures, merits of providing a fixed breakfast compared with ad libitum, assessment and definition of habitual breakfast consumption, transparency of treatment condition, difficulty of isolating the direct effects of breakfast consumption, untangling acute and chronic effects, and influence of confounding variables. These methodological challenges have hampered a clear substantiation of the potential positive effects of breakfast on cognition and appetite control and contributed to the debate questioning the notion that breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Adolphus
- Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- Faculty of Community Services, School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clare L Lawton
- Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Louise Dye
- Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Pollard D, Welch JM, Rossiter M, Faghih S, Bellissimo N. Pre-meal screen-time activities increase subjective emotions, but not food intake in young girls. Appetite 2016; 111:32-37. [PMID: 28011003 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of pre-meal screen-time activities on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and food intake (FI) in 9-14 year-old girls. METHODS In this clinical study, 31 girls completed four 45-min treatment conditions of television viewing (TVV), video game playing (VGP), a challenging computer task (CT), and sitting without screen exposure (control) in a randomized order. Each treatment condition was followed immediately by an ad libitum pizza lunch, and FI was calculated from the weight of the consumed pizza. Subjective appetite was assessed at baseline, 15, 30, and 45 min during the treatment condition, and upon trial completion at 75 min. Subjective emotions were assessed at baseline and at 45 min. RESULTS FI was not affected by screen type, but was positively correlated with body composition (fat mass [FM, kg], fat free mass [FFM, kg]) in all treatment conditions. Subjective appetite was not affected by screen type, but increased with time in all treatment conditions (p < 0.0001). Subjective emotions were affected by VGP only. Anger, excitement, frustration, and upset feelings were increased at 45 min following VGP. VGP led to increased frustration compared to control (p = 0.0003), CT (p = 0.007) and TVV (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Exposure to TVV or CT before eating did not affect subjective emotions, subjective appetite, or FI, and no difference was found between screen activities and the control condition for average appetite or FI. Despite a change in subjective emotions during the VGP condition, there was no increase in subjective appetite or subsequent FI. These findings suggest that physiologic signals of satiation and satiety are not overridden by environmental stimuli of pre-meal screen-time exposure among young girls. (Clinical trial number NCT01750177).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damion Pollard
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Jo M Welch
- Division of Kinesiology, Dalhousie University, 6230 South St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melissa Rossiter
- Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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17
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Thivel D, Genin PM, Mathieu ME, Pereira B, Metz L. Reproducibility of an in-laboratory test meal to assess ad libitum energy intake in adolescents with obesity. Appetite 2016; 105:129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Sun FH, Wong SHS, Liu ZG. Post-exercise appetite was affected by fructose content but not glycemic index of pre-exercise meals. Appetite 2016; 96:481-486. [PMID: 26478187 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether both glycemic index (GI) and breakfast fructose content affect appetite during the postprandial period and recovery period after 1 hr of brisk walking. Ten healthy young men (age: 21.7 ± 1.5 y, body mass index: 20.9 ± 1.1 kg∙m(-2), VO2max: 53.7 ± 3.7 mL∙kg(-1)∙min(-1)) completed 1 hr of brisk walking at 46% VO2max 2 hr after eating one of three isocaloric breakfasts: a low-GI breakfast not including fructose content (LGI), a low-GI breakfast including fructose beverage (LGIF) and a high-GI breakfast (HGI). All breakfasts provided 1.0 g∙kg(-1) body weight carbohydrates, and the calculated GI values for the three breakfasts were 41, 39, and 72, respectively. In the LGIF and HGI trials, approximately 25% of participants' energy was derived from either fructose or glucose beverage. Appetite scores were measured every 30 min during the 2-hr postprandial period and 1-hr recovery period. During the postprandial period, the incremental areas under the blood response curve values of glucose and insulin were higher in the HGI trial, compared with those in the LGI and LGIF trials. At 30 and 60 min during the recovery period, the appetite scores were lower in the LGIF trial than those in the LGI and HGI trials. No differences were observed between the LGI and HGI trials. Breakfast fructose content, rather than GI, seems to affect appetite during the recovery period after 1 hr of brisk walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong.
