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du Toit HD, Rishworth GM, Strydom NA, Welman S. High levels of metacercarial infestation (family: Diplostomidae) do not affect host energetics and swimming performance in the Epaulette goby (Coryogalops sordidus, Gobiidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1165-1179. [PMID: 38235536 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Parasites have deleterious effects on their hosts, often resulting in altered host behavior or increased energy expenditure. When organisms are exposed to suboptimal environments, parasite loading may increase. Microbialite pools along the warm temperate South African coastline have been hypothesized as refugia for Epaulette gobies (Coryogalops sordidus, Gobiidae) when they are outside of their previously known subtropical distribution. The aim of this study was to determine if C. sordidus individuals infected with metacercarial cysts display higher metabolic rates or different swimming behavior compared to noninfected individuals. We measured each goby's swimming performance using a critical station-holding speed (Ucrit) test (n = 60) and visually scored their swimming behavior (n = 52) during these measurements. Also, we measured the metabolic rate of gobies using an intermittent flow respirometer system to determine standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) from gobies at 21°C before and after swimming trials. Metacercarial load carried by infected gobies seemingly had no impact on the host's energetics (SMR or MMR), swimming ability (as repeated Ucrit tests), or swimming behavior compared to noninfected gobies. Thus, the metacercarial intensity observed in gobies in the current study appeared to have no impact on host swimming performance or behavior. Furthermore, the swimming capacity observed for C. sordidus, in general, suggests that this goby is a poor swimmer compared to other gobiid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik D du Toit
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
| | - Gavin M Rishworth
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Nadine A Strydom
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Shaun Welman
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqberha, South Africa
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2
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Levesque DL, Breit AM, Brown E, Nowack J, Welman S. Non-Torpid Heterothermy in Mammals: Another Category along the Homeothermy-Hibernation Continuum. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1039-1048. [PMID: 37407285 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Variability in body temperature is now recognized to be widespread among whole-body endotherms with homeothermy being the exception rather than the norm. A wide range of body temperature patterns exists in extant endotherms, spanning from strict homeothermy, to occasional use of torpor, to deep seasonal hibernation with many points in between. What is often lost in discussions of heterothermy in endotherms are the benefits of variations in body temperature outside of torpor. Endotherms that do not use torpor can still obtain extensive energy and water savings from varying levels of flexibility in normothermic body temperature regulation. Flexibility at higher temperatures (heat storage or facultative hyperthermia) can provide significant water savings, while decreases at cooler temperatures, even outside of torpor, can lower the energetic costs of thermoregulation during rest. We discuss the varying uses of the terms heterothermy, thermolability, and torpor to describe differences in the amplitude of body temperature cycles and advocate for a broader use of the term "heterothermy" to include non-torpid variations in body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M Breit
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 04469 Orono, ME, USA
| | - Eric Brown
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 04469 Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julia Nowack
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
| | - Shaun Welman
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa
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Born-Torrijos A, Riekenberg P, van der Meer MTJ, Nachev M, Sures B, Thieltges DW. Parasite effects on host's trophic and isotopic niches. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:749-759. [PMID: 37451950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals are usually infected with parasites that can alter their hosts' trophic niches in food webs as can be seen from stable isotope analyses of infected versus uninfected individuals. The mechanisms influencing these effects of parasites on host isotopic values are not fully understood. Here, we develop a conceptual model to describe how the alteration of the resource intake or the internal resource use of hosts by parasites can lead to differences of trophic and isotopic niches of infected versus uninfected individuals and ultimately alter resource flows through food webs. We therefore highlight that stable isotope studies inferring trophic positions of wild organisms in food webs would benefit from routine identification of their infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Born-Torrijos
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Riekenberg
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel T J van der Meer
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Jensen CH, Weidner J, Giske J, Jørgensen C, Eliassen S, Mennerat A. Adaptive host responses to infection can resemble parasitic manipulation. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10318. [PMID: 37456066 PMCID: PMC10349281 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a dynamic optimisation model for juvenile fish in stochastic food environments, we investigate optimal hormonal regulation, energy allocation and foraging behaviour of a growing host infected by a parasite that only incurs an energetic cost. We find it optimal for the infected host to have higher levels of orexin, growth and thyroid hormones, resulting in higher activity levels, increased foraging and faster growth. This growth strategy thus displays several of the fingerprints often associated with parasite manipulation: higher levels of metabolic hormones, faster growth, higher allocation to reserves (i.e. parasite-induced gigantism), higher risk-taking and eventually higher predation rate. However, there is no route for manipulation in our model, so these changes reflect adaptive host compensatory responses. Interestingly, several of these changes also increase the fitness of the parasite. Our results call for caution when interpreting observations of gigantism or risky host behaviours as parasite manipulation without further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarl Giske
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Sigrunn Eliassen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Adèle Mennerat
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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5
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Brandl SJ, Lefcheck JS, Bates AE, Rasher DB, Norin T. Can metabolic traits explain animal community assembly and functioning? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1-18. [PMID: 36054431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
