1
|
Argandona Lopez C, Brown AM. Microglial- neuronal crosstalk in chronic viral infection through mTOR, SPP1/OPN and inflammasome pathway signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368465. [PMID: 38646526 PMCID: PMC11032048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals. Full activation of inflammasome assembly and expression of IL-1β requires a priming event and a second signal. Many studies have demonstrated that HIV infection alone can activate inflammasome activity. Interestingly, secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1/OPN) expression is highly upregulated in the CNS of people infected with HIV and neurologic dysfunction. Interestingly, all evidence thus far suggests a protective function of SPP1 signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1/2) pathway function to counter HIV-neuronal injury. Moreover, HIV-infected mice knocked down for SPP1 show by neuroimaging, increased neuroinflammation compared to controls. This suggests that SPP1 uses unique regulatory mechanisms to control the level of inflammatory signaling. In this mini review, we discuss the known and yet-to-be discovered biological links between SPP1-mediated stimulation of mTOR and inflammasome activity. Additional new mechanistic insights from studies in relevant experimental models will provide a greater understanding of crosstalk between microglia and neurons in the regulation of CNS homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Argandona Lopez
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sid Ahmed S, Bajak K, Fackler OT. Beyond Impairment of Virion Infectivity: New Activities of the Anti-HIV Host Cell Factor SERINC5. Viruses 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 38400059 PMCID: PMC10892966 DOI: 10.3390/v16020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the serine incorporator (SERINC) protein family exert broad antiviral activity, and many viruses encode SERINC antagonists to circumvent these restrictions. Significant new insight was recently gained into the mechanisms that mediate restriction and antagonism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mode of action and relevance of SERINC proteins in HIV-1 infection. Particular focus will be placed on recent findings that provided important new mechanistic insights into the restriction of HIV-1 virion infectivity, including the discovery of SERINC's lipid scramblase activity and its antagonism by the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef. We also discuss the identification and implications of several additional antiviral activities by which SERINC proteins enhance pro-inflammatory signaling and reduce viral gene expression in myeloid cells. SERINC proteins emerge as versatile and multifunctional regulators of cell-intrinsic immunity against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Sid Ahmed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Kathrin Bajak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.A.); (K.B.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 38124 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.A.); (K.B.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 38124 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cabral-Piccin MP, Papagno L, Lahaye X, Perdomo-Celis F, Volant S, White E, Monceaux V, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Fromentin R, Price DA, Chomont N, Manel N, Saez-Cirion A, Appay V. Primary role of type I interferons for the induction of functionally optimal antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104557. [PMID: 37058769 PMCID: PMC10130611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T cells equipped with a full arsenal of antiviral effector functions are critical for effective immune control of HIV-1. It has nonetheless remained unclear how best to elicit such potent cellular immune responses in the context of immunotherapy or vaccination. HIV-2 has been associated with milder disease manifestations and more commonly elicits functionally replete virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses compared with HIV-1. We aimed to learn from this immunological dichotomy and to develop informed strategies that could enhance the induction of robust CD8+ T cell responses against HIV-1. METHODS We developed an unbiased in vitro system to compare the de novo induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after exposure to HIV-1 or HIV-2. The functional properties of primed CD8+ T cells were assessed using flow cytometry and molecular analyses of gene transcription. FINDINGS HIV-2 primed functionally optimal antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with enhanced survival properties more effectively than HIV-1. This superior induction process was dependent on type I interferons (IFNs) and could be mimicked via the adjuvant delivery of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a known agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). CD8+ T cells elicited in the presence of cGAMP were polyfunctional and highly sensitive to antigen stimulation, even after priming from people living with HIV-1. INTERPRETATION HIV-2 primes CD8+ T cells with potent antiviral functionality by activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING pathway, which results in the production of type I IFNs. This process may be amenable to therapeutic development via the use of cGAMP or other STING agonists to bolster CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1. FUNDING This work was funded by INSERM, the Institut Curie, and the University of Bordeaux (Senior IdEx Chair) and by grants from Sidaction (17-1-AAE-11097, 17-1-FJC-11199, VIH2016126002, 20-2-AEQ-12822-2, and 22-2-AEQ-13411), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche sur le SIDA (ECTZ36691, ECTZ25472, ECTZ71745, and ECTZ118797), and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (EQ U202103012774). D.A.P. was supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (100326/Z/12/Z).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela P Cabral-Piccin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laura Papagno
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer Department, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eoghann White
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer Department, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 75015, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Victor Appay
