1
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Wisniewski P, Gangnus T, Burckhardt BB. Recent advances in the discovery and development of drugs targeting the kallikrein-kinin system. J Transl Med 2024; 22:388. [PMID: 38671481 PMCID: PMC11046790 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kallikrein-kinin system is a key regulatory cascade involved in blood pressure maintenance, hemostasis, inflammation and renal function. Currently, approved drugs remain limited to the rare disease hereditary angioedema. However, growing interest in this system is indicated by an increasing number of promising drug candidates for further indications. METHODS To provide an overview of current drug development, a two-stage literature search was conducted between March and December 2023 to identify drug candidates with targets in the kallikrein-kinin system. First, drug candidates were identified using PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov. Second, the latest publications/results for these compounds were searched in PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar. The findings were categorized by target, stage of development, and intended indication. RESULTS The search identified 68 drugs, of which 10 are approved, 25 are in clinical development, and 33 in preclinical development. The three most studied indications included diabetic retinopathy, thromboprophylaxis and hereditary angioedema. The latter is still an indication for most of the drug candidates close to regulatory approval (3 out of 4). For the emerging indications, promising new drug candidates in clinical development are ixodes ricinus-contact phase inhibitor for thromboprophylaxis and RZ402 and THR-149 for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (all phase 2). CONCLUSION The therapeutic impact of targeting the kallikrein-kinin system is no longer limited to the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Ongoing research on other diseases demonstrates the potential of therapeutic interventions targeting the kallikrein-kinin system and will provide further treatment options for patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wisniewski
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Gangnus
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bjoern B Burckhardt
- Individualized Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Bhat M, Pouliot M, Couture R, Vaucher E. The kallikrein-kinin system in diabetic retinopathy. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:111-43. [PMID: 25130041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Current treatment strategies for DR are mostly limited to laser therapies, steroids, and anti-VEGF agents, which are often associated with unwanted side effects leading to further complications. Recent evidence suggests that kinins play a primary role in the development of DR through enhanced vascular permeability, leukocytes infiltration, and other inflammatory mechanisms. These deleterious effects are mediated by kinin B1 and B2 receptors, which are expressed in diabetic human and rodent retina. Importantly, kinin B1 receptor is virtually absent in sane tissue, yet it is induced and upregulated in diabetic retina. These peptides belong to the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), which contains two separate and independent pathways of regulated serine proteases, namely plasma kallikrein (PK) and tissue kallikrein (TK) that are involved in the biosynthesis of bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (Lys-BK), respectively. Hence, ocular inhibition of kallikreins or antagonism of kinin receptors offers new therapeutic avenues in the treatment and management of DR. Herein, we present an overview of the principal features and known inflammatory mechanisms associated with DR along with the current therapeutic approaches and put special emphasis on the KKS as a new and promising therapeutic target due to its link with key pathways directly associated with the development of DR.
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3
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Quinolinyl- and phenantridinyl-acetamides as bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3095-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Biswas K, Peterkin TAN, Bryan MC, Arik L, Lehto SG, Sun H, Hsieh FY, Xu C, Fremeau RT, Allen JR. Discovery of Potent, Orally Bioavailable Phthalazinone Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7232-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200808v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Biswas
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tanya A. N. Peterkin
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Marian C. Bryan
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Leyla Arik
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Sonya G. Lehto
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Feng-Yin Hsieh
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Cen Xu
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Robert T. Fremeau
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Allen
- Departments of †Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Neuroscience Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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5
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Bodmer-Narkevitch V, Anthony NJ, Cofre V, Jolly SM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG, Kuduk SD. Indazole derivatives as novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7011-4. [PMID: 20971001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of indazole-derived bradykinin B(1) antagonists and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) is reported. A number of compounds were found to have low-nanomolar affinity for the human B(1) receptor and possess acceptable P-gp and pharmacokinetics properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bodmer-Narkevitch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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6
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Huang H, Player MR. Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for pain. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5383-99. [PMID: 20369879 DOI: 10.1021/jm1000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, USA
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7
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Kuduk SD, Chang RK, DiPardo RM, Di Marco CN, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists: An α-hydroxy amide with an improved metabolism profile. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Aryl sulfones as novel Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists for treatment of chronic pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4764-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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A new class of bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists with high oral bioavailability and minimal PXR activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:682-7. [PMID: 18240388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel class of human bradykinin B1 antagonists featuring difluoroethyl ether and isoxazole carboxamide moieties are disclosed. Compound 7g displayed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, efficient ex vivo receptor occupancy, and low potential for P450 induction via PXR activation.
