1
|
Wang Z, Li L, Han J, Bai X, Wei B, Fan R. Combined metabolomics and bioactivity assays kernelby-productsof two native Chinese cherry species: The sources of bioactive nutraceutical compounds. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101625. [PMID: 39100251 PMCID: PMC11296007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cherry kernels are a by-product of cherries that are usually discarded, leading to waste and pollution. In this study, the chemical composition of 21 batches of cherry kernels from two different cherry species was analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The in vitro antioxidant activity, cellular antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of these kernel extracts were also determined, and a correlation analysis was conducted between differential compounds and biological activity. A total of 49 differential compounds were screened. The kernels of Prunus tomentosa were found to have significantly higher total phenol, total flavonoid content, and biological activity than those of Prunus pseudocerasus (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that flavonoids had the greatest contribution to biological activity. The study suggests that both species of cherry kernel, particularly Prunus tomentosa, could be a potential source of bioactive compounds that could be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lin Li
- Developing Pediatric department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University,No.36Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Binbin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ronghua Fan
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boter M, Diaz I. Contrasting defence mechanisms against spider mite infestation in cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic legumes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112118. [PMID: 38776983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions between plants and herbivores is essential for improving crop resistance. Aiming to expand the role of cyanogenesis in plant defence, we investigated the response of the cyanogenic Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) and the non-cyanogenic Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) to Tetranychus urticae (spider mite) infestation. Despite mite infesting both legumes, leaf damage infringed by this feeder was reduced in lima bean. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed that both species exhibited substantial metabolic and transcriptional changes upon infestation, although alterations in P. lunatus were significantly more pronounced. Specific differences in amino acid homeostasis and key genes associated with the cyanogenic pathway were observed in these species, as well as the upregulation of the mandelonitrile lyase gene (PlMNL1) following T. urticae feeding. Concomitantly, the PIMNL1 activity increased. Lima bean plants also displayed an induction of β-cyanoalanine synthase (PlCYSC1), a key enzyme for cyanide detoxification, suggesting an internal regulatory mechanism to manage the toxicity of their defence responses. These findings contribute to our understanding of the legume-herbivore interactions and underscore the potential role of cyanogenesis in the elaboration of specific defensive responses, even within the same genus, which may reflect distinctive evolutionary adaptations or varying metabolic capabilities between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boter
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid 20223, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid 20223, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sánchez-Pérez R, Neilson EH. The case for sporadic cyanogenic glycoside evolution in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102608. [PMID: 39089185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides are α-hydroxynitrile glucosides present in approximately 3000 different plant species. Upon tissue disruption, cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed to release toxic hydrogen cyanide as a means of chemical defense. Over 100 different cyanogenic glycosides have been reported, with structural diversity dependent on the precursor amino acid, and subsequent modifications. Cyanogenic glycosides represent a prime example of sporadic metabolite evolution, with the metabolic trait arising multiple times throughout the plant lineage as evidenced by recruitment of different enzyme families for biosynthesis. Here, we review the latest developments within cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis, and argue possible factors driving sporadic evolution including shared intermediates and crossovers with other metabolic pathways crossovers, and metabolite multifunctionality beyond chemical defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Hj Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuo WH, Zhong L, Wright SJ, Goad DM, Olsen KM. Beyond cyanogenesis: Temperature gradients drive environmental adaptation in North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Mol Ecol 2024:e17484. [PMID: 39072878 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Species that repeatedly evolve phenotypic clines across environmental gradients have been highlighted as ideal systems for characterizing the genomic basis of local environmental adaptation. However, few studies have assessed the importance of observed phenotypic clines for local adaptation: conspicuous traits that vary clinally may not necessarily be the most critical in determining local fitness. The present study was designed to fill this gap, using a plant species characterized by repeatedly evolved adaptive phenotypic clines. White clover is naturally polymorphic for its chemical defence cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage); climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout its native and introduced range worldwide. We performed landscape genomic analyses on 415 wild genotypes from 43 locations spanning much of the North American species range to assess the relative importance of cyanogenesis loci vs. other genomic factors in local climatic adaptation. We find clear evidence of local adaptation, with temperature-related climatic variables best describing genome-wide differentiation between sampling locations. The same climatic variables are also strongly correlated with cyanogenesis frequencies and gene copy number variations (CNVs) at cyanogenesis loci. However, landscape genomic analyses indicate no significant contribution of cyanogenesis loci to local adaptation. Instead, several genomic regions containing promising candidate genes for plant response to seasonal cues are identified - some of which are shared with previously identified QTLs for locally adaptive fitness traits in North American white clover. Our findings suggest that local adaptation in white clover is likely determined primarily by genes controlling the timing of growth and flowering in response to local seasonal cues. More generally, this work suggests that caution is warranted when considering the importance of conspicuous phenotypic clines as primary determinants of local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Limei Zhong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sara J Wright
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Goad
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sirirungruang S, Blay V, Scott YF, Pereira JH, Hammel M, Barnum CR, Adams PD, Shih PM. Structural and biochemical basis for regiospecificity of the flavonoid glycosyltransferase UGT95A1. J Biol Chem 2024:107602. [PMID: 39059496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a predominant strategy plants employ to fine-tune the properties of small molecule metabolites to affect their bioactivity, transport, and storage. It is also important in biotechnology and medicine as many glycosides are utilized in human health. Small molecule glycosylation is largely carried out by family 1 glycosyltransferases. Here, we report a structural and biochemical investigation of UGT95A1, a family 1 GT enzyme from Pilosella officinarum that exhibits a strong, unusual regiospecificity for the 3'-O position of flavonoid acceptor substrate luteolin. We obtained an apo crystal structure to help drive the analyses of a series of binding site mutants, revealing that while most residues are tolerant to mutations, key residues M145 and D464 are important for overall glycosylation activity. Interestingly, E347 is crucial for maintaining the strong preference for 3'-O glycosylation, while R462 can be mutated to increase regioselectivity. The structural determinants of regioselectivity were further confirmed in homologous enzymes. Our study also suggests that the enzyme contains large, highly dynamic, disordered regions. We showed that while most disordered regions of the protein have little to no implication in catalysis, the disordered regions conserved among investigated homologues are important to both the overall efficiency and regiospecificity of the enzyme. This report represents a comprehensive in-depth analysis of a family 1 GT enzyme with a unique substrate regiospecificity and may provide a basis for enzyme functional prediction and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasilada Sirirungruang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Vincent Blay
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Yasmine F Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose H Pereira
- Technology Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Collin R Barnum
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Technology Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aghaali Z, Naghavi MR. Developing benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-enriched opium poppy via CRISPR-directed genome editing: A review. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:700. [PMID: 39048937 PMCID: PMC11267691 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Among plant-derived secondary metabolites are benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) that play a vital role in medicine. The most conspicuous BIAs frequently found in opium poppy are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, sanguinarine, and noscapine. BIAs have provided abundant clinically useful drugs used in the treatment of various diseases and ailments With an increasing demand for these herbal remedies, genetic improvement of poppy plants appears to be essential to live up to the expectations of the pharmaceutical industry. With the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated9 (Cas9), the field of metabolic engineering has undergone a paradigm shift in its approach due to its appealing attributes, such as the transgene-free editing capability, precision, selectivity, robustness, and versatility. The potentiality of the CRISPR system for manipulating metabolic pathways in opium poppy was demonstrated, but further investigations regarding the use of CRISPR in BIA pathway engineering should be undertaken to develop opium poppy into a bioreactor synthesizing BIAs at the industrial-scale levels. In this regard, the recruitment of RNA-guided genome editing for knocking out miRNAs, flower responsible genes, genes involved in competitive pathways, and base editing are described. The approaches presented here have never been suggested or applied in opium poppy so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghaali
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mueller NG, Willman JC. Domestication as the evolution of interspecies cooperative breeding. Evol Anthropol 2024:e22042. [PMID: 38987976 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We propose that domestication is the result of interspecies cooperative breeding. Considering domestication as an outcome of cooperative breeding can explain how domestication occurs in both plants and animals, encompass cases of domestication that do not involve humans, and shed light on why humans are involved in so many domesticatory relationships. We review the cooperative breeding model of human evolution, which posits that care of human infants by alloparents enabled the evolution of costly human brains and long juvenile development, while selecting for tolerance of strangers. We then explore how human cooperation in the protection and provisioning of young plants and animals can explain the evolution of domestication traits such as changes in development; loss of aggressive, defensive, and bet-hedging aspects of the phenotype; and increased fertility. We argue that the importance of cooperative breeding to human societies has made humans especially likely to enter into interspecies cooperative breeding relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Mueller
