Antidiabetic Potential of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review

Explore the active ingredients and potential mechanism of action on Actinidia arguta leaves against T2DM by integration of serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Actinidia arguta leaves (AAL) are traditionally consumed as a vegetable and as tea in folk China and Korea. Previous studies have reported the anti-diabetic effect of AAL, but its bioactive components and mechanism of action are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to identify the hypoglycemic active components of AAL by combining serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology and to elucidate its possible mechanism of action.

METHODS

Firstly, the effective components in mice serum samples were characterized by UPLC-Q/TOF-MSE. Furthermore, based on these active ingredients, network pharmacology analysis was performed to establish an "H-C-T-P-D" interaction network and reveal possible biological mechanisms. Finally, the affinity between serum AAL components and the main proteins in the important pathways above was investigated through molecular docking analysis.

RESULTS

Serum pharmacochemistry analysis showed that 69 compounds in the serum samples were identified, including 23 prototypes and 46 metabolites. The metabolic reactions mainly included deglycosylation, dehydration, hydrogenation, methylation, acetylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. Network pharmacology analysis showed that the key components quercetin, pinoresinol diglucoside, and 5-O-trans-p-coumaroyl quinic acid butyl ester mainly acted on the core targets PTGS2, HRAS, RELA, PRKCA, and BCL2 targets and through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, and MAPK signaling pathway to exert a hypoglycemic effect. Likewise, molecular docking results showed that the three potential active ingredients had good binding effects on the five key targets.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a basis for elucidating the pharmacodynamic substance basis of AA against T2DM and further exploring the mechanism of action.

Natural products with potential hypoglycemic activity in T2DM: 2019-2023

As currently the most common metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has shown a continuous increase in the number of patients in recent decades. Most anti-T2DM drugs tend to cause some side effects. Given the pathogenesis of T2DM, natural products have emerged as an important source of anti-T2DM drugs. This article reviews natural products with potential hypoglycemic activity from 2019 to 2023. A total of 200 previously natural products were discovered on SciFinder, PubMed and Web of Science. These products were categorized based on their structural frameworks and their biological activities were summarized. Although the mechanisms of action of most compounds are unclear, these compounds could still serve as candidates for the development of lead compounds. Therefore, further structure and activity research of natural products will significantly contribute to the development of potential anti-T2DM drugs.

A narrative review on the mechanism of natural flavonoids in improving glucolipid metabolism disorders

Glucolipid metabolism disorder (GLMD) is a complex chronic disease characterized by glucose and lipid metabolism disorders with a complex and diverse etiology and rapidly increasing incidence. Many studies have identified the role of flavonoids in ameliorating GLMD, with mechanisms related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, AMP-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, glucose transporter type 4, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. However, a comprehensive summary of the flavonoid effects on GLMD is lacking. This study reviewed the roles and mechanisms of natural flavonoids with different structures in the treatment of GLMD reported globally in the past 5 years and provides a reference for developing flavonoids as drugs for treating GLMD.

Hawthorn leaf flavonoids alleviate the deterioration of atherosclerosis by inhibiting SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR pathway through sPLA2-ⅡA signaling in macrophages in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hawthorn leaves are a combination of the dried leaves of the Rosaceae plants, i.e., Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br., is primarily cultivated in East Asia, North America, and Europe. hawthorn leaf flavonoids (HLF) are the main part of extraction. The HLF have demonstrated potential in preventing hypertension, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, the potential pharmacological mechanism behind its anti-atherosclerotic effect has yet to be explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The in vivo and in vitro effects of HLF on lipid-mediated foam cell formation were investigated, with a specific focus on the levels of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-II A) in macrophage cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The primary constituents of HLF were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In vivo, HLF, at concentrations of 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg, were administered to apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-) fed by high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Aorta and serum samples were collected to identify lesion areas and lipids through mass spectrometry analysis to dissect the pathological process. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) alone, or ox-LDL combined with different doses of HLF (100, 50, and 25 μg/ml), or ox-LDL plus 24-h sPLA2-IIA inhibitors, for cell biology analysis. Lipids and inflammatory cytokines were detected using biochemical analyzers and ELISA, while plaque size and collagen content of plaque were assessed by HE and the Masson staining of the aorta. The lipid deposition in macrophages was observed by Oil Red O staining. The expression of sPLA2-IIA and SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The chemical profile of HLF was studied using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, allowing the tentative identification of 20 compounds, comprising 1 phenolic acid, 9 flavonols and 10 flavones, including isovitexin, vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-robibioside, rutin, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, etc. HLF decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels in ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), reduced ox-LDL uptake, inhibited level of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1ꞵ (P < 0.001), and alleviated aortic plaques with a thicker fibrous cap. HLF effectively attenuated foam cell formation in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and reduced levels of intracellular TC, free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl ester (CE), IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β (P < 0.001). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, HLF significantly downregulated the expression of sPLA2-IIA, SCAP, SREBP2, LDLR, HMGCR, and LOX-1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sPLA2-IIA inhibitor effectively mitigated inflammatory release in RAW264.7 macrophages and regulated SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway by inhibiting sPLA2-IIA secretion (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

HLF exerted a protective effect against atherosclerosis through inhibiting sPLA2-IIA to diminish SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR signaling pathway, to reduce LDL uptake caused foam cell formation, and to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis in mice.

Gamma radiation assisted green synthesis of hesperidin-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite targeted JNK/SMAD4/MMP2 signaling pathway

In this study, a novel method for the fabrication of hesperidin/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (RGOH) with the assistance of gamma rays is reported. The different RGOHs were obtained by varying hesperidin concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 wt.%) in graphene oxide (GO) solution. Hesperidin concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 wt.%) in graphene oxide (GO) were varied to produce the various RGOHs. Upon irradiation with 80 kGy from γ-Ray, the successful reduction of GO occurred in the presence of hesperidin. The reduction process was confirmed by different characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, and Raman Spectroscopy. A cytotoxicity study using the MTT method was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic-anticancer effects of arbitrary RGOH on Wi38, CaCo2, and HepG2 cell lines. The assessment of RGOH's anti-inflammatory activity, including the monitoring of IL-1B and IL-6 activities as well as NF-kB gene expression was done. In addition, the anti-invasive and antimetastatic properties of RGOH, ICAM, and VCAM were assessed. Additionally, the expression of the MMP2-9 gene was quantified. The assessment of apoptotic activity was conducted by the detection of gene expressions related to BCl2 and P53. The documentation of the JNK/SMAD4/MMP2 signaling pathway was ultimately accomplished. The findings of our study indicate that RGOH therapy has significant inhibitory effects on the JNK/SMAD4/MMP2 pathway. This suggests that it could be a potential therapeutic option for cancer.