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013, Paris, France; International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular detection of mixed infection with peste des petits ruminants and retroviruses in Egyptian sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:102. [PMID: 36849557 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease causing massive economic loss to animal industries in endemic countries including Egypt. Although a vaccine is available, coinfections can overwhelm the animal immune system and interfere with vaccine protection. Small ruminant retrovirus (SRR), including enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is responsible for coinfections with PPR. Investigation of clinical cases in this study confirmed the presence of PPR virus by RT-PCR among four flocks. Sequence of five PPR amplicons revealed that all strains had 100% aa similarity and belonged to lineage IV. In addition, these strains had 98-99% nt similarity with all previous Egyptian and African strains from Sudan (MK371449) and Ethiopia (MK371449). Illumina sequencing of a representative sample showed a genome of 5753 nt compatible with ENT-2 virus with 98.42% similarity with the Chinese strain (MN564750.1). Four ORFs representing gag, pro, pol, and env genes were identified and annotated. Pro gene was highly stable while gag, pol, and env showed eight, two, and three aa differences with the reference strains. Sanger sequencing revealed that two amplicons were ENT-2 virus, and one was JSRV. ENT-2 sequences had 100% similarity with KU258870 and KU258871 reference strains while JSRV was 100% similar to the EF68031 reference strain. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between the ENT of goats and the JSRV of sheep. This study highlights the complexity of PPR molecular epidemiology, with SRR that was not molecularly characterized previously in Egypt.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brouiller F, Nadalin F, Bonté PE, Ait-Mohamed O, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Ginhoux F, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals dual sensing of HIV-1 in blood Axl + dendritic cells. iScience 2023; 26:106019. [PMID: 36866043 PMCID: PMC9971904 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of incoming viruses is a pivotal task of dendritic cells (DCs). Human primary blood DCs encompass various subsets that are diverse in their susceptibility and response to HIV-1. The recent identification of the blood Axl+DC subset, endowed with unique capacities to bind, replicate, and transmit HIV-1 prompted us to evaluate its anti-viral response. We demonstrate that HIV-1 induced two main broad and intense transcriptional programs in different Axl+DCs potentially induced by different sensors; an NF-κB-mediated program that led to DC maturation and efficient CD4+ T cell activation, and a program mediated by STAT1/2 that activated type I IFN and ISG responses. These responses were absent from cDC2 exposed to HIV-1 except when viral replication was allowed. Finally, Axl+DCs actively replicating HIV-1 identified by quantification of viral transcripts exhibited a mixed NF-κB/ISG innate response. Our results suggest that the route of HIV-1 entry may dictate different innate sensing pathways by DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Brouiller
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,INSERM U944, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche médicale (INSERM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santana CS, Andrade FDO, da Silva GCS, Nascimento JODS, Campos RF, Giovanetti M, Santos LA, Gois LL, Alcantara LCJ, Barreto FK. Advances in preventive vaccine development against HTLV-1 infection: A systematic review of the last 35 years. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1073779. [PMID: 36860854 PMCID: PMC9968880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1073779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Despite its high prevalence, there is still no preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. It is known that vaccine development and large-scale immunization play an important role in global public health. To understand the advances in this field we performed a systematic review regarding the current progress in the development of a preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and SciELO databases. From the 2,485 articles identified, 25 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The analysis of these articles indicated that potential vaccine designs in development are available, although there is still a paucity of studies in the human clinical trial phase. Discussion Although HTLV-1 was discovered almost 40 years ago, it remains a great challenge and a worldwide neglected threat. The scarcity of funding contributes decisively to the inconclusiveness of the vaccine development. The data summarized here intends to highlight the necessity to improve the current knowledge of this neglected retrovirus, encouraging for more studies on vaccine development aiming the to eliminate this human threat. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42021270412).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Souza Santana
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raissa Frazão Campos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University of Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luana Leandro Gois
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Khouri Barreto
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
KDELR3 Is a Prognostic Biomarker Related to the Immune Infiltration and Chemoresistance of Anticancer Drugs in Uveal Melanoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1930185. [PMID: 36046379 PMCID: PMC9420630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1930185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular malignancy in adults in which approximately 50% of patients develop metastatic diseases and have a poor clinical outcome. Immunotherapies are quickly becoming a need, and recent research has produced some amazing achievements in this area. In the current investigation, an attempt was made to evaluate the prognostic usefulness of KDELR3 in UM, particularly its connection with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The expression patterns of mRNAs and related clinical data of 80 UM patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). By using RT-PCR, we were able to investigate whether or not UM cells and D78 cells expressed KDELR3. The Kaplan-Meier approach, as well as univariate and multivariate tests, was utilized in order to investigate the potential predictive significance of KDELR3 expression. The associations between KDELR3 and TILs and immunological checkpoints were analyzed in order to evaluate the effect that KDELR3 may have on UM immunotherapy. On the basis of the differential expression of KDELR3, a distribution of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of various targeted medicines was observed. In this study, we found that the expression of KDELR3 was distinctly increased in most types of tumors. In addition, KDELR3 was highly expressed in UM cells. Moreover, patients with high KDELR3 expression exhibited a shorter overall survival and disease-free survival than those with low KDELR3 expression. Multivariate analyses confirmed that KDELR3 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with UM. Furthermore, KDELR3 expression was demonstrated to be positively correlated with macrophage M1, T cell CD8, T cell follicular helper, dendritic cell resting, and T cell CD4 memory activated. Meanwhile, the expression of KDELR3 was related to several immune checkpoints. The IC50 of AP-24534, BHG712, bleomycin, camptothecin, cisplatin, cytarabine, GSK1070916, and tipifarnib was higher in the KDELR3 high-expression group. In conclusion, KDELR3 may be applied as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for UM patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