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John C Willman
- CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bai Y, Liu X, Baldwin IT. Using Synthetic Biology to Understand the Function of Plant Specialized Metabolites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:629-653. [PMID: 38424065 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-013842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) are variably distributed across taxa, tissues, and ecological contexts; this variability has inspired many theories about PSM function, which, to date, remain poorly tested because predictions have outpaced the available data. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics have enabled unbiased PSM profiling, and molecular biology techniques have produced PSM-free plants; the combination of these methods has accelerated our understanding of the complex ecological roles that PSMs play in plants. Synthetic biology techniques and workflows are producing high-value, structurally complex PSMs in quantities and purities sufficient for both medicinal and functional studies. These workflows enable the reengineering of PSM transport, externalization, structural diversity, and production in novel taxa, facilitating rigorous tests of long-standing theoretical predictions about why plants produce so many different PSMs in particular tissues and ecological contexts. Plants use their chemical prowess to solve ecological challenges, and synthetic biology workflows are accelerating our understanding of these evolved functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jørgensen ME, Houston K, Jørgensen HJL, Thomsen HC, Tekaat L, Krogh CT, Mellor SB, Braune KB, Damm ML, Pedas PR, Voss C, Rasmussen MW, Nielsen K, Skadhauge B, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Dockter C, Sørensen M. Disentangling hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthesis in a barley (Hordeum vulgare) metabolon provides access to elite malting barleys for ethyl carbamate-free whisky production. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:364-382. [PMID: 38652034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Barley produces several specialized metabolites, including five α-, β-, and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs). In malting barley, presence of the α-HNG epiheterodendrin gives rise to undesired formation of ethyl carbamate in the beverage production, especially after distilling. Metabolite-GWAS identified QTLs and underlying gene candidates possibly involved in the control of the relative and absolute content of HNGs, including an undescribed MATE transporter. By screening 325 genetically diverse barley accessions, we discovered three H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (wild barley) lines with drastic changes in the relative ratios of the five HNGs. Knock-out (KO)-lines, isolated from the barley FIND-IT resource and each lacking one of the functional HNG biosynthetic genes (CYP79A12, CYP71C103, CYP71C113, CYP71U5, UGT85F22 and UGT85F23) showed unprecedented changes in HNG ratios enabling assignment of specific and mutually dependent catalytic functions to the biosynthetic enzymes involved. The highly similar relative ratios between the five HNGs found across wild and domesticated barley accessions indicate assembly of the HNG biosynthetic enzymes in a metabolon, the functional output of which was reconfigured in the absence of a single protein component. The absence or altered ratios of the five HNGs in the KO-lines did not change susceptibility to the fungal phytopathogen Pyrenophora teres causing net blotch. The study provides a deeper understanding of the organization of HNG biosynthesis in barley and identifies a novel, single gene HNG-0 line in an elite spring barley background for direct use in breeding of malting barley, eliminating HNGs as a source of ethyl carbamate formation in whisky production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Jørgensen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Kelly Houston
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Hans Jørgen L Jørgensen
- Section for Plant and Soil Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne C Thomsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Linda Tekaat
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Timmermann Krogh
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silas B Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mette L Damm
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Pai Rosager Pedas
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia Voss
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Nielsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mohammed S Motawia
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Pharmatech, Københavnsvej 216, 4600, Køge, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen F, Zang J, Wang Z, Wang J, Shi L, Xiu Y, Lin S, Lin W. Mandelonitrile lyase MDL2-mediated regulation of seed amygdalin and oil accumulation of Prunus Sibirica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:590. [PMID: 38902595 PMCID: PMC11191352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Prunus sibirica seeds with rich oils has great utilization, but contain amygdalin that can be hydrolyzed to release toxic HCN. Thus, how to effectively reduce seed amygdalin content of P. sibirica is an interesting question. Mandelonitrile is known as one key intermediate of amygdalin metabolism, but which mandelonitrile lyase (MDL) family member essential for its dissociation destined to low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica seeds still remains enigmatic. An integration of our recent 454 RNA-seq data, amygdalin and mandelonitrile content detection, qRT-PCR analysis and function determination is described as a critical attempt to determine key MDL and to highlight its function in governing mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in Prunus sibirica seeds for better developing edible oil and biodiesel in China. RESULTS To identify key MDL and to unravel its function in governing seed mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica. Global identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-associated MDLs, integrated with the across-accessions/developing stages association of accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile with transcriptional level of MDLs was performed on P. sibirica seeds of 5 accessions to determine crucial MDL2 for seed mandelonitrile catabolism of P. sibirica. MDL2 gene was cloned from the seeds of P. sibirica, and yeast eukaryotic expression revealed an ability of MDL2 to specifically catalyze the dissociation of mandelonitrile with the ideal values of Km (0.22 mM) and Vmax (178.57 U/mg). A combination of overexpression and mutation was conducted in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of PsMDL2 decreased seed mandelonitrile content with an increase of oil accumulation, upregulated transcript of mandelonitrile metabolic enzymes and oil synthesis enzymes (involving FA biosynthesis and TAG assembly), but exhibited an opposite situation in mdl2 mutant, revealing a role of PsMDL2-mediated regulation in seed amygdalin and oil biosynthesis. The PsMDL2 gene has shown as key molecular target for bioengineering high seed oil production with low amygdalin in oilseed plants. CONCLUSIONS This work presents the first integrated assay of genome-wide identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-related MDLs and the comparative association of transcriptional level of MDLs with accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile in the seeds across different germplasms and developmental periods of P. sibirica to determine MDL2 for mandelonitrile dissociation, and an effective combination of PsMDL2 expression and mutation, oil and mandelonitrile content detection and qRT-PCR assay was performed to unravel a mechanism of PsMDL2 for controlling amygdalin and oil production in P. sibirica seeds. These findings could offer new bioengineering strategy for high oil production with low amygdalin in oil plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junxin Zang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Xiu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Weijun Lin
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant Cyanogenic-Derived Metabolites and Herbivore Counter-Defences. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1239. [PMID: 38732453 PMCID: PMC11085660 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The release of cyanide from cyanogenic precursors is the central core of the plant defences based on the cyanogenesis process. Although cyanide is formed as a coproduct of some metabolic routes, its production is mostly due to the degradation of cyanohydrins originating from cyanogenic glycosides in cyanogenic plants and the 4-OH-ICN route in Brassicaceae. Cyanohydrins are then hydrolysed in a reversible reaction generating cyanide, being both, cyanohydrins and cyanide, toxic compounds with potential defensive properties against pests and pathogens. Based on the production of cyanogenic-derived molecules in response to the damage caused by herbivore infestation, in this review, we compile the actual knowledge of plant cyanogenic events in the plant-pest context. Besides the defensive potential, the mode of action, and the targets of the cyanogenic compounds to combat phytophagous insects and acari, special attention has been paid to arthropod responses and the strategies to overcome the impact of cyanogenesis. Physiological and behavioural adaptations, as well as cyanide detoxification by β-cyanoalanine synthases, rhodaneses, and cyanases are common ways of phytophagous arthropods defences against the cyanide produced by plants. Much experimental work is needed to further understand the complexities and specificities of the defence-counter-defence system to be applied in breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu M, Li S. Nitrile biosynthesis in nature: how and why? Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:649-671. [PMID: 38193577 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2023Natural nitriles comprise a small set of secondary metabolites which however show intriguing chemical and functional diversity. Various patterns of nitrile biosynthesis can be seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms with the characteristics of both evolutionary divergence and convergence. These specialized compounds play important roles in nitrogen metabolism, chemical defense against herbivores, predators and pathogens, and inter- and/or intraspecies communications. Here we review the naturally occurring nitrile-forming pathways from a biochemical perspective and discuss the biological and ecological functions conferred by diversified nitrile biosyntheses in different organisms. Elucidation of the mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories of nitrile biosynthesis underpins better understandings of nitrile-related biology, chemistry, and ecology and will ultimately benefit the development of desirable nitrile-forming biocatalysts for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanaabi M, Settumba MB, Nuwamanya E, Muhumuza N, Iragaba P, Ozimati A, Namakula FB, Kayondo IS, Baguma JK, Nanyonjo AR, Esuma W, Kawuki RS. Genetic Variation and Heritability for Hydrogen Cyanide in Fresh Cassava Roots: Implications for Low-Cyanide Cassava Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1186. [PMID: 38732401 PMCID: PMC11085877 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Breeding for low-hydrogen-cyanide (HCN) varieties is a major objective of programs targeting boiled cassava food products. To enhance the breeding of low-HCN varieties, knowledge of genetic variation and trait heritability is essential. In this study, 64 cassava clones were established across four locations and evaluated for HCN using three HCN assessment methods: one with a 1 to 9 scale, on with a 0 ppm to 800 ppm scale, and a quantitative assay based on spectrophotometer readings (HCN_Spec). Data were also collected on the weather variables precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature. Highly significant differences were observed among clones (p < 0.001) and locations (p < 0.001). There was also significant clone-environment interactions, varying from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001. Locations Arua and Serere showed higher HCN scores among clones and were associated with significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean daily temperatures (K) and lower relative humidity values (%) across 12 h and 18 h intervals. Within locations, HCN broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.22 to 0.64, while combined location heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.32. Relationships between the methods were positive and strong (r = 0.75-0.92). The 1 to 9 scale is more accurate and more reproducible than either the 0 to 800 ppm scale or spectrophotometric methods. It is expected that the information herein will accelerate efforts towards breeding for low-HCN cassava varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kanaabi