Inhibitory effect of flavonoids on multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 function: Implications for food/herb-drug interaction and drug-induced kidney injury

Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), an efflux transporter mainly expressed in renal proximal tubules, mediates the renal secretion of organic cationic drugs. The inhibition of MATE1 will impair the excretion of drugs into the tubular lumen, leading to the accumulation of nephrotoxic drugs in the kidney and consequently potentiating nephrotoxicity. Screening and identifying potent MATE1 inhibitors can predict or minimize the risk of drug-induced kidney injury. Flavonoids, a group of polyphenols commonly found in foodstuffs and herbal products, have been reported to cause transporter-mediated food/herb-drug interactions. Our objective was to investigate the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on MATE1 in vitro and in vivo and to assess the effects of flavonoids on cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Thirteen flavonoids exhibited significant transport activity inhibition (>50%) on MATE1 in MATE1-MDCK cells. Among them, the six strongest flavonoid inhibitors, including irisflorentin, silymarin, isosilybin, sinensetin, tangeretin, and nobiletin, markedly increased cisplatin cytotoxicity in these cells. In cisplatin-induced in vivo renal injury models, irisflorentin, isosilybin, and sinensetin also increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels to different degrees, especially irisflorentin, which exhibited the most potent nephrotoxicity with cisplatin. The pharmacophore model indicated that the hydrogen bond acceptors at the 3, 5, and 7 positions may play a critical role in the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on MATE1. Our findings provide helpful information for predicting the potential risks of flavonoid-containing food/herb-drug interactions and avoiding the exacerbation of drug-induced kidney injury via MATE1 mediation.

Anti-Tumor Activity and Mechanism of Silibinin Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification

Silibinin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. It has the functions of liver protection, blood-lipid reduction and anti-tumor effects. However, the potential molecular mechanism of silibinin against tumors is still unknown. This study aimed to assess the anti-tumor effects of silibinin in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC2) cells and Balb/c nude mice, and explore its potential mechanism based on network pharmacology prediction and experimental verification. A total of 347 targets interacting with silibinin were collected, and 75 targets related to the tumor growth process for silibinin were filtrated. Based on the PPI analysis, CASP3, SRC, ESR1, JAK2, PRKACA, HSPA8 and CAT showed stronger interactions with other factors and may be the key targets of silibinin for treating tumors. The predicted target proteins according to network pharmacology were verified using Western blot analysis in ACC2 cells and Balb/c nude mice. In the pharmacological experiment, silibinin was revealed to significantly inhibit viability, proliferation, migration and induce the apoptosis of ACC2 cells in vitro, as well as inhibit the growth and development of tumor tissue in vivo. Western blot analysis showed that silibinin affected the expression of proteins associated with cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, such as MMP3, JNK, PPARα and JAK. The possible molecular mechanism involved in cancer pathways, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and viral carcinogenesis pathway via the inhibition of CASP3, MMP3, SRC, MAPK10 and CDK6 and the activation of PPARα and JAK. Overall, our results provided insight into the pharmacological mechanisms of silibinin in the treatment of tumors. These results offer a support for the anti-tumor uses of silibinin.

Quercetin Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Fat Accumulation by Regulating Inflammatory Responses and Glycometabolism Pathways: A Review

Fat synthesis and lipolysis are natural processes in growth and have a close association with health. Fat provides energy, maintains physiological function, and so on, and thus plays a significant role in the body. However, excessive/abnormal fat accumulation leads to obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, which can have a detrimental impact on growth and even harm one's health. Aside from genetic effects, there are a range of factors related to obesity, such as excessive nutrient intake, inflammation, glycometabolism disease, and so on. These factors could serve as potential targets for anti-obesity therapy. Quercetin is a flavonol that has received a lot of attention recently because of its role in anti-obesity. It was thought to have the ability to regulate lipid metabolism and have a positive effect on anti-obesity, but the processes are still unknown. Recent studies have shown the role of quercetin in lipid metabolism might be related to its effects on inflammatory responses and glycometabolism. The references were chosen for this review with no date restrictions applied based on the topics they addressed, and the databases PubMed and Web of Sicence was used to conduct the references research, using the following search terms: "quercetin", "obesity", "inflammation", "glycometabolism", "insulin sensitivity", etc. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of quercetin in alleviating lipid metabolism through anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic signaling pathways, and describes the possible signaling pathways in the interaction of inflammation and glycometabolism, with the goal of providing references for future research and application of quercetin in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Research progress of the effective active ingredients of Astragalus mongholicus in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most prevalent consequences of diabetes, with a high incidence and disability rate. The DPN's pathogenesis is extremely complex and yet to be fully understood. Persistent high glucose metabolism, nerve growth factor deficiency, microvascular disease, oxidative stress, peripheral nerve cell apoptosis, immune factors, and other factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of DPN. Astragalus mongholicus is a commonly used plant used to treat DPN in clinical settings. Its rich chemical components mainly include Astragalus polysaccharide, Astragalus saponins, Astragalus flavones, etc., which play a vital role in the treatment of DPN. This review aimed to summarize the pathogenesis of DPN and the studies on the mechanism of the effective components of Astragalus mongholicus in treating DPN. This is of great significance for the effective use of Chinese herbal medicine and the promotion of its status and influence on the world.

Effectiveness and pharmacological mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine for coronary heart disease complicated with heart failure

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is widely used for treating coronary heart disease complicated with heart failure (CHD-HF). However, the exact mechanisms involved are still not fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To assess the clinical effectiveness and potential pharmacological mechanisms of CHM for treating CHD-HF.

METHODS

Eight databases were retrieved for Randomized Controlled Trials of CHM for CHD-HF published from their inception to March 2023. Quality assessment of include studies was performed by the Cochrane risk-of-bias. Meta-analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of CHM for CHD-HF, and then core drugs and active ingredients were selected by data mining and network pharmacology. Finally, cluster and enrichment analysis were adopted to explore the potential targets and signaling pathways.

RESULTS

A total of 52 studies enrolling 5216 patients were included. Meta-analysis revealed that CHM treatment groups significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6-min walk test (6-MWT), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD) than control groups: [LVEF: SMD = 0.7, 95%CI (0.54, 0.87), p < 0.00001, I2 = 80%; 6-MWT: SMD = 0.72, 95%CI (0.58, 0.86), p < 0.0001, I2 = 67%; LVEDD: SMD = -0.79, 95%CI (-0.89, -0.69), p < 0.0001, I2 = 49%; LVESD: SMD = -0.6 (-0.74, -0.46), p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%]. The results of various biological information analysis showed the internal relationship between prescriptions, core drugs, active ingredients and therapeutic targets. Twelve core herbs with the most commonly use and high correlation were selected from 110 CHMs of 52 prescriptions for CHD-HF treatment, and further 65 effective components were screened out according to the most strength value, which were divided into 12 compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids and etc. At the same time, 67 therapeutic targets of active ingredients in CHD-HF were filtrated. On these bases, cluster and enrichment analysis of the components and targets were used to explore relevant pharmacological mechanisms, mainly including anti-myocardial cell damage, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-fibrosis, regulation of oxidative stress, anticoagulation and angiogenesis, and improvement of glucose and fatty acid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

CHM are effective in treating CHD-HF compared with conventional treatment. Some of the included studies have high risks in the implementation of blinding, so more high-quality studies are needed. The active ingredients of CHM could protect the myocardium and improve pathological environment of CHD-HF in various ways. And CHM has the advantage of multi-component and multi-target treatment for complex diseases.