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Dong Ying Vocational Institute, Shan Dong, China
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Schwartz A, Patel BP, Vien S, McCrindle BW, Anderson GH, Hamilton J. Acute decrease in serum testosterone after a mixed glucose and protein beverage in obese peripubertal boys. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:332-8. [PMID: 25308907 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Delayed puberty and lower levels of testosterone (T) have been observed in adult obese males and some adolescent males. In adult men, enteral glucose ingestion results in acute lowering of serum testosterone levels; however, this has not been studied in adolescents. We aimed to examine the acute effect of a glucose/protein beverage on serum T concentration changes in obese peripubertal males. A second objective was to determine whether change in T concentration was related to appetite hormone levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-three overweight and obese males aged 8-17 in pre-early (Tanner stage 1-2) and mid-late (Tanner stage 3-5) puberty were included in this cross-sectional study at the Clinical investigative unit at the Hospital for Sick Children. Participants consumed a beverage containing glucose and protein, and blood samples measuring pubertal hormones, ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were taken over 60 min. RESULTS Across pubertal stages, there was a significant decrease in T levels in adolescent boys (-18·6 ± 3·1%, P < 0·01) with no proportional differences between pre-early and mid-late puberty (P = 0·09). Decrease in T was associated with a decrease in LH (r = 0·52, P = 0·02), and fasting T was inversely correlated with fasting ghrelin (r = -0·51, P = 0·03) with no correlation with GLP-1. CONCLUSIONS Intake of a mixed glucose/protein beverage acutely decreases T levels in overweight and obese peripubertal boys. A potential mechanism for this decrease may be secondary to an acute decrease in LH, but this requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barkha P Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shirley Vien
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Hunschede S, El Khoury D, Antoine-Jonville S, Smith C, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Acute changes in substrate oxidation do not affect short-term food intake in healthy boys and men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:168-77. [PMID: 25603432 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute relationship between substrate oxidation as measured by respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and food intake (FI) has not been defined. The purpose of the study was to determine acute relationships between RER, modified by exercise and a glucose load, and FI and net energy balance (NEB) in physically active normal-weight boys and men. In a crossover design, 15 boys (aged 9-12 years) and 15 men (aged 20-30 years) were randomly assigned to 4 conditions: (i) water and rest, (ii) glucose-drink and rest, (iii) water and exercise, and (iv) glucose-drink and exercise. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine RER, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Subjective appetite and blood glucose were also measured. RER was higher after glucose (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with water (0.87 ± 0.01) (p < 0.0001), and after exercise (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with rest (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0043) in men (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with boys (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0002). FI (kcal·m(-2)) did not differ between boys and men. Glucose (582 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) reduced FI compared with water (689 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), and further decreased FI when combined with exercise (554 ± 34 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0303). NEB was reduced with exercise (573 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) compared with the sedentary condition (686 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), but was higher after the glucose drink (654 ± 27 kcal·m(-2)) compared with water (605 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0267). No correlations were found between RER and FI or NEB in boys and men, except in the control condition of resting with water. In conclusion, the short-term modification of substrate oxidation by glucose and/or exercise in normal weight and active boys and men did not affect FI and NEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hunschede
- a Department for Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Anderson GH, Khodabandeh S, Patel B, Luhovyy BL, Bellissimo N, Mollard RC. Mealtime exposure to food advertisements while watching television increases food intake in overweight and obese girls but has a paradoxical effect in boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:162-7. [PMID: 25610952 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food advertisements (ads) in TV programs influence food choice and have been associated with higher energy intake from snacks in children; however, their effects at mealtime have not been reported. Therefore, we measured energy intake at a pizza meal consumed by normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) children (aged 9-14 years) while they watched a TV program with or without food ads and following pre-meal consumption of a sweetened beverage with or without calories. NW and OW/OB boys (experiment 1, n = 27) and girls (experiment 2, n = 23) were randomly assigned to consume equally sweetened drinks containing glucose (1.0 g/kg body weight) or sucralose (control). Food intake was measured 30 min later while children watched a program containing food or nonfood ads. Appetite was measured before (0-30 min) and after (60 min) the meal. Both boys and girls reduced energy intake at the meal in compensation for energy in the glucose beverage (p < 0.05). Food ads resulted in further compensation (51%) in boys but not in girls. Food ads increased energy intake at the meal (9%; p = 0.03) in OW/OB girls only. In conclusion, the effects of TV programs with food ads on mealtime energy intake and response to pre-meal energy consumption in children differ by sex and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harvey Anderson