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Mukasa B. Settumba
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Ephraim Nuwamanya
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Nicholas Muhumuza
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Paula Iragaba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Alfred Ozimati
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Fatumah B. Namakula
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Ismail S. Kayondo
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan 200113, Nigeria;
| | - Julius K. Baguma
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Ann Ritah Nanyonjo
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University (MAK), Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (M.B.S.); (E.N.); (N.M.); (A.O.); (J.K.B.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Williams Esuma
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| | - Robert S. Kawuki
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (F.B.N.); (R.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gu C, Huang J, Muste C, Zhong J, Walker GS, Obach RS, Shaffer CL. Radiolabel Uncovers Nonintuitive Metabolites of BIIB104: Novel Release of [ 14C]Cyanide from 2-Cyanothiophene and Subsequent Formation of [ 14C]Thiocyanate. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:323-336. [PMID: 38360917 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BIIB104 (formerly PF-04958242), N-((3S,4S)-4-(4-(5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)phenoxy)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide, is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiator investigated for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Preliminary in vitro metabolism studies with non-radiolabeled BIIB104 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes (RLM, DLM, and HLM) showed O-dealkylation in all three species, tetrahydrofuran hydroxylation dominating in DLM and HLM, and thiophene hydroxylation prevalent in RLM. However, a subsequent rat mass balance study with [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 showed incomplete recovery of administered radioactivity (∼80%) from urine and feces over 7 days following an oral dose, and an exceptionally long plasma total radioactivity half-life. Radiochromatographic metabolite profiling and identification, including chemical derivation, revealed that [14C]cyanide was a major metabolite of [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 in RLM, but a minor and trace metabolite in DLM and HLM, respectively. Correspondingly in bile duct-cannulated rats, [14C]thiocyanate accounted for ∼53% of total radioactivity excreted over 48 hours postdose and it, as an endogenous substance, explained the exceptionally long plasma radioactivity half-life. The release of [14C]cyanide from the 2-cyanothiophene moiety is postulated to follow an epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening based on the detection of non-radiolabeled counterpart metabolites in RLM. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate. Additionally, the potential cyanide metabolite of nitrile-containing drug molecules may be detected in liver microsomes with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following a chemical derivatization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using [nitrile-14C]BIIB104, non-intuitive metabolites of BIIB104 were discovered involving a novel cyanide release from the 2-cyanothiophene motif via a postulated epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Cathy Muste
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jeremy Zhong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Christopher L Shaffer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rosati VC, Quinn AA, Gleadow RM, Blomstedt CK. The Putative GATA Transcription Factor SbGATA22 as a Novel Regulator of Dhurrin Biosynthesis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:470. [PMID: 38672741 PMCID: PMC11051066 DOI: 10.3390/life14040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides are specialized metabolites produced by over 3000 species of higher plants from more than 130 families. The deployment of cyanogenic glucosides is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors in addition to being developmentally regulated, consistent with their roles in plant defense and stress mitigation. Despite their ubiquity, very little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate their biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway of dhurrin, the cyanogenic glucoside found in the important cereal crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), was described over 20 years ago, and yet no direct regulator of the biosynthetic genes has been identified. To isolate regulatory proteins that bind to the promoter region of the key dhurrin biosynthetic gene of sorghum, SbCYP79A1, yeast one-hybrid screens were performed. A bait fragment containing 1204 base pairs of the SbCYP79A1 5' regulatory region was cloned upstream of a reporter gene and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Subsequently, the yeast was transformed with library cDNA representing RNA from two different sorghum developmental stages. From these screens, we identified SbGATA22, an LLM domain B-GATA transcription factor that binds to the putative GATA transcription factor binding motifs in the SbCYP79A1 promoter region. Transient assays in Nicotiana benthamiana show that SbGATA22 localizes to the nucleus. The expression of SbGATA22, in comparison with SbCYP79A1 expression and dhurrin concentration, was analyzed over 14 days of sorghum development and in response to nitrogen application, as these conditions are known to affect dhurrin levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that SbGATA22 may act as a negative regulator of SbCYP79A1 expression and provide a preliminary insight into the molecular regulation of dhurrin biosynthesis in sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana C. Rosati
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (V.C.R.); (A.A.Q.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Alicia A. Quinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (V.C.R.); (A.A.Q.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Roslyn M. Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (V.C.R.); (A.A.Q.); (R.M.G.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cecilia K. Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (V.C.R.); (A.A.Q.); (R.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yamaguchi T, Asano Y. Nitrile-synthesizing enzymes and biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:20-28. [PMID: 38395363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles (R-CN) comprise a broad group of chemicals industrially produced and used in fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and bulk applications, polymer chemistry, solvents, etc. Nitriles are important starting materials for producing carboxylic acids, amides, amines, and several other compounds. In addition, some volatile nitriles have been evaluated for their potential as ingredients in fragrance and flavor formulations. However, many nitrile synthesis methods have drawbacks, such as drastic reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, lack of readily available reagents, poor yields, and long reaction times. In contrast to chemical synthesis, biocatalytic approaches using enzymes can produce nitriles without harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and pressures, or toxic compounds. In this review, we summarize the nitrile-synthesizing enzymes from microorganisms, plants, and animals. Furthermore, we introduce several examples of biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds, particularly those using aldoxime dehydratase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Giantin S, Franzin A, Brusa F, Montemurro V, Bozzetta E, Caprai E, Fedrizzi G, Girolami F, Nebbia C. Overview of Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle from Sorghum halepense and S. bicolor Cultivars in Northwest Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 38473128 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sorghum plants naturally produce dhurrin, a cyanogenic glycoside that may be hydrolysed to cyanide, resulting in often-lethal toxicoses. Ruminants are particularly sensitive to cyanogenic glycosides due to the active role of rumen microbiota in dhurrin hydrolysis. This work provides an overview of a poisoning outbreak that occurred in 5 farms in Northwest Italy in August 2022; a total of 66 cows died, and many others developed acute toxicosis after being fed on either cultivated (Sorghum bicolor) or wild Sorghum (Sorghum halepense). Clinical signs were recorded, and all cows received antidotal/supportive therapy. Dead animals were subjected to necropsy, and dhurrin content was determined in Sorghum specimens using an LC-MS/MS method. Rapid onset, severe respiratory distress, recumbency and convulsions were the main clinical features; bright red blood, a bitter almond smell and lung emphysema were consistently observed on necropsy. The combined i.v. and oral administration of sodium thiosulphate resulted in a rapid improvement of clinical signs. Dhurrin concentrations corresponding to cyanide levels higher than the tolerated threshold of 200 mg/kg were detected in sorghum specimens from 4 out of 5 involved farms; thereafter, such levels declined, reaching tolerable concentrations in September-October. Feeding cattle with wild or cultivated Sorghum as green fodder is a common practice in Northern Italy, especially in summer. However, care should be taken in case of adverse climatic conditions, such as severe drought and tropical temperatures (characterising summer 2022), which are reported to increase dhurrin synthesis and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giantin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberico Franzin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Brusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Vittoria Montemurro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- National Reference Laboratory for Natural Toxins in Food and Feed, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Pietro Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- National Reference Laboratory for Natural Toxins in Food and Feed, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Pietro Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Othman SMIS, Mustaffa AF, Mohd Zahid NII, Che-Othman MH, Samad AFA, Goh HH, Ismail I. Harnessing the potential of non-coding RNA: An insight into its mechanism and interaction in plant biotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108387. [PMID: 38266565 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse physical and chemical defence mechanisms to ensure their continued growth and well-being in challenging environments. Plants also have evolved intricate molecular mechanisms to regulate their responses to biotic stress. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) plays a crucial role in this process that affects the expression or suppression of target transcripts. While there have been numerous reviews on the role of molecules in plant biotic stress, few of them specifically focus on how plant ncRNAs enhance resistance through various mechanisms against different pathogens. In this context, we explored the role of ncRNA in exhibiting responses to biotic stress endogenously as well as cross-kingdom regulation of transcript expression. Furthermore, we address the interplay between ncRNAs, which can act as suppressors, precursors, or regulators of other ncRNAs. We also delve into the regulation of ncRNAs in response to attacks from different organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, oomycetes, and insects. Interestingly, we observed that diverse microorganisms interact with distinct ncRNAs. This intricacy leads us to conclude that each ncRNA serves a specific function in response to individual biotic stimuli. This deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involving ncRNAs in response to biotic stresses enhances our knowledge and provides valuable insights for future research in the field of ncRNA, ultimately leading to improvements in plant traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Iqbal Syed Othman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arif Faisal Mustaffa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Irdina Izzatie Mohd Zahid