An Examination of the Effects of Propolis and Quercetin in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

The purpose of this study was to reveal the combined effects of propolis (P) and quercetin (Q) against diabetic peripheral neuropathy developing with streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Sixty-four adult male rats were divided into eight equal groups: control, P (100 mg/kg/day), Q (100 mg/kg/day), P + Q (100 mg/day for both), diabetes mellitus (DM) (single-dose 60 mg/kg streptozotocin), DM + P, DM + Q, and DM + P + Q. The rats were sacrificed, and blood and sciatic nerve tissues were collected. Blood glucose and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased, while IL-6 and total antioxidant status decreased in the DM group (p = 0.016 and p = 0.047, respectively). Ultrastructural findings showed degeneration of the axon and myelin sheath. The apoptotic index (AI %), TNF-α, and IL-1β immunopositivity increased significantly in the DM group (p < 0.001). Morphological structures approaching those of the controls were observed in the DM + P, DM + Q, and DM + P + Q groups. Morphometric measurements increased markedly in all treatment groups (p < 0.001), while blood glucose and MDA levels, AI (%), TNF-α, and IL-1β immunopositivity decreased. In conclusion, the combined effects of propolis and quercetin in diabetic neuropathy may provide optimal morphological protection with neuroprotective effects by reducing hyperglycemia, and these may represent a key alternative supplement in regenerative medicine.

Mechanisms by which sheep milk consumption ameliorates insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice

Sheep milk is rich in fat, protein, vitamins and minerals and is also one of the most important sources of natural bioactives. Several biopeptides in sheep milk have been reported to possess antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, and they may prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D), disease and cancer. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the protective role of sheep milk against T2D development remains unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the effect of sheep milk on insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, by conducting intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, metabolic cage studies, genomic sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, and biochemical assays. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp-based experiments revealed that mice consuming sheep milk exhibited lower hepatic glucose production than mice in the control group. These findings further elucidate the mechanism by which dietary supplementation with sheep milk alleviates HFD-induced systemic glucose intolerance.

A new direction in Chinese herbal medicine ameliorates for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Focus on the potential of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Diabetes is a common chronic disease. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has a history of several thousand years in the treatment of diabetes, and active components with hypoglycemic effects extracted from various CHM, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenes, and steroidal saponins, have been widely used in the treatment of diabetes.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Research exploring the potential of various CHM compounds to regulate the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature data were primarily obtained from authoritative databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and others within the last decade. The main keywords used include "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "Chinese medicine", "Chinese herbal medicine", "mitochondrial respiratory chain complex", and "mitochondrial dysfunction".

RESULTS

Chinese herbal medicine primarily regulates the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in various tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islets, and small intestine. It improves cellular energy metabolism through hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating effects. Different components of CHM can regulate the same mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, while the same components of a particular CHM can regulate different complex activities. The active components of CHM target different mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, regulate their aberrant changes and effectively improve T2DM and its complications.

CONCLUSION

Chinese herbal medicine can modulate the function of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in various cell types and exert their hypoglycemic effects through various mechanisms. CHM has significant therapeutic potential in regulating mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes to improve T2DM, but further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and conduct clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of these medications. This provides new perspectives and opportunities for personalized improvement and innovative developments in diabetes management.

Rutin, Puerarin and Silymarin Regulated Aluminum-Induced Imbalance of Neurotransmitters and Metal Elements in Brain of Rats

Non-specifically binding of aluminum to various substances in the organism can result in toxicity. The accumulation of large amounts of aluminum can cause an imbalance in metal homeostasis and interfere with the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters. Flavonoids have strong metal chelating activity, which can reduce damage to the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of three representative flavonoids, rutin, puerarin and silymarin, on the brain toxicity induced by long-term exposure to aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). Sixty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 8). The rats in six intervention groups were given 100 or 200 mg/kg BW/day of three different flavonoids for four weeks after a 4-week exposure to 281.40 mg/kg BW/day AlCl3·6H2O, while the rats in the AlCl3-toxicity and control groups were given the vehicle after the period of AlCl3 exposure. The results showed that rutin, puerarin, and silymarin could increase the concentrations of magnesium, iron, and zinc in the brains of the rats. Moreover, the intake of these three flavonoids regulated the homeostasis of amino acid neurotransmitters and adjusted the concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters to normal levels. Taken together, our data suggest that rutin, puerarin, and silymarin could ameliorate AlCl3-induced brain toxicity in the rats by regulating imbalance of metal elements and neurotransmitters in the brains of rats.

The role of autophagy in insulin resistance and glucolipid metabolism and potential use of autophagy modulating natural products in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe, long-term condition characterised by disruptions in glucolipid and energy metabolism. Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, serves as a guardian of cellular health by recycling and renewing cellular components. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the vital role that autophagy plays in T2DM, we conducted an extensive search for high-quality publications across databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder and used keywords like 'autophagy', 'insulin resistance', and 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', both individually and in combinations. A large body of evidence underscores the significance of activating autophagy in alleviating T2DM symptoms. An enhanced autophagic activity, either by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and sirtuin-1 signalling pathways or inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling pathway, can effectively improve insulin resistance and balance glucolipid metabolism in key tissues like the hypothalamus, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Furthermore, autophagy can increase β-cell mass and functionality in the pancreas. This review provides a narrative summary of autophagy regulation with an emphasis on the intricate connection between autophagy and T2DM symptoms. It also discusses the therapeutic potentials of natural products with autophagy activation properties for the treatment of T2DM conditions. Our findings suggest that autophagy activation represents an innovative approach of treating T2DM.

Flavonoid and Chalcone Scaffolds as Inhibitors of BACE1: Recent Updates

Flavonoids and chalcones are two major classes of chemical moieties that have a vast background of pharmacological activities. Chalcone is a subclass of flavonoids whose therapeutic potential has been implicated due to an array of bioactivities. A lot of research works have shown interest in investigating the neuroprotective effect of these molecules, and have revealed them to be much more potent molecules that can be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders. Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1), which is majorly found in the brain, is one of the reasons behind the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Flavonoids and chalcones have proven clinical data that they inhibit the production of Aβ plaques that are involved in the progression of AD. In this article, we have provided a detailed chronological review of the research work on the BACE1 inhibiting potency of both flavonoids and chalcones. Almost all the flavonoids and chalcones mentioned in this article have shown very good in vitro and in vivo BACE1 inhibiting activity. The docking studies and the structural importance of some BACE1-inhibiting flavonoids, as well as chalcones, are also mentioned here.

Chinese Medicine Supplementing Qi and Activating Blood Circulation Relieves the Progression of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the leading cause of diabetic death as the final occurrence of heart failure and arrhythmia. Traditional Chinese medicine is usually used to treat various diseases including diabetes.

OBJECTIVE

This study sought to investigate the effects of Traditional Chinese medicine supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation (SAC) in DCM.

METHODS

After the construction of the DCM model by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and high glucose/fat diet feeding, rats were administered intragastrically with SAC. Then, cardiac systolic/diastolic function was evaluated by detecting left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (+LVdp/dtmax), and fall (-LVdp/dtmax), heart rate (HR), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), LV fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Masson’s and TUNEL staining were used to assess fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

RESULTS

DCM rats exhibited impaired cardiac systolic/diastolic function manifested by decreasing LVSP, + LVdp/dtmax, -LVdp/dtmax, HR, EF and FS, and increasing LVEDP. Intriguingly, traditional Chinese medicine SAC alleviated the above-mentioned symptoms, indicating a potential role in improving cardiac function. Masson’s staining substantiated that SAC antagonized the increased collagen deposition and interstitial fibrosis area and the elevations in protein expression of fibrosis-related collagen I and fibronectin in heart tissues of DCM rats. Furthermore, TUNEL staining confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine SAC also attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DCM rats. Mechanically, DCM rats showed the aberrant activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling, which was inhibited after SAC.