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Van Engelen M, Khodabandeh S, Akhavan T, Agarwal J, Gladanac B, Bellissimo N. Effect of sugars in solutions on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in 9- to 14-year-old normal weight boys. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:773-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Are Post-Exercise Appetite Sensations and Energy Intake Coupled in Children and Adolescents? Sports Med 2014; 44:735-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Patel BP, Bellissimo N, Luhovyy B, Bennett LJ, Hurton E, Painter JE, Anderson GH. An after-school snack of raisins lowers cumulative food intake in young children. J Food Sci 2014; 78 Suppl 1:A5-A10. [PMID: 23789934 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Snacks are an important part of children's dietary intake, but the role of dried fruit on energy intake in children is unknown. Therefore, the effect of ad libitum consumption of an after-school snack of raisins, grapes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies on appetite and energy intake in twenty-six 8- to 11-y-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children was examined. On 4 separate weekdays, 1 wk apart, children (11 M, 15 F) were given a standardized breakfast, morning snack (apple), and a standardized lunch. After school, children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum snacks and were instructed to eat until "comfortably full." Appetite was measured before and 15, 30, and 45 min after snack consumption. Children consumed the least calories from raisins and grapes and the most from cookies (P < 0.001). However, weight of raisins consumed was similar to potato chips (about 75 g) and lower compared to grapes and cookies (P < 0.009). Raisins and grapes led to lower cumulative food intake (breakfast + morning snack + lunch + after-school snack) (P < 0.001), while the cookies increased cumulative food intake (P < 0.001) compared to the other snacks. Grapes lowered appetite compared to all other snacks (P < 0.001) when expressed as a change in appetite per kilocalorie of the snack. Ad libitum consumption of raisins has potential as an after-school snack to achieve low snack intake prior to dinner, similar to grapes, compared to potato chips, and cookies in children 8 to 11 y old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P Patel
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Patel BP, Luhovyy B, Mollard R, Painter JE, Anderson GH. A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:382-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = 0.005), and resulted in a cumulative intake similar to water; however, both grapes and the mixed snack resulted in higher cumulative intakes (p < 0.015). Appetite was lower after all caloric ad libitum snacks (p < 0.003) and after fixed amounts of grapes and the mixed snack (p < 0.037), compared with water. In conclusion, consumption of a premeal snack of raisins, but not grapes or a mix of raisins and almonds, reduces meal-time energy intake and does not lead to increased cumulative energy intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P. Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Bohdan Luhovyy
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Professional Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Mollard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - James E. Painter
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
| | - G. Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Rumbold PLS, Dodd-Reynolds CJ, Stevenson EJ. Informing Primary School Nutritional Policy: Effects of Mid-Morning Snacks on Appetite and Energy Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.45068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Patel BP, Tamam S, Bellissimo N, Anderson GH. Reply to the discussion of “Overweight and obese boys reduce food intake in response to a glucose drink but fail to increase intake in response to exercise of short duration”. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P. Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College, Street, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Shlomi Tamam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College, Street, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - G. Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College, Street, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Smith CE, Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Anderson GH. The effect of yellow pea protein and fibre on short-term food intake, subjective appetite and glycaemic response in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 1:S74-80. [PMID: 22916818 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulses are low-glycaemic foods rich in protein (20-25 %), resistant starch and fibre that suppress appetite and glycaemia. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the component(s) of yellow peas responsible for these benefits and assess their efficacy as value-added food ingredients. We investigated the effects of 10 or 20 g of isolated yellow pea protein (P10 and P20) or fibre (F10 and F20) on food intake (FI) at an ad libitum pizza meal served at 30 min (Expt 1, n 19) or 120 min (Expt 2, n 20) and blood glucose (BG) and appetite in young, healthy males (20-30 years). In Expt 1, P20 led to lower FI than control (4937 (sem 502) v. 5632 (sem 464) kJ (1180 (sem 120) v. 1346 (sem 111) kcal)) and all other treatments (P < 0·01) and lower cumulative FI (pizza meal kcal+treatment kcal; CFI) compared to F10 (5460 (sem 498) v. 6084 (sem 452) kJ (1305 (sem 119) v. 1454 (sem 108) kcal); P = 0·033). Both protein treatments suppressed mean pre-meal (0-30 min) BG compared to control (P < 0·05), whereas only P20 suppressed mean post-meal (50-120 min) BG (P < 0·01). There was no effect of treatment on pre-meal or post-meal appetite. In Expt 2, there was no effect of treatment on FI, CFI, or pre- or post-meal BG or appetite. In conclusion, protein is the component responsible for the short-term effects of yellow peas in the regulation of glycaemia and FI, but its second-meal effects disappear by 2 h post-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Room 322, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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Allirot X, Saulais L, Disse E, Roth H, Cazal C, Laville M. Validation of a buffet meal design in an experimental restaurant. Appetite 2012; 58:889-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tamam S, Bellissimo N, Patel BP, Thomas SG, Anderson GH. Overweight and obese boys reduce food intake in response to a glucose drink but fail to increase intake in response to exercise of short duration. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:520-9. [PMID: 22530879 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of short duration exercise (EXR) on food intake (FI) and energy balance (EB) is not well understood in either normal weight (NW) or overweight (OW) and obese (OB) 9-14 years old children. Our purpose was to describe the effects of activity and a glucose drink on short term FI, appetite, and EB in NW, OW, and OB boys. Each boy received in random order either a noncaloric Sucralose sweetened control or glucose (1.0 g·kg(-1) body weight) drink 5 min after either exercise (EXR) or sedentary (SED) activity. Boys exercised for 15 min at their ventilation threshold (V(T)) in experiment 1 or at 25% above their V(T) in experiment 2. FI was measured at an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min after drink consumption. FI was lower after the glucose drink (p < 0.001) but not affected by activity, even though EXR increased appetite (p < 0.001). OW/OB boys ate more total food than NW boys (p = 0.020). EB over the duration of the experiments was reduced by EXR in OW/OB boys (p = 0.013) but not in NW boys in either experiment (p > 0.05). We conclude that intake regulation in OW/OB boys in response to a glucose drink is similar to NW boys, but it may be less responsive to activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Tamam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Patel BP, Bellissimo N, Thomas SG, Hamilton JK, Anderson GH. Television viewing at mealtime reduces caloric compensation in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:513-7. [PMID: 21772226 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31822d783e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of television viewing (TVV) and pubertal status of 9- to 14-y-old girls on mealtime food intake (FI) after a premeal glucose drink was determined. On four separate mornings, girls randomly received equally sweetened drinks containing Sucralose (control) or glucose (1.0 g/kg body weight) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standardized breakfast. FI from an ad libitum pizza meal was measured 30 min later with or without TVV. Appetite was measured at 15 min intervals to lunch and postmeal. TVV at mealtime had no effect on FI, however, glucose suppressed FI more with no TVV compared with TVV (24 versus 10%, p < 0.001), primarily because of its effect in peripubertal girls (p < 0.028). In postpubertal girls (n = 8), glucose reduced FI by ~27% in both the no TVV and TVV conditions, but in peripubertal girls (n = 17), reduction in FI was 22% without TVV and only 1% while TVV. Appetite correlated with FI at 30 min only in postpubertal girls. TVV at mealtime reduced caloric compensation after consumption of the glucose drink in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls, with no effect on mealtime FI. (Clinical trial number NCT01025687.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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Lara J, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Is ad libitum energy intake in overweight subjects reproducible in laboratory studies using the preload paradigm? Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:1028-31. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bozinovski NC, Bellissimo N, Thomas SG, Pencharz PB, Goode RC, Anderson GH. The effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in 9 to 14 year old boys and girls. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6:66. [PMID: 19818131 PMCID: PMC2768671 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of exercise on subjective appetite and short-term food intake has received little investigation in children. Despite a lack of reported evaluation of short-duration activity programs, they are currently being implemented in schools as a means to benefit energy balance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold (VeT) on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in normal weight boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years. Methods On 4 separate mornings and in random order, boys (n = 14) and girls (n = 15) completed 2 rest or 2 exercise treatments for 15 (short-duration; SD) or 45 min (long-duration; LD) at their previously measured VeT, 2 h after a standardized breakfast. Subjective appetite was measured at regular intervals during the study sessions and food intake from a pizza meal was measured 30 min after rest or exercise. Results An increase in average appetite, desire to eat, and hunger (p < 0.05) was attenuated by SD exercise, but was further increased (p < 0.05) by LD exercise. However, food intake after SD and LD exercise was similar to after rest in both boys and girls (p = 0.55). The energy cost of SD and LD exercise resulted in a lower net energy balance compared to resting during the study measurement period in boys (SD: Δ = -418 ± 301 kJ; LD: Δ = -928 ± 196 kJ) and in girls (SD: Δ = -297 ± 105 kJ; LD: Δ = -432 ± 115 kJ). Conclusion Neither SD nor LD exercise at the VeT increased short-term food intake and SD exercise attenuated increases in appetite. Thus, SD exercise programs in schools may be an effective strategy for maintaining healthier body weights in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Bozinovski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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