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Purpura G, Petri S, Tancredi R, Tinelli F, Calderoni S. Haptic and visuo-haptic impairments for object recognition in children with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the sensory and multisensory processing dysfunctions. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1731-1744. [PMID: 38819648 PMCID: PMC11208199 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in sensory processing are widely described in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), although little is known about the developmental course and the impact of these difficulties on the learning processes during the preschool and school ages of ASD children. Specifically, as regards the interplay between visual and haptic information in ASD during developmental age, knowledge is very scarce and controversial. In this study, we investigated unimodal (visual and haptic) and cross-modal (visuo-haptic) processing skills aimed at object recognition through a behavioural paradigm already used in children with typical development (TD), with cerebral palsy and with peripheral visual impairments. Thirty-five children with ASD (age range: 5-11 years) and thirty-five age-matched and gender-matched typically developing peers were recruited. The procedure required participants to perform an object-recognition task relying on only the visual modality (black-and-white photographs), only the haptic modality (manipulation of real objects) and visuo-haptic transfer of these two types of information. Results are consistent with the idea that visuo-haptic transfer may be significantly worse in ASD children than in TD peers, leading to significant impairment in multisensory interactions for object recognition facilitation. Furthermore, ASD children tended to show a specific deficit in haptic information processing, while a similar trend of maturation of visual modality between the two groups is reported. This study adds to the current literature by suggesting that ASD differences in multisensory processes also regard visuo-haptic abilities necessary to identify and recognise objects of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Purpura
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - S Petri
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Tancredi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Tinelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Pisa, 56126, Italy.
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Fard YA, Sadeghi EN, Pajoohesh Z, Gharehdaghi Z, Khatibi DM, Khosravifar S, Pishkari Y, Nozari S, Hijazi A, Pakmehr S, Shayan SK. Epigenetic underpinnings of the autistic mind: Histone modifications and prefrontal excitation/inhibition imbalance. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024:e32986. [PMID: 38837296 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex neurobehavioral condition influenced by several cellular and molecular mechanisms that are often concerned with synaptogenesis and synaptic activity. Based on the excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalance theory, ASD could be the result of disruption in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission across the brain. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the chief regulator of executive function and can be affected by altered neuronal excitation and inhibition in the course of ASD. The molecular mechanisms involved in E/I imbalance are subject to epigenetic regulation. In ASD, altered enrichment and spreading of histone H3 and H4 modifications such as the activation-linked H3K4me2/3, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac, and repression-linked H3K9me2, H3K27me3, and H4K20me2 in the PFC result in dysregulation of molecules mediating synaptic excitation (ARC, EGR1, mGluR2, mGluR3, GluN2A, and GluN2B) and synaptic inhibition (BSN, EphA7, SLC6A1). Histone modifications are a dynamic component of the epigenetic regulatory elements with a pronounced effect on patterns of gene expression with regards to any biological process. The excitation/inhibition imbalance associated with ASD is based on the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity in different regions of the brain, including the PFC, the ultimate outcome of which is highly influenced by transcriptional activity of relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zohreh Pajoohesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Zabol Univeristy of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zahra Gharehdaghi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | | | | | - Yasamin Pishkari
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Nozari
- School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmed Hijazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sepideh Karkon Shayan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Levine MA, Chen H, Wodka EL, Caffo BS, Ewen JB. Autism Symptom Presentation and Hierarchical Models of Intelligence. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06411-5. [PMID: 38833030 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a substantial history studying the relationship between general intelligence and the core symptoms of autism. However, a gap in knowledge is how dimensional autism symptomatology associates with different components of clinically-relevant hierarchical models of intelligence. METHOD We examined correlations between autism diagnostic symptom magnitude (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule; ADOS) and a hierarchical statistical model of intelligence. One autistic cohort was tested on the fourth edition of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV; N = 131), and another on the fifth edition (WISC-V; N = 83). We anticipated a convergent pattern of results between cohorts. RESULTS On WISC-IV, ADOS scores were correlated significantly with g and three out of four intermediate factor scores, which was a broader pattern of correlations than anticipated from the literature. In the WISC-V cohort, only one intermediate factor correlated significantly with the ADOS; correlations with g and the other intermediate factors were less statistically certain. ADOS-factor correlations were larger in the WISC-IV than WISC-V cohort; this difference was significant at the 90% level. CONCLUSIONS WISC-IV shows dimensional relationships with ADOS at multiple points in the hierarchical model of intelligence. Moreover, the current results provide evidence that relationship between core autism symptomatology and the construct of general intelligence may depend on how intelligence is measured. Known cohort effects in the relationship between categorical autism diagnosis and general intelligence have previously been attributed to changes in autism diagnostic practices. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that differing versions of IQ tests may be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Levine
- Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ericka L Wodka
- Center for Autism Service, Science and Innovation, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua B Ewen
- Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Division of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Box 119, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Curran C, Roberts R, Gannoni A, Jeyaseelan D. Training and Educational Pathways for Clinicians (Post-graduation) for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-023-06202-4. [PMID: 38177895 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This review aimed to identify the post-graduation training pathways available for both clinicians and trainers in the assessment and diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study was guided by two research questions: What is known about ASD-specific educational, training, or other pathways available to support clinicians of any discipline, post-graduation, to meet the required expertise relevant to assessments of ASD concerns? What is known about the educational pathways available to clinicians seeking to provide training to other clinicians, post-graduation, in the assessment of ASD concerns? A scoping review was undertaken with searches completed across five databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, ERIC and CINAHL). A Google search strategy was also executed using the "advanced" search function. Eligible records were literature, written in English, that examined post-graduation training and/ or education of clinicians to assess and/ or diagnose ASD. Fourteen relevant records were identified. Post-graduate training has the potential to enhance clinician confidence and service provision in ASD assessment and diagnosis. System-wide training approaches show promise in building large-scale, diagnostic capacity and the use of tele-mentoring offers a cost-effective, convenient mode of training delivery. A lack of evidence to support ASD diagnostic training pathways was found and may pose a challenge for clinicians and service users. The limited evidence found suggests that high quality research will be fundamental in determining how to build clinician capacity in ASD assessment and diagnosis and to ascertain whether training pathways are a necessary component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Curran
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Anne Gannoni
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Deepa Jeyaseelan
- Child Development Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
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O’Hagan B, Augustyn M, Amgott R, White J, Hardesty I, Bangham C, Ursitti A, Foster S, Chandler A, Greece J. Using normalization process theory to inform practice: evaluation of a virtual autism training for clinicians. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 3:1242908. [PMID: 38192729 PMCID: PMC10773704 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1242908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background There is growing demand for developmental and behavioral pediatric services including autism evaluation and care management. Clinician trainings have been found to result in an increase of knowledge and attitudes. This study utilizes Normalization Process theory (NPT) to evaluate a clinician training program and its effects on practice. Methods The year-long virtual training program about autism screening and care management included didactic portions and case presentations. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with primary care clinicians (n = 10) from community health centers (n = 6) across an urban area five months post-training. Transcripts were deductively coded using NPT to uncover barriers to implementation of autism screening and care, benefits of the training program, and areas for future training. Results Participants were motivated by the benefits of expanding and improving support for autistic patients but noted this effort requires effective collaboration within a complex network of care providers including clinicians, insurance agencies, and therapy providers. Although there were support that participants could provide to families there were still barriers including availability of behavior therapy and insufficient staffing. Overall, participants positively viewed the training and reported implementing new strategies into practice. Conclusion Despite the small sample size, application of NPT allowed for assessment of both training delivery and implementation of strategies, and identification of recommendations for future training and practice sustainability. Follow-up focus groups explored participants' practice five months post-program. Variations in participants' baseline experience and context at follow-up to enable application of skills should be considered when using NPT to evaluate clinician trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda O’Hagan
