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Hashemi S, Arazi H. Influence of different training methods on cardiovascular disease risk markers after cessation of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilders at risk. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse induces adverse effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is unclear whether different training methods are effective in reducing these consequences. This study aims to compare the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and combined training (CT) on CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders at risk after cessation of AAS abuse. Forty bodybuilders were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n=10), AT (n=10), RT (RT, n=10), and CT (n=10) groups. Before and after eight weeks of training, the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), haematocrit (HCT), homocysteine (HCY), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Significant decreases within groups in HCY and CRP were observed (P<0.05). However, decreases were greater in training groups, and there was a significant difference between control and training groups (P<0.05). Increase in NT-proBNP, and decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels were significant only in training groups (P<0.005). The increase of NT-proBNP was significant in the CT when compared to the RT (P<0.05). The present study found that discontinuing AAS consumption can improve some CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders, but this effect could be improved if various modalities of training were performed. Accompanying AT with RT was also discovered to have a greater impact on some markers (including NT-proBNP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M.S. Hashemi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University Campus, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41635-1438, Rasht 4199843653, Iran
| | - H. Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41635-1438, Rasht 4199843653, Iran
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Mattioni Maturana F, Martus P, Zipfel S, NIEß AM. Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:559-573. [PMID: 32890201 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function. METHODS Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE. Studies were included if at least one of the following outcomes were reported: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), body mass index (BMI), body mass, percent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A total of 55 studies were included. RESULTS Overall, HIIE was superior to MICT in improving V˙O2max (d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and FMD (d = 0.54, P < 0.05). Oppositely, MICT was superior to HIIE in improving HbA1c (d = -0.27, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMI (d = -0.02), body mass (d = -0.05), percent body fat (d = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (d = -0.04), diastolic blood pressure (d = 0.03), HDL (d = -0.05), LDL (d = 0.08), triglycerides (d = 0.03), total cholesterol (d = 0.14), CRP (d = -0.11), fasting insulin (d = 0.02), fasting glucose (d = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (d = -0.04). Moderator analyses indicated that the difference between HIIE and MICT was affected by different subgroups. CONCLUSION Overall, HIIE showed to be more effective in improving cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas MICT was superior in improving long-term glucose metabolism. In the process of personalized training counseling, health-enhancing effects of exercise training may be improved by considering the individual risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometrics Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas M NIEß
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
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Tesema G, George M, Hadgu A, Haregot E, Mondal S, Mathivana D. Does chronic high-intensity endurance training have an effect on cardiovascular markers of active populations and athletes? Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032832. [PMID: 31662403 PMCID: PMC6830590 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to ascertain the effects of high-intensity chronic endurance training on cardiovascular markers of active populations and athletes. METHODS This review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We used databases of PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and grey literatures with Mesh and free-text search as well as manual searches to identify relevant studies from June 2017 to September 2019. Weighted standardised mean differences and effect size of the intervention group versus the control group were calculated using a random effect model with 95% CI. RESULT There was significant improvement in high-density lipoprotein with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-1.06 (-1.83 to -0.30), p=0.006. We have also observed a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-0.97 (-1.58 to -0.36), p=0.002, and = -0.78 (-1.34 to -0.22), p=0.007, respectively. There was a significant reduction in interleukin 6 (IL-6) using a fixed effect model with weighted standardised mean difference and effect size=-0.87 (-1.33 to -0.40), p=0.0003 and C reactive protein (CRP) with weighted standardised mean differences and effect size=-0.41 (-0.73 to -0.09), p=0.01. CONCLUSION Chronic high-intensity endurance training improves healthy lipid profiles (increase high-density lipoprotein, decreased low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol). And decreased inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP) independent of age and sex and cannot be associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD 42017081369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Tesema
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computetional sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mala George
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Hadgu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | | | - Soumitra Mondal
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - D Mathivana
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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The effect of resistance exercise upon age-related systemic and local skeletal muscle inflammation. Exp Gerontol 2019; 121:19-32. [PMID: 30905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic inflammation increases with age and is correlated positively to visceral fat mass, but inversely to muscle mass. We investigated the hypothesis that resistance training would increase muscle mass and strength together with a concomitant drop in local and systemic inflammation level independent of any changes in visceral fat tissue in elderly. METHODS 25 subjects (mean 67, range 62-70 years) were randomized to 1 year of heavy resistance training (HRT) or control (CON), and tested at 0, 4 and 12 months for physical performance, body composition (DXA), vastus lateralis muscle area (MRI) local and systemic inflammation (blood and muscle). In addition, systemic and local muscle immunological responses to acute exercise was determined before and after the training period. RESULTS Increases in muscle mass (≈2%, p < 0.05), vastus lateralis area (≈9%. P < 0.05), isometric (≈15%) and dynamic (≈15%) muscle strength (p < 0.05) were found in the HRT group after 12 months training. HRT did not alter overall or visceral fat mass (p > 0.05). Blood C-Reactive Protein declined over time in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas muscle inflammation markers were unchanged to 1 year of HRT. Acute exercise increased plasma IL-6 and FGF-19 (p < 0.05), decreased FGF-21 (p < 0.05) and CCL-20 (p < 0.05), and increased GDNF in muscle (p < 0.001) similarly before and after 1 year in both groups. CONCLUSION Long term resistance training increased muscle strength and improved muscle mass, but did not alter visceral fat mass and did not show any specific effect upon resting or exercise induced markers of inflammation.
