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Brusque AM, Terracciano ST, Fontella FU, Vargas C, da Silva CG, Wyse AT, Trindade VM, Wannmacher CM, Wajner M. Chronic administration of propionic acid reduces ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid concentration in cerebellum of young rats. J Neurol Sci 1998; 158:121-4. [PMID: 9702681 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of propionate comparable to those of human propionic acidaemia were achieved in the blood of young rats by injecting subcutaneously buffered propionic acid (PPA) twice a day at 8-h intervals from the 6th to the 28th day of life. A matched group of animals (controls) was treated with the same volumes of saline. The animals were weighed and sacrificed by decapitation at 28, 35 or 60 days of age. Cerebellum and cerebrum were weighed and their protein and ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid (G-NeuAc) contents determined. Body, cerebral and cerebellar weights were similar in both groups, suggesting that PPA per se neither alters the appetite of the rats nor causes malnutrition. Brain protein concentration was also not affected by chronic administration of PPA, in contrast to G-NeuAc concentration which was significantly reduced in the cerebellum. Since ganglioside concentration is closely related to the dendritic surface and indirectly reflects synaptogenesis, our results of an important ganglioside deficit in the brain of PPA-treated animals may be related to the neurologic dysfunction characteristic of propionic acidaemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brusque
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, Brazil
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Metz KR, Dunphy LK. Absolute quantitation of tissue phospholipids using 31P NMR spectroscopy. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Localization of lipids in the CNS is considered from an historical perspective. General consideration is given to the identification and separation of different parts of the CNS and to the recognition and detection of lipids. Problems associated with each of these aspects are noted. More treatment is given to the localization of gangliosides and the contributions of Leon Wolfe are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Roots
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
GM2 ganglioside, although scarce in normal adult brain, is the predominant ganglioside accumulating in several types of lysosomal disorders, most notably Tay-Sachs disease. Pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex in Tay-Sachs, as well as many other types of neuronal storage disorders, are known to exhibit a phenomenon believed unique to storage disorders: growth of ectopic dendrites. Recent studies have shown that a common metabolic abnormality shared by storage diseases with ectopic dendrite growth is the abnormal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside. The correlation between increased levels of GM2 and the presence of ectopic dendrites has been found in both ganglioside and nonganglioside storage disorders, the latter including sphingomyelin-cholesterol lipidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis, and alpha-mannosidosis. Quantitative HPTLC analysis has shown that increases in GM2 occur in proportion to the incidence of ectopic dendrite growth, whereas other gangliosides, including GM1, lack similar increases. Immunocytochemical studies of all nonganglioside storage diseases which exhibit ectopic dendritogenesis have revealed heightened GM2 ganglioside-immunoreactivity in the cortical pyramidal cell population, whereas nerurons in normal adult brain exhibit little or no staining for this ganglioside. Further, studies examining disease development have consistently shown that accumulation of GM2 ganglioside precedes growth of ectopic dendrites, indicating that it is not simply occurring secondary to new membrane production. These findings have prompted an examination for a similar relationship between GM2 ganglioside and dendritogenesis in cortical neurons of normal developing brain. Results show that GM2 ganglioside-immunoreactivity is consistently elevated in immature neurons during the period when they are undergoing active dendritic initiation, but this staining diminishes dramatically as the dendritic trees of these cells mature. Collectively, these studies on diseased and normal brain offer compelling evidence that GM2 ganglioside plays a pivotal role in the regulation of dendritogenesis in cortical pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Prasad VV. Maternal alcohol consumption and undernutrition in the rat: effects on gangliosides and their catabolizing enzymes in the CNS of the newborn. Neurochem Res 1989; 14:1081-8. [PMID: 2512510 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fifteen percent alcohol, during gestation did not cause any decrease in the total calorie or fluid intake of the rats maintained on normal dietary regimen. However, the alcohol consumption by gestating mothers resulted in a decreased contents of both DNA and protein in the CNS of the in utero alcohol exposed pups at birth. DNA content was also found to be less in the undernourished pups compared to the normal pups. On the other hand an increase in the total gangliosides and a decrease in the ganglioside catabolizing enzymes was observed in the brain and spinal cord of alcoholic pups at birth. However undernutrition resulted in a decrease in the content of total gangliosides both in brain and spinal cord. Maternal alcohol consumption and undernutrition had also resulted in an altered proportions of the individual ganglioside fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda, India
