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Timalsina B, Haque MN, Dash R, Choi HJ, Ghimire N, Moon IS. Neuronal Differentiation and Outgrowth Effect of Thymol in Trachyspermum ammi Seed Extract via BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway in Prenatal Maternal Supplementation and Primary Hippocampal Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108565. [PMID: 37239909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reviving the neuronal functions in neurodegenerative disorders requires the promotion of neurite outgrowth. Thymol, which is a principal component of Trachyspermum ammi seed extract (TASE), is reported to have neuroprotective effects. However, the effects of thymol and TASE on neuronal differentiation and outgrowth are yet to be studied. This study is the first report investigating the neuronal growth and maturation effects of TASE and thymol. Pregnant mice were orally supplemented with TASE (250 and 500 mg/kg), thymol (50 and 100 mg/kg), vehicle, and positive controls. The supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and early neuritogenesis markers in the pups' brains at post-natal day 1 (P1). Similarly, the BDNF level was significantly upregulated in the P12 pups' brains. Furthermore, TASE (75 and 100 µg/mL) and thymol (10 and 20 µM) enhanced the neuronal polarity, early neurite arborization, and maturation of hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner in primary hippocampal cultures. The stimulatory activities of TASE and thymol on neurite extension involved TrkB signaling, as evidenced by attenuation via ANA-12 (5 µM), which is a specific TrkB inhibitor. Moreover, TASE and thymol rescued the nocodazole-induced blunted neurite extension in primary hippocampal cultures, suggesting their role as a potent microtubule stabilizing agent. These findings demonstrate the potent capacities of TASE and thymol in promoting neuronal development and reconstruction of neuronal circuitry, which are often compromised in neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Timalsina
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisha Ghimire
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Physical exercise can be effective in preventing or ameliorating various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. However, not everyone may be able to participate in exercise due to illnesses, age-related frailty, or difficulty in long-term behavior change. An alternative option is to utilize pharmacological interventions that mimic the positive effects of exercise training. Recent studies have identified signaling pathways associated with the benefits of physical activity and discovered exercise mimetics that can partially simulate the systemic impact of exercise. This review describes the molecular targets for exercise mimetics and their effect on skeletal muscle and other tissues. We will also discuss the potential advantages of using natural products as a multi-targeting agent for mimicking the health-promoting effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jang
- Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Sun M, Bao W, Huang C, Xia Z, Zhang C, Wang G, Wang R, Li J, Roux S, Li Q, Zou D, Ma K, Bao X. A Novel Probiotic Formula, BIOCG, Protects Against Alzheimer's-Related Cognitive Deficits via Regulation of Dendritic Spine Dynamics. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:558-572. [PMID: 34674621 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211022091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain-gut-microbiome axis has emerged as an important pathway through which perturbations in the gut and/or microbial microenvironment can impact neurological function. Such alterations have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, includ- ing depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and the use of probiotics as therapy for th- ese diseases remains promising. However, the mechanisms underlying the gut microenvironment's influence on disease pathogenesis and therapy remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a novel probiotic formula, BIOCG, on cognitive function and pathobiological mechanisms, including amyloid processing and dendritic spine dynamics, in a mouse model of AD. METHODS BIOCG was administered for 3 months to 3xTg or 3xTg; Thy1-YFP AD mice and func- tional outcomes were assessed via behavioral testing and electrophysiology. Mechanisms relevant to AD pathogenesis including dendritic spine morphology and turnover, Amyloid Precursor Pro- tein (APP) processing and microglial phenotype were also evaluated. Finally, we sequenced fecal samples following probiotic treatment to assess the impact on gut microbial composition and corre- late the changes with the above described measures. RESULTS Mice treated with BIOCG demonstrated preserved cognitive abilities and stronger Long- Term Potentiation (LTP), spontaneous Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents (sEPSC), and glutamate-in- duced LTPs, indicative of functional and electrophysiological effects. Moreover, we observed atten- uated AD pathogenesis, including reduced Amyloid Beta (Aβ) burden, as well as more mature den- dritic spines in the BIOCG-treated. Our finding of changes in microglial number and phenotype in the treatment group suggests that this formulation may mediate its effects via attenuation of neu- roinflammation. Sequencing data confirmed that the gut microbiome in treated mice was more varied and harbored a greater proportion of "beneficial" bacteria. CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicate that treatment with BIOCG enhances microbial diversity and, through gut-brain axis interactions, attenuates neuroinflammation to produce histologic and functional improvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
| | - Wenchenyang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
| | - Chengyu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
| | - Ziyue Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
| | - Changliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Biodep Biotechnology, 6-C2 Dongsheng West Road, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu. China
| | - Guangxian Wang
- Jiangsu Biodep Biotechnology, 6-C2 Dongsheng West Road, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu. China
| | - Runxin Wang
- Jiangsu Biodep Biotechnology, 6-C2 Dongsheng West Road, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu. China
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Admera Health, South Plainfield, NJ07080. United States
| | - Shaun Roux
- Probiotics Australia, 24-30 Blanck Street, Ormeau, QLD, 4208. Australia
| | - Qian Li
- Department of biology, College of Staten Island, Staten Island, NY 10314 . United States
| | - Dongmei Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
| | - Kai Ma
- Jiangsu Biodep Biotechnology, 6-C2 Dongsheng West Road, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu. China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu. China
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Experimental evidence and mechanism of action of some popular neuro-nutraceutical herbs. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105124. [PMID: 34245808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain and neuronal circuits constitute the most complex organ networks in human body. They not only control and coordinate functions of all other organs, but also represent one of the most-affected systems with stress, lifestyle and age. With global increase in aging populations, these neuropathologies have emerged as major concern for maintaining quality of life. Recent era has witnessed a surge in nutritional remediation of brain dysfunctions primarily by "nutraceuticals" that refer to functional foods and supplements with pharmacological potential. Specific dietary patterns with a balanced intake of carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and micronutrients have also been ascertained to promote brain health. Dietary herbs and their phytochemicals with wide range of biological and pharmacological activities and minimal adverse effects have gained remarkable attention as neuro-nutraceuticals. Neuro-nutraceutical potentials of herbs are often expressed as effects on cognitive response, circadian rhythm, neuromodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that are mediated by effects on gene expression, epigenetics, protein synthesis along with their turnover and metabolic pathways. Epidemiological and experimental evidence have implicated enormous applications of herbal supplementation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The present review highlights the identification, experimental evidence and applications of some herbs including Bacopa monniera, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Helicteres angustifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Vitis vinifera, as neuro-nutraceuticals.
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The Seaweed Diet in Prevention and Treatment of the Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030128. [PMID: 33652930 PMCID: PMC7996752 DOI: 10.3390/md19030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible marine algae are rich in bioactive compounds and are, therefore, a source of bioavailable proteins, long chain polysaccharides that behave as low-calorie soluble fibers, metabolically necessary minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants. Marine algae were used primarily as gelling agents and thickeners (phycocolloids) in food and pharmaceutical industries in the last century, but recent research has revealed their potential as a source of useful compounds for the pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic industries. The green, red, and brown algae have been shown to have useful therapeutic properties in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson, Alzheimer’s, and Multiple Sclerosis, and other chronic diseases. In this review are listed and described the main components of a suitable diet for patients with these diseases. In addition, compounds derived from macroalgae and their neurophysiological activities are described.
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Hannan MA, Haque MN, Munni YA, Oktaviani DF, Timalsina B, Dash R, Afrin T, Moon IS. Centella asiatica promotes early differentiation, axodendritic maturation and synaptic formation in primary hippocampal neurons. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104957. [PMID: 33444677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centella asiatica is a 'medhya-rasayana (nootrophic or memory booster)' herb that has been indicated in Ayurveda for improving memory function and treating dementia disorders. Although the neuroprotective effects of C. asiatica have been reported in earlier studies, the information on whether this nootropic herb could promote early differentiation and development of axon and dendrites in primary hippocampal neurons is currently limited. THE AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of C. asiatica and asiatic acid, one of the principal active constituents of C. asiatica, on the various stages of neuronal polarity, including early neuronal differentiation, axonal outgrowth, dendritic arborization, axonal maturation, and synaptic formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Embryonic rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with C. asiatica leaf extract (CAE) or asiatic acid. After an indicated time, neurons were fixed and immunolabeled to visualize the neuronal morphology. Morphometric analyses for early neuronal differentiation, axonal and dendritic maturation and synaptogenesis were performed using Image J software. Neuronal viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion assay. RESULTS CAE at varying concentrations ranging from 3.75 to 15 μg/mL enhanced neurite outgrowth with the highest optimal concentration of 7.5 μg/mL. The effects of CAE commenced immediately after cell seeding, as indicated by its accelerating effect on neuronal differentiation. Subsequently, CAE significantly elaborated dendritic and axonal morphology and facilitated synapse formation. Asiatic acid also facilitated neurite outgrowth, but to a lesser extent than CAE. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that CAE exerted its modulatory effects in every stage of neuronal development, supporting its previously claimed neurotrophic function and suggest that this natural nootropic and its active component asiatic acid can be further investigated to explore a promising solution for degenerative brain disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Binod Timalsina