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Hafiz Che-Othman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Fatah A Samad
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamaguchi T. Exploration and utilization of novel aldoxime, nitrile, and nitro compounds metabolizing enzymes from plants and arthropods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:138-146. [PMID: 38017623 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Aldoxime (R1R2C=NOH) and nitrile (R-C≡N) are nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in species representing all kingdoms of life. The enzymes discovered from the microbial "aldoxime-nitrile" pathway (aldoxime dehydratase, nitrile hydratase, amidase, and nitrilase) have been thoroughly studied because of their industrial importance. Although plants utilize cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to produce aldoxime and nitrile, many biosynthetic pathways are yet to be studied. Cyanogenic millipedes accumulate various nitrile compounds, such as mandelonitrile. However, no such aldoxime- and nitrile-metabolizing enzymes have been identified in millipedes. Here, I review the exploration of novel enzymes from plants and millipedes with characteristics distinct from those of microbial enzymes, the catalysis of industrially useful reactions, and applications of these enzymes for nitrile compound production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University , Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ngatsi PZ, Ndongo B, Ambang Z, Eke P, Kuate WNT, Dida SLL, Manga JN, Djiéto-Lordon C. Response of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes to natural infestation by scale insect pest Stictococcus vayssierei Richard (Hemiptera: Stictococcidae). CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100071. [PMID: 38317863 PMCID: PMC10840324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cassava is mostly grown for its starchy roots, which ensure food security. However, it is heavily attacked by the African root and tuber scale (ARTS) Stictococcus vayssierei in Central Africa. This pest is a severe constraint to the production of cassava, food and income security for smallholder farmers. Crop resistance development through the selection of varieties with resistant traits against targeted pests is a promising approach to pest control. This study investigated cassava genotypes' response to natural infestation and determined their resistance levels against S. vayssierei. Six cassava genotypes (two local and four improved) were planted in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Agronomic parameters and ARTS density were evaluated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after planting (MAP). Biochemical content was determined on the pith and cortex of 12 MAP aged tuberous roots. As a result, the improved Excel variety recorded the highest scale density per plant with 102.83 ± 4.14 ARTS/P at 9 MAP. At 12 MAP, high activity of total cyanide (69.18 ± 0.88 and 69.16 ± 1.44 mg/kg) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (0.142 ± 0.020 and 0.145 ± 0.010 ΔA/min/mg) were observed in the cortex of the tuberous roots of the improved varieties TMS 96/0023 and TMS 92/0057 which were colonized by the lowest ARTS density. The local variety (Douma) had a high content of total phenols (44.87 ± 1.15 µg/g) in the pith. It also produced the highest yield (23.8 ± 2.9 t ha-1). Varieties TMS 96/0023, TMS 92/0057 and Douma may be the most suitable varieties for the control of ARTS stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Zemko Ngatsi
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Bekolo Ndongo
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Zachée Ambang
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Eke
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Crop Production Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - William Norbert Tueguem Kuate
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sylvere Landry Lontsi Dida
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jude Ndjaga Manga
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Environment, Phytopathology and Plant Protection Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Champlain Djiéto-Lordon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luo SH, Hua J, Liu Y, Li SH. The Chemical Ecology of Plant Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 124:57-183. [PMID: 39101984 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59567-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants are excellent chemists with an impressive capability of biosynthesizing a large variety of natural products (also known as secondary or specialized metabolites) to resist various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this chapter, 989 plant natural products and their ecological functions in plant-herbivore, plant-microorganism, and plant-plant interactions are reviewed. These compounds include terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, and other structural types. Terpenoids usually provide direct or indirect defense functions for plants, while phenolic compounds play important roles in regulating the interactions between plants and other organisms. Alkaloids are frequently toxic to herbivores and microorganisms, and can therefore also provide defense functions. The information presented should provide the basis for in-depth research of these plant natural products and their natural functions, and also for their further development and utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Juan Hua
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, LiuTai Avenue 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Panlong District, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan Province, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoo Y, Yoo YH, Lee DY, Jung KH, Lee SW, Park JC. Caffeine Produced in Rice Plants Provides Tolerance to Water-Deficit Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1984. [PMID: 38001837 PMCID: PMC10669911 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous or endogenous caffeine application confers resistance to diverse biotic stresses in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit. Caffeine produced by CPR plants influences the cytosolic Ca2+ ion concentration gradient. We focused on examining the expression of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase genes, a subset of the numerous proteins engaged in abiotic stress signaling. Under normal conditions, CPR plants exhibited increased expressions of seven OsCPKs (OsCPK10, OsCPK12, OsCPK21, OsCPK25, OsCPK26, OsCPK30, and OsCPK31) and biochemical modifications, including antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) content. CPR plants exhibited more pronounced gene expression changes and biochemical alterations in response to water-deficit stress. CPR plants revealed increased expressions of 16 OsCPKs (OsCPK1, OsCPK2, OsCPK3, OsCPK4, OsCPK5, OsCPK6, OsCPK9, OsCPK10, OsCPK11, OsCPK12, OsCPK14, OsCPK16, OsCPK18, OsCPK22, OsCPK24, and OsCPK25) and 8 genes (OsbZIP72, OsLEA25, OsNHX1, OsRab16d, OsDREB2B, OsNAC45, OsP5CS, and OsRSUS1) encoding factors related to abiotic stress tolerance. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated. In addition, a decrease in reactive oxygen species, an accumulation of malondialdehyde, and physiological alterations such as the inhibition of chlorophyll degradation and the protection of photosynthetic machinery were observed. Our results suggest that caffeine is a natural chemical that increases the potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stress and provides robust resistance by activating a rapid and comprehensive resistance mechanism in the case of water-deficit stress. The discovery, furthermore, presents a new approach for enhancing crop tolerance to abiotic stress, including water deficit, via the utilization of a specific natural agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngchul Yoo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yo-Han Yoo
- Central Area Crop Breeding Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong Yoon Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhong W, Aiosa N, Deutsch JM, Garg N, Agarwal V. Pseudobulbiferamides: Plasmid-Encoded Ureidopeptide Natural Products with Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Shared Among Marine Bacteria of Different Genera. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2414-2420. [PMID: 37713418 PMCID: PMC10616845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Ureidopeptidic natural products possess a wide variety of favorable pharmacological properties. In addition, they have been shown to mediate core physiological functions in producer bacteria. Here, we report that similar ureidopeptidic natural products with conserved biosynthetic gene clusters are produced by different bacterial genera that coinhabit marine invertebrate microbiomes. We demonstrate that a Microbulbifer strain isolated from a marine sponge can produce two different classes of ureidopeptide natural products encoded by two different biosynthetic gene clusters that are positioned on the bacterial chromosome and on a plasmid. The plasmid encoded ureidopeptide natural products, which we term the pseudobulbiferamides (5-8), resemble the ureidopeptide natural products produced by Pseudovibrio, a different marine bacterial genus that is likewise present in marine sponge commensal microbiomes. Using imaging mass spectrometry, we find that the two classes of Microbulbifer-derived ureidopeptides occupy different physical spaces relative to the bacterial colony, perhaps implying different roles for these two compound classes in Microbulbifer physiology and environmental interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimao Zhong
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nicole Aiosa
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jessica M. Deutsch
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Neha Garg
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center