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marilyn Augustyn
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Amgott
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julie White
- Center for Continuing Education, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ilana Hardesty
- Center for Continuing Education, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Candice Bangham
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy Ursitti
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Foster
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alana Chandler
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacey Greece
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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de Oliveira Marques V, Kort-Kamp LM, de Souza MAN, Portela MB, Castro GFBDA. Oral Health and Behavioral Management of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A 30-year Retrospective Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06209-x. [PMID: 38109033 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article aims to determine the oral health status, the dental treatment, the behavioral management techniques, and the follow-up of pediatric autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) patients treated at the Clinic for Pediatric Patients with Disabilities (CPPD) at a public university in Brazil. METHODS The medical records of all the patients seen between 1990 and 2020 were evaluated. Data were collected on the autistic patients' medical and dental conditions, treatments, behavior during dental visits, behavioral management techniques used, and the entire follow-up period at the clinic. The Student's t-test and chi-square tests were used to perform the statistical analysis (α = 0.05%). RESULTS Sixty-six records of ASD children were analyzed from a total of 656 dental records. The majority were male (80.3%). The mean age was 7.39 ± 2.75 years. All the children had a cognitive deficit, and 62.5% used medication. Most of the children arrived with caries lesions (56.1%), and the mean number of decayed, missed and filled teeth in both the deciduous (dmft-d) and permanent dentition (DMFT) was 2.45 ± 3.13 and 0.87 ± 1.51, respectively. The restorative technique was the most commonly used procedure (54.5%), and protective stabilization was the most frequently used behavioral management technique (18.2%). Of the children who sought treatment, 86.4% were discharged, and 15.2% abandoned the procedure. The majority (those discharged) continued to undergo regular follow-up at the clinic (86%), and the incidence of new caries lesions observed was 33.33% Conclusions: Although our ASD patients had a high frequency of caries and dental treatment needs, we observed good adherence to the treatment, with a low dropout rate, and high discharge rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian de Oliveira Marques
- Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana Mota Kort-Kamp
- Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Thapa R, Garikipati A, Ciobanu M, Singh NP, Browning E, DeCurzio J, Barnes G, Dinenno FA, Mao Q, Das R. Machine Learning Differentiation of Autism Spectrum Sub-Classifications. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06121-4. [PMID: 37751097 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disorders on the autism spectrum have characteristics that can manifest as difficulties with communication, executive functioning, daily living, and more. These challenges can be mitigated with early identification. However, diagnostic criteria has changed from DSM-IV to DSM-5, which can make diagnosing a disorder on the autism spectrum complex. We evaluated machine learning to classify individuals as having one of three disorders of the autism spectrum under DSM-IV, or as non-spectrum. METHODS We employed machine learning to analyze retrospective data from 38,560 individuals. Inputs encompassed clinical, demographic, and assessment data. RESULTS The algorithm achieved AUROCs ranging from 0.863 to 0.980. The model correctly classified 80.5% individuals; 12.6% of individuals from this dataset were misclassified with another disorder on the autism spectrum. CONCLUSION Machine learning can classify individuals as having a disorder on the autism spectrum or as non-spectrum using minimal data inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thapa
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Garikipati
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Ciobanu
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N P Singh
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Browning
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J DeCurzio
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Barnes
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F A Dinenno
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Q Mao
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - R Das
- Montera, Inc dba Forta, 548 Market St, PMB 89605, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lyall K. What are quantitative traits and how can they be used in autism research? Autism Res 2023; 16:1289-1298. [PMID: 37212172 PMCID: PMC10524676 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative traits are measurable characteristics distributed along a continuous scale thought to relate to underlying biology. There is growing interest in the use of quantitative traits in behavioral and psychiatric research, particularly in research on conditions diagnosed based on reports of behaviors, including autism. This brief commentary describes quantitative traits, including defining what they are, how we can measure them, and key considerations for their use in autism research. Examples of measures include behavioral report scales like the Social Responsiveness Scale and Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire, as well as biological measurements, like certain neuroimaging metrics; such measures can capture quantitative traits or constructs like the broader autism phenotype, social communication, and social cognition. Quantitative trait measures align with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach and can be used in autism research to help gain a better understanding of causal pathways and biological processes. They can also be used to aid identification of genetic and environmental factors involved in such pathways, and thereby lead to an understanding of influences on traits across the entire population. Finally, in some cases, they may be used to gauge treatment response, and assist screening and clinical characterization of phenotype. In addition, practical benefits of quantitative trait measures include improved statistical power relative to categorical classifications and (for some measures) efficiency. Ultimately, research across autism fields may benefit from incorporating quantitative trait measures as a complement to categorical diagnosis to advance understanding of autism and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Lyall
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia PA 19104
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Meng F, Xuan B. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:2213-2223. [PMID: 37342828 PMCID: PMC10278863 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s411599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI) was an appropriate assessment tool that included all the principal dimensions related to autism defined in DSM-5 for the general population. However, its validity and reliability in the general Chinese population still need to be examined. Purpose We revised the inventory and estimated the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the CATI among 2232 general undergraduates. Methods The Chinese version of the CATI (CATI-C) was administered to 2259 undergraduates using the online Questionnaires Star electronic system. Internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, and measurement invariance across gender were calculated. In order to determine the diagnostic accuracy and optimal cut-off score of the CATI-C, an analysis using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was performed. Results The CATI-C includes 35 items of two factors and six dimensions. CFA demonstrated that the fit index of the structure of the scale was good (Satorra-Bentler chi-square/degrees of freedom [S-Bχ2 /df] = 2.406, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual [SRMR] = 0.038, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.037, Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.929, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.917). The convergent validity examined based on the Autism Spectrum Quotient total score was satisfactory (r = 0.54). The internal consistency reliability of social factor, non-social factor, and total scores were 0.87, 0.85, and 0.90. The test-retest reliability was 0.80. A cut-off score of 115 provided optimal sensitivity and specificity for the CATI-C (sensitivity = 0.926, specificity = 0.781, and Youden's index = 0.707). Conclusion The CATI-C has satisfactory reliability and validity in measuring autistic traits. It showed a good model fit for social and non-social second-order bifactors and measurement invariance across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Meng
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xuan
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Meng F, Xuan B. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory-short form (CATI-SF-C) in the general population. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 84:103580. [PMID: 37054516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to provide psychometric analyses of a shortened version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI) from three different samples administered to 4910 Chinese populations (56.864 % females, mean age 19.857 ± 4.083) aged 14-56. The factor structure of CATI in Chinese was examined by confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling, and a 24-item Chinese version short form of CATI (CATI-SF-C) was developed. The validity (structure validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) were evaluated, and the predictive ability for classifying autism was examined (Youden's Index = 0.690). According to these findings, the CATI-SF-C is a reliable and valid autistic traits assessment tool for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Meng
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui province, China
| | - Bin Xuan
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui province, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.
