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Ramos-Zúñiga J, Bruna N, Pérez-Donoso JM. Toxicity Mechanisms of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Surfaces on Bacterial Cells and Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10503. [PMID: 37445681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is a metal historically used to prevent infections. One of the most relevant challenges in modern society are infectious disease outbreaks, where copper-based technologies can play a significant role. Currently, copper nanoparticles and surfaces are the most common antimicrobial copper-based technologies. Despite the widespread use of copper on nanoparticles and surfaces, the toxicity mechanism(s) explaining their unique antimicrobial properties are not entirely known. In general, toxicity effects described in bacteria and fungi involve the rupture of membranes, accumulation of ions inside the cell, protein inactivation, and DNA damage. A few studies have associated Cu-toxicity with ROS production and genetic material degradation in viruses. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the toxicity of copper nanoparticles and surfaces will contribute to developing and implementing efficient antimicrobial technologies to combat old and new infectious agents that can lead to disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the microbial toxicity of copper nanoparticles and surfaces and the gaps in this knowledge. In addition, we discuss potential applications derived from discovering new elements of copper toxicity, such as using different molecules or modifications to potentiate toxicity or antimicrobial specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Ramos-Zúñiga
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Nicolás Bruna
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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2
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Sinclair TR, van den Hengel SK, Raza BG, Rutjes SA, de Roda Husman AM, Peijnenburg WJGM, Roesink HEDW, de Vos WM. Surface chemistry-dependent antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:365101. [PMID: 34020439 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac03d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity towards viruses of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been reported to be dependent on several factors such as particle concentration, size, and shape. Although these factors may indeed contribute to the toxicity of AgNPs, the results presented in this work demonstrate that surface chemistry and especially surface charge is a crucial factor governing their antiviral activity. Here, this work investigated the influence of capping agents representing various surface charges ranging from negative to positive. These AgNPs were capped with citrate, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) and (branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI). We show that AgNPs exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity towards MS2 bacteriophages. Among the capping agents under investigation, BPEI capped AgNPs (Ag/BPEI) exhibited the highest reduction of MS2 resulting in ≥6 log10-units reductions, followed by 4-5 log10-units reductions with PVP and PEG capping's and 3-4 log10-units with MAA and citrate cappings. Bare nanoparticles reported a mere 1-2 log10-units reduction. Electrostatic interaction between the positively charged BPEI-coating and the negatively charged virus surface played a significant role in bringing the MS2 closer to toxic silver ions (Ag+). Further results obtained from TEM showed that Ag/BPEI nanoparticles could directly damage the structure of the MS2 bacteriophages. AgNPs and cationic capping agents' observed synergy can lead to much lower and much more efficient dosing of AgNPs for antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terica R Sinclair
- Membrane Science & Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne K van den Hengel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public health and the environment (RIVM), A van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brahzil G Raza
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Rutjes
- National Institute for Public health and the environment (RIVM), A van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public health and the environment (RIVM), A van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, IRAS within the faculties of Veterinary Medicine, Medicine and Sciences of Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public health and the environment (RIVM), A van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Erik D W Roesink
- Membrane Science & Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M de Vos