CONCLUSION

SAC may exert cardiac protective efficacy in DCM rats via the TGF-β/Smad signaling, indicating a new promising therapeutic approach for DCM.

Exploration of human pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitors from Physalis peruviana for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, accounts for ∼90% of all types of diabetes. Pancreatic α-amylase is a potential drug target for preventing postprandial hyperglycemia and inhibiting T2D in humans. Although many synthetic drugs have been identified against pancreatic α-amylase, however, reported several side effects, and plant-derived natural products are less explored against T2D. This study tested 34 flavonoids derived from the plant Physalis peruviana against the human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) using in silico computational approaches such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Schrödinger, a drug discovery package with modules applicable for molecular docking, protein-ligand interaction analysis, molecular dynamics, post-dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation, was employed for all computational studies. Four flavonoids, namely, Chlorogenic acid, Withaperuvin F, Withaperuvin H, and Rutin, were picked based on their docking score ranging between -7.03 kcal/mol and -11.35 kcal/mol compared to the docking score -7.3 kcal/mol of reference ligand, i.e. Myricetin. The molecular dynamics analysis suggested that all flavonoids showed considerable stability within the protein's catalytic pocket, except chlorogenic acid, which showed high deviation during the last 15 ns. However, the interactions observed in initial docking and extracted from the simulation trajectory involved > 90% identical residues, indicating the affinity and stability of the docked flavonoids with the protein. Therefore, all four compounds identified in this study are proposed as promising antidiabetic candidates and should be further considered for their in vitro and in vivo validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Revealing the mechanism of quinoa on type 2 diabetes based on intestinal flora and taste pathways

To investigate the antidiabetic effects and mechanisms of quinoa on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice model. In this context, we induced the T2DM mice model with a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ), followed by treatment with a quinoa diet. To explore the impact of quinoa on the intestinal flora, we predicted and validated its potential mechanism of hypoglycemic effect through network pharmacology, molecular docking, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We found that quinoa could significantly improve abnormal glucolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. Further analysis showed that quinoa contributed to the improvement of gut microbiota composition positively. Moreover, it could downregulate the expression of TAS1R3 and TRPM5 in the colon. A total of 72 active components were identified by network pharmacology. Among them, TAS1R3 and TRPM5 were successfully docked with the core components of quinoa. These findings confirm that quinoa may exert hypoglycemic effects through gut microbiota and the TAS1R3/TRPM5 taste signaling pathway.

Engineered baicalein-decorated zinc phosphates for synergistic alleviation of inflammatory bowel disease by repairing the mucosal barrier and relieving oxidative stress

Orally administered baicalein-decorated zinc phosphates (ZnBM) were engineered for mucosal barrier improvement and intestinal inflammation relief. ZnBM with a size of 1.78 μm comprised 5.58 wt% baicalein and 13.17 wt% zinc. The incorporation of baicalein endowed ZnBM with excellent radical scavenging activities. ZnBM exhibited good stability with negligible zinc release in PBS solution for 2 days, and 32.82% of the zinc could reach the gut. In addition, ZnBM polarized macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 type and effectively scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7. Meanwhile, ZnBM effectively scavenged intracellular ROS of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced Caco-2 cells and exerted a reparative effect on the LPS-damaged Caco-2 monolayer, causing an obvious improvement of the barrier function. Reduced systemic exposure to FITC-dextran was observed to illustrate barrier restoration by ZnBM, which was achieved through upregulation of tight junction protein expression. Notably, the commonly used clinical drug 5-aminosalicylic acid is toxic to the liver and kidneys, and commercial ZnO caused the death of mice during treatment. Apparently, the therapeutic effect of ZnBM was significantly better than that of baicalein alone in chronic colitis. Overall, ZnBM exhibited outstanding therapeutic efficacy and is expected to treat colitis due to its effectiveness, biosecurity, facile preparation, and easy storage.

Harnessing the power of traditional Chinese medicine monomers and compound prescriptions to boost cancer immunotherapy

At present, cancer is the largest culprit that endangers human health. The current treatment options for cancer mainly include surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but their therapeutic effects and long-term prognosis are unsatisfactory. Immunotherapy is an emerging therapy that has completely transformed the therapeutic landscape of advanced cancers, and has tried to occupy a place in the neoadjuvant therapy of resectable tumors. However, not all patients respond to immunotherapy due to the immunological and molecular features of the tumors. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides a new perspective for cancer treatment and is considered to have the potential as promising anti-tumor drugs considering its immunoregulatory properties. This review concludes commonly used TCM monomers and compounds from the perspective of immune regulatory pathways, aiming to clearly introduce the basic mechanisms of TCM in boosting cancer immunotherapy and mechanisms of several common TCM. In addition, we also summarized closed and ongoing trials and presented prospects for future development. Due to the significant role of immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), TCM combined with immunotherapy should be emphasized in NSCLC.

Exploration of natural flavones' bioactivity and bioavailability in chronic inflammation induced-type-2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes, being the most widespread illness, poses a serious threat to global public health. It seems that inflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. This review aims to demonstrate a probable link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic inflammation during its development. Additionally, the current review examined the bioactivity of natural flavones and the possible molecular mechanisms by which they influence diabetes and inflammation. While natural flavones possess remarkable anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, their therapeutic use is limited by the low oral bioavailability. Several factors contribute to the low bioavailability, including poor water solubility, food interaction, and unsatisfied metabolic behaviors, while the diseases (diabetes, inflammation, etc.) causing even less bioavailability. Throughout the years, different strategies have been developed to boost flavones' bioavailability, including structural alteration, biological transformation, and innovative drug delivery system design. This review addresses current advancements in improving the bioavailability of flavonoids in general, and flavones in particular. Clinical trials were also analyzed to provide insight into the potential application of flavonoids in diabetes and inflammatory therapies.

Effects of dietary polyphenols on maternal and fetal outcomes in maternal diabetes

The incidences of short-term or long-term adverse maternal and fetal outcomes caused by maternal diabetes are increasing. Due to toxicity or side effects, economic pressures, and other problems associated with injections or oral hypoglycemic drugs, many researchers have investigated natural treatment methods. Polyphenols can protect against chronic pathologies by regulating numerous physiological processes and provide many health benefits. Moreover, polyphenols have anti-diabetic properties and can be used to treat diabetic complications. Diets rich in polyphenols are beneficial to pregnant women with diabetes. Here, we review the epidemiological and experimental evidence on the impact of dietary polyphenols on maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes, and the effects of polyphenols on biological changes and possible mechanisms. Previous data (mainly from in vitro and animal experiments) showed that polyphenols can alleviate gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetic embryopathy by reducing maternal hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, and regulating related signaling pathways. Although polyphenols have shown many health benefits, further research is needed to better understand the complex interactions between polyphenols and maternal diabetes.