All animals on Earth compete for free energy, which is acquired, assimilated, and ultimately allocated to growth and reproduction. Competition is strongest within communities of sympatric, ecologically similar animals of roughly equal size (i.e. horizontal communities), which are often the focus of traditional community ecology. The replacement of taxonomic identities with functional traits has improved our ability to decipher the ecological dynamics that govern the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Yet, the use of low-resolution and taxonomically idiosyncratic traits in animals may have hampered progress to date. An animal's metabolic rate (MR) determines the costs of basic organismal processes and activities, thus linking major aspects of the multifaceted constructs of ecological niches (where, when, and how energy is obtained) and ecological fitness (how much energy is accumulated and passed on to future generations). We review evidence from organismal physiology to large-scale analyses across the tree of life to propose that MR gives rise to a group of meaningful functional traits - resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) - that may permit an improved quantification of the energetic basis of species coexistence and, ultimately, the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Specifically, metabolic traits integrate across a variety of typical trait proxies for energy acquisition and allocation in animals (e.g. body size, diet, mobility, life history, habitat use), to yield a smaller suite of continuous quantities that: (1) can be precisely measured for individuals in a standardized fashion; and (2) apply to all animals regardless of their body plan, habitat, or taxonomic affiliation. While integrating metabolic traits into animal community ecology is neither a panacea to disentangling the nuanced effects of biological differences on animal community structure and functioning, nor without challenges, a small number of studies across different taxa suggest that MR may serve as a useful proxy for the energetic basis of competition in animals. Thus, the application of MR traits for animal communities can lead to a more general understanding of community assembly and functioning, enhance our ability to trace eco-evolutionary dynamics from genotypes to phenotypes (and vice versa), and help predict the responses of animal communities to environmental change. While trait-based ecology has improved our knowledge of animal communities to date, a more explicit energetic lens via the integration of metabolic traits may further strengthen the existing framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Brandl
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Douglas B Rasher
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Thambithurai D, Lanthier I, Contant E, Killen SS, Binning SA. Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221956. [PMID: 36515121 PMCID: PMC9748777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fishery harvest is a powerful evolutionary agent, but we know little about whether environmental stressors affect harvest-associated selection. We test how parasite infection relates to trapping vulnerability through selective processes underlying capture. We used fish naturally infected with parasites, including trematodes causing black spots under fish skin. We first assessed how individual parasite density related to standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS)-then used laboratory fishing simulations to test how capture vulnerability was related to parasite density. We further explored group-trapping dynamics using experimental shoals containing varying proportions of infected fish (groups of six with either 0, 2, 4 or 6 infected individuals). At the individual level, we found a positive relationship between parasite presence and SMR, but not MMR or AAS. While we saw no relationship between individual metabolic capacity and vulnerability to trapping, we found the length of time fish spent in traps increased with increasing parasite density, a predictor of trapping-related capture probability. At the group level, the number of infected individuals in a shoal did not affect overall group trapping vulnerability. Our results suggest that parasite infection has some capacity to shift individual vulnerability patterns in fisheries, and potentially influence the evolutionary outcomes of fisheries-induced evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Ifremer, Sète 32400, France
| | - Isabel Lanthier
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eloi Contant
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 4-14 rue Ferrus, Paris 75014, France
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ressources Aquatiques Québec (RAQ), Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Université de Québec à Rimouski, 310 avenue des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 2Z9
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7
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Žagar A, Simčič T, Dajčman U, Megía-Palma R. Parasitemia and elevation as predictors of hemoglobin concentration and antioxidant capacity in two sympatric lizards. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111233. [PMID: 35589083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies which quantify the influence of abiotic factors on physiological variation are paramount to comprehend organismal responses to diverse environments. We studied three physiological aspects of metabolism in two sympatric and ecologically similar European lizard species, Podarcis muralis and Iberolacerta horvathi, across an 830-m elevational gradient. We collected blood samples and tail tips from adult lizards, which were analyzed for parasitemia, hemoglobin concentration, potential metabolic activity and catalase activity. Hemoglobin concentration was higher in males than females and it increased across elevation in one of the studied species - P. muralis. Parasitemia was not an important predictor of the variation in hemoglobin concentration, which suggests that blood parasites do not constraint the aerobic capacity of the lizards. On the other hand, catalase activity reflected increased antioxidant activity in the presence of higher parasitemia, possibly acting as an adaptive mechanism to reduce oxidative stress during immune activation. Potential metabolic activity, as a proxy for maximum respiratory enzymatic capacity, did not differ between species or sexes nor was it affected by elevation or levels of parasitemia. The results provide insight into the relationships between physiological, biotic, and environmental traits in sympatric lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Žagar
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystem Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Tatjana Simčič
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystem Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Dajčman
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystem Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Hahn S, Emmenegger T, Riello S, Serra L, Spina F, Buttemer WA, Bauer S. Short- and long-distance avian migrants differ in exercise endurance but not aerobic capacity. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:29. [PMID: 37170374 PMCID: PMC10127025 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Migratory birds differ markedly in their migration strategies, particularly those performing short- versus long-distance migrations. In preparation for migration, all birds undergo physiological and morphological modifications including enlargement of fat stores and pectoral muscles to fuel and power their flights, as well as cardiovascular and biochemical adjustments that improve lipid and oxygen delivery and uptake by flight muscles. While the magnitude of these changes varies in relation to migration strategy, the consequence of these variations on aerobic performance is unknown. We tested whether the aerobic performance of four Old-world flycatcher species (Muscicapidae) varied according to migration strategy by comparing minimum resting metabolic rates (RMRmin), exercise-induced maximum metabolic rates (MMR), and exercise endurance times of short-distance and long-distance migratory birds.