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tania Afrin
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Food Security, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Tirtawijaya G, Haque MN, Choi JS, Moon IS, Meinita MDN, Choi JS, Hong YK. Spinogenesis and Synaptogenesis Effects of the Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii and Its Isolated Cholesterol on Hippocampal Neuron Cultures. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:418-425. [PMID: 31915637 PMCID: PMC6941723 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors promote the formation of spines and synapses in neuron development and maintenance. Synaptic connections enhance memory in the brain. In this study, the effects of Kappaphycus alvarezii ethanolic extract (EKA) and its isolated cholesterol (iCHOL) on spinogenesis and synaptogenesis of hippocampal neurons were evaluated. Compared with the vehicle, both EKA and iCHOL significantly promoted generation of dendritic filopodia (2.4- and 2.2-fold, respectively) and spine (1.7- and 1.4-fold) formations in spinogenesis; they also increased presynaptic (3.6- and 2.6-fold), postsynaptic (2.5- and 2.9-fold), and cocolonized (3.8- and 3.0-fold) puncta, which enhances synaptic function (P< 0.05). Further, EKA- and iCHOL-treated neurons showed significantly improved functional presynaptic plasticity (1.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively, at 17 days in vitro; P<0.05). These results indicate that K. alverezii facilitates neuronal development, and support its use as a functional food to reduce neurological disorders and prevent brain aging via helping to reconstruct partially damaged neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tirtawijaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea
| | - Maria Dyah Nur Meinita
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah 53123, Indonesia
| | - Jae-Suk Choi
- Division of Bioindustry, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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3β, 6β-dichloro-5-hydroxy-5α-cholestane facilitates neuronal development through modulating TrkA signaling regulated proteins in primary hippocampal neuron. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18919. [PMID: 31831796 PMCID: PMC6908615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentiating neuritogenesis through pharmacological intervention might hold therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative disorders and acute brain injury. Here, we investigated the novel neuritogenic potentials of a steroidal chlorohydrin, 3β, 6β-dichloro-5-hydroxy-5α-cholestane (hereafter, SCH) and the change in cellular proteome to gain insight into the underlying mechanism of its neurotrophic activity in hippocampal neurons. Morphometric analysis showed that SCH promoted early neuronal differentiation, dendritic arborization and axonal maturation. Proteomic and bioinformatic analysis revealed that SCH induced upregulation of several proteins, including those associated with neuronal differentiation and development. Immunocytochemical data further indicates that SCH-treated neurons showed upregulation of Hnrnpa2b1 and Map1b, validating their proteomic profiles. In addition, a protein-protein interaction network analysis identified TrkA as a potential target connecting most of the upregulated proteins. The neurite outgrowth effect of SCH was suppressed by TrkA inhibitor, GW441756, verifying TrkA-dependent activity of SCH, which further supports the connection of TrkA with the upregulated proteins. Also, the computational analysis revealed that SCH interacts with the NGF-binding domain of TrkA through Phe327 and Asn355. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that SCH promotes neuronal development via upregulating TrkA-signaling proteins and suggest that SCH could be a promising therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Kim J, Haque MN, Goo TW, Moon IS. Alleviation of Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae Extract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:633-650. [PMID: 29595074 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results in synaptic dysfunction and eventually leads to neurodegeneration. Allomyrina dichotoma larvae are a Chinese ethnomedicine and are widely used in East Asia. In the present study, we investigated the ability of ethanol extract of A. dichotoma larvae (ADE) to improve synaptic structure and function by activating unfolded protein response (UPR) under ER stress in animal and neuron culture models. ER stress was induced in obese mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or by treating dissociated cultures of rat embryonic (E19) hippocampal neurons with tunicamycin (TM). Western blot and real-time or conventional RT-PCR were performed to analyze the expressions of ER stress marker proteins. In dissociated hippocampal cultures, immunocytochemistry was performed for synaptic proteins, and cultures were stained with styryl dye FM1-43 to assess presynaptic activities. In HFD-fed obese mice, ADE efficiently reduced the expressions of ER stress markers, such as, xbp-1, chop, atf4, erdi4, and eIf2a, and those of the ER chaperone/foldases Bip/grp78, Ero-1l, and PDI. Unconventionally spliced xbp-1s mRNA was not detected. In primary rat hippocampal cultures under ER stress, ADE significantly lowered the nuclear expression of CHOP, inhibited the downregulations of postsynaptic proteins, such as, GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD-95, and maintained the pool size of recycling presynaptic vesicles. The study shows that ADE potently suppressed the induction of ER stress and maintained the structure and function of hippocampal neurons, and suggests that ADE is a potentially valuable food supplement and preventive therapeutic for ER stress-related nervous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwan Kim