- Membrane Science & Technology, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Soliman MY, Medema G, Bonilla BE, Brouns SJ, van Halem D. Inactivation of RNA and DNA viruses in water by copper and silver ions and their synergistic effect. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 9:100077. [PMID: 33225254 PMCID: PMC7663217 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cu and Ag have been used as bactericidal agents since ancient times, yet their antiviral capacity in water remains poorly understood. This study tested the effect of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) on model RNA and DNA viruses MS2 and PhiX 174 in solution at pH 6-8. Cu caused MS2 inactivation with similar rates at pH 6 and 7 but was inert towards PhiX 174 regardless of pH. Ag inactivated both viruses, causing denaturation of MS2 and loss of capsid spikes in PhiX 174. Ag inactivation rates were pH dependent and increased with increasing pH. At pH 8, 6.5 logs of PhiX were inactivated after 3 h and 3 logs of MS2 after only 10 min. The combined use of Cu and Ag revealed synergy in disinfecting MS2 at pH ≥ 7. Although metal concentrations used were higher than the desired values for drinking water treatment, the results prove a promising potential of Cu and Ag combinations as efficient viricidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y.M. Soliman
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN Delft, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN Delft, the Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Boris Estrada Bonilla
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ Delft, the Netherlands
- Fagenbank, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Stan J.J. Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ Delft, the Netherlands
- Fagenbank, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Doris van Halem
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN Delft, the Netherlands
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Dev Kumar G, Mishra A, Dunn L, Townsend A, Oguadinma IC, Bright KR, Gerba CP. Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1351. [PMID: 32655532 PMCID: PMC7324725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December, 2019, a highly infectious and rapidly spreading new pneumonia of unknown cause was reported to the Chinese WHO Country Office. A cluster of these cases had appeared in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. These infections were found to be caused by a new coronavirus which was given the name "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV). It was later renamed "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2," or SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on February 11, 2020. It was named SARS-CoV-2 due to its close genetic similarity to the coronavirus which caused the SARS outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV-1). The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use. Specifically, we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Laurel Dunn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anna Townsend
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kelly R. Bright
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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5
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Sulfonated Copper-Triazine Complexes. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2018; 2018:2530851. [PMID: 30245707 PMCID: PMC6136538 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2530851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallotriazine complexes possess interesting biological and medicinal properties, and the present study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of four novel copper-triazine derivatives in search of potent antibacterial and antifungal drug leads. In this study, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4,4′-disulfonic acid monosodium salt (L1, ferrozine) and 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-di(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,5′-disulfonic acid disodium salt (L2, ferene) have been used as ligands to study the complexation towards copper(II). The synthesized complexes, [CuCl2(ferrozine)]·7H2O·MeOH (1), [CuCl2(ferrozine)2]·5H2O·MeOH (2), [CuCl2(ferene)]·H2O·MeOH (3), and [CuCl2(ferene)2]·H2O·MeOH (4), have been characterized spectroscopically, and preliminary bioassays have been carried out. FTIR spectroscopic data have shown that N=N and C=N stretching frequencies of complexes have been shifted towards lower frequencies in comparison with that of the ligands, confirming new bond formation between Cu and N, which in turn lowers the strength of N=N and C=N bonds. In addition, a bathochromic shift has been observed for UV-visible spectra of complexes (1), (2), (3), and (4). Furthermore, elemental analysis data have been useful to obtain empirical formulas of these complexes and to establish the purity of each complex. Complexes (1) and (2) have shown antibacterial activity for both S. aureus (ATCC® 25923) and E. coli (ATCC® 25922) at 1 mg/disc concentration, and ferrozine has shown a larger inhibition zone against the clinical sample of C. albicans at 1 mg/disc concentration in comparison with the positive control, fluconazole.