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Wajner M, Brites EC, Dutra JC, Buchalter MS, Pons AH, Pires RF, Wannmacher LE, Rosa Júnior A, Trindade VM, Wannmacher CM. Diminished concentrations of ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid (G-NeuAc) in cerebellum of young rats receiving chronic administration of methylmalonic acid. J Neurol Sci 1988; 85:233-8. [PMID: 3385436 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(88)90159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sustained levels of methylmalonate comparable to those of human methylmalonic acidemia were achieved in the blood of young rats from the 5th till the 25th day of life by injecting them subcutaneously with buffered methylmalonic acid (MMA) twice a day at 8-h intervals. A matched group of rats (controls) was treated with saline. The animals were weighed and killed by decapitation at 25 days of age. Cerebellum and cerebrum were weighed and their contents of protein, DNA and ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid (G-NeuAc), as well as the protein/DNA ratio determined. Body weight, cerebral and cerebellar weight did not differ in both groups. The concentrations of protein, DNA and the protein/DNA ratio were also similar in the experimental and control groups. The results indicate that MMA per se does not interfere with the appetite of the animals and does not affect cellular proliferation and growth in cerebrum and cerebellum. We also found that G-NeuAc concentration is significantly reduced in the cerebellum. Therefore, since a deficit of an important component of brain closely related to the dendritic surface (synaptogenesis) occurs in MMA-treated rats, it is tempting to speculate whether this alteration may be associated or even partly responsible for the mental retardation in patients affected by methylmalonic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Whyte J, Harrison R, Lunt GG, Wonnacott S. Subcellular fractionation and distribution of cholinergic binding sites in fetal human brain. Neurochem Res 1986; 11:1011-23. [PMID: 3748272 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional subcellular fractionation techniques have been applied to human fetal brain (13-15 weeks gestation) and the fractions have been characterized by assaying for marker enzymes, cholinergic binding sites and electron microscopy. Fractionation of the homogenate resulted in a nuclear pellet (P1), a crude mitochondrial pellet (P2) and a supernatant (S2). Further resolution of the P2 fraction by density gradient centrifugation resulted in two bands at the gradient interfaces and a pellet. The P2 and subsequently the P2B fraction contained intact plasma membrane profiles as judged by the predominance of adenylate cyclase activity and the presence of occluded lactate dehydrogenase which constituted over 70% of the total activity in these fractions. Morphological examination of the gradient fractions revealed that the P2B fraction contains membrane bound structures which resemble synaptosomes prepared from neonatal rat brain. These structures have a granular matrix in which mitochondria and frequently, neurofilaments were observed. Very few synaptic vesicles were present and there was no evidence for post synaptic attachments. The cholinergic markers choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and receptor sites defined by quinuclidinyl benzilate and alpha-bungarotoxin binding were enriched in fractions P2 and P2B which contained the bulk of nerve ending particles. This enriched preparation of fetal synaptosomes may be valuable for functional studies on pre-synaptic terminals in developing brain.
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Valencia G, Burgues P, Reig F, Garcia Anton JM, Alsina MA. Interaction of morphine and naloxone with mixed monolayers of lecithin and gangliosides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 126:269-74. [PMID: 3970695 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monomolecular films of lecithin, gangliosides or lecithin/gangliosides mixtures were studied on a Langmuir through in order to examine the interactions between these lipids and opioid agonists or antagonists. Lecithin alone did not interact in a monolayer structure with opioids. However, gangliosides and lecithin/gangliosides mixtures were expanded by both morphine and naloxone. The expansion of ganglioside-containing monolayers was greater with morphine than with the antagonist, naloxone.