Results
As expected, RMRmin did not vary between short-distance and long-distance migrants but differed between the species within a migration strategy and between sexes. Unexpectedly, MMR did not vary with migration strategy, but MMR and blood haemoglobin content were positively related among the birds tested. Exercise endurance times differed substantially between migration strategies with long-distance migrants sustaining exercise for > 60% longer than short-distance migrants. Blood haemoglobin content had a significant positive effect on endurance among all birds examined.
Conclusions
The lack of difference in RMRmin and MMR between long- and short-distance migrants during this stage of migration suggests that the attributes favouring the greater aerobic endurance of long-distance migrants did not come at the expense of increased maintenance costs or require greater aerobic capacity.
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Dajčman U, Carretero MA, Megía-Palma R, Perera A, Kostanjšek R, Žagar A. Shared haemogregarine infections in competing lacertids. Parasitology 2022; 149:193-202. [PMID: 35234602 PMCID: PMC11010482 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In parasite–host interactions host species may differ in their ability to fight parasitic infections, while other ecological interactions, including competition, may differentially alter their physiological state, making them even more susceptible to parasites. In this study, we analyse the haemogregarine blood parasites infecting two competing lizard species, Iberolacerta horvathi and Podarcis muralis, and explore host–parasite relationships under different host competition scenarios. Both species were infected with haemogregarine parasites belonging to the genus Karyolysus. Using the 18S rRNA gene, six new Karyolysus haplotypes were identified clustering with other Central and Eastern European samples, and widely shared between both lizard hosts. Haemogregarine infections were detected at all sampled sites with over 50% of individuals parasitized. Overall, I. horvathi was more frequently and also more intensely parasitized than P. muralis, with higher infection rates observed in syntopy. Males of both species tended to be more frequently infected and showed a higher infection intensity than conspecific females. The results suggest that parasitisation by haemogregarines may be relevant in the dynamics of the competitive relationship between these lizard species. More studies, including immunological response analysis, and the identification of the vectors are needed to better understand host–parasite relationships and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Dajčman
- Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO, InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- CIBIO, InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcalá, Parasitology Area, School of Pharmacy, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO, InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Žagar
- CIBIO, InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystem Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ocampo EH, Pérez García M, Nuñez JD, Luppi TA. Impact on reproductive performance and body condition in a small limpet parasitized by a large castrator pea crab. J Morphol 2021; 282:1604-1615. [PMID: 34427340 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic castrators utilize the energy reserves that the host allocates on reproduction resulting in sterilization of the host. However, whether other processes (e.g., growth) are also impaired depends on the balance between the castrator's energy requirements and the available resources that the castrated host does not use in reproduction. We investigated whether the castrator pea crab Calytraeotheres garthi alters body condition, reproductive performance, and occurrence of copulation in its limpet host Bostrycapulus odites. For this purpose, we examined the anatomy of the ovary, the seminal receptacles, and the body condition of parasitized and unparasitized limpets. The histology of the female gonad of parasitized limpets revealed the ovarian tubules are smaller and characterized by a greater proportion of intertubular and intratubular free space compared with non-parasitized individuals. The body condition of female limpets from all sizes (during summer) and those larger than ~16 mm (during spring and autumn) were impacted by the pea crab. These results are in contrast to that previously reported in the comparatively larger limpet species Crepidula cachimilla, in which the same pea crab species does not alter or even increase the host body weight. We concluded this pea crab species could drastically impair its host's reproduction and body condition although deleterious effects are species-specific and likely depend on limpet body size. The histology of seminal receptacles revealed an uncommon disposition of spermatozoa (i.e., excessive debris and acrosomes detached from epithelium) in seminal receptacles of some parasitized limpets. However, this analysis failed to determine whether sperm derived from present matings or previous pea crab infection. Further studies are needed to address whether pea crabs interfere with the mating behavior of limpets and if the alterations in sperm disposition are a consequence of castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano H Ocampo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Macarena Pérez García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesús D Nuñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás A Luppi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Aldea-Sánchez P, Ramírez-Cáceres GE, Rezende EL, Bozinovic F. Heat Tolerance, Energetics, and Thermal Treatments of Honeybees Parasitized With Varroa. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing global change affects both wildlife and economically relevant species, which are now subjected to combined challenges from climate change and higher exposure to pathogens. Honeybee colonies worldwide are under threat by higher temperatures and the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, hence we studied the impact of these combined challenges in the thermal biology and energetics of Apis mellifera. We estimated the heat tolerance and energy expenditure (CO2 production and VCO2) of honeybees acclimated to different temperatures (32 and 38°C) and subjected to different levels of parasitism (0, 1, and 2 mites). Heat tolerance was quantified employing thermal death time (TDT) curves describing how survival times vary as a function of temperature, which differed significantly between treatments. Warm-acclimated uninfected bees exhibited a higher thermal tolerance than their cold-acclimated counterparts, but parasitism by Varroa resulted in a substantial drop in tolerance rendering TDT curves of parasitized bees virtually indistinguishable. Accordingly, VCO2 increased dramatically in parasitized bees (46.5 and 67.1% with 1 and 2 Varroa, respectively), suggesting that Varroa impinges on substantial costs on energy expenditure which, in combination with lower fat reserves due to parasitism, should have synergistic effects on bees’ survival and performance. Results provide conclusive evidence of the detrimental impact of Varroa on heat tolerance that undermines potentially adaptive responses associated with thermal acclimation. Results also show that heat treatments are a realistic venue to control Varroa, and we discuss how TDT curves may be employed to optimize management strategies in this context.