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6
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Armstrong AM, Sobsey MD, Casanova LM. Disinfection of bacteriophage MS2 by copper in water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6891-6897. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Armstrong AM, Sobsey MD, Casanova LM. Disinfection of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by copper in water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:424-432. [PMID: 27280608 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When households lack access to continuous piped water, water storage in the home creates opportunities for contamination. Storage in copper vessels has been shown to reduce microbes, but inactivation kinetics of enteric bacteria in water by copper alone needs to be understood. This work characterized inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by dissolved ionic copper in water. Reductions of E. coli and P. aeruginosa increase with increasing dose. At 0.3 mg/L, there was a 2.5 log10 reduction of E. coli within 6 hours. At 1 and 3 mg/L, the detection limit was reached between 3 and 6 hours; maximum reduction measured was 8.5 log10. For P. aeruginosa, at 6 hours there was 1 log10 reduction at 0.3 mg/L, 3.0 log10 at 1 mg/L, and 3.6 log10 at 3 mg/L. There was no significant decline in copper concentration. Copper inactivates bacteria under controlled conditions at doses between 0.3 and 1 mg/L. E. coli was inactivated more rapidly than P. aeruginosa. Copper at 1 mg/L can achieve 99.9% inactivation of P. aeruginosa and 99.9999997% inactivation of E. coli over 6 hours, making it a candidate treatment for stored household water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Armstrong
- Water Missions International, 1150 Kinzer Street, Building 1605, N. Charleston, SC 29405-1484, USA
| | - Mark D Sobsey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa M Casanova
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA E-mail:
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8
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Patil RA, Ahmad D, Kausley SB, Balkunde PL, Malhotra CP. A compact point-of-use water purification cartridge for household use in developing countries. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:91-102. [PMID: 25719469 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple, low-cost household interventions are known to be effective in lowering the incidence of waterborne diseases in developing countries. However, high costs along with operational and maintenance issues have prevented the successful adoption of these interventions among the affected communities. To address these limitations, a cost-effective, gravity-driven water purification cartridge has been developed by employing the synergistic disinfection action of low concentrations of silver and chlorine on bacteria and viruses. The silver and chlorine treatment components within the cartridge have been developed using inexpensive materials and integrated with a life indicator and auto-shut-off-mechanism within a compact form factor. The antibacterial as well as antiviral performance of the cartridge was tested by using ground water spiked with Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage. The results show that, although individually, the silver and chlorine treatment systems were unable to inactivate the test strains, the integrated cartridge inactivates both bacteria as well as viruses up to the log reduction requirement of the USEPA guide standard for microbiological water purifiers over its designated life of 2,000 liters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshree A Patil
- TCS Innovation Labs - TRDDC, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India E-mail:
| | - Dilshad Ahmad
- TCS Innovation Labs - TRDDC, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India E-mail:
| | - Shankar B Kausley
- TCS Innovation Labs - TRDDC, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India E-mail:
| | - Pradeep L Balkunde
- TCS Innovation Labs - TRDDC, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India E-mail:
| | - Chetan P Malhotra
- TCS Innovation Labs - TRDDC, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune - 411013, India E-mail:
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9
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Nawaz M, Han MY, Kim TI, Manzoor U, Amin MT. Silver disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli in rooftop harvested rainwater for potable purposes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:20-25. [PMID: 22664534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting being an alternate source in water scarce areas is becoming a common practice. Catchment contact, however, deteriorates the quality of rainwater making it unfit for potable purposes. To improve the quality of harvested rainwater, silver was used as antimicrobial agent in this study. Rainwater samples were taken from underground storage tank of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system installed in one of the buildings at Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. The target microorganisms (MOs) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli which were measured by using plate count method and standard MPN method, respectively. The efficiency of silver disinfection was evaluated at concentrations, ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/l; the safe limit approved by WHO. The experiments were performed for 168 h with different time intervals to evaluate the parameters including inactivation rate, residual effect of silver and re-growth in both MOs at lower (i.e. 0.01-0.04 mg/l) as well as the higher concentrations of silver (i.e. 0.08-0.1 mg/l). Results showed the re-growth in both MOs was only in the case of lower concentrations of silver. The possible reason of re-growth at these concentrations of silver may be the halting of bacterial cell replication process for some time without permanent damage. The kinetics of this study suggest that higher inactivation and long term residual effect towards both MOs can be achieved with the application of silver at 0.08 mg/l or higher under safe limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nawaz