Kaempferol Attenuates Gouty Arthritis by Regulating the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells and Secretion of IL-17

Kaempferol is a common flavonoid aglycone widely found in plants. It exhibits beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of arthritis. However, the effects of kaempferol on gouty arthritis (GA) have not been verified. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms by which kaempferol regulates GA by network pharmacology and experimental validation. Potential drug targets for GA were identified with a protein-protein interaction network. Then, we performed a KEGG pathway analysis to elucidate the major pathway involved in the kaempferol-mediated treatment of GA. In addition, the molecular docking was performed. A rat model of GA was constructed to verify the results of network pharmacology analysis and investigate the mechanism of kaempferol against GA. The network pharmacology study indicated that there were 275 common targets of kaempferol and GA treatment. Kaempferol exerted therapeutic effects on GA, in part, by regulating the IL-17, AGE-RAGE, p53, TNF, and FoxO signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that kaempferol stably docked with the core MMP9, ALB, CASP3, TNF, VEGFA, CCL2, CXCL8, AKT1, JUN, and INS. Experimental validation suggested that kaempferol eased MSU-induced mechanical allodynia, ankle edema, and inflammation. It significantly suppressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 and restored Th17/Treg imbalance in MSU-induced rats and IL-6-induced PBMCs. Kaempferol also affected RORγt and Foxp3 through IL-17 pathway. The present study clarifies the mechanism of kaempferol against GA and provides evidence to support its clinical use.

Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: An Overview with an Emphasis on Tangeretin

Natural compounds with pharmacological activity, flavonoids have been the subject of an exponential increase in studies in the field of scientific research focused on therapeutic purposes due to their bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antibacterial, antiviral, neuroprotective, radioprotective, and antitumor activities. The biological potential of flavonoids, added to their bioavailability, cost-effectiveness, and minimal side effects, direct them as promising cytotoxic anticancer compounds in the optimization of therapies and the search for new drugs in the treatment of cancer, since some extensively antineoplastic therapeutic approaches have become less effective due to tumor resistance to drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. In this review, we emphasize the antitumor properties of tangeretin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits that has shown activity against some hallmarks of cancer in several types of cancerous cell lines, such as antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, regulatory expression of tumor-suppressor genes, and epigenetic modulation.

From Xiaoke to diabetes mellitus: a review of the research progress in traditional Chinese medicine for diabetes mellitus treatment

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion defects or insulin resistance. The global incidence of DM has been gradually increasing due to improvements in living standards and changes in dietary habits, making it a major non-communicable disease that poses a significant threat to human health and life. The pathogenesis of DM remains incompletely understood till now, and current pharmacotherapeutic interventions are largely inadequate, resulting in relapses and severe adverse reactions. Although DM is not explicitly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and clinical practice, it is often classified as "Xiaoke" due to similarities in etiology, pathogenesis, and symptoms. With its overall regulation, multiple targets, and personalized medication approach, TCM treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical manifestations of DM and prevent or treat its complications. Furthermore, TCM exhibits desirable therapeutic effects with minimal side effects and a favorable safety profile. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison and contrast of Xiaoke and DM by examining the involvement of TCM in their etiology, pathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and other relevant aspects based on classical literature and research reports. The current TCM experimental research on the treatment of DM by lowering blood glucose levels also be generalized. This innovative focus not only illuminates the role of TCM in DM treatment, but also underscores the potential of TCM in DM management.

Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals the mechanism of color formation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves are often used as vegetables in Africa. Anthocyanins possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. They are poor in green leaves but rich in the purple leaves of cassava. The mechanism of anthocyanin's accumulation in cassava is poorly understood. In this study, two cassava varieties, SC9 with green leaves and Ziyehuangxin with purple leaves (PL), were selected to perform an integrative analysis using metabolomics and transcriptomics. The metabolomic analysis indicated that the most significantly differential metabolites (SDMs) belong to anthocyanins and are highly accumulated in PL. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched in secondary metabolites biosynthesis. The analysis of the combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics showed that metabolite changes are associated with the gene expressions in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. In addition, some transcription factors (TFs) may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. To further investigate the correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and color formation in cassava leaves, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was used. VIGS-MeANR silenced plant showed the altered phenotypes of cassava leaves, partially from green to purple color, resulting in a significant increase of the total anthocyanin content and reduction in the expression of MeANR. These results provide a theoretical basis for breeding cassava varieties with anthocyanin-rich leaves.

Bioinformatics Tools for the Analysis of Active Compounds Identified in Ranunculaceae Species

The chemical compounds from extracts of three Ranunculaceae species, Aconitum toxicum Rchb., Anemone nemorosa L. and Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., respectively, were isolated using the HPLC purification technique and analyzed from a bioinformatics point of view. The classes of compounds identified based on the proportion in the rhizomes/leaves/flowers used for microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction were alkaloids and phenols. Here, the quantifying of pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacodynamics helps us to identify the actual biologically active compounds. Our results showed that (i) pharmacokinetically, the compounds show good absorption at the intestinal level and high permeability at the level of the central nervous system for alkaloids; (ii) regarding pharmacogenomics, alkaloids can influence tumor sensitivity and the effectiveness of some treatments; (iii) and pharmacodynamically, the compounds of these Ranunculaceae species bind to carbonic anhydrase and aldose reductase. The results obtained showed a high affinity of the compounds in the binding solution at the level of carbonic anhydrases. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors extracted from natural sources can represent the path to new drugs useful both in the treatment of glaucoma, but also of some renal, neurological and even neoplastic diseases. The identification of natural compounds with the role of inhibitors can have a role in different types of pathologies, both associated with studied and known receptors such as carbonic anhydrase and aldose reductase, as well as new pathologies not yet addressed.

Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases in traditional systems of medicine around the world, such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and inflammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to summarize comprehensively the plant's vernacular names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus. Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identified from C. rotundus were systematically collated and classified, concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids, quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc. were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in TCM, the separation, identification and analytical methods of C. rotundus compositions were also systematically summarized, and constituents of the essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus revealed the safety property of this herb. This review is designed to serve as a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further exploration into the clinical use and scientific research of C. rotundus.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary materials available at 10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3.

Annona cherimola Miller and Its Flavonoids, an Important Source of Products for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: In Vivo and In Silico Evaluations

The antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic extract from Annona cherimola Miller (EEAch) and its products were evaluated using in vivo and in silico assays. An α-glucosidase inhibition was evaluated with oral sucrose tolerance tests (OSTT) and molecular docking studies using acarbose as the control. SGLT1 inhibition was evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and molecular docking studies using canagliflozin as the control. Among all products tested, EEAc, the aqueous residual fraction (AcRFr), rutin, and myricetin reduced the hyperglycemia in DM2 mice. During the carbohydrate tolerance tests, all the treatments reduced the postprandial peak such as the control drugs. In the molecular docking studies, rutin showed more affinity in inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes and myricetin in inhibiting the SGLT1 cotransporter, showing ∆G values of -6.03 and -3.32 kcal/mol^-1, respectively, in α-glucosidase enzymes. In the case of the SGLT1 cotransporter, molecular docking showed ∆G values of 22.82 and -7.89 in rutin and myricetin, respectively. This research sorts in vivo and in silico pharmacological studies regarding the use of A. cherimola leaves as a source for the development of new potential antidiabetic agents for T2D control, such as flavonoids rutin and myricetin.

Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicines combined with conventional Western medicines in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aims/hypothesis

Through a comprehensive analysis of the clinical randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with conventional western medicine (CWM) in treating type 2 diabetes(T2DM) in the past ten years, the clinical efficacy and safety of different TCMs combined with CWM were explored. This study aimed to provide specific suggestions for clinical guidance on treating T2DM.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The search time was limited from 2010 to the present time. The literature type was a controlled clinical trial study of TCM combined with CWM intervention in treating T2DM. The outcome indices of the efficacy evaluation included fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), adverse reactions, and clinical efficacy. Stata 15 and RevMan 5.4 software were used to conduct a network meta-analysis and a traditional meta-analysis.

Results

The results showed that shenqi jiangtang granule combined with sulfonylurea, shenqi jiangtang granules combined with metformin and jinlida granules combined with insulin had significant effects on reductions in FBG, 2hPG and clinical efficacy compared with western medicines alone, which included fasting blood glucose [MD=-2.17, 95%CI=(-2.50, -1.85)], blood sugar at 2 hours after a meal [MD=-1.94, 95%CI=(-2.23, -1.65)], and clinical curative effect [OR= 1.73, 95%CI=(0.59, 2.87)].

Conclusions

TCM combined with CWM has a very significant effect on treating T2DM compared with CWM alone. According to the network meta-analysis, the best intervention measures of different TCMs for different outcome indicators were obtained.

Systematic review registration

identifier 42022350372.

Targeting mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway by quercetin through CYP7A1-mediated cholesterol-to-bile acids conversion alleviated type 2 diabetes mellitus induced hepatic lipid accumulation

BACKGROUND

Hepatic lipid accumulation was a major promoter for the further development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway regulated many metabolic processes in different organs, and played an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism. Thus, targeting mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway might be a novel therapeutic strategy of T2DM-associated NALFD.

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects and the mechanism of quercetin against T2DM-associated NAFLD.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The combine abilities of 24 flavonoid compounds with mTOR were detected by computer virtual screening (VS) and molecular modeling. mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway was examined in the liver of db/db mice, and high glucose (HG) and free fatty acid (FFA) co-cultured HepG2 cells. YY1 overexpression lentivirus vector and mTOR specific inhibitor rapamycin were used to further identify the indispensable role of mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway in quercetin's amelioration effect of hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro. Clinical studies, luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were all carried out to investigate the potential mechanisms by which quercetin exerted its amelioration effect of hepatic lipid accumulation.

RESULTS

Quercetin had the strongest ability to combine with mTOR and could competitively occupy its binding pocked. Along with the alleviated hepatic injury by quercetin, mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway was down-regulated in vivo and in vitro. However, the alleviation effect of quercetin against hepatic lipid accumulation was inhibited by YY1 overexpression in vitro. Mechanistically, the down-regulated nuclear YY1 induced by quercetin directly bound to CYP7A1 promoter and activated its transcription, resulting in the restoration of cholesterol homeostasis via the conversion of cholesterol-to-bile acids (BAs).

CONCLUSION

The hepatoprotective effect of quercetin on T2DM-associated NAFLD was linked to the restoration of cholesterol homeostasis by the conversion of cholesterol-to-BAs via down-regulating mTOR/YY1 signaling pathway, leading to the increased CYP7A1 activity.

Metabolomics analysis reveals metabolite changes during freeze-drying and oven-drying of Angelica dahurica

Angelica dahurica (Angelica dahurica Fisch. ex Hoffm.) is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine and the secondary metabolites have significant pharmacological activities. Drying has been shown to be a key factor affecting the coumarin content of Angelica dahurica. However, the underlying mechanism of metabolism is unclear. This study sought to determine the key differential metabolites and metabolic pathways related to this phenomenon. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based targeted metabolomics analysis was performed on Angelica dahurica that were freeze-drying (- 80 °C/9 h) and oven-drying (60 °C/10 h). Furthermore, the common metabolic pathways of paired comparison groups were performed based on KEEG enrichment analysis. The results showed that 193 metabolites were identified as key differential metabolites, most of which were upregulated under oven drying. It also displayed that many significant contents of PAL pathways were changed. This study revealed the large-scale recombination events of metabolites in Angelica dahurica. First, we identified additional active secondary metabolites apart from coumarins, and volatile oil were significantly accumulated in Angelica dahurica. We further explored the specific metabolite changes and mechanism of the phenomenon of coumarin upregulation caused by temperature rise. These results provide a theoretical reference for future research on the composition and processing method of Angelica dahurica.

Combined metabolomics and gut microbiome to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Yuquan Pill on type 2 diabetes in rats

Yuquan Pill (YQP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in China for many years, and has a beneficial clinical effect. In this study, the antidiabetic mechanism of YQP was investigated for the first time from the perspective of metabolomics and intestinal microbiota. After 28 days of high-fat feeding, rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg) followed by a single oral administration of YQP 2.16 g/kg and metformin 200 mg/kg for 5 weeks. The results showed that YQP was effectively improved insulin resistance and alleviated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia associated with T2DM. YQP was found to regulate metabolism and gut microbiota in T2DM rats using untargeted metabolomics and gut microbiota integration. Forty-one metabolites and five metabolic pathways were identified, including Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, Galactose metabolism, Pentose phosphate pathway and Tyrosine metabolism. YQP can regulate T2DM-induced dysbacteriosis by modulating the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus. The restorative effects of YQP in rats with T2DM have been confirmed and provide a scientific basis for the clinical treatment of diabetic patients.

Anti-hyperglycemic potential and chemical constituents of Aristolochia triangularis Cham. leaves - A medicinal species native to Brazilian forests

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Aristolochia triangularis Cham. has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes, including as a leaf-based infusion for diabetes management.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to chemically characterize an infusion of in natura A. triangularis leaves and evaluate the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic properties of this infusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemical composition was examined using liquid-liquid extraction procedure, chromatographic methods, NMR, and LC-MS/MS. The in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of the freeze-dried infusion of A. triangularis leaves (Inf-L-At) was assessed using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Initially, normoglycemic male rats were pre-treated with orally administered Inf-L-At at doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg for two consecutive days. On the day of the OGTT, fasting animals received a glucose load (4 g/kg) 30 min after treatment with Inf-L-At, and the blood glucose levels were verified at 15, 30, 60, and 180 min. Intestinal maltase, lactase, and sucrase activities and muscle and liver glycogen contents were also assessed after the OGTT.

RESULTS

Inf-L-At extract led to glycemic reduction with no dose-response at 15, 30, and 60 min comparable to that of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide and was accompanied by an increase in hepatic and muscle glycogen contents. Additionally, there was a significant statistically decrease in the in vitro activity of disaccharidases. Maltase and sucrase activities were inhibited at all doses, whereas lactase activity was inhibited only at 62.5 and 250 mg/kg. In total, 75 compounds were found in the infusion, including seven new ones, (7S*,8S*,7ꞌS*,8ꞌR*)-4,4ꞌ-dihydroxy-3,3ꞌ-dimethoxy-7,9ꞌ-epoxylignan-7ꞌ-ol; 4ꞌ-hydroxy-3ꞌ-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-7,9ꞌ-epoxylignan-9,7ꞌ-diol; triangularisines A, B, and C; N-ethyl-N-methyl-affineine; and N-methyl pachyconfine, and one previously not described as a natural product, epi-secoisolariciresinol monomethyl ether.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrated the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the infusion from A. triangularis leaves and showed that it is a rich source of lignoids, alkaloids, and glycosylated flavonoids, which are known to exhibit antidiabetic effects and other biological properties that can be beneficial for patients with chronic hyperglycemia, thus certifying the popular use of this herbal drink.