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11
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Rice CE, Carpenter LA, Morrier MJ, Lord C, DiRienzo M, Boan A, Skowyra C, Fusco A, Baio J, Esler A, Zahorodny W, Hobson N, Mars A, Thurm A, Bishop S, Wiggins LD. Defining in Detail and Evaluating Reliability of DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Among Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:5308-5320. [PMID: 34981308 PMCID: PMC9250939 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a process to define a comprehensive list of exemplars for seven core Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and report on interrater reliability in applying these exemplars to determine ASD case classification. Clinicians completed an iterative process to map specific exemplars from the CDC Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network criteria for ASD surveillance, DSM-5 text, and diagnostic assessments to each of the core DSM-5 ASD criteria. Clinicians applied the diagnostic exemplars to child behavioral descriptions in existing evaluation records to establish initial reliability standards and then for blinded clinician review in one site (phase 1) and for two ADDM Network surveillance years (phase 2). Interrater reliability for each of the DSM-5 diagnostic categories and overall ASD classification was high (defined as very good .60-.79 to excellent ≥ .80 Kappa values) across sex, race/ethnicity, and cognitive levels for both phases. Classification of DSM-5 ASD by mapping specific exemplars from evaluation records by a diverse group of clinician raters is feasible and reliable. This framework provides confidence in the consistency of prevalence classifications of ASD and may be further applied to improve consistency of ASD diagnoses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Rice
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - L A Carpenter
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - C Lord
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M DiRienzo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Boan
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C Skowyra
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Fusco
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J Baio
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Esler
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - W Zahorodny
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - N Hobson
- Independent Consultant, Keller, TX, USA
| | - A Mars
- Hunterdon Healthcare System, Flemington, NJ, USA
| | - A Thurm
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Bishop
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L D Wiggins
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Matrisciano F, Locci V, Dong E, Nicoletti F, Guidotti A, Grayson DR. Altered Expression and In Vivo Activity of mGlu5 Variant a Receptors in the Striatum of BTBR Mice: Novel Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Adult Idiopathic Forms of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2354-2368. [PMID: 35139800 PMCID: PMC9890299 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619999220209112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors are considered as candidate drug targets in the treatment of "monogenic" forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), such as Fragile- X syndrome (FXS). However, despite promising preclinical data, clinical trials using mGlu5 receptor antagonists to treat FXS showed no beneficial effects. OBJECTIVE Here, we studied the expression and function of mGlu5 receptors in the striatum of adult BTBR mice, which model idiopathic forms of ASD, and behavioral phenotype. METHODS Behavioral tests were associated with biochemistry analysis including qPCR and western blot for mRNA and protein expression. In vivo analysis of polyphosphoinositides hydrolysis was performed to study the mGlu5-mediated intracellular signaling in the striatum of adult BTBR mice under basal conditions and after MTEP exposure. RESULTS Expression of mGlu5 receptors and mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositides hydrolysis were considerably high in the striatum of BTBR mice, sensitive to MTEP treatment. Changes in the expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, including Fmr1, Dlg4, Shank3, Brd4, bdnf-exon IX, Mef2c, and Arc, GriA2, Glun1, Nr2A, and Grm1, Grm2, GriA1, and Gad1 were also found. Behaviorally, BTBR mice showed high repetitive stereotypical behaviors, including self-grooming and deficits in social interactions. Acute or repeated injections with MTEP reversed the stereotyped behavior and the social interaction deficit. Similar effects were observed with the NMDA receptor blockers MK-801 or ketamine. CONCLUSION These findings support a pivotal role of mGlu5 receptor abnormal expression and function in idiopathic ASD adult forms and unveil novel potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Matrisciano
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Valentina Locci
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Erbo Dong
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dennis R. Grayson
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Moridian P, Ghassemi N, Jafari M, Salloum-Asfar S, Sadeghi D, Khodatars M, Shoeibi A, Khosravi A, Ling SH, Subasi A, Alizadehsani R, Gorriz JM, Abdulla SA, Acharya UR. Automatic autism spectrum disorder detection using artificial intelligence methods with MRI neuroimaging: A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:999605. [PMID: 36267703 PMCID: PMC9577321 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.999605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) neuroimaging methods. However, diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to assist specialist physicians. Conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically is discussed. We suggest future approaches to detecting ASDs using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Moridian
- Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Ghassemi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Jafari
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Delaram Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjane Khodatars
- Department of Medical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afshin Shoeibi
- Data Science and Computational Intelligence Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sai Ho Ling
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdulhamit Subasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Juan M. Gorriz
- Data Science and Computational Intelligence Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara A. Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - U. Rajendra Acharya
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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Hong E, Issarraras A, Matson JL, Montrenes JJ, Weir PA. Examination of multiple birth as a predictor of autism symptom severity and developmental functioning in an early intervention sample. Dev Neurorehabil 2022; 25:444-451. [PMID: 35253597 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2022.2047120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple birth is one of several perinatal factors associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, complexity in its relationship to ASD symptoms and developmental functioning remains. The present study investigated perinatal risk factors for ASD, primarily focusing on birth status, within a large early intervention sample. In particular, the relationship between ASD, perinatal factors, and the effect of birth status on developmental functioning and ASD symptom severity were examined in youth with and without ASD classification who were born singly or were the product of a multiple birth. Overall, the presence of other perinatal risk factors, including prematurity, low birth weight, and advanced parental age, was primarily related to birth status and not to ASD classification, while severity of ASD symptoms and developmental impairments were primarily related to ASD classification and not to birth status. Study findings and implications for early screening of children with developmental delays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hong
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Johnny L Matson
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | | | - Paige A Weir
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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15
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Shen Y, Li N, Sun S, Dong L, Wang Y, Chang L, Zhang X, Wang F. Non-invasive, targeted, and non-viral ultrasound-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasmid delivery for treatment of autism in a rat model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:986571. [PMID: 36117626 PMCID: PMC9475200 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.986571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism has clinical manifestations such as social interaction disorder, speech and intellectual development disorder, narrow interest range, and stereotyped and repetitive behavior, all of which bring considerable economic and mental burden to society and families, and represent a public health problem requiring urgent attention. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in supporting survival, differentiation, growth, and synapse formation of neurons and participates in the plasticity of nerves. However, it is difficult for BDNF to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) due to its large molecular weight. Low-frequency focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles (MBs) has been demonstrated to be a promising method for opening the BBB non-invasively, transiently, and locally. Here, we studied the therapeutic effect of FUS combined with BDNF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles (BDNFp-CMBs) in a rat model of autism. BDNF-CMBs were prepared and the transfection efficiency of FUS combined with BDNF-CMBs was tested in vitro. A rat model of autism was established from the juvenile male offspring of Sprague-Dawley (SD) pregnant rats treated with sodium valproate (VPA) solution through intraperitoneal injection. The autism rats were randomized into three groups: the VPA group, which received no treatment, the BDNFp group, which was treated by injection of BDNFp, and the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs group, which was administered FUS combined with BDNFp-CMBs. Age-matched normal rats served as the control group (Con). Following treatment, stereotyped, exploratory, and social–behavioral tests were performed on the animals in each group. The rat brains were then collected for subsequent histological examination, and the changes in synaptic structures in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were detected under transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the constructed BDNFp could be loaded onto CMBs with high loading efficiency. The BDNFp-CMBs prepared in this study showed good stability in vivo. FUS combined BDNFp-CMBs could effectively and non-invasively open the BBB of rats. The stereotyped, exploratory, and social behaviors of the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs group were significantly improved. Compared to the VPA group, the abnormality of neuronal morphology and number in the PFC of the FUS + BDNFp-CMBs was alleviated to a certain extent and was accompanied by restoration of the damaged synapses in the encephalic region. Our work demonstrates the positive therapeutic effect of BDNF delivered by FUS non-invasively across the BBB into the PFC in a rat model of autism, offering a potential strategy for treating autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shen
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Health Science Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nana Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuneng Sun
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Health Science Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongling Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liansheng Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Liansheng Chang,
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Health Science Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Xinyu Zhang,
| | - Feng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Feng Wang,