- Alamoudi Water Chair, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Shionoiri N, Sato T, Fujimori Y, Nakayama T, Nemoto M, Matsunaga T, Tanaka T. Investigation of the antiviral properties of copper iodide nanoparticles against feline calicivirus. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Torres-Urquidy O, Bright K. Efficacy of multiple metals against copper-resistant bacterial strains. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:695-704. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Park HJ, Kim JY, Kim J, Lee JH, Hahn JS, Gu MB, Yoon J. Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bactericidal activity. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1027-1032. [PMID: 19073336 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver ions have been widely used as disinfectants that inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the essential enzymatic functions of the microorganism via interaction with the thiol-group of l-cysteine. However, silver-ion-mediated perturbation of the bacterial respiratory chain has raised the possibility of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We used bacterial reporter strains specifically responding to superoxide radicals and found that silver-ion-mediated ROS-generation affected bactericidal activity. Almost half the log reduction in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus populations (model strains for gram negative and positive bacteria, respectively) caused by silver-ion disinfection was attributed to ROS-mediated bactericidal activity. The major form of ROS generated was the superoxide-radical; H(2)O(2) was not induced. Furthermore, silver ions strongly enhanced paraquat-induced oxidative stress, indicating close correlation and synergism between the conventional and ROS-mediated silver toxicity. Our results suggest that further studies in silver-based disinfection systems should consider the oxygen concentration and ROS reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Moore G, Hall TJ, Wilson APR, Gant VA. The efficacy of the inorganic copper-based biocide CuWB50 is compromised by hard water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:655-60. [PMID: 18422937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to explain the unexpected failure of the inorganic copper-based biocide CuWB50 to effectively decontaminate microfibre cleaning cloths that became contaminated with Acinetobacter lwoffii. METHODS AND RESULTS CuWB50 was diluted using distilled water or tap water obtained from two different ICUs. Microtitre plate assays were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the implicated A. lwoffii. pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) tests were performed and representative water samples were chemically analysed. When diluted in distilled water, the CuWB50 MIC for A. lwoffii was 9 mg l(-1) but in tap water from each ICU it was 37 and 75 mg l(-1) at hardness levels of 246 and 296 mg CaCO(3) l(-1) respectively. CuWB50-distilled water solutions consistently had a lower pH and higher ORP than CuWB50-tap water solutions. CONCLUSIONS Hard water adversely affects the biocidal efficacy of CuWB50. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Unintentional environmental contamination is a risk when using wet microfibre cloths. This occurred when cloths were stored in CuWB50 overnight combined with the unintentional but erroneous use of tap water. This study emphasizes the need for clearly documented cleaning protocols embedded within a culture of adequate training and constant supervision of cleaning staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moore
- Department of Microbiology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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14
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Huang HI, Shih HY, Lee CM, Yang TC, Lay JJ, Lin YE. In vitro efficacy of copper and silver ions in eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter baumannii: implications for on-site disinfection for hospital infection control. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:73-80. [PMID: 17655912 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter baumannii are major opportunistic waterborne pathogens causing hospital-acquired infections. Copper-silver ionization has been shown to be effective in controlling Legionella colonization in hospital water systems. The objective was to determine the efficacy of copper and silver ions alone and in combination in eradicating P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and A. baumannii at the concentration applied to Legionella control. Kill curve experiments and mathematical modeling were conducted at copper and silver ion concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/L, respectively. The combinations of copper and silver ions were tested at concentrations of 0.2/0.02 and 0.4/0.04 mg/L, respectively. Initial organism concentration was ca. of 3 x 10(6)cfu/mL, and viability of the test organisms was assessed at predetermined time intervals. Samples (0.1 mL) withdrawn were mixed with 10 microL neutralizer solution immediately, serially diluted and plated in duplicate onto blood agar plates. The culture plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C and enumerated for the cfu (detection limit 10 cfu/mL). The results showed all copper ion concentrations tested (0.1-0.8 mg/L) achieved more than 99.999% reduction of P. aeruginosa which appears to be more susceptible to copper ions than S. maltophilia and A. baumannii. Silver ions concentration of 0.08 mg/L achieved more than 99.999% reduction of P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and A. baumannii in 6, 12 and 96 h, respectively. Combination of copper and silver ions exhibited a synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii while the combination exhibited an antagonistic effect against S. maltophilia. Ionization may have a potential to eradicate P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and A. baumannii from hospital water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62 Shen-Chong Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