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10
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Dong H, Sun H, Magal E, Ding X, Kumar GN, Chen JJ, Johnson EJ, Manning BH. Inflammatory pain in the rabbit: A new, efficient method for measuring mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 168:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Chen JJ, Biswas K. Small molecule bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for pain. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:173-204. [PMID: 18381126 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., MS 29-1-B, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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12
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Wood MR, Schirripa KM, Kim JJ, Kuduk SD, Chang RK, Di Marco CN, DiPardo RM, Wan BL, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Chang RS, Holahan MA, Cook JJ, Lemaire W, Mosser SD, Bednar RA, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Wallace AA, Mei Q, Yu J, Bohn DL, Clayton FC, Adarayn ED, Sitko GR, Leonard YM, Freidinger RM, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. α-Hydroxy amides as a novel class of bradykinin B1 selective antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:716-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Kuduk SD, DiPardo RM, Chang RK, Di Marco CN, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Bradykinin B1 antagonists: Biphenyl SAR studies in the cyclopropanecarboxamide series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3608-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Biswas K, Li A, Chen JJ, D'Amico DC, Fotsch C, Han N, Human J, Liu Q, Norman MH, Riahi B, Yuan C, Suzuki H, Mareska DA, Zhan J, Clarke DE, Toro A, Groneberg RD, Burgess LE, Lester-Zeiner D, Biddlecome G, Manning BH, Arik L, Dong H, Huang M, Kamassah A, Loeloff R, Sun H, Hsieh FY, Kumar G, Ng GY, Hungate RW, Askew BC, Johnson E. Potent Nonpeptide Antagonists of the Bradykinin B1 Receptor: Structure−Activity Relationship Studies with Novel Diaminochroman Carboxamides. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2200-12. [PMID: 17408249 DOI: 10.1021/jm070055c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bradykinin B1 receptor is induced following tissue injury and/or inflammation. Antagonists of this receptor have been studied as promising candidates for treatment of chronic pain. We have identified aryl sulfonamides containing a chiral chroman diamine moiety that are potent antagonists of the human B1 receptor. Our previously communicated lead, compound 2, served as a proof-of-concept molecule, but suffered from poor pharmacokinetic properties. With guidance from metabolic profiling, we performed structure-activity relationship studies and have identified potent analogs of 2. Variation of the sulfonamide moiety revealed a preference for 3- and 3,4-disubstituted aryl sulfonamides, while bulky secondary and tertiary amines were preferred at the benzylic amine position for potency at the B1 receptor. Modifying the beta-amino acid core of the molecule lead to the discovery of highly potent compounds with improved in vitro pharmacokinetic properties. The most potent analog at the human receptor, compound 38, was also active in a rabbit B1 receptor cellular assay. Furthermore, compound 38 displayed in vivo activity in two rabbit models, a pharmacodynamic model with a blood pressure readout and an efficacy model of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Biswas
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Neuropeptides and kinins are important messengers in the nervous system and--on the basis of their anatomical localisation and the effects produced when the substances themselves are administered, to animals or to human subjects-a significant number of them have been suggested to have a role in pain and inflammation. Experiments in gene deletion (knock-out or null mutant) mice and parallel experiments with pharmacological receptor antagonists in a variety of species have strengthened the evidence that a number of peptides, notably substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the kinins have a pathophysiological role in nociception. Clinical studies with non-peptide pharmacological antagonists are now in progress to determine if blocking the action of these peptides might have utility in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hill
- Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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16