for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Díaz-Rueda P, Morales de los Ríos L, Romero LC, García I. Old poisons, new signaling molecules: the case of hydrogen cyanide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6040-6051. [PMID: 37586035 PMCID: PMC10575699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The high phenotypic plasticity developed by plants includes rapid responses and adaptations to aggressive or changing environments. To achieve this, they evolved extremely efficient mechanisms of signaling mediated by a wide range of molecules, including small signal molecules. Among them, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has been largely ignored due to its toxic characteristics. However, not only is it present in living organisms, but it has been shown that it serves several functions in all kingdoms of life. Research using model plants has changed the traditional point of view, and it has been demonstrated that HCN plays a positive role in the plant response to pathogens independently of its toxicity. Indeed, HCN induces a response aimed at protecting the plant from pathogen attack, and the HCN is provided either exogenously (in vitro or by some cyanogenic bacteria species present in the rhizosphere) or endogenously (in reactions involving ethylene, camalexin, or other cyanide-containing compounds). The contribution of different mechanisms to HCN function, including a new post-translational modification of cysteines in proteins, namely S-cyanylation, is discussed here. This work opens up an expanding 'HCN field' of research related to plants and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Díaz-Rueda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kuo WH, Small LL, Olsen KM. Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16233. [PMID: 37661820 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE β-Cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN). These functions are critical for all plants because HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, and especially for cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, expression of β-CAS and Aox genes has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species. METHODS We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine β-CAS and Aox gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis-associated HCN exposure. We identified all β-CAS and Aox gene copies present in the genome, including members of the Aox1, Aox2a, and Aox2d subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes and between damaged and undamaged leaf tissue. RESULTS β-CAS and Aox2a expression was differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and tissue damage was not required to induce this increased expression. Aox2d, in contrast, appeared to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for HCN detoxification (via elevated β-CAS expression) and HCN-toxicity mitigation (via elevated Aox2a expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing-induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate-associated cyanogenesis clines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Linda L Small
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo C, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Li M, Liu P. Jasmonates Coordinate Secondary with Primary Metabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:1008. [PMID: 37755288 PMCID: PMC10648981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid (JA), its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its derivatives jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), cis-jasmone (CJ) and other oxylipins, are important in the regulation of a range of ecological interactions of plants with their abiotic and particularly their biotic environments. Plant secondary/specialized metabolites play critical roles in implementing these ecological functions of JAs. Pathway and transcriptional regulation analyses have established a central role of JA-Ile-mediated core signaling in promoting the biosynthesis of a great diversity of secondary metabolites. Here, we summarized the advances in JAs-induced secondary metabolites, particularly in secondary metabolites induced by OPDA and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) induced by CJ through signaling independent of JA-Ile. The roles of JAs in integrating and coordinating the primary and secondary metabolism, thereby orchestrating plant growth-defense tradeoffs, were highlighted and discussed. Finally, we provided perspectives on the improvement of the adaptability and resilience of plants to changing environments and the production of valuable phytochemicals by exploiting JAs-regulated secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Qiu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengya Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cherian A, Vadivel V, Thiruganasambandham S, Madhavankutty S. Phytocompounds and their molecular targets in immunomodulation: a review. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:577-590. [PMID: 34786892 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are important for the healthy function of every organ. The homeostasis of the immune system is selfregulated by T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells. The immunomodulation process of immune cells is part of the immunotherapy. According to therapeutic methods of immune responses are categorized as inducing (immunostimulant), amplification (immune booster), attenuation (immunomodulation), and prevention (immunosuppressive) actions. The prevalence of chronic immunological diseases like viral infections, allergies, and cancer is mainly due to the over-activation of the immune system. Further, immunomodulators are reported to manage the severity of chronic immunological disorders. Moreover, these immunomodulator-acting proteins are identified as potential molecular targets for the regulation of the immune system. Moreover, natural compound like phytocompounds are known to bind these targets and modulates the immune system. The specialized phytocompounds like curcumin, quercetin, stilbenes, flavonoids, and lignans are shown the immunomodulatory actions and ameliorate the immunological disorders. The present scenario of a COVID-19 pandemic situation has taught us the need to focus on strengthening the immune system and the development of the most promising immunotherapeutics. This review is focused on an overview of various phytocompounds and their molecular targets for the management of immunological disorders via immunosuppressants and immunostimulants actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Cherian
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Vadivel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen C, Zhang K, Liu F, Wang X, Yao Y, Niu X, He Y, Hong J, Liu F, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang M, Lin J, Fan Y, Ren K, Shen L, Gao B, Ren X, Yang W, Georgiev MI, Zhang X, Zhou M. Resequencing of global Lotus corniculatus accessions reveals population distribution and genetic loci, associated with cyanogenic glycosides accumulation and growth traits. BMC Biol 2023; 21:176. [PMID: 37592232 PMCID: PMC10433565 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lotus corniculatus is a widely distributed perennial legume whose great adaptability to different environments and resistance to barrenness make it an excellent forage and ecological restoration plant. However, its molecular genetics and genomic relationships among populations are yet to be uncovered. RESULT Here we report on a genomic variation map from worldwide 272 L. corniculatus accessions by genome resequencing. Our analysis suggests that L. corniculatus accessions have high genetic diversity and could be further divided into three subgroups, with the genetic diversity centers were located in Transcaucasia. Several candidate genes and SNP site associated with CNglcs content and growth traits were identified by genome-wide associated study (GWAS). A non-synonymous in LjMTR was responsible for the decreased expression of CNglcs synthesis genes and LjZCD was verified to positively regulate CNglcs synthesis gene CYP79D3. The LjZCB and an SNP in LjZCA promoter were confirmed to be involved in plant growth. CONCLUSION This study provided a large number of genomic resources and described genetic relationship and population structure among different accessions. Moreover, we attempt to provide insights into the molecular studies and breeding of CNglcs and growth traits in L. corniculatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100177, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Hong
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Fang Liu
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Qiu Gao
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yurong Li
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Jizhen Lin
- National Herbage Gempiasm Bank of China, National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kui Ren
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lunhao Shen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue Ren
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weifei Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Trémulot L, Macadré C, Gal J, Garmier M, Launay-Avon A, Paysant-Le Roux C, Ratet P, Noctor G, Dufresne M. Impact of high atmospheric carbon dioxide on the biotic stress response of the model cereal species Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237054. [PMID: 37662181 PMCID: PMC10469009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Losses due to disease and climate change are among the most important issues currently facing crop production. It is therefore important to establish the impact of climate change, and particularly of high carbon dioxide (hCO2), on plant immunity in cereals, which provide 60% of human calories. The aim of this study was to determine if hCO2 impacts Brachypodium distachyon immunity, a model plant for temperate cereals. Plants were grown in air (430 ppm CO2) and at two high CO2 conditions, one that is relevant to projections within the coming century (1000 ppm) and a concentration sufficient to saturate photosynthesis (3000 ppm). The following measurements were performed: phenotyping and growth, salicylic acid contents, pathogen resistance tests, and RNAseq analysis of the transcriptome. Improved shoot development was observed at both 1000 and 3000 ppm. A transcriptomic analysis pointed to an increase in primary metabolism capacity under hCO2. Alongside this effect, up-regulation of genes associated with secondary metabolism was also observed. This effect was especially evident for the terpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, and was accompanied by enhanced expression of immunity-related genes and accumulation of salicylic acid. Pathogen tests using the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae revealed that hCO2 had a complex effect, with enhanced susceptibility to infection but no increase in fungal development. The study reveals that immunity in B. distachyon is modulated by growth at hCO2 and allows identification of pathways that might play a role in this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lug Trémulot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Macadré
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Joséphine Gal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Launay-Avon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Marie Dufresne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lileikis T, Nainienė R, Bliznikas S, Uchockis V. Dietary Ruminant Enteric Methane Mitigation Strategies: Current Findings, Potential Risks and Applicability. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2586. [PMID: 37627377 PMCID: PMC10451764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of different dietary ruminant enteric methane mitigation strategies and their modes of action together with the issues discussed regarding the potential harms/risks and applicability of such strategies. By investigating these strategies, we can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence methane production and identify promising approaches for sustainable mitigation of methane emissions. Out of all nutritional strategies, the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, tannins, saponins, essential oils, nitrates, and sulfates demonstrates the potential to reduce emissions and receives a lot of attention from the scientific community. The use of certain additives as pure compounds is challenging under certain conditions, such as pasture-based systems, so the potential use of forages with sufficient amounts of plant secondary metabolites is also explored. Additionally, improved forage quality (maturity and nutrient composition) might help to further reduce emissions. Red seaweed, although proven to be very effective in reducing emissions, raises some questions regarding the volatility of the main active compound, bromoform, and challenges regarding the cultivation of the seaweed. Other relatively new methods of mitigation, such as the use of cyanogenic glycosides, are also discussed in this article. Together with nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides pose serious risks to animal health, but research has proven their efficacy and safety when control measures are taken. Furthermore, the risks of nitrate use can be minimized by using probiotics. Some of the discussed strategies, namely monensin or halogenated hydrocarbons (as pure compounds), demonstrate efficacy but are unlikely to be implemented widely because of legal restrictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lileikis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Nainienė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Saulius Bliznikas