Stabilization of Labile Lysozyme-Ligand Interactions in Native Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites with extensive biological activities and pharmacological effects. Exploring the interactions of flavonoids with proteins may be helpful for understanding their biological processes. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful tool to characterize the noncovalent protein-ligand (PL) complexes. However, some protein-flavonoid complexes are labile during electrospray ionization. Here, the labile lysozyme-flavonoid (rutin, icariin, and naringin) complexes were determined by direct ESI-MS without derivation. It has been found that low amounts of N-methylpyrrolidinone and dimethylformamide can protect labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes away from dissociation during electrospray ionization process. The intact lysozyme-flavonoid complexes were specifically observed in mass spectra, and the measured binding affinities by ESI-MS were matched with the fluorescence data. The effects of additives on the analysis of lysozyme-flavonoid complexes were investigated by ESI-MS, combined with the molecular docking and fluorescence. This strategy was helpful to investigate the labile PL interactions by direct ESI-MS.

Multi-Index Comprehensive Assessment Optimized Critical Flavonoids Extraction from Semen Hoveniae and Their In Vitro Digestive Behavior Evaluation

Critical flavonoids from Semen Hoveniae have huge potential bioactivities on hypoglycemic. A multi-index comprehensive assessment based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was performed to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from Semen Hoveniae, which taking dihydromyricetin, taxifolin, myricetin and quercetin as indexes, and, then, an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion model was established to investigate the changes of flavonoids contents and their antioxidant capacity before and after digestion. The results showed that three influence factors acted significantly with the order of ethanol concentration > solid-liquid ratio > ultrasound time. The optimized extraction parameters were as follows: 1:37 w/v of solid-liquid ratio, 68% of ethanol concentration and 45 min for ultrasonic time. During in vitro digestion, the order of remaining ratio of four flavonoids in the extract was dihydromyricetin > taxifolin > myricetin > quercetin in gastric digestion, and remaining ratio of taxifolin was 34.87% while others were restructured in intestinal digestion. Furthermore, the 1,1-dipheny-2-picryhydrazyl free radical (DPPH ·) scavenging ability and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) of extract were more stable in gastric digestion. After an hour's intestinal digestion, the extract had no DPPH antioxidant capacity, but amazingly, its ORAC antioxidant capacity was retained or increased, which implied that substances were transformed and more hydrogen donors were produced. This study has carried out a preliminary discussion from the perspective of extraction and put forward a new research idea, to improve the in vivo bioavailability of the critical flavonoids from Semen Hoveniae.

Efficient Synthesis and In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Rare Apigenin Glycosylation Derivatives

Apigenin is a natural flavonoid with significant biological activity, but poor solubility in water and low bioavailability limits its use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, apigenin-7-O-β-(6″-O)-d-glucoside (AG) and apigenin-7-O-β-(6″-O-succinyl)-d-glucoside (SAG), rare apigenin glycosyl and succinyl derivatives formed by the organic solvent-tolerant bacteria Bacillus licheniformis WNJ02 were used in a 10.0% DMSO (v/v) system. The water solubility of SAG was 174 times that of apigenin, which solved the application problem. In the biotransformation reaction, the conversion rate of apigenin (1.0 g/L) was 100% at 24 h, and the yield of SAG was 94.2%. Molecular docking showed that the hypoglycemic activity of apigenin, apigenin-7-glucosides (AG), and SAG was mediated by binding with amino acids of α-glucosidase. The molecular docking results were verified by an in vitro anti-α-glucosidase assay and glucose consumption assay of active compounds. SAG had significant anti-α-glucosidase activity, with an IC₅₀ of 0.485 mM and enhanced glucose consumption in HepG2 cells, which make it an excellent α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Chemical Constituents and Antidiabetic Activity of Dichloromethane Extract from Ficus carica Leaves

PURPOSE

To evaluate the dichloromethane extract of Ficus carica leaves (FCL) had a hypoglycemic impact in diabetic mice, as well as to identify the bioactive components in the extract and analyze their anti-hyperglycemia potential in HepG2 cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The antidiabetic activity of dichloromethane extract of Ficus carica leaves was evaluated in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ,100 mg/kg) combined with high-fat diet. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, oral glucose tolerance, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and pathological change effects of the extract were measured after administering two doses of the extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg). On the other hand, we used column chromatography to isolate the dichloromethane extract, and we structurally identified the compounds based on ¹H NMR and ³C NMR spectra. The hypoglycemic activity of isolated compounds was investigated in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells.

RESULTS

FCL extract lowers blood glucose and improves blood lipids and the pancreatic β-cell also tend to recover whether the psoralen is removed or not. Meanwhile, three coumarins except psoralen were isolated from dichloromethane extract: 3,4-dihydropsoralen, umbelliferone and 7-hydroxyl-6-methylcoumarin. Psoralen and umbelliferone promoted glucose uptake in HepG2 cells.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

In vivo experiments, dichloromethane extract of FCL has potential antidiabetic activity, mainly by lowering blood glucose, improving blood lipids, glucose tolerance and repairing pancreatic islet damage, which justifies its use in the treatment of diabetes in Spanish folklore. Additionally, in vitro experiments, psoralen and umbelliferone demonstrated substantial glucose-lowering activity.

A Review of the Effects of Puerarin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Opportunities

Chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome related to sugar and lipid metabolic disorders, are the leading causes of premature death around the world. Novel treatment strategies without undesirable effects are urgently needed. As a natural functional ingredient, puerarin is a promising alternative for the treatment of sugar and lipid metabolic disorders. However, the applications of puerarin are limited due to its poor solubility and short half-life. Various drug delivery systems have been investigated to improve the bioavailability of puerarin. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in the beneficial action of puerarin: suppressing the release of glucose and FFA; regulating the transport of glucose and fatty acids; acting on the PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways to decrease the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids; acting on the PPAR signaling pathway to promote β-oxidation; and improving insulin secretion and sensitivity. In addition, the preparation technologies used to improve the bioavailability of puerarin are also summarized in this review, in the hope of helping to promote the application of puerarin.

Role of potential bioactive metabolites from traditional Chinese medicine for type 2 diabetes mellitus: An overview

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease with persistent hyperglycemia primarily caused by insulin resistance (IR). The number of diabetic patients globally has been rising over the past decades. Although significant progress has been made in treating diabetes mellitus (DM), existing clinical drugs for diabetes can no longer fully meet patients when they face complex and huge clinical treatment needs. As a traditional and effective medical system, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a unique understanding of diabetes treatment and has developed many classic and practical prescriptions targeting DM. With modern medicine and pharmacy advancements, researchers have discovered that various bioactive metabolites isolated from TCM show therapeutic on DM. Compared with existing clinical drugs, these bioactive metabolites demonstrate promising prospects for treating DM due to their excellent biocompatibility and fewer adverse reactions. Accordingly, these valuable metabolites have attracted the interest of researchers worldwide. Despite the abundance of research works and specialized-topic reviews published over the past years, there is a lack of updated and systematic reviews concerning this fast-growing field. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the bioactive metabolites derived from TCM with the potential treatment of T2DM by searching several authoritative databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and Springer Link. For the convenience of readers, the content is divided into four parts according to the structural characteristics of these valuable compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and others). Meanwhile, the detailed mechanism and future directions of these promising compounds curing DM are also summarized in the related sections. We hope this review inspires increasingly valuable and significant research focusing on potential bioactive metabolites from TCM to treat DM in the future.