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Kuduk SD, Di Marco CN, Chang RK, Wood MR, Schirripa KM, Kim JJ, Wai JMC, DiPardo RM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Holahan MA, Cook J, Hess JF, Sain N, Urban MO, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Development of Orally Bioavailable and CNS Penetrant Biphenylaminocyclopropane Carboxamide Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 50:272-82. [PMID: 17228869 DOI: 10.1021/jm061094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of biphenylaminocyclopropane carboxamide based bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists has been developed that possesses good pharmacokinetic properties and is CNS penetrant. Discovery that the replacement of the trifluoropropionamide in the lead structure with polyhaloacetamides, particularly a trifluoroacetamide, significantly reduced P-glycoprotein mediated efflux for the series proved essential. One of these novel bradykinin B1 antagonists (13b) also exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic properties and efficient ex vivo receptor occupancy for further development as a novel approach for the treatment of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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17
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Abstract
The bradykinin B1 receptor is an inducible G-protein-coupled receptor. It is induced or upregulated at the site of inflammation or injury. A large body of preclinical data supports the development of B1 antagonists as novel therapeutics for the treatment of pain and inflammation. The necessary in vitro and in vivo drug discovery tools are currently available to evaluate novel B1 antagonists. Two major classes of small-molecule B1 antagonists, arylsulfonamide-based and biphenyl-based B1 antagonists, have been disclosed in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Amgen Inc., Chemistry Research and Development, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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18
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Kuduk SD, Di Marco CN, Chang RK, Wood MR, Kim JJ, Schirripa KM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Tang C, Torrent M, Ha S, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. 5-Piperazinyl pyridine carboxamide bradykinin B1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2791-5. [PMID: 16529929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,3-diaminopyridine bradykinin B(1) antagonists was modified to mitigate the potential for bioactivation. Removal of the 3-amino group and incorporation of basic 5-piperazinyl carboxamides at the pyridine 5-position provided compounds with high affinity for the human B(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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19
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Fotsch C, Biddlecome G, Biswas K, Chen JJ, D'Amico DC, Groneberg RD, Han NB, Hsieh FY, Kamassah A, Kumar G, Lester-Zeiner D, Liu Q, Mareska DA, Riahi BB, Wang YJJ, Yang K, Zhan J, Zhu J, Johnson E, Ng G, Askew BC. A new class of bradykinin 1 receptor antagonists containing the piperidine acetic acid tetralin core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2071-5. [PMID: 16464576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bradykinin 1 (B1) receptor is upregulated during times of inflammation and is important for maintaining inflamed and chronic pain states. Blocking this receptor has been shown to reverse and/or ameliorate pain and inflammation in animal models. In this report, we describe a new class of B1 receptor antagonists that contain the piperidine acetic acid tetralin core. A structure-activity relationship for these analogs is described in this paper. The most potent compounds from this class have IC50s<20 nM in a B1 receptor functional assay. One of these compounds, 13g, shows modest oral bioavailability in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fotsch
- Amgen Inc., Department of Chemistry Research and Development, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Existing treatments for neuropathic pain deliver inadequate pain relief, unacceptable side effects, or both. The unmet medical need for more effective treatment is driving a large volume of research to discover new drugs. Most existing treatments are drugs introduced to treat other pain conditions or other medical conditions, such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants, which were found empirically to be effective for neuropathic pain. Only recently have drug discovery efforts have become mechanistically driven, addressing targets identified by a molecular neurobiological approach to the pathophysiology of neuropathic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S C Rice
- Department of Anaesthetics, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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21
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Wood MR, Schirripa KM, Kim JJ, Wan BL, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Chang RSL, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Detwiler TJ, Hettrick LA, Landis ER, Leonard YM, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Pettibone DJ, Freidinger RM, Bock MG. Cyclopropylamino Acid Amide as a Pharmacophoric Replacement for 2,3-Diaminopyridine. Application to the Design of Novel Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1231-4. [PMID: 16480259 DOI: 10.1021/jm0511280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the bradykinin B1 receptor represents a potential treatment for chronic pain and inflammation. Novel antagonists were designed that display low-nanomolar affinity for the human bradykinin B1 receptor and good bioavailability in the rat.