de Moor WRJ, Regnard GL, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL. Characterization of a dynamic self-replicating mammalian expression vector based on the circular ssDNA genome of beak and feather disease virus. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35594121 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo nucleic expression technologies using DNA or mRNA offer several advantages for recombinant gene expression. Their inherent ability to generate natively expressed recombinant proteins and antigens allows these technologies to mimic foreign gene expression without infection. Furthermore, foreign nucleic acid fragments have an inherent ability to act as natural immune adjuvants and stimulate innate pathogen- and DNA damage-associated receptors that are responsible for activating pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and DNA damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signalling pathways. This makes nucleic-acid-based expression technologies attractive for a wide range of vaccine and oncolytic immunotherapeutic uses. Recently, RNA vaccines have demonstrated their efficacy in generating strong humoral and cellular immune responses for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). DNA vaccines, which are more stable and easier to manufacture, generate similar immune responses to RNA, but typically exhibit lower immunogenicity. Here we report on a novel method of constructing self-amplifying DNA expression vectors that have the potential to amplify and enhance gene/antigen expression at a cellular level by increasing per cell gene copy numbers, boost genomic adjuvating effects and mitigate through replication many of the problems faced by non-replicating vectors such as degradation, methylation and gene silencing. These vectors employ a viral origin rolling circle replication cycle in mammalian host cells that amplifies the vector and gene of interest (GOI) copy number, maintaining themselves as nuclear episomes. We show that these vectors maintain persistently elevated GOI expression levels at the cellular level and induce morphological cellular alterations synonymous with increased cellular stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren R J de Moor
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Guy L Regnard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fan YM, Zhang YL, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Crosstalk between RNA viruses and DNA sensors: Role of the cGAS‐STING signalling pathway. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2343. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Michelle Fan
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yizhuo Lyanne Zhang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Claireaux M, Robinot R, Kervevan J, Patgaonkar M, Staropoli I, Brelot A, Nouël A, Gellenoncourt S, Tang X, Héry M, Volant S, Perthame E, Avettand-Fenoël V, Buchrieser J, Cokelaer T, Bouchier C, Ma L, Boufassa F, Hendou S, Libri V, Hasan M, Zucman D, de Truchis P, Schwartz O, Lambotte O, Chakrabarti LA. Low CCR5 expression protects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells of elite controllers from viral entry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:521. [PMID: 35082297 PMCID: PMC8792008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers maintain a population of CD4 + T cells endowed with high avidity for Gag antigens and potent effector functions. How these HIV-specific cells avoid infection and depletion upon encounter with the virus remains incompletely understood. Ex vivo characterization of single Gag-specific CD4 + T cells reveals an advanced Th1 differentiation pattern in controllers, except for the CCR5 marker, which is downregulated compared to specific cells of treated patients. Accordingly, controller specific CD4 + T cells show decreased susceptibility to CCR5-dependent HIV entry. Two controllers carried biallelic mutations impairing CCR5 surface expression, indicating that in rare cases CCR5 downregulation can have a direct genetic cause. Increased expression of β-chemokine ligands upon high-avidity antigen/TCR interactions contributes to autocrine CCR5 downregulation in controllers without CCR5 mutations. These findings suggest that genetic and functional regulation of the primary HIV coreceptor CCR5 play a key role in promoting natural HIV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Claireaux
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Kervevan
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Xian Tang
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Héry
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique, Paris, France.,CNRS 8104, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Samia Hendou
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre de Truchis
- AP-HP, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Université Paris Sud, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong X, Du G, Wang X, Ou Y, Wang H, Zhu Y, Hao X, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Gong T, Zhang Z, Sun X. Nanovaccines Mediated Subcutis-to-Intestine Cascade for Improved Protection against Intestinal Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105530. [PMID: 34825482 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parenteral vaccines typically can prime systemic humoral immune response, but with limited effects on cellular and mucosal immunity. Here, a subcutis-to-intestine cascade for navigating nanovaccines to address this limitation is proposed. This five-step cascade includes lymph nodes targeting, uptaken by dendritic cells (DCs), cross-presentation of antigens, increasing CCR9 expression on DCs, and driving CD103+ DCs to mesenteric lymph nodes, in short, the LUCID cascade. Specifically, mesoporous silica nanoparticles are encapsulated with antigen and adjuvant toll-like receptor 9 agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides, and further coated by a lipid bilayer containing all-trans retinoic acid. The fabricated nanovaccines efficiently process the LUCID cascade to dramatically augment cellular and mucosal immune responses. Importantly, after being vaccinated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium antigen-loaded nanovaccine, the mice generate protective immunity against challenge of S. Typhimurium. These findings reveal the efficacy of nanovaccines mediated subcutis-to-intestine cascade in simultaneously activating cellular and mucosal immune responses against mucosal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yangsen Ou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuandong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Enables Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) Sensing of HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages. mBio 2021; 12:e0281721. [PMID: 34844429 PMCID: PMC8630538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02817-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates in cells that express a wide array of innate immune sensors and may do so simultaneously with other pathogens. How a coexisting innate immune stimulus influences the outcome of HIV-1 sensing, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of a second signaling pathway enables a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) response to HIV-1 infection. We used RNA sequencing to determine that HIV-1 alone induced few or no signs of an IFN-I response in THP-1 cells. In contrast, when supplemented with suboptimal levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), HIV-1 infection triggered the production of elevated levels of IFN-I and significant upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. LPS-mediated enhancement of IFN-I production upon HIV-1 infection, which was observed in primary macrophages, was lost by blocking reverse transcription and with a hyperstable capsid, pointing to viral DNA being an essential immunostimulatory molecule. LPS also synergistically enhanced IFN-I production by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger of cGAS. These observations suggest that the DNA sensor cGAS is responsible for a type I IFN response to HIV-1 in concert with LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Small amounts of a TLR2 agonist also cooperate with HIV-1 to induce type I IFN production. These results demonstrate how subtle immunomodulatory activity renders HIV-1 capable of eliciting an IFN-I response through positive cross talk between cGAS and TLR sensing pathways.