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15
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Kim JY, Lee C, Cho M, Yoon J. Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:356-62. [PMID: 17692890 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver ions have been widely used as an effective water disinfectant or antimicrobial material for many decades. In addition, the application of silver ions in combination with other biocides, especially UV(254) (UV-C) irradiation, was reported to be effective in enhancing its germicidal activity. However, it is not yet known how UV-A (300-400 nm) or visible light irradiation, which have little or no antimicrobial activities, affect microorganism inactivation by silver ions. This study newly reports that the inactivation efficiencies of Escherichia coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions were significantly enhanced by UV-A or visible light irradiation. UV-A irradiation enhanced the inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by 3.0 and 2.5 log/30 min, respectively, as compared with the simple summated value of individual applications of silver ions and UV-A. A similar trend was observed with visible light irradiation (>400 nm) although the level of enhancement was lessened. The photochemical reaction of silver-cysteine complex was suggested as a possible mechanism for this enhancement. Spectrophotometric and MALDI-TOF mass analyses support the fact that silver ions coupled with light irradiation causes critical cell damage through the complexation of silver ions with thiol (-SH) groups in structural or enzymatic proteins of the microorganisms and their subsequent photochemical destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yeon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Benjamin E, Reznik A, Benjamin E, Williams AL. Mathematical models of cobalt and iron ions catalyzed microwave bacterial deactivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2007; 4:203-10. [PMID: 17911658 PMCID: PMC3731635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2007030002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Time differences for Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli survival during microwave irradiation (power 130 W) in the presence of aqueous cobalt and iron ions were investigated. Measured dependencies had “bell” shape forms with maximum bacterial viability between 1 – 2 min becoming insignificant at 3 minutes. The deactivation time for E. faecalis, S. aureus and E.coli in the presence of metal ions were smaller compared to a water control (4–5 min). Although various sensitivities to the metal ions were observed, S. aureus and E. coli and were the most sensitive for cobalt and iron, respectively. The rapid reduction of viable bacteria during microwave treatment in the presence of metal ions could be explained by increased metal ion penetration into bacteria. Additionally, microwave irradiation may have increased the kinetic energy of the metal ions resulting in lower survival rates. The proposed mathematical model for microwave heating took into account the “growth” and “death” factors of the bacteria, forming second degree polynomial functions. Good relationships were found between the proposed mathematical models and the experimental data for bacterial deactivation (coefficient of correlation 0.91 – 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Benjamin
- Arkansas State University, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry and Physics, PO Box 419, State University, AR 72467,
USA
| | - Aron Reznik
- Morgan State University, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Mathematics Department, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore MD 21251,
USA
| | - Ellis Benjamin
- Arkansas State University, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry and Physics, PO Box 419, State University, AR 72467,
USA
| | - Arthur L. Williams
- Morgan State University, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Biology Department, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore MD 21251,
USA
- Correspondence to Dr. Arthur L. Williams; E-mail:
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Silvestry-Rodriguez N, Sicairos-Ruelas EE, Gerba CP, Bright KR. Silver as a disinfectant. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 191:23-45. [PMID: 17708071 PMCID: PMC7120063 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69163-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver has been used as an antimicrobial for thousands of years. Over the past several decades, it has been introduced into numerous new venues such as in the treatment of water, in dietary supplements, in medical applications, and to produce antimicrobial coatings and products. Silver is often used as an alternative disinfectant in applications in which the use of traditional disinfectants such as chlorine may result in the formation of toxic by-products or cause corrosion of surfaces. Silver has also been demonstrated to produce a synergistic effect in combination with several other disinfectants. Many mechanisms of the antibacterial effect of silver have been described, but its antiviral and antiprotozoal mechanisms are not well understood. Both microbial tolerance and resistance to silver have been reported; however, the effect of silver has been observed against a wide variety of microorganisms over a period of years. Further research is needed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of silver in these new applications and the effects of its long-term usage.