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD; also known as autism) is a developmental disability that begins in childhood and is typically seen in around 1% to 2% of children. It is characterised by social communication difficulties and repetitive and restricted behaviours and routines that can have a negative impact on a child's quality of life, achievement at school, and social interactions with others. It has been hypothesised that memantine, which is traditionally used to treat dementia, may be effective in reducing the core symptoms of autism as well as some co-occurring symptoms such as hyperactivity and language difficulties. If memantine is being used to treat the core symptoms of autism, it is important to review the evidence of its effectiveness. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of memantine on the core symptoms of autism, including, but not limited to, social communication and stereotypical behaviours. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, nine other databases and three trials registers up to February 2022. We also checked reference lists of key studies and checked with experts in the field for any additional papers. We searched for retractions of the included studies in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Retraction Watch Database. No retractions or corrections were found. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any dose of memantine compared with placebo in autistic people. We also included RCTs in which only one group received memantine, but both groups received the same additional therapy (e.g. a behaviour intervention). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were core autism symptoms and adverse effects. Secondary outcomes were language, intelligence, memory, adaptive behaviour, hyperactivity, and irritability. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included three RCTs (two double-blind and one single-blind) with 204 participants that examined the short-term effect (immediately postintervention) of memantine in autistic people. Two studies took place in the USA and the other in Iran. All three studies focused on children and adolescents, with a mean age of 9.40 (standard deviation (SD) 2.26) years. Most participants were male (range across studies 73% to 87%). The diagnosis of ASD was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition; 4th edition, text revision; or 5th edition). To confirm the diagnosis, one study used the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R); one used ADOS, ADI-R or the Autism Diagnostic Interview Screener; and one used the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Dosage of memantine was based on the child's weight and ranged from 3 mg to 15 mg per day. Comparisons Two studies examined memantine compared with placebo; in the other study, both groups had a behavioural intervention while only one group was given memantine. Risk of bias All studies were rated at high risk of bias overall, as they were at high or unclear risk of bias across all but four domains in one study, and all but two domains in the other two studies. One study was funded by Forest Laboratories, LLC, (Jersey City, New Jersey), Allergan. The study sponsor was involved in the study design, data collection (via contracted clinical investigator sites), analysis and interpretation of data, and the decision to present these results. The other two studies reported no financial support or sponsorship; though in one of the two, the study medication was an in-kind contribution from Forest Pharmaceuticals. Primary outcomes There was no clear evidence of a difference between memantine and placebo with respect to severity of core symptoms of autism, although we are very uncertain about the evidence. The standardised mean difference in autism symptoms score in the intervention group versus the control group was -0.74 standard deviations (95% confidence interval (CI) -2.07 to 0.58; 2 studies, 181 participants; very low-certainty evidence; medium effect size); lower scores indicate less severe autistic symptoms. Two studies (144 participants) recorded adverse effects that the authors deemed related to the study and found there may be no difference between memantine and placebo (odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.39; low-certainty evidence). Secondary outcomes There may be no difference between memantine and placebo on language (2 studies, 144 participants; low-certainty evidence); memory or adaptive behaviour (1 study, 23 participants; both low-certainty evidence); or hyperactivity or irritability (1 study, 121 participants; both low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS It is unclear whether memantine is an effective treatment for autistic children. None of the three included trials reported on the effectiveness of memantine in adults. Further studies using rigorous designs, larger samples, longer follow-up and clinically meaningful outcome measures that are important to autistic people and their families will strengthen our knowledge of the effects of memantine in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brignell
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Speech Pathology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Marraffa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Neurodevelopment and Disability, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamara May
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sungur AÖ, Zeitouny C, Gabele L, Metz I, Wöhr M, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Rust MB. Transient reduction in dendritic spine density in brain-specific profilin1 mutant mice is associated with behavioral deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:952782. [PMID: 35992199 PMCID: PMC9381693 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.952782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments form the backbone of dendritic spines, the postsynaptic compartment of most excitatory synapses in the brain. Spine density changes affect brain function, and postsynaptic actin defects have been implicated in various neuropathies. It is mandatory to identify the actin regulators that control spine density. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized a role for the actin regulator profilin1 in spine formation. We report reduced hippocampal spine density in juvenile profilin1 mutant mice together with impairments in memory formation and reduced ultrasonic communication during active social behavior. Our results, therefore, underline a previously suggested function of profilin1 in controlling spine formation and behavior in juvenile mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Özge Sungur
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Zeitouny
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technical University (TU) Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lea Gabele
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technical University (TU) Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabell Metz
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) (DFG) Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, Graduiertenkolleg (Gradeschool) (GRK) 2213, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholeike Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Katholeike Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Technical University (TU) Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse,
| | - Marco B. Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) (DFG) Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, Graduiertenkolleg (Gradeschool) (GRK) 2213, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marco B. Rust,
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Jiang CC, Lin LS, Long S, Ke XY, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:229. [PMID: 35817793 PMCID: PMC9273593 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and complex neurodevelopmental disorder which has strong genetic basis. Despite the rapidly rising incidence of autism, little is known about its aetiology, risk factors, and disease progression. There are currently neither validated biomarkers for diagnostic screening nor specific medication for autism. Over the last two decades, there have been remarkable advances in genetics, with hundreds of genes identified and validated as being associated with a high risk for autism. The convergence of neuroscience methods is becoming more widely recognized for its significance in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of autism. Efforts have been devoted to exploring the behavioural functions, key pathological mechanisms and potential treatments of autism. Here, as we highlight in this review, emerging evidence shows that signal transduction molecular events are involved in pathological processes such as transcription, translation, synaptic transmission, epigenetics and immunoinflammatory responses. This involvement has important implications for the discovery of precise molecular targets for autism. Moreover, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism from molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and neurobehavioural aspects. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed with regard to novel strategies predicated on the biological features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li-Shan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sen Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China.
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19
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Vega S, Rojas V. Aspectos éticos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del espectro del autismo. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Voillemont C, Imbault E, Schoenberger M, Di Patrizio P. Care and management of adults with autism spectrum disorder in family practice: difficulties experienced by general practitioners. Fam Pract 2022; 39:464-470. [PMID: 34595508 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Few studies exist regarding the management and support of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in family practice. Most of them concern the management of children. As a primary care professional however, the general practitioner (GP) has a role to play at every step of the autistic adult's care pathway. With this study, we sought to identify GPs' experienced difficulties in caring for and managing their adult patients with ASD. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study of 11 French GPs caring for adults with ASD via semistructured interviews and a thematic content analysis. GPs were recruited from 5 counties of the Grand Est Region (Marne, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse and Vosges). RESULTS All of the GPs described difficulties with the diagnostic process and the lack of initial training. Most of the respondents expressed difficulties with medical consultations of patients presenting an intellectual disability (ID) and with the lack of communication between GPs and mental health specialists during the patient care process. More than half of the GPs described difficulties with referral pathways for diagnosis due to lengthy delays and patient reluctance to seek psychiatric care. More than half of the respondents also experienced difficulties with providing proper social care, and with responding to patient distress due to their healthcare experiences. CONCLUSION Improving awareness and training about ASD in adults, as well as harmonizing the diagnostic process and referral pathways, might reduce GPs' experienced difficulties in caring for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Voillemont
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, de Maieutique et des métiers de la santé de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Eric Imbault
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, de Maieutique et des métiers de la santé de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marie Schoenberger
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Lorraine, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
| | - Paolo Di Patrizio
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, de Maieutique et des métiers de la santé de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire Interpsy EA4432, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Département Grand Est de Recherche en Soins Primaires, Faculté de Médecine, de Maieutique et des métiers de la santé de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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21
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Chiri G, Bergey M, Mackie TI. Deserving but not entitled: The social construction of autism spectrum disorder in federal policy. Soc Sci Med 2022; 301:114974. [PMID: 35452891 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Public policies play an influential role in shaping public opinion about health conditions, who is affected by them, and potential pathways for identification and intervention. This study draws upon a social constructionist perspective of policy design and disability to examine how autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been framed in United States federal legislation. Qualitative content analysis of autism legislation passed between 1973 and 2019 indicates that policies reinforced ASD as a largely medicalized, neurobiological condition of childhood; this was reflected in both the policy aims, sources of knowledge and groups prioritized to address ASD; and the symbolic or material resources committed (or not committed) by enacted federal legislation to specific constituencies. Policy aims of early ASD legislation were symbolic in nature, focusing predominantly on framing children with ASD as a group worthy of public recognition. More recent legislation, in contrast, conferred material resources - albeit in targeted ways. Funding for surveillance and medical research on causation, early detection, treatment, and health professional training were prioritized with little attention to either service delivery needs of individuals with ASD and their families, supports over the lifecourse, or the social factors influencing ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chiri
- RTI International, Center for the Health of Populations, Waltham, MA, USA.