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cerboni S, Marques-Ladeira S, Manel N. Virus-stimulated Dendritic Cells Elicit a T Antiviral Transcriptional Signature in Human CD4+ Lymphocytes. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167389. [PMID: 34883114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the functional differentiation of CD4+ T cells in response to pathogens. In CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 replicates efficiently, while HIV-2, a related virus of reduced pathogenicity, is better controlled. How the DC response to HIV-1 vs HIV-2 contributes to programming an antiviral state in CD4+ T cells is not known. Here, we identify a transcriptional signature associated with progressive resistance to HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. We developed a model of naïve CD4+ T cell priming by DCs stimulated with a panel of seven viruses or synthetic ligands for the viral nucleic acid sensors cGAS and TLRs. DCs produced a cytokine response to HIV-2 infection more similar to the response to cGAS ligands than TLR ligands. In response to these signals, naive CD4+ T cells acquired a gradual antiviral resistance to subsequent HIV infection. The antiviral state was concomitant with the induction of the TH1 cytokine IFNγ and the type I interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) MX1, while the TFH cytokine IL-21 was not increased. By performing a transcriptional network analysis in T cells, we identified five distinct gene modules with characteristic ISG, TH1, TFH, IFN-I and proliferative signatures. Finally, we leverage this module to assemble a T antiviral signature of 404 genes that correlate with the antiviral state in T cells. Altogether, the study illuminates the programming of the antiviral state in T cells. The T antiviral gene signature in human CD4+ lymphocytes constitutes a resource for genetic screens and genomics analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerboni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai C, Tang YD, Xu G, Zheng C. The crosstalk between viral RNA- and DNA-sensing mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7427-7434. [PMID: 34714359 PMCID: PMC8554519 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections pose a severe threat to humans by causing many infectious, even fatal, diseases, such as the current pandemic disease (COVID-19) since 2019, and understanding how the host innate immune system recognizes viruses has become more important. Endosomal and cytosolic sensors can detect viral nucleic acids to induce type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines, subsequently inducing interferon-stimulated genes for restricting viral infection. Although viral RNA and DNA sensing generally rely on diverse receptors and adaptors, the crosstalk between DNA and RNA sensing is gradually appreciated. This minireview highlights the overlap between the RNA- and DNA-sensing mechanisms in antiviral innate immunity, which significantly amplifies the antiviral innate responses to restrict viral infection and might be a potential novel target for preventing and treating viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guocai Xu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia S, Gu Y, Zhang H, Fei Y, Cao Y, Fang H, Wang J, Lin C, Zhang H, Li H, He H, Xu J, Li R, Liu H, Zhang W. Immune inactivation by APOBEC3B enrichment predicts response to chemotherapy and survival in gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1975386. [PMID: 34552824 PMCID: PMC8451457 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1975386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3B (APOBEC3B) plays an important role in tumor mutagenesis. However, its clinical significance in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. We enrolled a total of 482 GC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to evaluate the prognostic and predictive values of APOBEC3B. Genomic and phenotypic datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) cohort were downloaded for external validation and complementary bioinformatic analysis. Fresh specimens of additional 60 patients from Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were collected to detect CD8+ T cell phenotype with flow cytometry (FCM). The high expression of APOBEC3B indicated inferior overall survival (OS, P < .001 and P = .003) and disease-free survival (DFS, P < .001 and P < .001), yet superior therapeutic responsiveness to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in TNM stage II patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of APOBEC3B-enriched tumors was characterized by reduced infiltration of tumor reactive CD8+ T cells expressing both effector molecules and immune checkpoints. APOBEC3B high CD8+ T cell high GC patients were most likely to benefit from ACT and PD-1 blockade. Our study demonstrates that APOBEC3B was an independent prognostic and predictive factor in GC. The potential interplay between APOBEC3B and CD8+ T cells merited further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijian Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuchao Fei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanji Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieti Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruochen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been significant development of long-acting injectable therapy for the management of HIV in recent years that has the potential to revolutionise HIV care as we know it. This review summarises the data and outlines the potential challenges in the field of long-acting antiretroviral therapy (ART). RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, monthly and two monthly long-acting injectable ART in the form of cabotegravir and rilpivirine has shown safety and efficacy in large-scale phase 3 randomised control trials. Also, agents with novel mechanisms of action, such as Lenacapavir, have been tested in early-phase studies and are currently being tested in phase 2-3 clinical trials; if successful, this may allow six-monthly dosing schedules. SUMMARY However, despite evidence that suggests that these therapies are efficacious and acceptable to patients, the challenge of integrating these agents into our current healthcare infrastructure and making these novel agents cost-effective and available to the populations most likely to benefit remains. The next frontier for long-acting therapy will be to introduce these agents in a real-world setting ensuring that the groups most in need of long-acting therapy are not left behind.