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22
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Gabra BH, Berthiaume N, Sirois P, Nantel F, Battistini B. The kinin system mediates hyperalgesia through the inducible bradykinin B1 receptor subtype: evidence in various experimental animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetic neuropathy. Biol Chem 2006; 387:127-43. [PMID: 16497144 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Both insulin-dependent (type 1) and insulin-independent (type 2) diabetes are complex disorders characterized by symptomatic glucose intolerance due to either defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Unchecked hyperglycemia leads to a series of complications among which is painful diabetic neuropathy, for which the kinin system has been implicated. Here, we review and compare the profile of several experimental models of type 1 and 2 diabetes (chemically induced versus gene-prone) and the incidence of diabetic neuropathy upon aging. We discuss the efficacy of selective antagonists of the inducible bradykinin B1 receptor (BKB1-R) subtype against hyperalgesia assessed by various nociceptive tests. In either gene-prone models of type 1 and 2 diabetes, the incidence of hyperalgesia mostly precedes the development of hyperglycemia. The administration of insulin, achieving euglycemia, does not reverse hyperalgesia. Treatment with a selective BKB1-R antagonist does not affect basal nociception in most normal control rats, whereas it induces a significant time- and dose-dependent attenuation of hyperalgesia, or even restores nociceptive responses, in experimental diabetic neuropathy models. Diabetic hyperalgesia is absent in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic BKB1-R knockout mice. Thus, selective antagonism of the inducible BKB1-R subtype may constitute a novel and potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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23
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Feng DM, Wai JM, Kuduk SD, Ng C, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss D, Chang RSL, Harrell CM, MacNeil T, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Freidinger RM, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. 2,3-Diaminopyridine as a platform for designing structurally unique nonpeptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2385-8. [PMID: 15837330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 2,3-diaminopyridine bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists is disclosed. Structure-activity relationship studies (SARs) that led to compounds with significantly improved potency and pharmacokinetic properties relative to the lead compound are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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24
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Tang C, Subramanian R, Kuo Y, Krymgold S, Lu P, Kuduk SD, Ng C, Feng DM, Elmore C, Soli E, Ho J, Bock MG, Baillie TA, Prueksaritanont T. Bioactivation of 2,3-diaminopyridine-containing bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists: irreversible binding to liver microsomal proteins and formation of glutathione conjugates. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:934-45. [PMID: 15962928 DOI: 10.1021/tx0500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-diaminopyridine (DAP) moiety was found to represent a core structure essential for the potency of a new series of human bradykinin B(1) receptor antagonists. However, incubation of (14)C-labeled 2,3-DAP derivatives with rat and human liver microsomes resulted in substantial irreversible binding of radioactive material to macromolecules by a process that was NADPH-dependent. Trapping the reactive species with GSH led to significant reduction of the irreversible binding of radioactivity, with concomitant formation of abundant GSH adducts. One type of thiol adducts (detected in both human and rat liver microsomes), resulting from addition of 305 Da to the parent compound, was observed with all 2,3-DAP compounds. These adducts also were detected in rat hepatocyte incubates, as well as in rat bile, following intravenous administration of 2,3-DAPs. Formation of the conjugates appeared to involve modification of the DAP ring, based upon mass spectral analysis of a number of representative GSH adducts; this was corroborated by detailed LC NMR analysis of one compound. Formation of this type of GSH conjugate was markedly reduced when the 2-amino methyl group linking the 2,3-DAP and the biphenyl moiety was replaced with an ether oxygen atom. It is postulated, therefore, that oxidation of the 2-amino group serves as a key step leading to the formation of reactive species associated with the DAP core. In addition, this step appears to be mediated primarily by P450 3A, as evidenced by the marked decrease in both the irreversible binding of radioactivity and the formation of the GSH adducts in human liver microsomes following treatment with ketoconazole and monoclonal antibodies against P450 3A. A mechanism for the bioactivation of 2,3-DAP is proposed wherein oxidation (dehydrogenation or N-hydroxylation followed by dehydration) of the 2-amino group, catalyzed by P450 3A, results in the formation of a highly electrophilic species, pyridine-2,3-diimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuyue Tang