| | - Meredith Bergey
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Thomas I Mackie
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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22
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Astle DE, Holmes J, Kievit R, Gathercole SE. Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:397-417. [PMID: 34296774 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Practitioners frequently use diagnostic criteria to identify children with neurodevelopmental disorders and to guide intervention decisions. These criteria also provide the organising framework for much of the research focussing on these disorders. Study design, recruitment, analysis and theory are largely built on the assumption that diagnostic criteria reflect an underlying reality. However, there is growing concern that this assumption may not be a valid and that an alternative transdiagnostic approach may better serve our understanding of this large heterogeneous population of young people. This review draws on important developments over the past decade that have set the stage for much-needed breakthroughs in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. We evaluate contemporary approaches to study design and recruitment, review the use of data-driven methods to characterise cognition, behaviour and neurobiology, and consider what alternative transdiagnostic models could mean for children and families. This review concludes that an overreliance on ill-fitting diagnostic criteria is impeding progress towards identifying the barriers that children encounter, understanding underpinning mechanisms and finding the best route to supporting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rogier Kievit
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan E Gathercole
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Arnhart C, Neale M, Collins C, Chesher T, Coffey S, Rogers TC, Ottwell R, Hartwell M. The Use of Person-Centered Language in Scientific Research Articles Focused on Autism. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:63-70. [PMID: 35132042 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with developmental conditions, such as autism, experience stigma, which is reflected in derogatory language and labels. To limit stigma associated with disabilities, government agencies and medical organizations have adopted the use of person-centered language (PCL). This study investigated adherence to PCL guidelines among peer-reviewed research publications focused on autism. In addition, we investigated the co-occurrence of stigmatizing language in articles using person-first language (PFL) and identity-first language (IFL) styles. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed for autism-focused articles from January 2019 to May 2020. Articles from journals with more than 20 search returns were included, and a random sample of 700 publications were screened and examined for inclusion of prespecified, non-PCL terminology. RESULTS Of the 315 publications, 156 (49.5%) were PCL compliant. Articles frequently used PCL and non-PCL terminology concomitantly, and 10% of publications included obsolete nomenclature. A logistic regression model showed the odds were more likely that publications using IFL were more likely to include other stigmatizing terminology than publications using PFL (odds ratio = 2.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-3.58). CONCLUSION Within medical research, the language to describe individuals and populations needs to be used with intentionality and acknowledges that individuals are more than the diagnosis under study. This may reduce the structural stigma that may be implied otherwise. Our study showed that when PFL is used when addressing individuals with autism, other more stigmatizing language is often avoided and is in line with medical education and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Arnhart
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - Monika Neale
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO; and
| | - Claire Collins
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - Tessa Chesher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - Sara Coffey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - T Calli Rogers
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - Ryan Ottwell
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK
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24
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Ribolsi M, Fiori Nastro F, Pelle M, Medici C, Sacchetto S, Lisi G, Riccioni A, Siracusano M, Mazzone L, Di Lorenzo G. Recognizing Psychosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:768586. [PMID: 35295770 PMCID: PMC8918655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.768586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence for the existence of a high comorbidity between autism and psychosis with percentages reaching up to 34. 8% and several significant implications for treatment and prognosis of these patients. However, the identification of comorbid psychosis in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder represents a complex challenge from a psychopathological point of view, in particular in patients with greater deficits in verbal communication. Intercepting the onset of a psychotic breakdown in autism may be very difficult, both disorders in fact occur along a phenotypic continuum of clinical severity and in many cases, psychotic symptoms are present in an attenuated form. In this paper, we reviewed the available scientific literature about comorbidity between psychosis and autism, focusing our attention on four specific dimensions: delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, and clinical course. The aim of this paper is to provide clinical tools to identify these psychotic phenomena in autistic patients, even when they occur in their attenuated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ribolsi
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Fiori Nastro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pelle
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Medici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchetto
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lisi
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Assia Riccioni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Siracusano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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25
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Paprocka J, Kaminiów K, Kozak S, Sztuba K, Emich-Widera E. Stem Cell Therapies for Cerebral Palsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121606. [PMID: 34942908 PMCID: PMC8699362 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) are some of the most common neurodevelopmental diseases. They have multifactorial origin, which means that each case may manifest differently from the others. In patients with ASD, symptoms associated with deficits in social communication and characteristic, repetitive types of behaviors or interests are predominant, while in patients with CP, motor disability is diagnosed with accompanying cognitive impairment of various degrees. In order to minimize their adverse effects, it is necessary to promptly diagnose and incorporate appropriate management, which can significantly improve patient quality of life. One of the therapeutic possibilities is stem cell therapy, already known from other branches of medicine, with high hopes for safe and effective treatment of these diseases. Undoubtedly, in the future we will have to face the challenges that will arise due to the still existing gaps in knowledge and the heterogeneity of this group of patients. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize briefly the latest achievements and advances in stem cell therapy for ASD and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaminiów
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kozak
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Sztuba
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Emich-Widera
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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26
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Moreau CA, Raznahan A, Bellec P, Chakravarty M, Thompson PM, Jacquemont S. Dissecting autism and schizophrenia through neuroimaging genomics. Brain 2021; 144:1943-1957. [PMID: 33704401 PMCID: PMC8370419 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging genomic studies of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia have mainly adopted a 'top-down' approach, beginning with the behavioural diagnosis, and moving down to intermediate brain phenotypes and underlying genetic factors. Advances in imaging and genomics have been successfully applied to increasingly large case-control studies. As opposed to diagnostic-first approaches, the bottom-up strategy begins at the level of molecular factors enabling the study of mechanisms related to biological risk, irrespective of diagnoses or clinical manifestations. The latter strategy has emerged from questions raised by top-down studies: why are mutations and brain phenotypes over-represented in individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis? Are they related to core symptoms of the disease or to comorbidities? Why are mutations and brain phenotypes associated with several psychiatric diagnoses? Do they impact a single dimension contributing to all diagnoses? In this review, we aimed at summarizing imaging genomic findings in autism and schizophrenia as well as neuropsychiatric variants associated with these conditions. Top-down studies of autism and schizophrenia identified patterns of neuroimaging alterations with small effect-sizes and an extreme polygenic architecture. Genomic variants and neuroimaging patterns are shared across diagnostic categories suggesting pleiotropic mechanisms at the molecular and brain network levels. Although the field is gaining traction; characterizing increasingly reproducible results, it is unlikely that top-down approaches alone will be able to disentangle mechanisms involved in autism or schizophrenia. In stark contrast with top-down approaches, bottom-up studies showed that the effect-sizes of high-risk neuropsychiatric mutations are equally large for neuroimaging and behavioural traits. Low specificity has been perplexing with studies showing that broad classes of genomic variants affect a similar range of behavioural and cognitive dimensions, which may be consistent with the highly polygenic architecture of psychiatric conditions. The surprisingly discordant effect sizes observed between genetic and diagnostic first approaches underscore the necessity to decompose the heterogeneity hindering case-control studies in idiopathic conditions. We propose a systematic investigation across a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric variants to identify putative latent dimensions underlying idiopathic conditions. Gene expression data on temporal, spatial and cell type organization in the brain have also considerable potential for parsing the mechanisms contributing to these dimensions' phenotypes. While large neuroimaging genomic datasets are now available in unselected populations, there is an urgent need for data on individuals with a range of psychiatric symptoms and high-risk genomic variants. Such efforts together with more standardized methods will improve mechanistically informed predictive modelling for diagnosis and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Moreau
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3W 1W5, Canada
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, CNRS UMR 3571, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Hospital Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, USC Keck School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
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27
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LIM-Kinases in Synaptic Plasticity, Memory, and Brain Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082079. [PMID: 34440848 PMCID: PMC8391678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory require structural and functional modifications of synaptic connections, and synaptic deficits are believed to underlie many brain disorders. The LIM-domain-containing protein kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton by affecting the actin-binding protein, cofilin. In addition, LIMK1 is implicated in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the cAMP-response element-binding protein. Accumulating evidence indicates that LIMKs are critically involved in brain function and dysfunction. In this paper, we will review studies on the roles and underlying mechanisms of LIMKs in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), the most extensively studied forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity widely regarded as cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. We will also discuss the involvement of LIMKs in the regulation of the dendritic spine, the structural basis of synaptic plasticity, and memory formation. Finally, we will discuss recent progress on investigations of LIMKs in neurological and mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Williams–Beuren syndrome, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders.
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28
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Exome Sequencing in 200 Intellectual Disability/Autistic Patients: New Candidates and Atypical Presentations. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070936. [PMID: 34356170 PMCID: PMC8303733 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) belong to neurodevelopmental disorders and occur in ~1% of the general population. Due to disease heterogeneity, identifying the etiology of ID and ASD remains challenging. Exome sequencing (ES) offers the opportunity to rapidly identify variants associated with these two entities that often co-exist. Here, we performed ES in a cohort of 200 patients: 84 with isolated ID and 116 with ID and ASD. We identified 41 pathogenic variants with a detection rate of 22% (43/200): 39% in ID patients (33/84) and 9% in ID/ASD patients (10/116). Most of the causative genes are genes responsible for well-established genetic syndromes that have not been recognized for atypical phenotypic presentations. Two genes emerged as new candidates: CACNA2D1 and GPR14. In conclusion, this study reinforces the importance of ES in the diagnosis of ID/ASD and underlines that “reverse phenotyping” is fundamental to enlarge the phenotypic spectra associated with specific genes.