- Analytical Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Virginijus Uchockis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Buyel JF. Product safety aspects of plant molecular farming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1238917. [PMID: 37614627 PMCID: PMC10442644 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1238917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) has been promoted since the 1990s as a rapid, cost-effective and (most of all) safe alternative to the cultivation of bacteria or animal cells for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Numerous plant species have been investigated for the production of a broad range of protein-based drug candidates. The inherent safety of these products is frequently highlighted as an advantage of PMF because plant viruses do not replicate in humans and vice versa. However, a more nuanced analysis of this principle is required when considering other pathogens because toxic compounds pose a risk even in the absence of replication. Similarly, it is necessary to assess the risks associated with the host system (e.g., the presence of toxic secondary metabolites) and the production approach (e.g., transient expression based on bacterial infiltration substantially increases the endotoxin load). This review considers the most relevant host systems in terms of their toxicity profile, including the presence of secondary metabolites, and the risks arising from the persistence of these substances after downstream processing and product purification. Similarly, we discuss a range of plant pathogens and disease vectors that can influence product safety, for example, due to the release of toxins. The ability of downstream unit operations to remove contaminants and process-related toxic impurities such as endotoxins is also addressed. This overview of plant-based production, focusing on product safety aspects, provides recommendations that will allow stakeholders to choose the most appropriate strategies for process development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Buyel
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jeon D, Kim JB, Kang BC, Kim C. Deciphering the Genetic Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Sorghum bicolor L.: Key Genes and SNP Associations from Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2639. [PMID: 37514252 PMCID: PMC10384642 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor L. is a vital cereal crop for global food security. Its adaptability to diverse climates make it economically, socially, and environmentally valuable. However, soil salinization caused by climate extremes poses a threat to sorghum. This study aimed to identify candidate salt-tolerant genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by performing a comparative transcriptome analysis on a mutant sorghum line and its wild type. The mutant line was generated through gamma ray exposure and selection for salt tolerance. Phenotypic measurements were taken, followed by mRNA sequencing and variant calling. In this study, potential genes and non-synonymous SNPs associated with salt tolerance were inferred, including LOC8071970, LOC8067721, LOC110430887, LOC8070256, and LOC8056880. These genes demonstrated notable differences in nsSNPs in comparison to the wild type, suggesting their potential roles in salt tolerance. Additionally, LOC8060874 (cyanohydrin beta-glucosyltransferase) was suggested as a key gene involved in salt tolerance due to its possible role in dhurrin biosynthesis under salt stress. In upcoming research, additional reverse genetics studies will be necessary in order to verify the function of those candidate genes in relation to salt stress. In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of investigating salt tolerance mechanisms and the potential key genes associated with salt tolerance in sorghum. Our findings may provide insights for future breeding strategies aimed at enhancing salinity tolerance and crop productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Jeon
- Department of Science in Smart Agriculture System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Baek Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Chang Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Life Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Science in Smart Agriculture System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Arnaiz A, Vallejo-García LJ, Vallejos S, Diaz I. Isolation and Quantification of Mandelonitrile from Arabidopsis thaliana Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4700. [PMID: 37397798 PMCID: PMC10308191 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandelonitrile is a nitrogen-containing compound, considered an essential secondary metabolite. Chemically, it is a cyanohydrin derivative of benzaldehyde, with relevant functions in different physiological processes including defense against phytophagous arthropods. So far, procedures for detecting mandelonitrile have been effectively applied in cyanogenic plant species such as Prunus spp. Nevertheless, its presence in Arabidopsis thaliana , considered a non-cyanogenic species, has never been determined. Here, we report the development of an accurate protocol for mandelonitrile quantification in A. thaliana within the context of A. thaliana -spider mite interaction. First, mandelonitrile was isolated from Arabidopsis rosettes using methanol; then, it was derivatized by silylation to enhance detection and, finally, it was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The selectivity and sensitivity of this method make it possible to detect low levels of mandelonitrile (LOD 3 ppm) in a plant species considered non-cyanogenic that, therefore, will have little to no cyanogenic compounds, using a small quantity of starting material (≥100 mg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arnaiz
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de BiotecnologíaBiología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang J, Zheng L, Liao Y, Fu Y, Zeng D, Chen W, Wu W. HCN-induced embryo arrest: passion fruit as an ecological trap for fruit flies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2172-2181. [PMID: 36730167 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit flies are important economic pests of fruits, vegetables, and nuts all over the world. In this study, a permanent ecological trap, which was created by the ovicidal effect of phytogenic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) liberated from passion fruits due to oviposition by fruit flies and can be used in the pest management, were determined. RESULTS Observation of fruit fly eggs in Passiflora within the passion fruit cultivation region in southern China, from Aug 2019 to Oct 2020 showed that the exotic Passiflora attracted the native fruit flies to oviposit, but the eggs could not hatch. Using classical staging to categorize embryonic development and fumigation assays, we show that oviposition by fruit fly on passion fruits, release HCN from the cyanogenic mesocarp. Exposure of the eggs to HCN causes arrest of embryonic development and finally the death of eggs. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the life cycle of fruit fly in Passiflora is interrupted at the egg stage. Consequently, we predict that this ecological trap may be permanent. Extensive cultivation of the Passiflora vine as a dead-end trap crop may be an effective avenue to reduce populations of fruit fly pests. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zheng
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yonglin Liao
- Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueguan Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Weijian Wu
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Luo M, Li B, Jander G, Zhou S. Non-volatile metabolites mediate plant interactions with insect herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1164-1177. [PMID: 36891808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-volatile metabolites constitute the bulk of plant biomass. From the perspective of plant-insect interactions, these structurally diverse compounds include nutritious core metabolites and defensive specialized metabolites. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on multiple scales of plant-insect interactions mediated by non-volatile metabolites. At the molecular level, functional genetics studies have revealed a large collection of receptors targeting plant non-volatile metabolites in model insect species and agricultural pests. By contrast, examples of plant receptors of insect-derived molecules remain sparse. For insect herbivores, plant non-volatile metabolites function beyond the dichotomy of core metabolites, classed as nutrients, and specialized metabolites, classed as defensive compounds. Insect feeding tends to elicit evolutionarily conserved changes in plant specialized metabolism, whereas its effect on plant core metabolism varies widely based the interacting species. Finally, several recent studies have demonstrated that non-volatile metabolites can mediate tripartite communication on the community scale, facilitated by physical connections established through direct root-to-root communication, parasitic plants, arbuscular mycorrhizae and the rhizosphere microbiome. Recent advances in both plant and insect molecular biology will facilitate further research on the role of non-volatile metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gleadow R, Maher K, Cliff J. Cassava. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R384-R386. [PMID: 37220725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gleadow et al. introduce the food crop cassava.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kira Maher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Julie Cliff
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boter M, Diaz I. Cyanogenesis, a Plant Defence Strategy against Herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086982. [PMID: 37108149 PMCID: PMC10138981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and phytophagous arthropods have coevolved in a long battle for survival. Plants respond to phytophagous feeders by producing a battery of antiherbivore chemical defences, while herbivores try to adapt to their hosts by attenuating the toxic effect of the defence compounds. Cyanogenic glucosides are a widespread group of defence chemicals that come from cyanogenic plants. Among the non-cyanogenic ones, the Brassicaceae family has evolved an alternative cyanogenic pathway to produce cyanohydrin as a way to expand defences. When a plant tissue is disrupted by an herbivore attack, cyanogenic substrates are brought into contact with degrading enzymes that cause the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide and derived carbonyl compounds. In this review, we focus our attention on the plant metabolic pathways linked to cyanogenesis to generate cyanide. It also highlights the role of cyanogenesis as a key defence mechanism of plants to fight against herbivore arthropods, and we discuss the potential of cyanogenesis-derived molecules as alternative strategies for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boter