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Butkus MA, Talbot M, Labare MP. Feasibility of the silver-UV process for drinking water disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:4925-32. [PMID: 16307773 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A synergistic effect between cationic silver and UV radiation (silver-UV disinfection) has been observed that can appreciably enhance inactivation of viruses. The purpose of this work was to assess the feasibility of this technique for drinking water disinfection and evaluate the effects of selected impurities, found in fresh water, and common parameters on inactivation of the coliphage MS-2 with the silver-UV process. Turbidity (kaolin), calcium hardness, carbonate alkalinity, and pH did not significantly degrade inactivation. Inactivation was reduced in the presence of chloride, at concentrations greater than 30 mg/L, and in water samples with UV-254 absorbance values greater than ca. 0.1 cm(-1). Inactivation of MS-2 with silver-UV disinfection was also reduced at high phosphate concentrations (above ca. 5 mM). Silver-UV inactivation of MS-2 increased with increases in temperature between 10 and 20 degrees C. Silver-UV inactivation of MS-2 was increased by greater than 1-log over UV alone, in two untreated fresh water sources, which indicates that silver-UV may be a viable treatment technology. An assessment of operation and management costs suggests that an increase in inactivation of MS-2 with silver-UV disinfection could be economically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Butkus
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, US Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, USA.
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Butkus MA, Labare MP, Starke JA, Moon K, Talbot M. Use of aqueous silver to enhance inactivation of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2848-53. [PMID: 15128542 PMCID: PMC404450 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2848-2853.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synergistic effect between silver and UV radiation has been observed that can appreciably enhance the effectiveness of UV radiation for inactivation of viruses. At a fluence of ca. 40 mJ/cm(2), the synergistic effect between silver and UV was observed at silver concentrations as low as 10 microg/liter (P < 0.0615). At the same fluence, an MS-2 inactivation of ca. 3.5 logs (99.97%) was achieved at a silver concentration of 0.1 mg/liter, a significant improvement (P < 0.0001) over the ca. 1.8-log (98.42%) inactivation of MS-2 at ca. 40 mJ/cm(2) in the absence of silver. Modified Chick-Watson kinetics were used to model the synergistic effect of silver and UV radiation. For an MS-2 inactivation of 4 logs (99.99%), the coefficient of dilution (n) was determined to be 0.31, which suggests that changes in fluence have a greater influence on inactivation than does a proportionate change in silver concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Butkus
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, U S Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, USA.
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Blais JF, Shooner F, Tyagi RD, Munier N, Vidyarthi AS, Surampalli RY. Class A Pathogen Reduction in the SSDML Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2001)5:2(48)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abad FX, Pintó RM, Diez JM, Bosch A. Disinfection of human enteric viruses in water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:2377-83. [PMID: 8074518 PMCID: PMC201659 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.7.2377-2383.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of copper and silver ions, in combination with low levels of free chlorine (FC), was evaluated for the disinfection of hepatitis A virus (HAV), human rotavirus (HRV), human adenovirus, and poliovirus (PV) in water. HAV and HRV showed little inactivation in all conditions. PV showed more than a 4 log10 titer reduction in the presence of copper and silver combined with 0.5 mg of FC per liter or in the presence of 1 mg of FC per liter alone. Human adenovirus persisted longer than PV with the same treatments, although it persisted significantly less than HRV or HAV. The addition of 700 micrograms of copper and 70 micrograms of silver per liter did not enhance the inactivation rates after the exposure to 0.5 or 0.2 mg of FC per liter, although on some occasions it produced a level of inactivation similar to that induced by a higher dose of FC alone. Virus aggregates were observed in the presence of copper and silver ions, although not in the presence of FC alone. Our data indicate that the use of copper and silver ions in water systems may not provide a reliable alternative to high levels of FC for the disinfection of viral pathogens. Gene probe-based procedures were not adequate to monitor the presence of infectious HAV after disinfection. PV does not appear to be an adequate model viral strain to be used in disinfection studies. Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages were consistently more resistant to disinfection than PV, suggesting that they would be more suitable indicators, although they survived significantly less than HAV or HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Abad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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