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Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Higgins S, Forehand RL, Schmidt MD, Evans EM. Moderate, but not vigorous, intensity exercise training reduces C-reactive protein. Acta Cardiol 2018; 73:283-290. [PMID: 28847205 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1364832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprint interval cycle training is a contemporary popular mode of training but its relative efficacy, under conditions of matched energy expenditure, to reduce risk factors for cardiometabolic disease is incompletely characterised, especially in young women. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative efficacy of six weeks of moderate-intensity cycling (MOD-C) and vigorous sprint-interval cycling (VIG-SIC) on lipid profile, insulin (INS) and insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in inactive, overweight/obese (OW/OB) young women. METHODS Participants (BMI ≥25 kg/m2, waist circumference ≥88 cm) were randomly assigned to MOD-C (20-30 min at 60-70% of heart rate reserve(HRR)) or VIG-SIC (5-7 repeated bouts 30-second maximal effort sprints, followed by four minutes of active recovery) supervised training three days/week for six weeks, with each group matched on energy expenditure. Adiposity (%Fat) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Forty-four participants (20.4 ± 1.6 years, 65.9% Caucasian, 29.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. The improvement in CRP observed in the MOD-C group was larger than the VIG-C group (p = .034). Overall, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels improved following training (p < .05); however, total cholesterol, triglyceride, INS and HOMA-IR did not improve (p > .05). CONCLUSION These results indicate MOD-C training may be more effective in reducing CRP than VIG-SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Hathaway
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Simon Higgins
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen M. Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Dethlefsen C, Pedersen KS, Hojman P. Every exercise bout matters: linking systemic exercise responses to breast cancer control. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 162:399-408. [PMID: 28138894 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative epidemiological evidence shows that regular exercise lowers the risk of developing breast cancer and decreases the risk of disease recurrence. The causality underlying this relation has not been fully established, and the exercise recommendations for breast cancer patients follow the general physical activity guidelines, prescribing 150 min of exercise per week. Thus, elucidations of the causal mechanisms are important to prescribe and implement the most optimal training regimen in breast cancer prevention and treatment. The prevailing hypothesis on the positive association within exercise oncology has focused on lowering of the basal systemic levels of cancer risk factors with exercise training. However, another rather overlooked systemic exercise response is the marked acute increases in several potential anti-cancer components during each acute exercise bout. Here, we review the evidence of the exercise-mediated changes in systemic components with the ability to influence breast cancer progression. In the first part, we focus on systemic risk factors for breast cancer, i.e., sex hormones, insulin, and inflammatory markers, and their adaptation to long-term training. In the second part, we describe the systemic factors induced acutely during exercise, including catecholamines and myokines. In conclusion, we propose that the transient increases in exercise factors during acute exercise appear to be mediating the positive effect of regular exercise on breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dethlefsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, Copenhagen University Hospital, 7641, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Seide Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, Copenhagen University Hospital, 7641, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, Copenhagen University Hospital, 7641, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:670-676. [PMID: 27445361 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-095999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of change in CRP following participation in physical exercise interventions. METHODS All studies included in the meta-analysis were peer reviewed and published in English. Human participants were assigned to a non-exercise comparison group or exercise training group, with the intervention lasting ≥2 weeks. CRP levels were measured at baseline, during and/or after completion of the exercise training programme. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean effect size (ES), 95% CIs and potential moderators. RESULTS 83 randomised and non-randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and resulted in 143 effects (n=3769). The mean ES of 0.26 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.34, p<0.001) indicated a decrease in CRP following exercise training. A decrease in body mass index (BMI; β=1.20, SE=0.25, p<0.0001) and %Fat (β=0.76, SE=0.21, p=0.0002) were associated with a decrease in CRP, independently accounting for 11.1% and 6.6% of the variation in response, respectively. Exercise training led to a greater reduction in CRP when accompanied by a decrease in BMI (ES=0.38, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.50); however, a significant improvement in CRP occurred in the absence of weight loss (ES=0.19, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.28; both p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that engaging in exercise training is associated with a decrease in CRP levels regardless of the age or sex of the individual; however, greater improvements in CRP level occur with a decrease in BMI or %Fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Hammonds TL, Gathright EC, Goldstein CM, Penn MS, Hughes JW. Effects of exercise on c-reactive protein in healthy patients and