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Deng YJ, Duan AQ, Liu H, Wang YH, Zhang RR, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Generating colorful carrot germplasm through metabolic engineering of betalains pigments. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad024. [PMID: 37786858 PMCID: PMC10541523 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are tyrosine-derived plant pigments exclusively found in the Caryophyllales order and some higher fungi and generally classified into two groups: red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. Betalains attract great scientific and economic interest because of their relatively simple biosynthesis pathway, attractive colors and health-promoting properties. Co-expressing two core genes BvCYP76AD1 and BvDODA1 with or without a glycosyltransferase gene MjcDOPA5GT allowed the engineering of carrot (an important taproot vegetable) to produce a palette of unique colors. The highest total betalains content, 943.2 μg·g-1 DW, was obtained in carrot taproot transformed with p35S:RUBY which produces all of the necessary enzymes for betalains synthesis. Root-specific production of betalains slightly relieved tyrosine consumption revealing the possible bottleneck in betalains production. Furthermore, a unique volcano-like phenotype in carrot taproot cross-section was created by vascular cambium-specific production of betalains. The betalains-fortified carrot in this study is thus anticipated to be used as functional vegetable and colorful carrot germplasm in breeding to promote health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ao-Qi Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu F, Peng Y, He ZQ, Yu LL. The role of cyanoalanine synthase and alternative oxidase in promoting salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:163. [PMID: 36973660 PMCID: PMC10041793 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide is a toxic chemical that inhibits cellular respiration. In plants, cyanide can be produced by themselves, especially under stressful conditions. Cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) is a key enzyme involved in plant cyanide detoxification. There are three genes encoding CAS in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the roles of these genes in the plant's response to stress are less studied. In addition, it is known that alternative oxidase (AOX) mediates cyanide-resistant respiration, but the relationship between CAS and AOX in regulating the plant stress response remains largely unknown. RESULTS Here, the effects of the overexpression or mutation of these three CAS genes on salt stress tolerance were investigated. The results showed that under normal conditions, the overexpression or mutation of the CAS genes had no significant effect on the seed germination and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana compared with wild type (WT). However, under 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl conditions, the seeds overexpressing CAS genes showed stronger salt stress resistance, i.e., higher germination speed than WT seeds, especially those that overexpressed the CYS-C1 and CYS-D1 genes. In contrast, the seeds with CAS gene mutations exhibited salt sensitivity, and their germination ability and growth were significantly damaged by 100 and 200 mM NaCl. Importantly, this difference in salt stress resistance became more pronounced in CAS-OE, WT, and mutant seeds with increasing salt concentration. The CAS-OE seeds maintained higher respiration rates than the WT and CAS mutant seeds under salt stress conditions. The cyanide contents in CAS mutant seeds were approximately 3 times higher than those in WT seeds and more than 5 times higher than those in CAS-OE seeds. In comparison, plants overexpressing CYS-C1 had the fastest detoxification of cyanide and the best salt tolerance, followed by those overexpressing CYS-D1 and CYS-D2. Furthermore, less hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was observed in CAS-OE seedlings than in WT seedlings under long-term salt stress conditions. Nonetheless, the lack of AOX impaired CAS-OE-mediated plant salt stress resistance, suggesting that CAS and AOX interact to improve salt tolerance is essential. The results also showed that CAS and AOX contributed to the reduction in oxidative damage by helping maintain relatively high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. CONCLUSION In summary, the findings of the present study suggest that overexpression of Arabidopsis CAS family genes plays a positive role in salt stress tolerance and highlights the contribution of AOX to CAS-mediated plant salt resistance, mainly by reducing cyanide and H2S toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China
| | - Zheng-Quan He
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pérez-Llorca M, Pollmann S, Müller M. Ethylene and Jasmonates Signaling Network Mediating Secondary Metabolites under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065990. [PMID: 36983071 PMCID: PMC10051637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that face environmental threats throughout their life cycle, but increasing global warming poses an even more existential threat. Despite these unfavorable circumstances, plants try to adapt by developing a variety of strategies coordinated by plant hormones, resulting in a stress-specific phenotype. In this context, ethylene and jasmonates (JAs) present a fascinating case of synergism and antagonism. Here, Ethylene Insensitive 3/Ethylene Insensitive-Like Protein1 (EIN3/EIL1) and Jasmonate-Zim Domain (JAZs)-MYC2 of the ethylene and JAs signaling pathways, respectively, appear to act as nodes connecting multiple networks to regulate stress responses, including secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are multifunctional organic compounds that play crucial roles in stress acclimation of plants. Plants that exhibit high plasticity in their secondary metabolism, which allows them to generate near-infinite chemical diversity through structural and chemical modifications, are likely to have a selective and adaptive advantage, especially in the face of climate change challenges. In contrast, domestication of crop plants has resulted in change or even loss in diversity of phytochemicals, making them significantly more vulnerable to environmental stresses over time. For this reason, there is a need to advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plant hormones and secondary metabolites respond to abiotic stress. This knowledge may help to improve the adaptability and resilience of plants to changing climatic conditions without compromising yield and productivity. Our aim in this review was to provide a detailed overview of abiotic stress responses mediated by ethylene and JAs and their impact on secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Biology, Health and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Ali-Mentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gomez MA, Berkoff KC, Gill BK, Iavarone AT, Lieberman SE, Ma JM, Schultink A, Karavolias NG, Wyman SK, Chauhan RD, Taylor NJ, Staskawicz BJ, Cho MJ, Rokhsar DS, Lyons JB. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 in cassava attenuates toxic cyanogen production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1079254. [PMID: 37007603 PMCID: PMC10064795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1079254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a starchy root crop that supports over a billion people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This staple, however, produces the neurotoxin cyanide and requires processing for safe consumption. Excessive consumption of insufficiently processed cassava, in combination with protein-poor diets, can have neurodegenerative impacts. This problem is further exacerbated by drought conditions which increase this toxin in the plant. To reduce cyanide levels in cassava, we used CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis to disrupt the cytochrome P450 genes CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 whose protein products catalyze the first step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis. Knockout of both genes eliminated cyanide in leaves and storage roots of cassava accession 60444; the West African, farmer-preferred cultivar TME 419; and the improved variety TMS 91/02324. Although knockout of CYP79D2 alone resulted in significant reduction of cyanide, mutagenesis of CYP79D1 did not, indicating these paralogs have diverged in their function. The congruence of results across accessions indicates that our approach could readily be extended to other preferred or improved cultivars. This work demonstrates cassava genome editing for enhanced food safety and reduced processing burden, against the backdrop of a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gomez
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kodiak C. Berkoff
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Baljeet K. Gill
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Anthony T. Iavarone
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Samantha E. Lieberman
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jessica M. Ma
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Karavolias
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Stacia K. Wyman
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Nigel J. Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Myeong-Je Cho
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel S. Rokhsar
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
- Chan-Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica B. Lyons
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Decoding Metabolic Reprogramming in Plants under Pathogen Attacks, a Comprehensive Review of Emerging Metabolomics Technologies to Maximize Their Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030424. [PMID: 36984864 PMCID: PMC10055942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In their environment, plants interact with a multitude of living organisms and have to cope with a large variety of aggressions of biotic or abiotic origin. What has been known for several decades is that the extraordinary variety of chemical compounds the plants are capable of synthesizing may be estimated in the range of hundreds of thousands, but only a fraction has been fully characterized to be implicated in defense responses. Despite the vast importance of these metabolites for plants and also for human health, our knowledge about their biosynthetic pathways and functions is still fragmentary. Recent progress has been made particularly for the phenylpropanoids and oxylipids metabolism, which is more emphasized in this review. With an increasing interest in monitoring plant metabolic reprogramming, the development of advanced analysis methods should now follow. This review capitalizes on the advanced technologies used in metabolome mapping in planta, including different metabolomics approaches, imaging, flux analysis, and interpretation using bioinformatics tools. Advantages and limitations with regards to the application of each technique towards monitoring which metabolite class or type are highlighted, with special emphasis on the necessary future developments to better mirror such intricate metabolic interactions in planta.
Collapse
|
43
|
Li J, Wang L, Bible PW, Tu W, Zheng J, Jin P, Liu Y, Du J, Zheng J, Wang YH, Zhan Q. A chromosome-scale genome sequence of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) highlights the genome evolution and regulation of dhurrin biosynthesis. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:60. [PMID: 36912984 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sudangrass is more similar to US commercial sorghums than to cultivated sorghums from Africa sequence-wise and contain significantly lower dhurrin than sorghums. CYP79A1 is linked to dhurrin content in sorghum. Sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] is a hybrid between grain sorghum and its wild relative S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum and is grown as a forage crop due to its high biomass production and low dhurrin content compared to sorghum. In this study, we sequenced the sudangrass genome and showed that the assembled genome was 715.95 Mb with 35,243 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis with whole genome proteomes demonstrated that the sudangrass genome was more similar to US commercial sorghums than to its wild relatives and cultivated sorghums from Africa. We confirmed that at seedling stage, sudangrass accessions contained significantly lower dhurrin as measured by hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) than cultivated sorghum accessions. Genome-wide association study identified a QTL most tightly associated with HCN-p and the linked SNPs were located in the 3' UTR of Sobic.001G012300 which encodes CYP79A1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of dhurrin biosynthesis. As in other grasses such as maize and rice, we also found that copia/gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were more abundant in cultivated than in wild sorghums, implying that crop domestication in the grasses was accompanied by increased copia/gypsy LTR retrotransposon insertions in the genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqin Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Wenmiao Tu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Junli Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Jiacheng Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Hong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA.