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12
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Horn CJ, Luong LT. Trade-offs between reproduction and behavioural resistance against ectoparasite infection. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113524. [PMID: 34229032 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is a key determinant of organismal fitness, but organisms almost always face the threat of parasite infection. Thus, potential trade-offs between mating and parasite resistance may have substantial impacts on the ecology and evolution of host species. Although trade-offs between microbial resistance and mating in arthropods are well-documented, there is a paucity of evidence that mating compromises host resistance to the ubiquitous threat posed by ectoparasites. Despite the centrality of reproduction to host fitness and the widespread risk of parasites, there is a dearth of experiments showing a trade-off between mating/reproduction and anti-parasite behaviours. In this study, we test if mating increases the susceptibility of female flies to mite infection. We also investigated a potential underlying mechanism for the trade-off: that mating reduces overall endurance and hence anti-parasitic defenses among female flies. We experimentally mated female Drosophila nigrospiracula, with or without a chance to recover from male harassment, and challenged them with a natural ectoparasite, the mite Macrocheles subbadius. Mated females, regardless of time for recovery from male harassment, acquired more infections than unmated females. Furthermore, mated females had lower endurance in negative geotaxis assays, suggesting the increased susceptibility is due to reduced endurance. Our research shows a trade-off between reproduction and parasite resistance in a host-macroparasite system and suggests that trade-off theory is a fruitful direction for understanding these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Horn
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences., CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg. Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada.
| | - Lien T Luong
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences., CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg. Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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13
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Nadler LE, Bengston E, Eliason EJ, Hassibi C, Helland‐Riise SH, Johansen IB, Kwan GT, Tresguerres M, Turner AV, Weinersmith KL, Øverli Ø, Hechinger RF. A brain‐infecting parasite impacts host metabolism both during exposure and after infection is established. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Nova Southeastern University Dania Beach FL USA
| | - Erik Bengston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Cameron Hassibi
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Siri H. Helland‐Riise
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ida B. Johansen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Garfield T. Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Andrew V. Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | | | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ryan F. Hechinger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
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14
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Magalhães L, Freitas R, de Montaudouin X. How costly are metacercarial infections in a bivalve host? Effects of two trematode species on biochemical performance of cockles. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107479. [PMID: 33039398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve stocks have been decreasing in the last decades largely due to emergent diseases and consequent mass mortality episodes. Cerastoderma edule (the edible cockle) is one of the most exploited bivalves in Europe and is among the most common hosts for trematodes, the most prevalent macroparasites in coastal waters but yet poorly studied. Therefore, in the present study, this bivalve species was used as host model to determine if trematode infection exerts a negative effect on bivalve energy metabolism and balance and if the tissues targeted by different trematodes influence the metabolic cost, with physiological and biochemical consequences. Cockles were experimentally infected with two trematode species, Himasthla elongata and Renicola roscovitus, that infect the foot and palps, respectively. Trematode infection exerted a negative effect on the metabolism of C. edule, the second intermediate host, by reduction of oxygen consumption. A different host biochemical response was found depending on trematode species, especially in regard to the level of oxygen consumption decrease and the preferential accumulation of lipids and glycogen. This study represents a step towards the understanding of host-trematode relationships that can be used to better predict potential conservation threats to bivalve populations and to maximize the success of stock and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Magalhães
- CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Freitas
- CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- CNRS, UMR EPOC, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine, 2, rue du Pr Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
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15
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Aldana M, Pulgar J, Hernández B, George-Nascimento M, Lagos NA, García-Huidobro MR. Context-Dependence in parasite effects on keyhole limpets. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 157:104923. [PMID: 32094097 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasites alter the reproductive performance of their hosts, limit their growth, and thereby modify the energy budget of these hosts. Experimental studies and theoretical models suggest that the outcome of the host-parasite interactions could be determined by ecological factors such as food availability levels in the local habitats. Nutrient inputs may affect the host's food resource availability with positive or negative effects on parasite infection rates and tolerance of infection, however this has not been specifically evaluated in natural systems. In this study, we evaluate the effects of parasitism by Proctoeces humboldti on body size, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) of their second intermediate host Fissurella crassa limpets, under contrasting natural conditions of productivity (upwelling center vs upwelling shadow sites). Our results evidenced that parasitized limpets collected from the intertidal habitat influenced by coastal upwelling site showed greater shell length, muscular foot biomass and GSI as compared to non-parasitized limpets collected in the same site, and compared to parasitized and non-parasitized limpets collected from the sites under the influence of upwelling shadow conditions. Oxygen consumption was lower in parasitized limpets collected from the upwelling-influenced site than in the other groups, independent of age, suggesting reduced metabolic stress in infected individuals inhabiting these productive sites. Our results suggest that increased productivity in upwelling sites could mitigate the conflict for resources in the P. humboldti - F. crassa system, influencing where such interaction is found in the continuum between parasitism and mutualism. Since parasitism is ubiquitous in natural systems, and play important roles in ecological and evolutionary processes, it is important to analyze host-parasite interaction across a variety of ecological conditions, especially in biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - J Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - M George-Nascimento