in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis. Heart Lung 2016; 45:273-82. [PMID: 26916454 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in circulating hsCRP have been associated with increased physical activity and exercise training, although the ability of exercise interventions to reduce hsCRP and which individuals benefit the most remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates the ability of exercise to reduce hsCRP levels in healthy individuals and in individuals with heart disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted that included exercise interventions trials from 1995 to 2012. Forty-three studies were included in the final analysis for a total of 3575 participants. Exercise interventions significantly reduced hsCRP (standardized mean difference -0.53 mg/L; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.33). Results of sub-analysis revealed no significant difference in reductions in hsCRP between healthy adults and those with heart disease (p = .20). Heterogeneity between studies could not be attributed to age, gender, intervention length, intervention type, or inclusion of diet modification. Exercise interventions reduced hsCRP levels in adults irrespective of the presence of heart disease..
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Hammonds
- Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 95 Arch St, Akron, OH, USA
| | | | - Carly M Goldstein
- Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 95 Arch St, Akron, OH, USA; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marc S Penn
- Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 95 Arch St, Akron, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Joel W Hughes
- Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 95 Arch St, Akron, OH, USA.
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Richardson MR, Boyer WR, Johnson TM, Churilla JR. Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and C-Reactive Protein in U.S. Adults. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13:453-7. [PMID: 26451493 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have revealed inverse associations between physical activity (PA) and C-reactive protein (CRP). However, few studies have examined associations between vigorous intensity PA (VIPA) and CRP using nationally representative samples. METHODS The sample (n = 14,461) included adults (≥20 years of age) who participated in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Reported VIPA was categorized into none, insufficient (<500 MET·min·wk(-1)), and meeting the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services PA recommendation (≥500 MET·min·wk(-1)). The dependent variable was elevated CRP (3<CRP≤10mg/L). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds and adjust for potential confounding variables. RESULTS Analysis revealed significantly lower odds of having elevated CRP for those reporting volumes of VIPA meeting the 2008 DHHS PA recommendation (odds ratio 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.64-0.87, P = 0.0004). Adjustment for several metabolic risk factors minimally affected the observed associations. CONCLUSIONS In a representative sample of U.S. adults, volumes of VIPA meeting current recommendations was associated with significantly lower odds of having an elevated CRP level when compared to those reporting no VIPA. These results suggest an inverse relationship may exist between VIPA and elevated CRP levels. Future studies should examine the associations among objectively measured VIPA, CRP, and other markers of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Richardson
- 1 Department of Clinical and Applied Movement Sciences, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - William R Boyer
- 2 College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Tammie M Johnson
- 2 Department of Public Health, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida , Jacksonville, Florida
| | - James R Churilla
- 1 Department of Clinical and Applied Movement Sciences, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida , Jacksonville, Florida
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Silverman MN, Deuster PA. Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140040. [PMID: 25285199 PMCID: PMC4142018 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness, achieved through regular exercise and/or spontaneous physical activity, confers resilience by inducing positive psychological and physiological benefits, blunting stress reactivity, protecting against potentially adverse behavioural and metabolic consequences of stressful events and preventing many chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical fitness on mental and physical health. Physical fitness appears to buffer against stress-related disease owing to its blunting/optimizing effects on hormonal stress responsive systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. This blunting appears to contribute to reduced emotional, physiological and metabolic reactivity as well as increased positive mood and well-being. Another mechanism whereby regular exercise and/or physical fitness may confer resilience is through minimizing excessive inflammation. Chronic psychological stress, physical inactivity and abdominal adiposity have been associated with persistent, systemic, low-grade inflammation and exert adverse effects on mental and physical health. The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise/activity can promote behavioural and metabolic resilience, and protect against various chronic diseases associated with systemic inflammation. Moreover, exercise may benefit the brain by enhancing growth factor expression and neural plasticity, thereby contributing to improved mood and cognition. In summary, the mechanisms whereby physical fitness promotes increased resilience and well-being and positive psychological and physical health are diverse and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia A. Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1-58. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062.metabolic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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