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Seyfried TN, Miyazawa N, Yu RK. Cellular localization of gangliosides in the developing mouse cerebellum: analysis using the weaver mutant. J Neurochem 1983; 41:491-505. [PMID: 6875549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb04767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of gangliosides was studied in the weaver (wv/wv) mutant mouse, where the vast majority of postmitotic granule cell neurons die prior to their differentiation. The wv mutation also shows a dosage effect, as granule cell migration is slowed or retarded in the +/wv heterozygotes. By correlating changes in ganglioside composition with the well-documented histological events that occur during cerebellar development in the normal (+/+), heterozygous (+/wv), and weaver (wv/wv) mutant mice, information was obtained on the cellular localization and function of gangliosides. Ganglioside GM1 may be enriched in granule cell growth cones and play an important role in neurite outgrowth. A striking accumulation of GM1, which may result from altered metabolism, occurred in the adult wv/wv mice. GD3 was heavily concentrated in undifferentiated granule cells, but was rapidly displaced by the more complex gangliosides during differentiation. GD1a became enriched in granule cells during formation of synaptic and dendritic membranes, whereas GT1a appeared enriched in Purkinje cell synaptic spines. A possible fucose-containing ganglioside was quantitated only in the wv/wv mice. Ganglioside GT1b became enriched in granule cells during synaptogenesis, whereas GQ1b became enriched in these cells after synaptogenesis. The concentrations of GT1b and especially GQ1b increased continuously with age. Our results provide further evidence for a differential cellular enrichment of gangliosides in the mouse cerebellum and also suggest that certain gangliosides may be differentially distributed within the membranes of these cells at various stages of development.
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Murphy MG, Spence MW. Saturated fatty acids greater than C20 are not activated by acid:coa ligase in rat brain or liver? Lipids 1982; 17:504-6. [PMID: 7121211 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Skrivanek JA, Ledeen RW, Margolis RU, Margolis RK. Gangliosides associated with microsomal subfractions of brain: comparison with synaptic plasma membranes. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1982; 13:95-106. [PMID: 7062024 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study ganglioside distribution within subcellular components and test the hypothesis that they are localized at the nerve ending, microsomes and synaptic plasma membranes were isolated from young adult rat brains and compared with respect to ganglioside composition. These were shown to be heterogeneous preparations by fractionation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient into subfractions which had differing ganglioside concentrations. The highest ganglioside concentrations occurred in membranes banding at the 0.8M/1.0M and 1.0M/1.3M interfaces for both microsomes and synaptic plasma membranes. These subfractions had closely similar ganglioside concentrations and pattern distributions. In addition, the kinetics of ganglioside labeling following administration of [3H]-glucosamine were similar for the two preparations. The fact that microsomal subfractions representing heterogeneous mixtures of brain cell membranes showed close similarity to synaptosomal plasma membranes argues against localization of gangliosides at the nerve ending. These results, together with other lines of evidence, support the concept that gangliosides are distributed over large portions of the neuron (and perhaps other brain cells). Data concerning the labeling of gangliosides in different microsomal subfractions indicated a movement of label over time from the more dense to the less dense membranes, as was also noted for the glycoproteins in the same subfractions. Specific radioactivity of the gangliosides increased relative to that of the glycoproteins with time.