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29
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Fuentes J, Hervás A, Howlin P. ESCAP practice guidance for autism: a summary of evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:961-984. [PMID: 32666205 PMCID: PMC8140956 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Across Europe, there is increased awareness of the frequency and importance of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is now recognised not only as a childhood disorder but as a heterogeneous, neurodevelopmental condition that persists throughout life. Services for individuals with autism and their families vary widely, but in most European countries, provision is limited. In 2018, European Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP) identified the need for a Practice Guidance document that would help to improve knowledge and practice, especially for individuals in underserviced areas. The present document, prepared by the ASD Working Party and endorsed by the ESCAP Board on October 3, 2019, summarises current information on autism and focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Fuentes
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists, Policlínica Gipuzkoa Research Consultant, GAUTENA Autism Society, Paseo de Miramón 174, 20016, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Amaia Hervás
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists, University Hospital MutuaTerrassa, AGAUR Clinical and Genetic Research Group IGAIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Howlin
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
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30
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Lin J, Fu X, Dai S, Zeng Y, Yang R, Liu R, Yang J, Shen Y, Ou J. The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ): Strengths, weaknesses and future improvements in Chinese version. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 60:102655. [PMID: 33882386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) refers to a set of symptoms or personality traits which similar but not meet the diagnostic criteria for autism in relatives of individuals with Autism Spetrum Disorders (ASD).The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) is one of the new and widely used assessment tools to measure BAP.It has been translated into 8 different languages and some versions were investigated the psychometric properties but not including Chinese version (BAPQ-C).This study aimed to analyze the reliability and validity of the BAPQ-C and explore its applicability in the Chinese population. 1,618 families were included in the study consisting of 890 ASD children and 728 typically developed(TD)children. Our results did not find a well-fitting three-factor(Aloof,Rigid,Pragmatic language) structure which is consistent with previous studies.But we formed a model that only included Aloof and Pragmatic language dimensions.The parameter after removing the rigid dimension was significantly better.This study indicated that the short version of Aloof and Pragmatic language sub-scales has good reliability and validity and can be used to study BAP in the Chinese population. Nevertheless, more studies are still needed to improve the psychometric properties of the BAPQ-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Si Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rushi Yang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiting Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yidong Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jianjun Ou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Seers K, Hogg RC. 'You don't look autistic': A qualitative exploration of women's experiences of being the 'autistic other'. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 25:1553-1564. [PMID: 33722069 DOI: 10.1177/1362361321993722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Most autism spectrum condition research addresses the neurological and biological causes of autism spectrum condition, focusing upon deficits associated with autism spectrum condition and behavioural interventions designed to minimise these deficits. Little is known about the lived experiences of adult women on the autism spectrum and how they navigate social expectations around gender, autism spectrum condition and gendered understandings of autism spectrum condition. The lived experiences of eight women on the AS will be shared here, with attention to how gendered expectations influence women's experiences of autism spectrum condition, their sense of self and well-being. Findings showed these women struggled to reconcile the expectations of others, particularly early in life. The women had difficultly conforming to stereotypical ideals of femininity, yet as they aged, they felt less need to conform, valuing their unique style and behaviours. The women also rejected deficit-oriented descriptions of autism spectrum condition generated by the medical community, preferring to focus on their strengths and unique characteristics. It is hoped this article helps psychologists and the wider community to understand and meet the needs of women on the AS.
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Abstract
The term "Autism spectrum disorder" (ASD), in vogue at present, has evolved after continual substantial developments taking place over more than a century. ASD is a heterogeneous, multi-factorial, developmental disability in which an unusual pattern of development takes place during infant and toddler years. As per DSM-5, Autism spectrum disorder is a combined phrase for a family of complex developmental disabilities inclusive of "Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger's Disorder". "ASD is characterized not only by persistent impairments in reciprocal social communication and social interactions, but is also manifested by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". The classical clinical signs that exist in two major domains, viz. the 'social domain' and the 'behavioral domain' for the precise diagnosis of ASD have been tabulated and major differences between DSM-5 and DSM-4 are depicted with the help of a figure in this basic review article. A sharp rise in the incidence of ASD cases has been observed worldwide owing to various risk factors such as genetic predisposition coupled with adverse environmental conditions, gynecological interventions, etc. Two official manuals viz. the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) (published by the American Psychiatric Association), and the "International Classification of Diseases" (ICD) (published by the World Health Organization) is being regularly updated to facilitate diagnosis of ASD. ICD-11 guidelines being prospectively implemented with effect from January 2022 have attracted global attention.
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Prevalence of Decreased Sound Tolerance (Hyperacusis) in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1137-1150. [PMID: 33577214 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperacusis, defined as decreased tolerance to sound at levels that would not trouble most individuals, is frequently observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite the functional impairment attributable to hyperacusis, little is known about its prevalence or natural history in the ASD population. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. By precisely estimating the burden of hyperacusis in the ASD population, the present study aims to enhance recognition of this particular symptom of ASD and highlight the need for additional research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of hyperacusis in persons on the spectrum. DESIGN We searched PubMed and ProQuest to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English after January 1993. We additionally performed targeted searches of Google Scholar and the gray literature, including studies published through May 2020. Eligible studies included at least 20 individuals with diagnosed ASD of any age and reported data from which the proportion of ASD individuals with current and/or lifetime hyperacusis could be derived. To account for multiple prevalence estimates derived from the same samples, we utilized three-level Bayesian random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis. Bayesian meta-regression was used to assess potential moderators of current hyperacusis prevalence. To reduce heterogeneity due to varying definitions of hyperacusis, we performed a sensitivity analysis on the subset of studies that ascertained hyperacusis status using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a structured parent interview. RESULTS A total of 7783 nonduplicate articles were screened, of which 67 were included in the review and synthesis. Hyperacusis status was ascertained in multiple ways across studies, with 60 articles employing interviews or questionnaires and seven using behavioral observations or objective measures. The mean (range) age of samples in the included studies was 7.88 years (1.00 to 34.89 years). The meta-analysis of interview/questionnaire measures (k(3) = 103, nASD = 13,093) estimated the current and lifetime prevalence of hyperacusis in ASD to be 41.42% (95% CrI, 37.23 to 45.84%) and 60.58% (50.37 to 69.76%), respectively. A sensitivity analysis restricted to prevalence estimates derived from the ADI-R (k(3) = 25, nASD = 5028) produced similar values. The estimate of current hyperacusis prevalence using objective/observational measures (k(3) = 8, nASD = 488) was 27.30% (14.92 to 46.31%). Heterogeneity in the full sample of interview/questionnaire measures was substantial but not significantly explained by any tested moderator. However, prevalence increased sharply with increasing age in studies using the ADI-R (BF10 = 93.10, R2Het = 0.692). CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis, we found a high prevalence of current and lifetime hyperacusis in individuals with ASD, with a majority of individuals on the autism spectrum experiencing hyperacusis at some point in their lives. The high prevalence of hyperacusis in individuals with ASD across the lifespan highlights the need for further research on sound tolerance in this population and the development of services and/or interventions to reduce the burden of this common symptom.
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Brignell A, Prakash C, Marraffa C, Williams K, May T. Memantine for autism spectrum disorder. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brignell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Speech Pathology; Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Chidambaram Prakash
- RCH Mental Health Hospital Services; The Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - Catherine Marraffa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Neurodevelopment and Disability; The Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
- Neurodevelopment and Disability; The Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Developmental Paediatrics; Monash Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - Tamara May
- Department of Paediatrics; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
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Disorders Affecting Feeding and Swallowing in Infants and Children. Dysphagia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-63648-3.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Minio-Paluello I, Porciello G, Pascual-Leone A, Baron-Cohen S. Face individual identity recognition: a potential endophenotype in autism. Mol Autism 2020; 11:81. [PMID: 33081830 PMCID: PMC7576748 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Face individual identity recognition skill is heritable and independent of intellectual ability. Difficulties in face individual identity recognition are present in autistic individuals and their family members and are possibly linked to oxytocin polymorphisms in families with an autistic child. While it is reported that developmental prosopagnosia (i.e., impaired face identity recognition) occurs in 2-3% of the general population, no prosopagnosia prevalence estimate is available for autism. Furthermore, an autism within-group approach has not been reported towards characterizing impaired face memory and to investigate its possible links to social and communication difficulties. METHODS The present study estimated the prevalence of prosopagnosia in 80 autistic adults with no intellectual disability, investigated its cognitive characteristics and links to autism symptoms' severity, personality traits, and mental state understanding from the eye region by using standardized tests and questionnaires. RESULTS More than one third of autistic participants showed prosopagnosia. Their face memory skill was not associated with their symptom's severity, empathy, alexithymia, or general intelligence. Face identity recognition was instead linked to mental state recognition from the eye region only in autistic individuals who had prosopagnosia, and this relationship did not depend on participants' basic face perception skills. Importantly, we found that autistic participants were not aware of their face memory skills. LIMITATIONS We did not test an epidemiological sample, and additional work is necessary to establish whether these results generalize to the entire autism spectrum. CONCLUSIONS Impaired face individual identity recognition meets the criteria to be a potential endophenotype in autism. In the future, testing for face memory could be used to stratify autistic individuals into genetically meaningful subgroups and be translatable to autism animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Minio-Paluello
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Porciello
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Brain Magnetic Resonance Findings in 117 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder under 5 Years Old. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100741. [PMID: 33081247 PMCID: PMC7602717 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential benefits of neuroimaging measurements across the first 5 years of life in detecting early comorbid or etiological signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In particular, we analyzed the prevalence of neuroradiologic findings in routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of a group of 117 ASD children younger than 5 years old. These data were compared to those reported in typically developing (TD) children. MRI findings in children with ASD were analyzed in relation to their cognitive level, severity of autistic symptoms, and the presence of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities. The MRI was rated abnormal in 55% of children with ASD with a significant prevalence in the high-functioning subgroup compared to TD children. We report significant incidental findings of mega cisterna magna, ventricular anomalies and abnormal white matter signal intensity in ASD without significant associations between these MRI findings and EEG features. Based on these results we discuss the role that brain MRI may play in the diagnostic procedure of ASD.