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile
| | - N A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - M R García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Brusch GA, Mills AM, Walman RM, Masuda G, Byeon A, DeNardo DF, Stahlschmidt ZR. Dehydration enhances cellular and humoral immunity in a mesic snake community. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:306-315. [PMID: 32277742 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunocompetence of a community of free-living animals can be affected by seasonality, sex, and parasite burden. However, each of these factors is often examined independently. Recent studies have also found that dehydration can enhance aspects of immunocompetence in drought-adapted species. To explore how all of these factors interact, and their effect on the immune system in mesic-adapted species, we collected blood samples from a community of free-ranging snakes in coastal South Carolina, United States, across 2 years. We specifically examined (a) how sex and seasonality influence humoral and cellular immunocompetence and parasite burden, (b) the dynamics among hydration state, parasite burden, and immunocompetence, and (c) whether mesic-adapted species also show enhanced innate immunity with dehydration. Consistent with previous work on drought-adapted species, we found that dehydration enhances multiple aspects of humoral immunity in mesic species, and we are the first to report that dehydration also enhances aspects of cellular immunocompetence. Contrary to previous results in other squamates, sex and season did not impact immunocompetence or parasite prevalence. Our results also reveal complex interactions among parasite prevalence, immunocompetence, and hydration state demonstrating that hydration state and parasitism are two ubiquitous factors that should continue to be considered in future studies examining ecoimmunological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brusch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Centre d'Etudies Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | | | - Garrett Masuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Andy Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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17
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Barbour K, McClune DW, Delahay RJ, Speakman JR, McGowan NE, Kostka B, Montgomery WI, Marks NJ, Scantlebury DM. No energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in European badgers (Meles meles). J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1973-1985. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Barbour
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - David W. McClune
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre Animal and Plant Health Agency York UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Natasha E. McGowan
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - Berit Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - W. Ian Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - Nikki J. Marks
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
| | - David M. Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences Institute for Global Food Security Queen’s University Belfast UK
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18
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Methling C, Douda K, Reichard M. Intensity-dependent energetic costs in a reciprocal parasitic relationship. Oecologia 2019; 191:285-294. [PMID: 31494712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections elicit host defences that pose energetic trade-offs with other fitness-related traits. Bitterling fishes and unionid mussels are involved in a two-way parasitic interaction. Bitterling exploit mussels by ovipositing into their gills. In turn, mussel larvae (glochidia) develop on the epidermis and gills of fish. Hosts have evolved behavioural responses to reduce parasite load, suggesting that glochidia and bitterling parasitism are costly. We examined the energetic cost of parasitism on both sides of this relationship. We used intermittent flow-through respirometry to measure (1) standard metabolic rate (SMR) of individual duck mussels Anodonta anatina (a common bitterling host) before and during infection by embryos of the European bitterling Rhodeus amarus, and (2) SMR and maximum oxygen uptake (MO2max) of individual R. amarus before and during infection with glochidia of the Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (a mussel species that successfully infects bitterling). As predicted, we observed an increase in mussel SMR when infected by bitterling embryos and an increased SMR in glochidia-infected bitterling, though this was significantly mediated by the time post-infection. Contrary to our predictions, glochidia infection did not impair MO2max and the number of glochidia attached to gills positively (rather than negatively) correlated with MO2max. The results suggest that tolerance is the prevailing coping mechanism for both fish and mussels when infected, while resistance mechanisms appear to be confined to the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Pathogen vs. predator: ranavirus exposure dampens tadpole responses to perceived predation risk. Oecologia 2019; 191:325-334. [PMID: 31535255 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in how animals respond to multiple stressors, including potential synergistic or antagonistic interaction between pathogens and perceived predation risk (PPR). For prey that exhibit phenotypic plasticity, it is unclear whether infection and PPR affect behaviour and morphology independently, or in an antagonistic or synergistic manner. Using a 2 × 2 factorial experiment involving green frog (Lithobates clamitans) tadpoles exposed to ranavirus (FV3) and larval dragonflies (Anax spp.), we assessed whether anti-predator responses were affected by infection. We found that activity and feeding were reduced additively by both stressors. Body mass of tadpoles from FV3-exposed tanks was lighter relative to control and PPR-only tanks, while metabolism was comparable across treatments. We found that FV3 exposure compromised morphometric responses to PPR in an antagonistic manner: tadpoles exposed to both treatments had restricted changes in tail depth compared to those receiving singular treatment. We conclude that multiple stressors can have complex and substantive effects on organisms, and that interactions between stressors may yield a range of responses depending on the level of exposure and sensitivity of the organism. Additional work should more fully determine mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between infection and predation risk, across a range of environmental conditions.