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
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Gabra BH, Benrezzak O, Pheng LH, Duta D, Daull P, Sirois P, Nantel F, Battistini B. Inhibition of Type 1 Diabetic Hyperalgesia in Streptozotocin-Induced Wistar versus Spontaneous Gene-Prone BB/Worchester Rats: Efficacy of a Selective Bradykinin B1Receptor Antagonist. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:782-9. [PMID: 16141788 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000178448.79713.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes (T1D) is linked to a series of complications, including painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Several neurovascular systems are activated in T1D, including the inducible bradykinin (BK) B1 receptor (BKB1-R) subtype. We assessed and compared the efficacy profile of a selective BKB1-R antagonist on hyperalgesia in 2 models of T1D: streptozotocin (STZ) chemically induced diabetic Wistar rats and spontaneous BioBreeding/Worchester diabetic-prone (BB/Wor-DP) rats. Nociception was measured using the hot plate test to determine thermal hyperalgesia. STZ diabetic rats developed maximal hyperalgesia (35% decrease in their hot plate reaction time) within a week and remained in such condition and degree for up to 4 weeks postinjection. BB/Wor-DP rats also developed hyperalgesia over time that preceded hyperglycemia, starting at the age of 6 weeks (9% decrease in the hot plate reaction time) and stabilizing over the age of 16 to 24 weeks to a maximum (60% decrease in the hot plate reaction time). Single, acute subcutaneous administration of the selective BKB1-R antagonist induced significant time- and dose-dependent attenuation of hyperalgesia in both STZ diabetic and BB/Wor-DP rats. Thus, selective antagonism of the inducible BKB1-R subtype may constitute a novel and potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichoy H Gabra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Canada
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26
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Kuduk SD, Chang RK, Ng C, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Freidinger RM, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Bradykinin B1 antagonists: SAR studies in the 2,3-diaminopyridine series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3925-9. [PMID: 15993596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SAR study of the biphenyl region of 2,3-diaminopyridine bradykinin B1 antagonists was investigated with non-aromatic carbo- and heterocyclic rings. A piperidine ring was found to be a good replacement for the proximal phenyl ring while replacement of the distal phenyl was optimal with a cyclohexyl group leading to a dramatic improvement in affinity for the B1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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27
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Leeb-Lundberg LMF, Marceau F, Müller-Esterl W, Pettibone DJ, Zuraw BL. International union of pharmacology. XLV. Classification of the kinin receptor family: from molecular mechanisms to pathophysiological consequences. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:27-77. [PMID: 15734727 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinins are proinflammatory peptides that mediate numerous vascular and pain responses to tissue injury. Two pharmacologically distinct kinin receptor subtypes have been identified and characterized for these peptides, which are named B1 and B2 and belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. The B2 receptor mediates the action of bradykinin (BK) and lysyl-bradykinin (Lys-BK), the first set of bioactive kinins formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the actions of plasma and tissue kallikreins, whereas the B(1) receptor mediates the action of des-Arg9-BK and Lys-des-Arg9-BK, the second set of bioactive kinins formed through the actions of carboxypeptidases on BK and Lys-BK, respectively. The B2 receptor is ubiquitous and constitutively expressed, whereas the B1 receptor is expressed at a very low level in healthy tissues but induced following injury by various proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta. Both receptors act through G alpha(q) to stimulate phospholipase C beta followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and intracellular free Ca2+ mobilization and through G alpha(i) to inhibit adenylate cyclase and stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The use of mice lacking each receptor gene and various specific peptidic and nonpeptidic antagonists have implicated both B1 and B2 receptors as potential therapeutic targets in several pathophysiological events related to inflammation such as pain, sepsis, allergic asthma, rhinitis, and edema, as well as diabetes and cancer. This review is a comprehensive presentation of our current understanding of these receptors in terms of molecular and cell biology, physiology, pharmacology, and involvement in human disease and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Fredrik Leeb-Lundberg