Collapse
|
17
|
Predicted Cellular Interactors of the Endogenous Retrovirus-K Integrase Enzyme. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071509. [PMID: 34361946 PMCID: PMC8303831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase (IN) enzymes are found in all retroviruses and are crucial in the retroviral integration process. Many studies have revealed how exogenous IN enzymes, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) IN, contribute to altered cellular function. However, the same consideration has not been given to viral IN originating from symbionts within our own DNA. Endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) is pathologically associated with neurological and inflammatory diseases along with several cancers. The ERVK IN interactome is unknown, and the question of how conserved the ERVK IN protein-protein interaction motifs are as compared to other retroviral integrases is addressed in this paper. The ERVK IN protein sequence was analyzed using the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) database, and the results are compared to ELMs of other betaretroviral INs and similar eukaryotic INs. A list of putative ERVK IN cellular protein interactors was curated from the ELM list and submitted for STRING analysis to generate an ERVK IN interactome. KEGG analysis was used to identify key pathways potentially influenced by ERVK IN. It was determined that the ERVK IN potentially interacts with cellular proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), cell cycle, immunity, inflammation, cell signaling, selective autophagy, and intracellular trafficking. The most prominent pathway identified was viral carcinogenesis, in addition to select cancers, neurological diseases, and diabetic complications. This potentiates the role of ERVK IN in these pathologies via protein-protein interactions facilitating alterations in key disease pathways.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yoder KE, Rabe AJ, Fishel R, Larue RC. Strategies for Targeting Retroviral Integration for Safer Gene Therapy: Advances and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662331. [PMID: 34055882 PMCID: PMC8149907 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are obligate intracellular parasites that must integrate a copy of the viral genome into the host DNA. The integration reaction is performed by the viral enzyme integrase in complex with the two ends of the viral cDNA genome and yields an integrated provirus. Retroviral vector particles are attractive gene therapy delivery tools due to their stable integration. However, some retroviral integration events may dysregulate host oncogenes leading to cancer in gene therapy patients. Multiple strategies to target retroviral integration, particularly to genetic safe harbors, have been tested with limited success. Attempts to target integration may be limited by the multimerization of integrase or the presence of host co-factors for integration. Several retroviral integration complexes have evolved a mechanism of tethering to chromatin via a host protein. Integration host co-factors bind chromatin, anchoring the complex and allowing integration. The tethering factor allows for both close proximity to the target DNA and specificity of targeting. Each retrovirus appears to have distinct preferences for DNA sequence and chromatin features at the integration site. Tethering factors determine the preference for chromatin features, but do not affect the subtle sequence preference at the integration site. The sequence preference is likely intrinsic to the integrase protein. New developments may uncouple the requirement for a tethering factor and increase the ability to redirect retroviral integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Yoder
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anthony J Rabe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Richard Fishel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ross C Larue
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been significant development of long-acting injectable therapy for the management of HIV in recent years that has the potential to revolutionise HIV care as we know it. This review summarises the data and outlines the potential challenges in the field of long-acting antiretroviral therapy (ART). RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, monthly and two monthly long-acting injectable ART in the form of cabotegravir and rilpivirine has shown safety and efficacy in large-scale phase 3 randomised control trials. Also, agents with novel mechanisms of action, such as Lenacapavir, have been tested in early-phase studies and are currently being tested in phase 2-3 clinical trials; if successful, this may allow six-monthly dosing schedules. SUMMARY However, despite evidence that suggests that these therapies are efficacious and acceptable to patients, the challenge of integrating these agents into our current healthcare infrastructure and making these novel agents cost-effective and available to the populations most likely to benefit remains. The next frontier for long-acting therapy will be to introduce these agents in a real-world setting ensuring that the groups most in need of long-acting therapy are not left behind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Thornhill
- Department of Infection & Immunity, The Royal London Hospital, Bart Health NHS Trust
- Department of Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Orkin
- Department of Infection & Immunity, The Royal London Hospital, Bart Health NHS Trust
- Department of Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kervevan J, Chakrabarti LA. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Control of Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E523. [PMID: 33430234 PMCID: PMC7825705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kervevan