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Sonnino S, Ghidoni R, Masserini M, Aporti F, Tettamanti G. Changes in rabbit brain cytosolic and membrane-bound gangliosides during prenatal life. J Neurochem 1981; 36:227-32. [PMID: 7463048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb02398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the developmental profile of cytosolic and membrane-bound gangliosides in rabbit whole brain from the 21st day of pregnancy, the time at which brain could be macroscopically recognized and handled, till birth. In this period of prenatal life the content of membrane-bound gangliosides showed a 2.5-fold increase, referred to fresh and dry brain weight and to membrane-bound protein; the content of cytosolic gangliosides reached a maximum at 21-22 days of pregnancy, and then underwent to birth a threefold diminution. The qualitative pattern of membrane-bound gangliosides, in the same period of life, was characterized by an increase of GD1a and GM1 (more marked for GD1a), a decrease of GT1a, GT1b and GQ1b, and a constant level of GD3 and GD1b. At 21 days of pregnancy the most abundant gangliosides were GT1b and GQ1b, followed by GD1a and GD1b; at birth it was GD1a, followed by GT1b, GD1b and GM1. The qualitative pattern of cytosolic gangliosides closely resembled, during the entire period of prenatal life examined, that of membrane-bound gangliosides.
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Murphy MG, Spence MW. Long-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase in rat brain in vitro: a comparison of activities with oleic and cis-vaccenic acids. J Neurochem 1980; 34:367-73. [PMID: 7411151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Barker LA, Green JP, Szilagyi PI. Acetylcholine-like activity in sciatic nerve--a re-evaluation. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2089-90. [PMID: 475849 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Seyfried TN, Glaser GH, Yu RK. Genetic variability for regional brain gangliosides in five strains of young mice. Biochem Genet 1979; 17:43-55. [PMID: 454360 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative and qualitative distributions of gangliosides were determined in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem of five inbred strains (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, LG/J, C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ) of mice at 21 days of age. Genetic differences were found among the strains for wet weight, absolute amount of gangliosides per region, and concentration of ganglioside (expressed on bolth a wet and a dry weight basis) in all three regions of the brain. The water content of the various brain regions showed the least amount of genetic variability. Coefficients of genetic determination were used to estimate the magnitude of genetic influence on these traits in each brain region. Significant differences were also found among the five strains for the distribution of certain gangliosides. The DBA strain, which is susceptible to audiogenic seizure at this age, had the highest level of the myelin-enriched ganglioside GM1 in all brain regions. Most of the genetic variation that influences the content and distribution of gangliosides among neurologically normal mice can be considered polygenic. Several possible sources of this genetic variation that may contribute to the differences observed among the strains are discussed.
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Hitzemann RJ, Loh HH. High-affinity GABA and glutamate transport in developing nerve ending particles. Brain Res 1978; 159:29-40. [PMID: 728799 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity transport of [3H]GABA and [14C]glutamate was measured in discrete nerve ending fractions isolated from the developing rat cortex, beginning on day 7 postpartum and prepared using discontinuous Ficoll-isotonic sucrose gradients. On day 7 the material sedimenting in the lightest gradient fractions contained the highest density of particles capable of high-affinity transport. With increasing age, the transport sites became progressively associated with more dense particles in the gradient. On day 14, the Vmax values for both [3H]GABA and [14C-A1glutamate transport in the most dense nerve ending fraction were significantly increased over the adult value. This transient increase in the Vmax values disappeared by day 21. While the Km values for both transport systems were constant in all fractions for the adult animal, this was not the case in the developing pup. The Km values in the lightest fractions were significantly greater than those in the more dense fractions, suggesting that different transport systems may be present during development. Electron micrographs of the various fractions were prepared from 7-day and adult animals. These data illustrate that the lightest fractions of the '7-day' gradient are enriched in profiles similar to developing nerve endings. With development, these light fractions become infiltrated with myelin, the immature nerve ending profiles disappear, and the bulk of the nerve endings are found in more dense fractions.