A Biomarker-Responsive Nanosystem with Colon-Targeted Delivery for Ulcerative Colitis's Detection and Treatment with Optoacoustic/NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prevalent idiopathic inflammatory disease which causes such complications as intestinal perforation, obstruction, and bleeding, and thus deleteriously impacting people's normal work and quality of life. Hence, accurate diagnosis of UC is crucial in terms of planning optimal treatment plan. Herein, a pH/reactive oxygen species (ROS) dual-responsive nanosystem (BM@EP) is developed for UC's detection and therapy. BM@EP is composed of a chromophore-drug dyad and the enteric coating. The chromophore-drug dyad (BOD-XT-DHM) is synthesized by linking the chromophore (BOD-XT-BOH) and a flavonoid drug (dihydromyricetin DHM) through boronate ester bond. The enteric coating includes Eudragit S100 and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), the former is commonly employed as a pH-dependent polymer coating excipient so as to attain colon-targeted delivery, and the latter has been widely used as an excipient for the controlled-extended release. After oral administration, BM@EP delivers the dyad (BOD-XT-DHM) into the colon and releases the dyad molecules by being triggered by the alkaline pH in t colon, thereafter upon being stimulated by overexpressed H₂ O₂ in the inflamed colon, the boronate bond in the dyad is broken down and correspondingly the drug DHM is released for UC therapy, simultaneously the chromophore is released for near-infrared second window (NIR-II) fluorescence and optoacoustic imaging for UC diagnosis and recovery evaluation.

Vascular Protective Effects of Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes Extracts and their Mechanism in Diabetic Rats and HUVECs

Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes (Rosaceae) is used as a traditional folk medicine in the Tibet autonomous region of China to treat hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. However, few modern pharmacological data on the use of this plant against diabetic syndrome are available. In this study, we examined the vascular protection provided by a 70% ethanol extract of M. toringoides (EMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown in high-glucose medium and in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced rat diabetes model. EMT significantly suppressed the expression of cell adhesion molecules in both HUVECs and diabetic rats. EMT also inhibited activation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. The results provide a significant information on the vasoprotective properties of M. toringoides that may contribute to the development and application of related herbal medicines.

A Comprehensive Review on Beneficial Effects of Catechins on Secondary Mitochondrial Diseases

Mitochondria are the main sites for oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in cells, and are known as cellular power factories. The phrase "secondary mitochondrial diseases" essentially refers to any abnormal mitochondrial function other than primary mitochondrial diseases, i.e., the process caused by the genes encoding the electron transport chain (ETC) proteins directly or impacting the production of the machinery needed for ETC. Mitochondrial diseases can cause adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis disorder, an increase in oxygen free radicals, and intracellular redox imbalance. It can also induce apoptosis and, eventually, multi-system damage, which leads to neurodegenerative disease. The catechin compounds rich in tea have attracted much attention due to their effective antioxidant activity. Catechins, especially acetylated catechins such as epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are able to protect mitochondria from reactive oxygen species. This review focuses on the role of catechins in regulating cell homeostasis, in which catechins act as a free radical scavenger and metal ion chelator, their protective mechanism on mitochondria, and the protective effect of catechins on mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This review highlights catechins and their effects on mitochondrial functional metabolic networks: regulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis, improving insulin resistance, regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis, and regulating epigenetic processes. Finally, the indirect beneficial effects of catechins on mitochondrial diseases are also illustrated by the warburg and the apoptosis effect. Some possible mechanisms are shown graphically. In addition, the bioavailability of catechins and peracetylated-catechins, free radical scavenging activity, mitochondrial activation ability of the high-molecular-weight polyphenol, and the mitochondrial activation factor were also discussed.

An Ethnopharmaceutical Study on the Hypolipidemic Formulae in Taiwan Issued by Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies

Globally, approximately one-third of ischemic heart diseases are due to hyperlipidemia, which has been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. This study was aimed to disassemble and analyze hypolipidemic formulae sold by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies. Using commonly used statistical parameters in ethnopharmacology, we identified the core drug combination of the hypolipidemic formulae, thereby exploring the strategy by which the Taiwanese people select hypolipidemic drugs. Most important of all, we preserved the inherited knowledge of TCM. We visited 116 TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and collected 91 TCM formulae. The formulae were mainly disassembled by macroscopical identification, and the medicinal materials with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) >0.2 were defined as commonly used medicinal materials. Subsequently, we sorted the information of medicinal materials recorded in the Pharmacopeia, searched for modern pharmacological research on commonly used medicinal materials using PubMed database, and visualized data based on the statistical results. Finally, the core hypolipidemic medicinal materials used in folk medicine were obtained. Of the 91 TCM formulae collected in this study, 80 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were used, belonging to 43 families, predominantly Lamiaceae. Roots were the most commonly used part as a medicinal material. There were 17 commonly used medicinal materials. Based on medicinal records in Pharmacopeia, most flavors and properties were warm and pungent, the majority traditional effects were “tonifying and replenishing” and “blood-regulating.” Besides, the targeted diseases searching from modern pharmacological studies were diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The core medicinal materials consisted of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, and the core formulae were Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang and Xie-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang. In addition, 7 groups of folk misused medicinal materials were found. Although these TCMs have been used for a long period of time, their hypolipidemic mechanisms remain unclear, and further studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy.

Potential Therapeutic Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Diabetes in Rodents: A Review from an NMR-Based Metabolomics Perspective

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat diabetes for a long time, but its application has not been widely accepted due to unstandardized product quality and complex pharmacological mechanisms. The modernization of TCM is crucial for its further development, and in recent years the metabolomics technique has largely driven its modernization. This review focuses on the application of NMR-based metabolomics in diabetic therapy using TCM. We identified a series of metabolic pathways that altered significantly after TCM treatment, providing a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of TCM for diabetes care.

Yishen Huashi Granules Ameliorated the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy by Reducing the Damage of Glomerular Filtration Barrier

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and the primary cause of end-stage renal disease. At present, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers have been applied as first-class drugs to restrain development of DN; however, its long-term effect is limited. Recent evidence has shown definite effects of Chinese medicine on DN. Yishen Huashi (YSHS) granule is a traditional Chinese Medicine prescription that has been used in the clinic to treat DN, but its mechanism is not understood.

Methods: In the present study, both in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out. The DN model was induced by STZ in Wistar rats, and GEnC and HPC cell lines were applied in the in vitro study. Quality of YSHS was evaluated by LC-MS/MS. A metabolomic study of urine was carried out by LC-MS; influence of YSHS on composition of DN was analyzed by network pharmacology. Mechanism of the YSHS on DN was analyzed by Q-PCR, Western Blot, and multi-immunological methods.

Results: We found YSHS administration significantly reduced levels of HbA1c and mALB. Histopathological analysis found that YSHS preserved integrity of glomerular filtration barrier by preserving viability of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes, inhibiting glomerular fibrosis, reducing oxidative stress damage, and enhancing cross-talk among glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Network pharmacology, differential metabolite analysis, as well as intracellular pathway experimental study demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway played a pivotal role in it.

Conclusion: Our present findings supplied new understanding toward the mechanism of YSHS on inhibiting DN.