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- † Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Bhuiyan MMH, Haque MN, Mohibbullah M, Kim YK, Moon IS. Radix Puerariae modulates glutamatergic synaptic architecture and potentiates functional synaptic plasticity in primary hippocampal neurons. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:100-107. [PMID: 28734961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neurologic disorders are frequently characterized by synaptic pathology, including abnormal density and morphology of dendritic spines, synapse loss, and aberrant synaptic signaling and plasticity. Therefore, to promote and/or protect synapses by the use of natural molecules capable of modulating neurodevelopmental events, such as, spinogenesis and synaptic plasticity, could offer a preventive and curative strategy for nervous disorders associated with synaptic pathology. Radix Puerariae, the root of Pueraria monatana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa&Pradeep, is a Chinese ethnomedicine, traditionally used for the treatment of memory-related nervous disorders including Alzheimer's disease. In the previous study, we showed that the ethanolic extracts of Radix Puerariae (RPE) and its prime constituent, puerarin induced neuritogenesis and synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons, and thus could improve memory functions. AIMS OF THE STUDY In the present study, we specifically investigated the abilities of RPE and puerarin to improve memory-related brain disorders through modulating synaptic maturation and functional potentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat embryonic (E19) brain neurons were cultured in the absence or presence of RPE or puerarin. At predetermined times, cells were live-stained with DiO or fixed and immunostained to visualize neuronal morphologies, or lysed for protein harvesting. Morphometric analyses of dendritic spines and synaptogenesis were performed using Image J software. Functional pre- and postsynaptic plasticity was measured by FM1-43 staining and whole-cell patch clamping, respectively. RPE or puerarin-mediated changes in actin-related protein 2 were assessed by Western blotting. Neuronal survivals were measured using propidium iodide exclusion assay. RESULTS RPE and puerarin both: (1) promoted a significant increase in the numbers, and maturation, of dendritic spines; (2) modulated the formation of glutamatergic synapses; (3) potentiated synaptic transmission by increasing the sizes of reserve vesicle pools at presynaptic terminals; (4) enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents, and (5) increased cell viability against naturally occurring cell death. Moreover, upregulation of actin-related protein 2 (ARP2) in RPE and puerarin treated brain neurons suggest that RPE and puerarin induced synaptic plasticity might be associated, at least in part, with ARP2-mediated actin-dependent regulation of spinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that RPE and puerarin might play a substantial role in the morphological and functional maturation of brain neurons and suggest that RPE and puerarin are potentially valuable preventative therapeutics for memory-related nervous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Mohibbullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Namku, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Kim J, Moon IS, Goo TW, Moon SS, Seo M. Algae Undaria pinnatifida Protects Hypothalamic Neurons against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through Akt/mTOR Signaling. Molecules 2015; 20:20998-1009. [PMID: 26610463 PMCID: PMC6332416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is known to be one of the causes of hypothalamic neuronal damage, as well as a cause of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Recent evidence has suggested that Undaria pinnatifida (UP), an edible brown algae, has antioxidant activity. However, the neuroprotective effect of UP has yet to be examined. In this study, to investigate the neuroprotective effect of UP on ER stress-induced neuronal damage in mouse hypothalamic neurons, mice immortal hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7) were incubated with extract of UP. ER stress was induced by treating with tunicamycin. Tunicamycin induced apoptotic cell death was compared with the vehicle treatment through excessive ER stress. However UP protected GT1-7 cells from cell death, occurring after treatment with tunicamycin by reducing ER stress. Treatment with UP resulted in reduced increment of ATF6 and CHOP, and recovered the decrease of phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR by tunicamycin and the increment of autophagy. These results show that UP protects GT1-7 cells from ER stress induced cell death through the Akt/mTOR pathway. The current study suggests that UP may have a beneficial effect on cerebral neuronal degeneration in metabolic diseases with elevated ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwan Kim
- Institute of Medical Research, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Seong-Su Moon
- Institute of Medical Research, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Minchul Seo
- Institute of Medical Research, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
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The Edible Red Alga Porphyra yezoensis Promotes Neuronal Survival and Cytoarchitecture in Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:669-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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