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Pollet S, Ermidou S, Le Saux F, Monge M, Baumann N. Microanalysis of brain lipids: multiple two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. J Lipid Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Seyfried TN, Glaser GH, Yu RK. Cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem gangliosides in mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures. J Neurochem 1978; 31:21-7. [PMID: 671019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb12428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cook HW. In vitro formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by desaturation in rat brain: some properties of the enzymes in developing brain and comparisons with liver. J Neurochem 1978; 30:1327-34. [PMID: 670975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb10463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kanerva L, Tissari AH, Suurhasko BV, Hervonen A. Ultrastructural characterization of synaptosomes from neonatal and adult rats with special reference to monoamines. J Comp Neurol 1977; 174:631-58. [PMID: 903422 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901740406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Murphy MG, Spence MW. Effect of fatty-acid double-bond position on the selectivity of rat-brain enzymes: the incorporation of oleic and cis-vaccenic acids into lysolecithin in vitro. J Neurochem 1977; 29:251-9. [PMID: 886331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb09616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tissari AH, Raunu EM. Subcellular distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain during development: effect of drugs and fasting. J Neurochem 1975; 24:1143-50. [PMID: 1079237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The procedure for bulk preparation of nerve-cell perikarya from pig brain-stem is briefly described. This method has definite merits with regard to the preservation of the intracellular structures as well as the preservation of the processes. The chemical composition of the isolated nerve-cell perikarya is presented. The nerve-cell perikarya are characterized by the absence of cerebroside and sulfatide. Diffuse distribution of ganglioside on the cell surface is suggested. The lipid content of the nerve-cell perikarya isolated by different methods is discussed. Lipid composition of the invertebrate nervous tissue is discussed. The submicrosomal membranes of rat brain are isolated, and their chemical and morphological properties are discussed. Ribosome-free membranes are characterized by the high content of glycolipids including gangliosides, as well as by the high activity of Na, K-ATPase, whereas ribosome-bound membranes are characterized by the absence of glycolipids, as well as by the low activity of Na, K-ATPase. The molecular organizations of lipid in submicrosomal membranes are demonstrated.
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Tamai Y, Araki SM, Katsuta K, Satake M. Molecular composition of the submicrosomal membrane lipid of rat brain. J Cell Biol 1974; 63:749-58. [PMID: 4279923 PMCID: PMC2109381 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.63.3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rough-surfaced and light and heavy smooth-surfaced microsomes were isolated from rat brain by means of discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopically, the rough-surfaced microsomes were characterized by vesicles with ribosomes and the light and heavy smooth-surfaced microsomes by fairly homogeneous membrane features without ribosomes. The rough-surfaced microsomal membranes were distinguished by the absence of glycolipids, such as ganglioside, cerebroside, and sulfatide. Cerebroside was exclusively recovered in the light smooth-surfaced microsomal membranes. Ganglioside and Na,K-ATPase were contained in larger amounts in the heavy smooth-surfaced microsomal membranes than in the light smooth-surfaced microsomal membranes in terms of protein content. Among the three submicrosomal membranes, cholesterol and phospholipid were found in the largest amounts in the light smooth-surfaced microsomal membranes, where the molar ratio of cerebroside-cholesterol-phospholipid was about 1:10:10. The membranes of rough- and smooth-surfaced microsomes were very similar in regards to the composition of phospholipid classes, although the fatty acid composition of the former contained a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than that of the latter. When the membrane proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, some differences were observed between the light and heavy smooth-surfaced microsomal membranes.