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20
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Horn CJ, Luong LT. Current parasite resistance trades off with future defenses and flight performance. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Wilde LR, Wolf CJ, Porter SM, Stager M, Cheviron ZA, Senner NR. Botfly infections impair the aerobic performance and survival of montane populations of deer mice,
Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Wilde
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana
| | - Cole J. Wolf
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana
| | - Stephanie M. Porter
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Maria Stager
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana
| | | | - Nathan R. Senner
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana
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22
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Hahn S, Bauer S, Dimitrov D, Emmenegger T, Ivanova K, Zehtindjiev P, Buttemer WA. Low intensity blood parasite infections do not reduce the aerobic performance of migratory birds. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2307. [PMID: 29386365 PMCID: PMC5805937 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood parasites (Haemosporidia) are thought to impair the flight performance of infected animals, and therefore, infected birds are expected to differ from their non-infected counterparts in migratory capacity. Since haemosporidians invade host erythrocytes, it is commonly assumed that infected individuals will have compromised aerobic capacity, but this has not been examined in free-living birds. We tested if haemosporidian infections affect aerobic performance by examining metabolic rates and exercise endurance in migratory great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) experimentally treated with Plasmodium relictum pGRW04 and in naturally infected wild birds over consecutive life-history stages. We found no effect of acute or chronic infections on resting metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate or exercise endurance in either experimentally treated or free-living birds. Oxygen consumption rates during rest and while undergoing maximum exercise as well as exercise endurance increased from breeding to migration stages in both infected and non-infected birds. Importantly, phenotypic changes associated with preparation for migration were similarly unaffected by parasitaemia. Consequently, migratory birds experiencing parasitaemia levels typical of chronic infection do not differ in migratory capacity from their uninfected counterparts. Thus, if infected hosts differ from uninfected conspecifics in migration phenology, other mechanisms besides aerobic capacity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hahn
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Silke Bauer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Tamara Emmenegger
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Karina Ivanova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Zehtindjiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - William A Buttemer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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23
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Methling C, Douda K, Liu H, Rouchet R, Bartáková V, Yu D, Smith C, Reichard M. Energetic costs in the relationship between bitterling and mussels in East Asia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Methling
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Romain Rouchet
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bartáková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Carl Smith
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Bell Pettigrew Museum of Natural History, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin Reichard
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Horn CJ, Mierzejewski MK, Luong LT. Host Respiration Rate and Injury-Derived Cues Drive Host Preference by an Ectoparasite of Fruit Flies. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:896-903. [PMID: 29565229 DOI: 10.1086/697466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Host bioenergetics and energy fluxes can be applied to measure the ecological and physiological effects of parasitism. By measuring changes in host metabolic rate, one can estimate the physiological costs of infection. Additionally, metabolic rate dictates the rate of resource conversion within a host and, by extension, the resources available to a parasite. We hypothesize that parasites are selected to respond to cues that indicate high resource availability, that is, host metabolic state. We investigated whether an ectoparasite mite (Macrocheles subbadius) can differentiate between potential hosts (Drosophilia nigrospiracula) on the basis of relative carbon dioxide output as measured by respirometry. In pairwise choice tests, mites were allowed to choose between two size-matched fruit flies with differing metabolic rates or levels of CO2 output. Our results showed that mites preferentially infect flies with relatively higher respiration rates. Accordingly, we investigated whether fly respiratory rate (measured by CO2 production) changes in response to injury, potentially explaining a previously reported preference for injured flies. We also tested whether chemical cues released during injury influence preference for injured hosts. We determined that fly exudate (mostly consisting of hemolymph) applied to an uninjured fly released at the site of injury significantly increased the likelihood of infection, but injury did not significantly change the CO2 output of the flies. Our results suggest that parasites are relying on chemical cues not only for host finding but also to discriminate between hosts on the basis of the rate of respiration, with potentially important implications for the metabolic theory of ecology.