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite treatment. There is, therefore, an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. In the past few years, the decisive role of cellular metabolism in the fate and activity of immune cells has been uncovered, as well as its impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells and macrophages determine their susceptibility to infection, the persistence of infected cells and the establishment of latency. Immunometabolism also shapes immune responses against HIV-1, and cell metabolic products are key drivers of inflammation during infection. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of the links between HIV-1 infection and immunometabolism, and we discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rare patients naturally control HIV replication without antiretroviral therapy. Understanding the mechanisms implicated in natural HIV control will inform the development of immunotherapies against HIV. Elite controllers are known for developing efficient antiviral T-cell responses, but recent findings suggest that antibody responses also play a significant role in HIV control. We review the key studies that uncovered a potent memory B-cell response and highly functional anti-HIV antibodies in elite controllers, and explore the mechanisms that may account for the distinct properties of their humoral response. RECENT FINDINGS Elite controllers maintain a large HIV-specific memory B-cell pool that is sustained by efficient T follicular helper function. Neutralizing antibody rarely show high titers in controllers, but seem capable, at least in certain cases, of neutralizing contemporaneous viral strains. In addition, elite controllers display a unique HIV-specific antibody profile in terms of isotype, antigen specificity, and glycosylation pattern, resulting in polyfunctional antibody effector functions that may promote infected cell lysis and prime effectors of the antiviral immune response. SUMMARY Lessons from elite controller studies argue for the importance of integrating the many parameters defining a polyfunctional antibody response when evaluating candidate vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches directed at HIV.
Collapse
|
24
|
El-Safty S, Shenashen M. Nanoscale dynamic chemical, biological sensor material designs for control monitoring and early detection of advanced diseases. Mater Today Bio 2020; 5:100044. [PMID: 32181446 PMCID: PMC7066237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and easy continuous monitoring of emerging or re-emerging infectious, contagious or other diseases are of particular interest for controlling healthcare advances and developing effective medical treatments to reduce the high global cost burden of diseases in the backdrop of lack of awareness regarding advancing diseases. Under an ever-increasing demand for biosensor design reliability for early stage recognition of infectious agents or contagious diseases and potential proteins, nanoscale manufacturing designs had developed effective nanodynamic sensing assays and compact wearable devices. Dynamic developments of biosensor technology are also vital to detect and monitor advanced diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), diabetes, cancers, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), tuberculosis, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In particular, nanoscale biosensor designs have indispensable contribution to improvement of health concerns by early detection of disease, monitoring ecological and therapeutic agents, and maintaining high safety level in food and cosmetics. This review reports an overview of biosensor designs and their feasibility for early investigation, detection, and quantitative determination of many advanced diseases. Biosensor strategies are highlighted to demonstrate the influence of nanocompact and lightweight designs on accurate analyses and inexpensive sensing assays. To date, the effective and foremost developments in various nanodynamic designs associated with simple analytical facilities and procedures remain challenging. Given the wide evolution of biosensor market requirements and the growing demand in the creation of early stage and real-time monitoring assays, precise output signals, and easy-to-wear and self-regulating analyses of diseases, innovations in biosensor designs based on novel fabrication of nanostructured platforms with active surface functionalities would produce remarkable biosensor devices. This review offers evidence for researchers and inventors to focus on biosensor challenge and improve fabrication of nanobiosensors to revolutionize consumer and healthcare markets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-0047, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bobrovnitchaia I, Valieris R, Drummond RD, Lima JP, Freitas HC, Bartelli TF, de Amorim MG, Nunes DN, Dias-Neto E, da Silva IT. APOBEC-mediated DNA alterations: A possible new mechanism of carcinogenesis in EBV-positive gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:181-191. [PMID: 31090066 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of viral oncogenesis are diverse and include the off-target activity of enzymes expressed by the infected cells, which evolved to target viral genomes for controlling their infection. Among these enzymes, the single-strand DNA editing capability of APOBECs represent a well-conserved viral infection response that can also cause untoward mutations in the host DNA. Here we show, after evaluating somatic single-nucleotide variations and transcriptome data in 240 gastric cancer samples, a positive correlation between APOBEC3s mRNA-expression and the APOBEC-mutation signature, both increased in EBV+ tumors. The correlation was reinforced by the observation of APOBEC mutations preferentially occurring in the genomic loci of the most active transcripts. This EBV infection and APOBEC3 mutation-signature axis were confirmed in a validation cohort of 112 gastric cancer patients. Our findings suggest that APOBEC3 upregulation in EBV+ cancer may boost the mutation load, providing further clues to the mechanisms of EBV-induced gastric carcinogenesis. After further validation, this EBV-APOBEC axis may prove to be a secondary driving force in the mutational evolution of EBV+ gastric tumors, whose consequences in terms of prognosis and treatment implications should be vetted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bobrovnitchaia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo D Drummond
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joao P Lima
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Medical Oncology Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helano C Freitas
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Medical Oncology Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais F Bartelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Amorim
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana N Nunes
