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Zhang P, Zhang D, Ma C, Wang R, Wang W. Free Radical Scavenging Effect and Immunomodulatory Activity of Total Saponins Extract of Ginseng Fibrous Roots. Molecules 2024; 29:2770. [PMID: 38930835 PMCID: PMC11206437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is known for its rich saponin compounds and tonic effects. To better utilize the medicinal value of ginseng, this study investigated the extraction process, components, free radical scavenging ability, and immunomodulatory activity of total saponins of ginseng fibrous roots. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction process of total saponins, and Q-Orbitrap high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents in the total saponins extract of ginseng fibrous roots (GRS). The results showed that the optimal extraction process was achieved with an ethanol concentration of 68%, a material-solvent ratio of 1:25 mL/g, and an extraction time of 20 min, yielding a total saponin content of 6.34% under these conditions. The extract contained four terpenoid compounds and four polyphenolic compounds. GRS exhibited considerable scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with IC50 values of 0.893 and 0.210 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, GRS restored immune suppression in mice by increasing white blood cell, red blood cell, and neutrophil counts, and improving the lymphocyte. It also promoted immune system recovery, as evidenced by elevated serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β in mice. GRS is a natural compound with promising potential for developing antioxidants and immunomodulatory foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun 113122, China; (D.Z.); (C.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun 113122, China; (D.Z.); (C.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Chuanjie Ma
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun 113122, China; (D.Z.); (C.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruxia Wang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun 113122, China; (D.Z.); (C.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Weili Wang
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang 110031, China
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Lee SY, Song SY, Lee SH, Kim GY, Park JW, Bae CS, Park DH, Cho SS. Ginseng Berry Juice (GBJ) Regulates the Inflammation in Acute Ulcerative Mouse Models and the Major Bioactive Substances Are Ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rd, and Re. Nutrients 2024; 16:1031. [PMID: 38613064 PMCID: PMC11013427 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng fruit is known to have various biological effects owing to its large amount of saponins such as ginsenosides. In the present study, ginseng berry juice was confirmed to be effective against acute inflammation. Ginseng berry juice was used for analysis of active constituents, antioxidant efficacy, and in vivo inflammation. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for analysis of ginsenosides. In an HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastric injury model, microscopic, immunofluorescent, and immunohistochemical techniques were used for analysis of inhibition of gastric injury and mechanism study. In a mouse model of acute gastritis induced with HCl/ethanol, ginseng berry juice (GBJ, 250 mg/kg) showed similar gastric injury inhibitory effects as cabbage water extract (CB, 500 mg/kg, P.O). GBJ dose-dependently modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-13 (IL-13). GBJ inhibited the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa bB (NF-κB) and suppressed the expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). The anti-inflammatory effect of GBJ is attributed to ginsenosides which have anti-inflammatory effects. Productivity as an effective food source for acute gastritis was analyzed and showed that GBJ was superior to CB. In addition, as a functional food for suppressing acute ulcerative symptoms, it was thought that the efficacy of gastric protection products would be higher if GBJ were produced in the form of juice rather than through various extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Young Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Yeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
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Valdés-González JA, Sánchez M, Moratilla-Rivera I, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093863. [PMID: 37175273 PMCID: PMC10180039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Valdés-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Liu Y, Xia K, Liu S, Wang W, Li G. Ginseng as a Key Immune Response Modulator in Chinese Medicine: From Antipandemic History to COVID-19 Management. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 51:19-34. [PMID: 36419254 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine storm plays an indispensable role in the severe and critical illness and death of the COVID-19 vulnerable population. Thus, suppressing the cytokine storm is of great significance. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese herb originally used for improving physiological conditions and ameliorating disease. Common throughout the history of ancient Chinese medicine is utilizing ginseng as a major ingredient to successfully fight various pandemics, and the most famous decoction is Renshen Baidu powder. In recent years, ginseng has been observed to provide preventive and therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various conditions by suppressing hyper-inflammation, inhibiting virus intrusion, and balancing the host's immunity. This paper summarizes the ancient Chinese medicine books' recordings of, the clinical practice of, and the laboratory exploration of ginseng for the treatment of pandemics and COVID-19. Ginseng and its active ingredients were found to downregulate inflammatory cytokines, upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate the secretion of the antiviral cytokine IFN-[Formula: see text], prevent viral entry and replication, and improve viral clearance. Furthermore, ginseng modulates both natural and acquired immunity during viral infection. Collectively, we propose that ginseng can act as a key immune response modulator against the cytokine storm of COVID-19. This paper may provide a new approach to discover specific medications using ginseng to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- Department of Respiratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Shixu Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Guangxi Li
- Department of Respiratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