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25
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Binning SA, Shaw AK, Roche DG. Parasites and Host Performance: Incorporating Infection into Our Understanding of Animal Movement. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:267-280. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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26
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Luong LT, Horn CJ, Brophy T. Mitey Costly: Energetic Costs of Parasite Avoidance and Infection. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:471-477. [DOI: 10.1086/691704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Dallas T, Park AW, Drake JM. Predicting cryptic links in host-parasite networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005557. [PMID: 28542200 PMCID: PMC5466334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks are a way to represent interactions among one (e.g., social networks) or more (e.g., plant-pollinator networks) classes of nodes. The ability to predict likely, but unobserved, interactions has generated a great deal of interest, and is sometimes referred to as the link prediction problem. However, most studies of link prediction have focused on social networks, and have assumed a completely censused network. In biological networks, it is unlikely that all interactions are censused, and ignoring incomplete detection of interactions may lead to biased or incorrect conclusions. Previous attempts to predict network interactions have relied on known properties of network structure, making the approach sensitive to observation errors. This is an obvious shortcoming, as networks are dynamic, and sometimes not well sampled, leading to incomplete detection of links. Here, we develop an algorithm to predict missing links based on conditional probability estimation and associated, node-level features. We validate this algorithm on simulated data, and then apply it to a desert small mammal host-parasite network. Our approach achieves high accuracy on simulated and observed data, providing a simple method to accurately predict missing links in networks without relying on prior knowledge about network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad Dallas
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Park
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John M Drake
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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28
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Chapman CA, Friant S, Godfrey K, Liu C, Sakar D, Schoof VAM, Sengupta R, Twinomugisha D, Valenta K, Goldberg TL. Social Behaviours and Networks of Vervet Monkeys Are Influenced by Gastrointestinal Parasites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161113. [PMID: 27580121 PMCID: PMC5007011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial research has shown that while some parasite infections can be fatal to hosts, most infections are sub-clinical and non-lethal. Such sub-clinical infections can nonetheless have negative consequences for the long-term fitness of the host such as reducing juvenile growth and the host's ability to compete for food and mates. With such effects, infected individuals are expected to exhibit behavioural changes. Here we use a parasite removal experiment to quantify how gastrointestinal parasite infections affect the behaviour of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Behavioural profiles and the structure of nearest neighbour relationships varied significantly. As predicted, after deworming the duration of the resting events decreased, which is consistent with the idea that parasite infections are energetically costly. In contrast to what was predicted, we could not reject the null hypothesis and we observed no change in either the frequency or duration of grooming, but we found that the duration of travel events increased. A network analysis revealed that after deworming, individuals tended to have more nearest neighbours and hence probably more frequent interactions, with this effect being particularly marked for juveniles. The heightened response by juveniles may indicate that they are avoiding infected individuals more than other age classes because it is too costly to move energy away from growth. We consider that populations with high parasite burden may have difficulties developing social networks and behaviours that could have cascading effects that impact the population in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Chapman
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, 10460, United States of America
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Sagan Friant
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Dipto Sakar
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Valérie A. M. Schoof
- Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Raja Sengupta
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Dennis Twinomugisha
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Kim Valenta
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
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Orlofske SA, Belden LK, Hopkins WA. Effects of Echinostoma trivolvis metacercariae infection during development and metamorphosis of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:40-48. [PMID: 27543422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms face energetic trade-offs between defense against parasites and other host processes that may determine overall consequences of infection. These trade-offs may be particularly evident during unfavorable environmental conditions or energetically demanding life history stages. Amphibian metamorphosis, an ecologically important developmental period, is associated with drastic morphological and physiological changes and substantial energetic costs. Effects of the trematode parasite Echinostoma trivolvis have been documented during early amphibian development, but effects during later development and metamorphosis are largely unknown. Using a laboratory experiment, we examined the energetic costs of late development and metamorphosis coupled with E. trivolvis infection in wood frogs, Lithobates [=Rana] sylvaticus. Echinostoma infection intensity did not differ between tadpoles examined prior to and after completing metamorphosis, suggesting that metacercariae were retained through metamorphosis. Infection with E. trivolvis contributed to a slower growth rate and longer development period prior to the initiation of metamorphosis. In contrast, E. trivolvis infection did not affect energy expenditure during late development or metamorphosis. Possible explanations for these results include the presence of parasites not interfering with pronephros degradation during metamorphosis or the mesonephros compensating for any parasite damage. Overall, the energetic costs of metamorphosis for wood frogs were comparable to other species with similar life history traits, but differed from a species with a much shorter duration of metamorphic climax. Our findings contribute to understanding the possible role of energetic trade-offs between parasite defense and host processes by considering parasite infection with simultaneous energetic demands during a sensitive period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Orlofske
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Physiological Status Drives Metabolic Rate in Mediterranean Geckos Infected with Pentastomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144477. [PMID: 26657838 PMCID: PMC4681768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative effects of parasites on their hosts are well documented, but the proximate mechanisms by which parasites reduce their host’s fitness are poorly understood. For example, it has been suggested that parasites might be energetically demanding. However, a recent meta-analysis suggests that they have statistically insignificant effects on host resting metabolic rate (RMR). It is possible, though, that energetic costs associated with parasites are only manifested during and/or following periods of activity. Here, we measured CO2 production (a surrogate for metabolism) in Mediterranean geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) infected with a lung parasite, the pentastome Raillietiella indica, under two physiological conditions: rested and recently active. In rested geckos, there was a negative, but non-significant association between the number of pentastomes (i.e., infection intensity) and CO2 production. In recently active geckos (chased for 3 minutes), we recorded CO2 production from its maximum value until it declined to a stationary phase. We analyzed this decline as a 3 phase function (initial decline, secondary decline, stationary). Geckos that were recently active showed, in the secondary phase, a significant decrease in CO2 production as pentastome intensity increased. Moreover, duration of the secondary phase showed a significant positive association with the number of pentastomes. These results suggest that the intensity of pentastome load exerts a weak effect on the metabolism of resting geckos, but a strong physiological effect on geckos that have recently been active; we speculate this occurs via mechanical constraints on breathing. Our results provide a potential mechanism by which pentastomes can reduce gecko fitness.