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Klin A, Micheletti M, Klaiman C, Shultz S, Constantino JN, Jones W. Affording autism an early brain development re-definition. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1175-1189. [PMID: 32938507 PMCID: PMC7880583 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The national priority to advance early detection and intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not reduced the late age of ASD diagnosis in the US over several consecutive Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance cohorts, with traditionally under-served populations accessing diagnosis later still. In this review, we explore a potential perceptual barrier to this enterprise which views ASD in terms that are contradicted by current science, and which may have its origins in the current definition of the condition and in its historical associations. To address this perceptual barrier, we propose a re-definition of ASD in early brain development terms, with a view to revisit the world of opportunities afforded by current science to optimize children's outcomes despite the risks that they are born with. This view is presented here to counter outdated notions that potentially devastating disability is determined the moment a child is born, and that these burdens are inevitable, with opportunities for improvement being constrained to only alleviation of symptoms or limited improvements in adaptive skills. The impetus for this piece is the concern that such views of complex neurodevelopmental conditions, such as ASD, can become self-fulfilling science and policy, in ways that are diametrically opposed to what we currently know, and are learning every day, of how genetic risk becomes, or not, instantiated as lifetime disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Klin
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megan Micheletti
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Cheryl Klaiman
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah Shultz
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John N. Constantino
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis,MO
| | - Warren Jones
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
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Moseley RL, Druce T, Turner-Cobb JM. Autism research is 'all about the blokes and the kids': Autistic women breaking the silence on menopause. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 26:709-726. [PMID: 32996665 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The menopause is a major transition marked by considerable challenges to health and well-being. Its impact on autistic women has been almost largely ignored but is of significant concern, given the poorer physical and mental health, emotion regulation and coping skills, and the common social isolation of this group. We aimed to explore awareness and perception of the menopause; menopausal experiences and their impact across each individual's life; ways that menopause with autism might differ from a non-autistic menopause; and what optimal support might look like. DESIGN A qualitative interview study. METHODS Comprehensive interviews were conducted with 17 autistic participants (16 of whom identified as cisgender women). Inductive thematic analysis was used, guided by IPA principles and literature. RESULTS Four major themes were identified: (1) covering the long journey of our participants to recognizing autism in adulthood; (2) menopausal awareness and perceptions; (3) symptoms and their impact; and (4) ways that a neurodiverse menopause might differ from the norm. Menopausal experiences varied greatly and some participants experienced marked deterioration in daily function and coping skills, mental health, and social engagement. Menopausal awareness was often low, so too was confidence in help from health care professionals. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate the potential for menopause to severely compromise health and well-being of autistic people and indicate an area of underserved support needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Druce
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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40
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Samanta D. An Updated Review of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 109:4-11. [PMID: 32563542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations of either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Various neuropsychiatric features, including autism, are prevalent in TSC. Recently, significant progress has been possible with the prospective calculation of the prevalence of autism in TSC, identification of early clinical and neurophysiological biomarkers to predict autism, and investigation of different therapies to prevent autism in this high-risk population. The author provides a narrative review of recent findings related to biomarkers for diagnosis of autism in TSC, as well as recent studies related to the management of TSC-associated autism. Further sophisticated modeling and analysis are required to understand the role of different models-tuber models, seizures and related neurophysiological factors models, genotype models, and brain connectivity models-to unravel the neurobiological basis of autism in TSC. Early neuropsychologic assessments may be beneficial in this high-risk group. Targeted intervention to improve visual skill, cognition, and fine motor skills with later addition of social skill training can be helpful. Multicenter, prospective studies are ongoing to identify if presymptomatic treatment with vigabatrin in patients with TSC can improve outcomes, including autism. Several studies indicated reasonable safety of everolimus in young children, and its potential application in high-risk infants with TSC, before the closure of the temporal window of permanent changes, maybe undertaken shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Samanta
- Child Neurology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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41
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Zakirova-Engstrand R, Hirvikoski T, Westling Allodi M, Roll-Pettersson L. Culturally diverse families of young children with ASD in Sweden: Parental explanatory models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236329. [PMID: 32716951 PMCID: PMC7384670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that families' knowledge and cultural perceptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and beliefs about its etiology and prognosis, can affect parents' recognition of the first signs of autism in their children and influence help seeking and treatment decisions. OBJECTIVE This study investigated explanatory models of autism among parents of young children with ASD in the multicultural context of Sweden. METHOD Seventeen parents from diverse cultural, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds participated in semi-structured interviews. A deductive approach to qualitative content analysis was used to analyze data. Five domains of the Explanatory Model supplementary module of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) were used as coding categories, operationalized as 'Parents' understanding of autism'; 'Autism prototypes'; 'Causal explanations'; 'Course of autism', and 'Help seeking and treatment expectations'. RESULTS The results showed that parents' prior knowledge of autism and experience of young children's typical developmental trajectories, as well as the opinions of children's grandparents and preschool teachers, affected symptom recognition and help seeking. There were differences in parents' explanatory models before and after ASD diagnosis. Initial interpretations of the disorder included medical conditions and reaction to environmental influences, while genetic, supernatural/religious factors, and vaccinations were mentioned as definite causes after obtaining a clinical diagnosis. Parents also held multiple explanatory models, influenced by the views of family members and information obtained from media or from health care professionals. Parents' treatment decisions included use of available state-funded support services, and complementary and alternative treatments. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the utility of the CFI's Explanatory Model supplementary module in autism research. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Habilitation & Health, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Michelson DJ, Clark RD. Optimizing Genetic Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the Clinical Setting. Clin Lab Med 2020; 40:231-256. [PMID: 32718497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Progress in medical genetics has changed the practice of medicine in general and child neurology in particular. A genetic diagnosis has become critically important in determining optimal management of many neurodevelopmental disorders, making genetic testing a routine consideration of patient care in outpatient and inpatient settings. Today's child neurologists should be familiar with various genetic testing modalities and their appropriate use. Molecular genetic testing of children with unexplained developmental delays and/or congenital anomalies has a 20% to 30% chance of identifying a causative etiology. Newer methods have made genetic testing more widely available and sensitive but also more likely to produce ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Joshua Michelson
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Coleman Pavilion Room A, 1175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Robin Dawn Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Coleman Pavilion Room A, 1175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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43
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Johnson D, Letchumanan V, Thurairajasingam S, Lee LH. A Revolutionizing Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1983. [PMID: 32635373 PMCID: PMC7400420 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of human microbiota and health has emerged as one of the ubiquitous research pursuits in recent decades which certainly warrants the attention of both researchers and clinicians. Many health conditions have been linked to the gut microbiota which is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human body. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders which has been extensively explored in relation to gut microbiome. The utilization of microbial knowledge promises a more integrative perspective in understanding this disorder, albeit being an emerging field in research. More interestingly, oral and vaginal microbiomes, indicating possible maternal influence, have equally drawn the attention of researchers to study their potential roles in the etiopathology of ASD. Therefore, this review attempts to integrate the knowledge of microbiome and its significance in relation to ASD including the hypothetical aetiology of ASD and its commonly associated comorbidities. The microbiota-based interventions including diet, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and faecal microbial transplant (FMT) have also been explored in relation to ASD. Of these, diet and probiotics are seemingly promising breakthrough interventions in the context of ASD for lesser known side effects, feasibility and easier administration, although more studies are needed to ascertain the actual clinical efficacy of these interventions. The existing knowledge and research gaps call for a more expanded and resolute research efforts in establishing the relationship between autism and microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinyadarshini Johnson
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (D.J.); (V.L.)