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan J, Shun MC, Zhang Y, Hao C, Skowronski J. HIV-1 Vpr counteracts HLTF-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9568-9577. [PMID: 31019079 PMCID: PMC6511057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818401116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses, including HIV-1, possess the ability to enter the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes and can infect interphase cells, including those actively replicating chromosomal DNA. Viral accessory proteins hijack host cell E3 enzymes to antagonize intrinsic defenses, and thereby provide a more permissive environment for virus replication. The HIV-1 Vpr accessory protein reprograms CRL4DCAF1 E3 to antagonize select postreplication DNA repair enzymes and activates the DNA damage checkpoint in the G2 cell cycle phase. However, little is known about the roles played by these Vpr targets in HIV-1 replication. Here, using a sensitive pairwise replication competition assay, we show that Vpr endows HIV-1 with a strong replication advantage in activated primary CD4+ T cells and established T cell lines. This effect is disabled by a Vpr mutation that abolishes binding to CRL4DCAF1 E3, thereby disrupting Vpr antagonism of helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) DNA helicase and other DNA repair pathway targets, and by another mutation that prevents induction of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. Consistent with these findings, we also show that HLTF restricts HIV-1 replication, and that this restriction is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpr. Furthermore, our data imply that HIV-1 Vpr uses additional, yet to be identified mechanisms to facilitate HIV-1 replication in T cells. Overall, we demonstrate that multiple aspects of the cellular DNA repair machinery restrict HIV-1 replication in dividing T cells, the primary target of HIV-1 infection, and describe newly developed approaches to dissect key components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ming-Chieh Shun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Caili Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jacek Skowronski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Majer C, Schüssler JM, König R. Intertwined: SAMHD1 cellular functions, restriction, and viral evasion strategies. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:513-529. [PMID: 30879196 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SAMHD1 was initially described for its ability to efficiently restrict HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells and resting CD4+ T cells. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that SAMHD1-mediated restriction is by far not limited to lentiviruses, but seems to be a general concept that applies to most retroviruses and at least a number of DNA viruses. SAMHD1 anti-viral activity was long believed to be solely due to its ability to deplete cellular dNTPs by enzymatic degradation. However, since its discovery, several new functions have been attributed to SAMHD1. It has been demonstrated to bind nucleic acids, to modulate innate immunity, as well as to participate in the DNA damage response and resolution of stalled replication forks. Consequently, it is likely that SAMHD1-mediated anti-viral activity is not or not exclusively mediated through its dNTPase activity. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on SAMHD1 cellular functions and systematically discuss how these functions could contribute to the restriction of a broad range of viruses besides retroviruses: herpesviruses, poxviruses and hepatitis B virus. Furthermore, we aim to highlight different ways how viruses counteract SAMHD1-mediated restriction to bypass the SAMHD1-mediated block to viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Majer
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lahaye X, Gentili M, Silvin A, Conrad C, Picard L, Jouve M, Zueva E, Maurin M, Nadalin F, Knott GJ, Zhao B, Du F, Rio M, Amiel J, Fox AH, Li P, Etienne L, Bond CS, Colleaux L, Manel N. NONO Detects the Nuclear HIV Capsid to Promote cGAS-Mediated Innate Immune Activation. Cell 2018; 175:488-501.e22. [PMID: 30270045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of viruses by innate immune sensors induces protective antiviral immunity. The viral DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is necessary for detection of HIV by human dendritic cells and macrophages. However, synthesis of HIV DNA during infection is not sufficient for immune activation. The capsid protein, which associates with viral DNA, has a pivotal role in enabling cGAS-mediated immune activation. We now find that NONO is an essential sensor of the HIV capsid in the nucleus. NONO protein directly binds capsid with higher affinity for weakly pathogenic HIV-2 than highly pathogenic HIV-1. Upon infection, NONO is essential for cGAS activation by HIV and cGAS association with HIV DNA in the nucleus. NONO recognizes a conserved region in HIV capsid with limited tolerance for escape mutations. Detection of nuclear viral capsid by NONO to promote DNA sensing by cGAS reveals an innate strategy to achieve distinction of viruses from self in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lahaye
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Conrad
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Picard
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; LBBE-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS UMR 5558, Universite Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elina Zueva
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gavin J Knott
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fenglei Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marlène Rio
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Archa H Fox
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lucie Etienne