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Novikov E, Kondratyuk E, Petrovski D, Krivopalov A, Moshkin M. Effects of parasites and antigenic challenge on metabolic rates and thermoregulation in northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4479-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McElroy EJ, de Buron I. Host Performance as a Target of Manipulation by Parasites: A Meta-Analysis. J Parasitol 2014; 100:399-410. [DOI: 10.1645/13-488.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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St. Juliana JR, Khokhlova IS, Wielebnowski N, Kotler BP, Krasnov BR. Ectoparasitism and stress hormones: strategy of host exploitation, common host-parasite history and energetics matter. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1113-23. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. St. Juliana
- Department of Biology; Indiana State University; 200 N. 7th St. Terre Haute IN 47809 USA
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
- Department of Life and Physical Science; Ivy Tech Community College Wabash Valley; 8000 S. Education Drive Terre Haute IN 47802 USA
| | - Irina S. Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture; French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Nadja Wielebnowski
- Department of Conservation Science; Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo; 3300 Golf Road Brookfield IL 60513 USA
- Conservation Research Division; Oregon Zoo; 4001 SW Canyon Rd. Portland OR 97221 USA
| | - Burt P. Kotler
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
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Hechinger RF. A Metabolic and Body-Size Scaling Framework for Parasite Within-Host Abundance, Biomass, and Energy Flux. Am Nat 2013; 182:234-48. [DOI: 10.1086/670820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Orlofske S, Belden L, Hopkins W. Larval wood frog (Rana [=Lithobates] sylvatica) development and physiology following infection with the trematode parasite, Echinostoma trivolvis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lutermann H, Bennett NC, Speakman JR, Scantlebury M. Energetic benefits of sociality offset the costs of parasitism in a cooperative mammal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57969. [PMID: 23451285 PMCID: PMC3581474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociality and particularly advanced forms of sociality such as cooperative breeding (living in permanent groups with reproductive division of labour) is relatively rare among vertebrates. A suggested constraint on the evolution of sociality is the elevated transmission rate of parasites between group members. Despite such apparent costs, sociality has evolved independently in a number of vertebrate taxa including humans. However, how the costs of parasitism are overcome in such cases remains uncertain. We evaluated the potential role of parasites in the evolution of sociality in a member of the African mole-rats, the only mammal family that exhibits the entire range of social systems from solitary to eusocial. Here we show that resting metabolic rates decrease whilst daily energy expenditure and energy stores (i.e. body fat) increase with group size in social Natal mole rats (Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis). Critically, larger groups also had reduced parasite abundance and infested individuals only showed measurable increases in energy metabolism at high parasite abundance. Thus, in some circumstances, sociality appears to provide energetic benefits that may be diverted into parasite defence. This mechanism is likely to be self-reinforcing and an important factor in the evolution of sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Lutermann
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- * E-mail: (HL); (MS)
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Scantlebury
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HL); (MS)
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Downs CJ, Brown JL, Wone B, Donovan ER, Hunter K, Hayes JP. Selection for increased mass-independent maximal metabolic rate suppresses innate but not adaptive immune function. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122636. [PMID: 23303541 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both appropriate metabolic rates and sufficient immune function are essential for survival. Consequently, eco-immunologists have hypothesized that animals may experience trade-offs between metabolic rates and immune function. Previous work has focused on how basal metabolic rate (BMR) may trade-off with immune function, but maximal metabolic rate (MMR), the upper limit to aerobic activity, might also trade-off with immune function. We used mice artificially selected for high mass-independent MMR to test for trade-offs with immune function. We assessed (i) innate immune function by quantifying cytokine production in response to injection with lipopolysaccharide and (ii) adaptive immune function by measuring antibody production in response to injection with keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Selection for high mass-independent MMR suppressed innate immune function, but not adaptive immune function. However, analyses at the individual level also indicate a negative correlation between MMR and adaptive immune function. By contrast BMR did not affect immune function. Evolutionarily, natural selection may favour increasing MMR to enhance aerobic performance and endurance, but the benefits of high MMR may be offset by impaired immune function. This result could be important in understanding the selective factors acting on the evolution of metabolic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Downs
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Hawley DM, DuRant SE, Wilson AF, Adelman JS, Hopkins WA. Additive metabolic costs of thermoregulation and pathogen infection. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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