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (D.J.); (V.L.)
| | - Sivakumar Thurairajasingam
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru 80100, Malaysia;
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (D.J.); (V.L.)
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44
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Synaptic GluN2A-Containing NMDA Receptors: From Physiology to Pathological Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041538. [PMID: 32102377 PMCID: PMC7073220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors. NMDARs are tetramers composed by several homologous subunits of GluN1-, GluN2-, or GluN3-type, leading to the existence in the central nervous system of a high variety of receptor subtypes with different pharmacological and signaling properties. NMDAR subunit composition is strictly regulated during development and by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Given the differences between GluN2 regulatory subunits of NMDAR in several functions, here we will focus on the synaptic pool of NMDARs containing the GluN2A subunit, addressing its role in both physiology and pathological synaptic plasticity as well as the contribution in these events of different types of GluN2A-interacting proteins.
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45
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Stein DJ, Szatmari P, Gaebel W, Berk M, Vieta E, Maj M, de Vries YA, Roest AM, de Jonge P, Maercker A, Brewin CR, Pike KM, Grilo CM, Fineberg NA, Briken P, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Reed GM. Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies. BMC Med 2020; 18:21. [PMID: 31983345 PMCID: PMC6983973 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An update of the chapter on Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is of great interest around the world. The recent approval of the 11th Revision of the ICD (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) raises broad questions about the status of nosology of mental disorders as a whole as well as more focused questions regarding changes to the diagnostic guidelines for specific conditions and the implications of these changes for practice and research. This Forum brings together a broad range of experts to reflect on key changes and controversies in the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders. Taken together, there is consensus that the WHO's focus on global applicability and clinical utility in developing the diagnostic guidelines for this chapter will maximize the likelihood that it will be adopted by mental health professionals and administrators. This focus is also expected to enhance the application of the guidelines in non-specialist settings and their usefulness for scaling up evidence-based interventions. The new mental disorders classification in ICD-11 and its accompanying diagnostic guidelines therefore represent an important, albeit iterative, advance for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J. Stein
- SA Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Ymkje Anna de Vries
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke M. Roest
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Department of Psychology – Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris R. Brewin
- Research Deparment of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathleen M. Pike
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine & Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Geoffrey M. Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Dai YX, Tai YH, Chang YT, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Increased Risk of Atopic Diseases in the Siblings of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 49:4626-4633. [PMID: 31435817 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown a strong association between atopic diseases and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the risk of atopic diseases in individuals having ASD-affected siblings has never been investigated. This nationwide population-based cohort study included 2762 individuals with ASD-affected siblings and 11,048 controls. Diagnoses of atopic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis, were ascertained from 1996 or the birth data to the end of 2011. Individuals with ASD-affected siblings had a higher risk for asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and multiple atopic diseases compared with controls. In conclusion, individuals with ASD-affected siblings were more likely than were the controls to develop atopic diseases, suggesting shared familial mechanisms underlying the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Tai
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, ROC.
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47
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Missig G, McDougle CJ, Carlezon WA. Sleep as a translationally-relevant endpoint in studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:90-103. [PMID: 31060044 PMCID: PMC6879602 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has numerous advantages for aligning clinical and preclinical (basic neuroscience) studies of neuropsychiatric illness. Sleep has high translational relevance, because the same endpoints can be studied in humans and laboratory animals. In addition, sleep experiments are conducive to continuous data collection over long periods (hours/days/weeks) and can be based on highly objective neurophysiological measures. Here, we provide a translationally-oriented review on what is currently known about sleep in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including ASD-related conditions, thought to have genetic, environmental, or mixed etiologies. In humans, ASD is frequently associated with comorbid medical conditions including sleep disorders. Animal models used in the study of ASD frequently recapitulate dysregulation of sleep and biological (diurnal, circadian) rhythms, suggesting common pathophysiologies across species. As our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD and sleep each become more refined, it is conceivable that sleep-derived metrics may offer more powerful biomarkers of altered neurophysiology in ASD than the behavioral tests currently used in humans or lab animals. As such, the study of sleep in animal models for ASD may enable fundamentally new insights on the condition and represent a basis for strategies that enable the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen Missig
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Christopher J. McDougle
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
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48
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Freel BA, Sheets JN, Francis KR. iPSC modeling of rare pediatric disorders. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 332:108533. [PMID: 31811832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discerning the underlying pathological mechanisms and the identification of therapeutic strategies to treat individuals affected with rare neurological diseases has proven challenging due to a host of factors. For instance, rare diseases affecting the nervous system are inherently lacking in appropriate patient sample availability compared to more common diseases, while animal models often do not accurately recapitulate specific disease phenotypes. These challenges impede research that may otherwise illuminate aspects of disease initiation and progression, leading to the ultimate identification of potential therapeutics. The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a human cellular model with defined genetics has provided the unique opportunity to study rare diseases within a controlled environment. iPSC models enable researchers to define mutational effects on specific cell types and signaling pathways within increasingly complex systems. Among rare diseases, pediatric diseases affecting neurodevelopment and neurological function highlight the critical need for iPSC-based disease modeling due to the inherent difficulty associated with collecting human neural tissue and the complexity of the mammalian nervous system. Rare neurodevelopmental disorders are therefore ideal candidates for utilization of iPSC-based in vitro studies. In this review, we address both the state of the iPSC field in the context of their utility and limitations for neurodevelopmental studies, as well as speculating about the future applications and unmet uses for iPSCs in rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Freel
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jordan N Sheets
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Song J, Kim SI, Bong M. The More Interest, the Less Effort Cost Perception and Effort Avoidance. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2146. [PMID: 31607985 PMCID: PMC6769126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate what factors determine students' engagement in mathematics. We examined the predictive relationships between interest, effort cost (i.e., the cost of making the effort), and three forms of academic engagement: persistence, cognitive engagement, and effort avoidance. In addition, we examined gender differences in these relationships. We recruited 546 8th and 9th graders for this study. Consistent with previous research, interest worked as a strong positive predictor of persistence and cognitive engagement, and it predicted effort avoidance negatively. Moreover, interest negatively predicted the perception of effort cost, which in turn positively predicted effort avoidance. Gender differences were found in the mean values of effort avoidance and in the prediction by interest of the perception of effort cost. Male students reported higher effort avoidance than female students, and the prediction by interest of the perception of effort cost was stronger among female students than among male students. These findings provide new insights into students' engagement in mathematics and the role of interest and effort cost in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Song
- Department of Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung-il Kim
- Department of Education, Brain and Motivation Research Institute (bMRI), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mimi Bong
- Department of Education, Brain and Motivation Research Institute (bMRI), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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50
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Bagni C, Zukin RS. A Synaptic Perspective of Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuron 2019; 101:1070-1088. [PMID: 30897358 PMCID: PMC9628679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Altered synaptic structure and function is a major hallmark of fragile X syndrome (FXS), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and other intellectual disabilities (IDs), which are therefore classified as synaptopathies. FXS and ASDs, while clinically and genetically distinct, share significant comorbidity, suggesting that there may be a common molecular and/or cellular basis, presumably at the synapse. In this article, we review brain architecture and synaptic pathways that are dysregulated in FXS and ASDs, including spine architecture, signaling in synaptic plasticity, local protein synthesis, (m)RNA modifications, and degradation. mRNA repression is a powerful mechanism for the regulation of synaptic structure and efficacy. We infer that there is no single pathway that explains most of the etiology and discuss new findings and the implications for future work directed at improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of FXS and related ASDs and the design of therapeutic strategies to ameliorate these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
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