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Laurence Colleaux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khatami M. Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and 'Dark Energy': loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism). Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:20. [PMID: 29961900 PMCID: PMC6026585 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of health involves a synchronized network of catabolic and anabolic signals among organs/tissues/cells that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and glycolysis (biological laws or biorhythms). We defined biological circadian rhythms as Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) arms of acute inflammation (effective immunity) involving immune and non-immune systems. Role of pathogens in altering immunity and inducing diseases and cancer has been documented for over a century. However, in 1955s decision makers in cancer/medical establishment allowed public (current baby boomers) to consume million doses of virus-contaminated polio vaccines. The risk of cancer incidence and mortality sharply rose from 5% (rate of hereditary/genetic or innate disease) in 1900s, to its current scary status of 33% or 50% among women and men, respectively. Despite better hygiene, modern detection technologies and discovery of antibiotics, baby boomers and subsequent 2–3 generations are sicker than previous generations at same age. American health status ranks last among other developed nations while America invests highest amount of resources for healthcare. In this perspective we present evidence that cancer is an induced disease of twentieth century, facilitated by a great deception of cancer/medical establishment for huge corporate profits. Unlike popularized opinions that cancer is 100, 200 or 1000 diseases, we demonstrate that cancer is only one disease; the severe disturbances in biorhythms (differential bioenergetics) or loss of balance in Yin and Yang of effective immunity. Cancer projects that are promoted and funded by decision makers are reductionist approaches, wrong and unethical and resulted in loss of millions of precious lives and financial toxicity to society. Public vaccination with pathogen-specific vaccines (e.g., flu, hepatitis, HPV, meningitis, measles) weakens, not promotes, immunity. Results of irresponsible projects on cancer sciences or vaccines are increased population of drug-dependent sick society. Outcome failure rates of claimed ‘targeted’ drugs, ‘precision’ or ‘personalized’ medicine are 90% (± 5) for solid tumors. We demonstrate that aging, frequent exposures to environmental hazards, infections and pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients are ‘antigen overload’ for immune system, skewing the Yin and Yang response profiles and leading to induction of ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ immune disorders. Induction of decoy or pattern recognition receptors (e.g., PRRs), such as IRAK-M or IL-1dRs (‘designer’ molecules) and associated genomic instability and over-expression of growth promoting factors (e.g., pyruvate kinases, mTOR and PI3Ks, histamine, PGE2, VEGF) could lead to immune tolerance, facilitating cancer cells to hijack anabolic machinery of immunity (Yang) for their increased growth requirements. Expression of constituent embryonic factors would negatively regulate differentiation of tumor cells through epithelial–mesenchymal-transition and create “dual negative feedback loop” that influence tissue metabolism under hypoxic conditions. It is further hypothesized that induction of tolerance creates ‘dark energy’ and increased entropy and temperature in cancer microenvironment allowing disorderly cancer proliferation and mitosis along with increased glucose metabolism via Crabtree and Pasteur Effects, under mitophagy and ribophagy, conditions that are toxic to host survival. Effective translational medicine into treatment requires systematic and logical studies of complex interactions of tumor cells with host environment that dictate clinical outcomes. Promoting effective immunity (biological circadian rhythms) are fundamental steps in correcting host differential bioenergetics and controlling cancer growth, preventing or delaying onset of diseases and maintaining public health. The author urges independent professionals and policy makers to take a closer look at cancer dilemma and stop the ‘scientific/medical ponzi schemes’ of a powerful group that control a drug-dependent sick society before all hopes for promoting public health evaporate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation, Aging and Cancer, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Immune Ecosystem of Virus-Infected Host Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051379. [PMID: 29734779 PMCID: PMC5983771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infected host cells serve as a central immune ecological niche during viral infection and replication and stimulate the host immune response via molecular signaling. The viral infection and multiplication process involves complex intracellular molecular interactions between viral components and the host factors. Various types of host cells are also involved to modulate immune factors in delicate and dynamic equilibrium to maintain a balanced immune ecosystem in an infected host tissue. Antiviral host arsenals are equipped to combat or eliminate viral invasion. However, viruses have evolved with strategies to counter against antiviral immunity or hijack cellular machinery to survive inside host tissue for their multiplication. However, host immune systems have also evolved to neutralize the infection; which, in turn, either clears the virus from the infected host or causes immune-mediated host tissue injury. A complex relationship between viral pathogenesis and host antiviral defense could define the immune ecosystem of virus-infected host tissues. Understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying this ecosystem would uncover strategies to modulate host immune function for antiviral therapeutics. This review presents past and present updates of immune-ecological components of virus infected host tissue and explains how viruses subvert the host immune surveillances.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fundamental challenges to the development of a preventive HIV vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:26-32. [PMID: 29549802 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is consensus that only a preventive vaccine can contain the HIV/AIDS pandemic. After 30 years still there is no preventive HIV vaccine. This article examines fundamental challenges to the development of a preventive HIV vaccine. They include the initially erroneous but powerful perception of the natural history of HIV disease, as an acute rather than a chronic illness even in the absence of therapy, the lack of appreciation of the quasispecies biology of HIV and the abandonment of principles of immunology theory caused by the allure of technological prowess. In addition two other important aspects are discussed: vaccines directed against transmitted/founder viruses (T/F) and the reconsideration of HIV inactivation as a viable means to obtain a preventive HIV vaccine using novel safe methods of inactivation not available during the early years of the pandemic.
Collapse
|