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Avrova NF, Chenykaeva EY, Obukhova EL. Ganglioside composition and content of rat-brain subcellular fractions. J Neurochem 1973; 20:997-1004. [PMID: 4697898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Cook HW, Spence MW. Formation of Monoenoic Fatty Acids by Desaturation in Rat Brain Homogenate. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Tettamanti G, Morgan IG, Gombos G, Vincendon G, Mandel P. Sub-synaptosomal localization of brain particulate neuraminidose. Brain Res 1972; 47:515-8. [PMID: 4642578 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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The lipid composition of adult rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - BIOMEMBRANES 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(72)90365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The Isolation and Characterization of Synaptosomal Plasma Membranes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3216-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Rouser G, Kritchevsky G, Yamamoto A, Baxter CF. Lipids in the nervous system of different species as a function of age: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, purified whole cell preparations, and subcellular particulates: regulatory mechanisms and membrane structure. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1972; 10:261-360. [PMID: 4344800 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024910-7.50013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Gonatas NK, Autilio-Gambetti L, Gambetti P, Shafer B. Morphological and biochemical changes in rat synaptosome fractions during neonatal development. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1971; 51:484-98. [PMID: 5112652 PMCID: PMC2108132 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.51.2.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A biochemical and quantitative morphologic study of presynaptic endings during postnatal development was carried out in subcellular fractions from cerebral cortex of 1, 4, 8, 12, and 18 day old and adult rats. Crude mitochondrial fractions were subfractionated in Ficoll gradients and all resulting fractions were examined in the electron microscope. Presynaptic terminals and other intact processes were counted. Protein content and enzyme activities were assayed in the fractions and in total brain homogenate. In the first and fourth day of life, most of the presynaptic terminals were found in two "light" fractions, between supernatant and 7.5% Ficoll, where they accounted, respectively, for 6 and 22% of all the processes. Progressively with age, more presynaptic terminals were found in the traditional "synaptosomal" fractions between 7.5 and 13% Ficoll. In that region of the gradient, 40, 54, 75, and 89% of the processes were presynaptic endings at 8, 12, and 18 postnatal days and in the adult animal, respectively. A similar shift from the lighter to the heavier fractions was observed in the distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase between days 8 and 12. The rate of increase of the specific activity of these two enzymes paralleled that of the percentage of the presynaptic endings after day 8. This study indicates that subcellular fractions can be used to study formation and maturation of synapses during postnatal development.
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Hamberger A, Svennerholm L. Composition of gangliosides and phospholipids of neuronal and glial cell enriched fractions. J Neurochem 1971; 18:1821-9. [PMID: 5118336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb09587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wolfe LS, Morgan IG, Gombos G. Isolation of plasma membranes from rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 241:737-51. [PMID: 4334345 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vanier MT, Holm M, Ohman R, Svennerholm L. Developmental profiles of gangliosides in human and rat brain. J Neurochem 1971; 18:581-92. [PMID: 5581573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb11988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Holian O, Dill D, Brunngraber EG. Incorporation of radioactivity of D-glucosamine-1-14C into heteropolysaccharide chains of glycoproteins in adult and developing rat brain. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 142:111-21. [PMID: 5545472 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tettamanti G. Brain Gangliosides in Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7236-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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Gas–liquid chromatographic assay of lipid-bound sialic acids: measurement of gangliosides in brain of several species. J Lipid Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Gómez CJ, Pasquini JM, Soto EF, De Robertis E. Binding of d-[dimethyl-14C]tubocurarine, acetylcholinesterase and proteolipids in subcellular membranes of cerebral cortex of the developing rat. J Neurochem 1970; 17:1485-92. [PMID: 5471910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yip GB, Dain JA. The enzymic synthesis of ganglioside. II. UDP-galactose: N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide galactosyltransferase in rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 206:252-60. [PMID: 4987145 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jones DG, Revell E. The postnatal development of the synapse: a morphological approach utilizing synaptosomes. I. General features. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 111:179-94. [PMID: 5488296 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Banik NL, Davison AN. Enzyme activity and composition of myelin and subcellular fractions in the developing rat brain. Biochem J 1969; 115:1051-62. [PMID: 4243351 PMCID: PMC1185247 DOI: 10.1042/bj1151051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Subcellular fractions and myelin were isolated from developing and adult rat brain. 2. Measurements of chemical composition and enzyme activities indicate the presence of a second myelin-like fraction mainly in the brain of developing rats. 3. This membrane fraction has a different lipid composition from myelin, but resembles myelin in its content of phosphohydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. 4. It is suggested that the second myelin-like fraction may be a submicrosomal contaminant or it may be derived from oligodendroglial plasma membrane during myelinogenesis.
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