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC, A12, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Calixto JB, Medeiros R, Fernandes ES, Ferreira J, Cabrini DA, Campos MM. Kinin B1 receptors: key G-protein-coupled receptors and their role in inflammatory and painful processes. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:803-18. [PMID: 15520046 PMCID: PMC1575942 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinins are a family of peptides implicated in several pathophysiological events. Most of their effects are likely mediated by the activation of two G-protein-coupled receptors: B(1) and B(2). Whereas B(2) receptors are constitutive entities, B(1) receptors behave as key inducible molecules that may be upregulated under some special circumstances. In this context, several recent reports have investigated the importance of B(1) receptor activation in certain disease models. Furthermore, research on B(1) receptors in the last years has been mainly focused in determining the mechanisms and pathways involved in the process of induction. This was essentially favoured by the advances obtained in molecular biology studies, as well as in the design of selective and stable peptide and nonpeptide kinin B(1) receptor antagonists. Likewise, development of kinin B(1) receptor knockout mice greatly helped to extend the evidence about the relevance of B(1) receptors during pathological states. In the present review, we attempted to remark the main advances achieved in the last 5 years about the participation of kinin B(1) receptors in painful and inflammatory disorders. We have also aimed to point out some groups of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer or neuropathic pain, in which the strategic development of nonpeptidic oral-available and selective B(1) receptor antagonists could have a potential relevant therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88049-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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29
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Kuduk SD, Ng C, Feng DM, Wai JMC, Chang RSL, Harrell CM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss D, Ivarsson M, Mason G, Boyce S, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Freidinger RM, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. 2,3-Diaminopyridine Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6439-42. [PMID: 15588075 DOI: 10.1021/jm049394l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists embody a potentially novel approach for the treatment of chronic pain and inflammation. A series of 2,3-diaminopyridine B1 antagonists was optimized to have sub-nanomolar affinity and good pharmacokinetic properties. Lead compounds were shown to exhibit good efficacy in rabbit in vivo models of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Ransom RW, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Murphy KL, Chang RSL, Hess JF, Miller PJ, O'Malley SS, Hey PJ, Kunapuli P, Su DS, Markowitz MK, Wallace MA, Raab CE, Jones AN, Dean DC, Pettibone DJ, Freidinger RM, Bock MG. Pharmacological characterization and radioligand binding properties of a high-affinity, nonpeptide, bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 499:77-84. [PMID: 15363953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compound A (N-[2-[4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl]-2-[(2R)-1-(2-napthylsulfonyl)-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-yl]acetamide) is a member of a new class of aryl sulfonamide dihydroquinoxalinone bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists that should be useful pharmacological tools. Here we report on some of the pharmacological properties of compound A as well as the characterization of [35S]compound A as the first nonpeptide bradykinin B1 receptor radioligand. Compound A inhibited tritiated peptide ligand binding to the cloned human, rabbit, dog, and rat bradykinin B1 receptors expressed in CHO cells with Ki values of 0.016, 0.050, 0.56, and 29 nM, respectively. It was inactive at 10 microM in binding assays with the cloned human bradykinin B2 receptor. In functional antagonist assays with the cloned bradykinin B1 receptors, compound A inhibited agonist-induced signaling with activities consistent with the competition binding results, but had no antagonist activity at the bradykinin B2 receptor. Compound A was also found to be a potent antagonist in a rabbit aorta tissue bath preparation and to effectively block des-Arg9 bradykinin depressor responses in lipopolysaccharide-treated rabbit following intravenous administration. The binding of [35S]compound A was evaluated with the cloned bradykinin B1 receptors. In assays with human, rabbit, and dog receptors, [35S]compound A labeled a single site with Kd values of 0.012, 0.064, and 0.37 nM, respectively, and with binding site densities equivalent to those obtained using the conventional tritiated peptide ligands. Binding assays with the cloned rat bradykinin B1 receptor were not successful, presumably due to the low affinity of the ligand for this species receptor. There was no specific binding of the ligand detected in CHO cells expressing the human bradykinin B2 receptor. In assays with the cloned human bradykinin B1 receptor, the pharmacologies of the binding of [35S]compound A and [3H][Leu9]des-Arg10-kallidin were the same. The high signal-to-noise ratio obtained with [35S]compound A will allow this ligand to be a very useful tool for future investigations of the bradykinin B1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Ransom