| | - Qiuwen Zhan
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Emad Fadoul H, Albano LJ, Bergman ME, Phillips MA, Johnson MTJ. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Hydrogen Cyanide Antiherbivore Defense in Trifolium repens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1213. [PMID: 36986901 PMCID: PMC10056272 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of plant defenses against herbivores requires identifying the benefits and costs of defense. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the benefits and costs of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) defense against herbivory on white clover (Trifolium repens) are temperature dependent. We first tested how temperature affected HCN production in vitro, and then examined how temperature influenced the efficacy of HCN defense of T. repens against a generalist slug (Deroceras reticulatum) herbivore using no-choice and choice feeding trial assays. To understand how temperature affected the costs of defense, plants were exposed to freezing, and HCN production, photosynthetic activity, and ATP concentration were quantified. HCN production increased linearly from 5 °C to 50 °C, and cyanogenic plants experienced reduced herbivory compared to acyanogenic plants only at warmer temperatures when fed upon by young slugs. Freezing temperatures induced cyanogenesis in T. repens and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence. Cyanogenic plants experienced lower ATP levels than acyanogenic plants due to freezing. Our study provides evidence that the benefits of HCN defense against herbivores are temperature dependent, and freezing may inhibit ATP production in cyanogenic plants, but the physiological performance of all plants recovered quickly following short-term freezing. These results contribute to understanding how varying environments alter the benefits and costs of defense in a model system for the study of plant chemical defenses against herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hind Emad Fadoul
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lucas J. Albano
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Bergman
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hu Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Yang H, Tong Z, Tian R, Xu S, Yu L, Guo Y, Shi P, Huang S, Yang G, Shi S, Wei F. Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in wild animals and plants. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:453-495. [PMID: 36648611 PMCID: PMC9843154 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution, an important strategy for species survival and persistence. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification, phenotypic convergence, and inter-species interaction. As the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available, the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide scanning. In this study, we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants, focusing on adaptive traits, convergent evolution, and coevolution. Firstly, we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits. Secondly, we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures, and the underlying molecular convergence mechanisms. Thirdly, we summarized the advances of coevolution, including the four main types: mutualism, parasitism, predation and competition. Overall, these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction, demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics technologies. Finally, we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yongchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zeyu Tong
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ran Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Yalong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Shuangquan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Fuwen Wei
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu H, Micic N, Miller S, Crocoll C, Bjarnholt N. Species-specific dynamics of specialized metabolism in germinating sorghum grain revealed by temporal and tissue-resolved transcriptomics and metabolomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:807-820. [PMID: 36863218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is crucial for plant productivity, and the biochemical changes during germination affect seedling survival, plant health and yield. While the general metabolism of germination is extensively studied, the role of specialized metabolism is less investigated. We therefore analyzed the metabolism of the defense compound dhurrin during sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain germination and early seedling development. Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glucoside, which is catabolized into different bioactive compounds at other stages of plant development, but its fate and role during germination is unknown. We dissected sorghum grain into three different tissues and investigated dhurrin biosynthesis and catabolism at the transcriptomic, metabolomic and biochemical level. We further analyzed transcriptional signature differences of cyanogenic glucoside metabolism between sorghum and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which produces similar specialized metabolites. We found that dhurrin is de novo biosynthesized and catabolized in the growing embryonic axis as well as the scutellum and aleurone layer, two tissues otherwise mainly acknowledged for their involvement in release and transport of general metabolites from the endosperm to the embryonic axis. In contrast, genes encoding cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in barley are exclusively expressed in the embryonic axis. Glutathione transferase enzymes (GSTs) are involved in dhurrin catabolism and the tissue-resolved analysis of GST expression identified new pathway candidate genes and conserved GSTs as potentially important in cereal germination. Our study demonstrates a highly dynamic tissue- and species-specific specialized metabolism during cereal grain germination, highlighting the importance of tissue-resolved analyses and identification of specific roles of specialized metabolites in fundamental plant processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Nikola Micic
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Sara Miller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hansen CC, Sørensen M, Bellucci M, Brandt W, Olsen CE, Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE, Lindberg Møller B, Neilson EHJ. Recruitment of distinct UDP-glycosyltransferase families demonstrates dynamic evolution of chemical defense within Eucalyptus L'Hér. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:999-1013. [PMID: 36305250 PMCID: PMC10107851 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The economic and ecologically important genus Eucalyptus is rich in structurally diverse specialized metabolites. While some specialized metabolite classes are highly prevalent across the genus, the cyanogenic glucoside prunasin is only produced by c. 3% of species. To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms behind prunasin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus, we compared de novo assembled transcriptomes, together with online resources between cyanogenic and acyanogenic species. Identified genes were characterized in vivo and in vitro. Pathway characterization of cyanogenic Eucalyptus camphora and Eucalyptus yarraensis showed for the first time that the final glucosylation step from mandelonitrile to prunasin is catalyzed by a novel UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT87. This step is typically catalyzed by a member of the UGT85 family, including in Eucalyptus cladocalyx. The upstream conversion of phenylalanine to mandelonitrile is catalyzed by three cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from the CYP79, CYP706, and CYP71 families, as previously shown. Analysis of acyanogenic Eucalyptus species revealed the loss of different ortholog prunasin biosynthetic genes. The recruitment of UGTs from different families for prunasin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus demonstrates important pathway heterogeneities and unprecedented dynamic pathway evolution of chemical defense within a single genus. Overall, this study provides relevant insights into the tremendous adaptability of these long-lived trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Matteo Bellucci
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Protein Production and Characterization PlatformUniversity of Copenhagen2200CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz‐Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle06120Germany
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | - Ian E. Woodrow
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.3052Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Elizabeth H. J. Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen1871Frederiksberg CDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Akatsuka R, Ito M. Content and distribution of prunasin in Perilla frutescens. J Nat Med 2023; 77:207-218. [PMID: 36169782 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perilla frutescens var. crispa (Lamiaceae) is an annual plant that is the botanical origin of the natural medicine "Soyo" listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and is also used as a fragrant vegetable. Its characteristic components are essential oils and anthocyanins. Cyanogenic glycosides have also been isolated from perilla, but no reports have clarified which cyanogenic glycosides are abundant or differences in cyanogenic glycoside content according to the extent of perilla leaf growth or growth stage. Here, for the first time we determined the content and distributions of cyanogenic glycosides in perilla. The picric acid test, a common qualitative test for cyanogenic compounds, was used to quickly and semi-quantitatively detect cyanogenic compounds in perilla. Prunasin was the most abundant cyanogenic glycoside. The prunasin content per unit mass of perilla leaves varied by strain, regardless of leaf color or the main compound in the essential oils of each strain. Prunasin was higher in fresh leaves than in dried leaves and higher in young leaves than in mature leaves. When perilla was cultivated in an outdoor field, the prunasin content was initially high during the vegetative stage in summer before decreasing and then increasing until flower buds were beginning to form, and then gradually decreased again after flowering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akatsuka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Physics and Chemistry, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Tokamachi, Yamagata, 990-0031, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yadav M, Singh IK, Singh A. Dhurrin: A naturally occurring phytochemical as a weapon against insect herbivores. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113483. [PMID: 36279963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside, is a plant defensive chemical synthesized from aliphatic amino acids and consists of β-d-glucopyranose linked to α-hydroxy nitrile. It is catabolized by the consecutive action of hydroxynitrilase and β-glucosidase to release hydrogen cyanide on tissue disruption during herbivory. These phytoanticipins are widely distributed across various monocot and dicot plants such as Sorghum, Macadamia, Ostrya sp., and many other plant species with ornamental, pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food value. Although repellent properties of dhurrin against herbivores are often reported, less is known about its distribution, metabolism, mode of action against insects, and application for pest control. Herein, we highlight recent updates on dhurrin distribution, biosynthesis, and catabolism along with the cyanide detoxification pathway. Additionally, this article focuses on biological activities of dhurrin against various herbivores and opportunities to explore the utilization of dhurrin as a natural pest control agent and a substitute for chemically synthesized pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Indrakant K Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India.
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institution of Eminence, Maharishi Karnad Bhawan, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Skrypnik L, Feduraev P, Golovin A, Maslennikov P, Styran T, Antipina M, Riabova A, Katserov D. The Integral Boosting Effect of Selenium on the Secondary Metabolism of Higher Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3432. [PMID: 36559543 PMCID: PMC9788459 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is a micronutrient with a wide range of functions in animals, including humans, and in microorganisms such as microalgae. However, its role in plant metabolism remains ambiguous. Recent studies of Se supplementation showed that not only does it increase the content of the element itself, but also affects the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants. The purpose of this review is to analyze and summarize the available data on the place of selenium in the secondary metabolism of plants and its effect on the accumulation of some plant metabolites (S- and N-containing secondary metabolites, terpenes, and phenolic compounds). In addition, possible molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways underlying these effects are discussed. It should be noted that available data on the effect of Se on the accumulation of secondary metabolites are inconsistent and contradictory. According to some studies, selenium has a positive effect on the accumulation of certain metabolites, while other similar studies show a negative effect or no effect at all. The following aspects were identified as possible ways of regulating plant secondary metabolism by Se-supplementation: changes occurring in primary S/N metabolism, hormonal regulation, redox metabolism, as well as at the transcriptomic level of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In all likelihood, the confusion in the results can be explained by other, more complex regulatory mechanisms in which selenium is involved and which affect the production of metabolites. Further study on the involvement of various forms of selenium in metabolic and signaling pathways is crucial for a deeper understanding of its role in growth, development, and health of plants, as well as the regulatory mechanisms behind them.
Collapse
|