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Ojueromi OO, Oboh G, Ademosun AO. Effect of black seeds (Nigella sativa) on inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14300. [PMID: 35833536 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nigella sativa, a core dietary supplement and food additive in folklore is one of the most broadly studied seed plants in the global nutraceutical sector. Malaria infection impairs the ability of principal cells of the immune system to trigger an efficient inflammatory and immune response. Ninety-six mice, weighing 20-25 g, were grouped into 12 consisting of 8 animals each. The mice were infected with standard inoculum of the strain NK65 Plasmodium berghei (chloroquine sensitive) and the percentage parasitemia suppression were evaluated. The individual effect of black seed supplemented diet and its combinatory effect with chloroquine (CQ) were investigated on reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), serum immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), and the hematological parameters (hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count) in P. berghei infected mice. The inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6 and IL-10), as well as IgG and IgM were assayed in the serum. The mice temperature and behavioral changes were observed. Infected mice treated with the dietary supplementation of black seed with a percentage inclusion (2.5%, 5%, 10%) showed significantly decreased parasitemia and ROS levels (p < 0.05) compared with the untreated mice. The result demonstrated a significant suppression in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) levels and a notable elevation in the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), antioxidant markers as well as the immunoglobulin levels of the P. berghei-infected mice treated with black seed. The study revealed that black seed enhanced host antioxidant status, modulated inflammatory and immune response by regulating some inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulatory mediators. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Black seed (Nigella sativa) has been a dietary supplement and natural remedy for many centuries. Inflammatory and immune diseases are the most notable cause of mortality in the world and more than 50% of deaths have been attributed to it. However, there is paucity of information on the effect of N. sativa on anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory ability during malaria infection. The result suggests that N. sativa produced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effect in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice via the participation of glutathione antioxidant system, serum antibodies, and some inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Oluwafemi Ojueromi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Liu YB, Sun DZ, Chen KC, Zhang JJ, Hou YY, Gao XF, Cai EB, Zhu HY, Zheng YN, Chen RX, Liu S, Li W. Based on molecular docking to evaluate the protective effect of saponins from ginseng berry on D-gal-induced brain injury via multiple molecular mechanisms in mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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7
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Black Seed (Nigella sativa): A Favourable Alternative Therapy for Inflammatory and Immune System Disorders. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1623-1643. [PMID: 35972596 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, various food additives, medicinal plants, and their bioactive components have been utilized in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy. Nigella sativa is a key dietary supplement and food additive which has a strong traditional background. It is also one of the most broadly studied seeds in the global pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sector. N. sativa seeds are potential sources of natural metabolite such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities of these seeds, most peculiarly with reference to some inflammatory and immune mediators, are reviewed. N. sativa and its bioactive compounds modulate inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukins, and immunoglobulin levels. This paper comprehensively describes the biomarkers and signaling pathways underlying the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of N. sativa. This review also explains the scientific basis and the pharmacological properties of core bioactive ingredients of N. sativa responsible for these biological activities which indicates that their bioactive components could be possibly regarded as favorable therapy for disorders linked to inflammation and immune-dysregulation.
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Wang DS, Wang JM, Zhang FR, Lei FJ, Wen X, Song J, Sun GZ, Liu Z. Ameliorative Effects of Malonyl Ginsenoside from Panax ginseng on Glucose-Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance via IRS1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK Signaling Pathways in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:863-882. [PMID: 35282802 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that malonyl-ginsenosides from Panax ginseng (PG-MGR) play a crucial role in the treatment of T2DM. However, its potential mechanism was still unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic mechanisms of action of PG-MGR in high fat diet-fed (HFD) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and determined the main constituents of PG-MGR responsible for its anti-diabetic effects. Our results showed that 16 malonyl ginsenosides were identified in PG-MGR by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. PG-MGR treatment significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and improved insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. Simultaneously, PG-MGR treatment improved liver injury by decreasing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) expression. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, p-AMPK/AMPK, p-ACC/ACC and GLUT4 in liver and skeletal muscle were significantly up-regulated after PG-MGR treatment, and the protein expression levels of p-IRS-1/IRS-1, Fas and SREBP-1c were significantly reduced. These findings revealed that PG-MGR has the potential to improve glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance by activating the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT and AMPK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Rui Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Lei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
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