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP46-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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31
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Noda M, Kariura Y, Amano T, Manago Y, Nishikawa K, Aoki S, Wada K. Kinin receptors in cultured rat microglia. Neurochem Int 2004; 45:437-42. [PMID: 15145558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinins are produced and act at the site of injury and inflammation in various tissues. They are likely to initiate a particular cascade of inflammatory events, which evokes physiological and pathophysiological responses including an increase in blood flow and plasma leakage. In the central nervous system (CNS), kinins are potent stimulators of the production and release of pro-inflammatory mediators represented by prostanoids and cytotoxins. They are known to induce neural tissue damage. Many of the cytotoxins such as cytokines and free radicals and prostanoids are released from glial cells. Among glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are known to possess bradykinin (BK) B(2) receptors that phosphoinositide (PI) turnover and raise intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The presence of bradykinin receptors in microglia has been of great significance. We recently showed that rat primary microglia express kinin receptors. In resting microglia, B(2) receptors but not B(1) receptors are expressed. When the microglia are activated by bradykinin, B(1) receptors are up-regulated, while B(2) receptors are down-regulated. As observed in other glial cells, electrophysiological measurements suggest that B(2) receptors in phosphoinositide turnover and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in microglia. Release of cytotoxins is likely consequent upon the activation of BK receptors. Our study provides the first evidence that microglia express functional kinin receptors and suggests that microglia play an important role in CNS inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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32
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Hess JF, Ransom RW, Zeng Z, Chang RSL, Hey PJ, Warren L, Harrell CM, Murphy KL, Chen TB, Miller PJ, Lis E, Reiss D, Gibson RE, Markowitz MK, DiPardo RM, Su DS, Bock MG, Gould RJ, Pettibone DJ. Generation and Characterization of a Human Bradykinin Receptor B1 Transgenic Rat as a Pharmacodynamic Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:488-97. [PMID: 15051800 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.066886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the B1 bradykinin receptor (B1R) offer the promise of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, the in vivo characterization of the pharmacodynamics of B1R antagonists is hindered by the low level of B1R expression in healthy tissue and the profound species selectivity exhibited by many compounds for the human B1R. To circumvent these issues, we generated a transgenic rat expressing the human B1R under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Membranes prepared from whole brain homogenates of heterozygous transgenic rats indicate a B1R expression level of 30 to 40 fmol/mg; there is no detectable B1R expression in control nontransgenic rats. The pharmacological profile of the B1R expressed in the transgenic rat matches that expected of the human, but not the rat receptor. The mapping of the transgene insertion site to rat chromosome 1 permitted the development of a reliable assay for the identification of homozygous transgenic rats. Significantly, homozygous transgenic rats express 2-fold more B1R than heterozygous animals. Autoradiographic analyses of tissue sections from transgenic rats reveal that the B1R is broadly expressed in both the brain and spinal cord. The human B1R expressed in the transgenic rat functions in an in vitro contractile assay and thus has the potential to elicit a functional response in vivo. Using the humanized B1R transgenic rat, an assay was developed that is suitable for the routine evaluation of a test compound's ability to occupy the human B1R in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fred Hess
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Merck Research Lab, WP26A-3000, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Wood MR, Kim JJ, Han W, Dorsey BD, Homnick CF, DiPardo RM, Kuduk SD, MacNeil T, Murphy KL, Lis EV, Ransom RW, Stump GL, Lynch JJ, O'Malley SS, Miller PJ, Chen TB, Harrell CM, Chang RSL, Sandhu P, Ellis JD, Bondiskey PJ, Pettibone DJ, Freidinger RM, Bock MG. Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1803-6. [PMID: 12723943 DOI: 10.1021/jm034020y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the bradykinin B(1) receptor was demonstrated to be a potential treatment for chronic pain and inflammation. Novel benzodiazepines were designed that display subnanomolar affinity for the bradykinin B(1) receptor (K(i) = 0.59 nM) and high selectivity against the bradykinin B(2) receptor (K(i) > 10 microM). In vivo efficacy, comparable to morphine, was demonstrated for lead compounds in a rodent hyperalgesia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Bock MG, Hess J, Pettibone DJ. Chapter 12. Bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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