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Whalan S. The role of photobehaviour in sponge larval dispersal and settlement. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287989. [PMID: 37428784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the behavioural ecology of adult (sessile) sponges is challenging. However, their motile larval stages afford opportunities to investigate how behaviour contributes to dispersal and selection of habitat. Light is a fundamental cue contributing to larval sponge dispersal where photoreceptive cells contribute to this process. But how universal is light as a cue to sponge larval dispersal and settlement? Behavioural choice experiments were used to test the effect of light on dispersal and settlement behaviours. Larvae of the tropical sponge species Coscinoderma mathewsi, Luffariella variabilis, Ircinia microconnulosa, and Haliclona sp., from deep (12-15 m) and shallower-water habitats (2-5 m), were used in experiments. Dispersal experiments provided a light-gradient-choice where light represented light attenuation with depth. Light treatments included white light and the spectral components of red and blue light. Settlement experiments comprised a choice between illuminated and shaded treatments. Fluorescence microscopy was used to establish the presence of fluorescent proteins associated with posterior locomotory cilia. Deeper-water species, C. mathewsi and I. microconnulosa discriminate light spectral signatures. Both species changed dispersal behaviour to light spectra as larvae aged. For C. mathewsi positive phototaxis to blue light changed to photophobic responses (all light treatments) after six hours and behaviours in I. microconnulosa changed from positive to negative phototaxis (white light) after six hours. L. variabilis, also a deeper-water species, was negatively phototactic to all light treatments. Larvae from the shallow-water species, Haliclona sp., moved towards all light wavelengths tested. There was no effect of light on settlement of the shallow-water Haliclona sp., but larvae in all three deeper-water species showed significantly higher settlement in shaded treatments. Fluorescence microscopy showed discrete fluorescent bands contiguous to posterior tufted cilia in all four species. These fluorescent bands may play a contributory role in larval photobehaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Whalan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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Hsieh S, Łaska W, Uchman A. Intermittent and temporally variable bioturbation by some terrestrial invertebrates: implications for ichnology. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:11. [PMID: 36881175 PMCID: PMC9992032 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Bedding planes and vertical sections of many sedimentary rock formations reveal bioturbation structures, including burrows, produced by diverse animal taxa at different rates and durations. These variables are not directly measurable in the fossil record, but neoichnological observations and experiments provide informative analogues. Comparable to marine invertebrates from many phyla, a captive beetle larva burrowing over 2 weeks showed high rates of sediment disturbance within the first 100 h but slower rates afterwards. Tunnelling by earthworms and adult dung beetles is also inconstant-displacement of lithic material alternates with organic matter displacement, often driven by food availability with more locomotion when hungry. High rates of bioturbation, as with locomotion generally, result from internal and external drives, slowing down or stopping when needs are filled. Like other processes affecting sediment deposition and erosion, rates can drastically differ based on measured timescale, with short bursts of activity followed by hiatuses, concentrated in various seasons and ontogenetic stages for particular species. Assumptions of constant velocities within movement paths, left as traces afterward, may not apply in many cases. Arguments about energetic efficiency or optimal foraging based on ichnofossils have often overlooked these and related issues. Single bioturbation rates from short-term experiments in captivity may not be comparable to rates measured at an ecosystem level over a year or generalized across multiple time scales where conditions differ even for the same species. Neoichnological work, with an understanding of lifetime variabilities in bioturbation and their drivers, helps connect ichnology with behavioural biology and movement ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hsieh
- Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Weronika Łaska
- Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 101, 02-089, Żwirki i Wigury, Poland
| | - Alfred Uchman
- Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Wolfe K, Desbiens AA, Mumby PJ. Emigration patterns of motile cryptofauna and their implications for trophic functioning in coral reefs. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9960. [PMID: 37006892 PMCID: PMC10049886 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of movement of marine species can reflect strategies of reproduction and dispersal, species' interactions, trophodynamics, and susceptibility to change, and thus critically inform how we manage populations and ecosystems. On coral reefs, the density and diversity of metazoan taxa are greatest in dead coral and rubble, which are suggested to fuel food webs from the bottom up. Yet, biomass and secondary productivity in rubble is predominantly available in some of the smallest individuals, limiting how accessible this energy is to higher trophic levels. We address the bioavailability of motile coral reef cryptofauna based on small-scale patterns of emigration in rubble. We deployed modified RUbble Biodiversity Samplers (RUBS) and emergence traps in a shallow rubble patch at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, to detect community-level differences in the directional influx of motile cryptofauna under five habitat accessibility regimes. The mean density (0.13-4.5 ind cm-3) and biomass (0.14-5.2 mg cm-3) of cryptofauna were high and varied depending on microhabitat accessibility. Emergent zooplankton represented a distinct community (dominated by the Appendicularia and Calanoida) with the lowest density and biomass, indicating constraints on nocturnal resource availability. Mean cryptofauna density and biomass were greatest when interstitial access within rubble was blocked, driven by the rapid proliferation of small harpacticoid copepods from the rubble surface, leading to trophic simplification. Individuals with high biomass (e.g., decapods, gobies, and echinoderms) were greatest when interstitial access within rubble was unrestricted. Treatments with a closed rubble surface did not differ from those completely open, suggesting that top-down predation does not diminish rubble-derived resources. Our results show that conspecific cues and species' interactions (e.g., competition and predation) within rubble are most critical in shaping ecological outcomes within the cryptobiome. These findings have implications for prey accessibility through trophic and community size structuring in rubble, which may become increasingly relevant as benthic reef complexity shifts in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Wolfe
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Amelia A. Desbiens
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
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Fan S, Yan Z, Qiao L, Gui F, Li T, Yang Q, Zhang X, Ren C. Biological effects on the migration and transformation of microplastics in the marine environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 185:105875. [PMID: 36652887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics(MPs) are ubiquitous, difficult to degrade, and potentially threatening to organisms in marine environment, so it is important to clarify the factors that affect their biogeochemical processes. The impact of biological activities on the MPs in marine environment is ubiquitous and complex, and there is currently a lack of systematic summaries. This paper reviews the effects of biological actions on the migration, distribution and degradation of MPs in marine environment from four aspects: biological ingestion and digestion, biological movement, biological colonization and biological adhesion. MPs in seawater and sediments can be closely combined with organisms through three pathways: biological ingestion, biofilm formation or adhesion to organisms, and are passed between species at different trophic levels through the food chain. The generation and degradation of faecal pellets and biofilms can alter the density of "environmental MPs", thereby affecting their vertical migration and deposition in water bodies. The movement of swimming organisms and the disturbance by benthic organisms can promote the migration of MPs in water and vertical migration and resuspension in sediments, thereby changing the distribution of MPs in local sea areas. The grinding effect of the digestive tract and the secretion of chemicals from the biofilm (such as enzymes and acids) can reduce the particle size and increase surface roughness of MPs, or even degrade them completely. Besides, biological adhesion may be an important mechanism affecting the distribution, migration and preservation of MPs. There may be complex interactions and linkages among marine dynamical processes, photochemical degradation and biological processes that collectively affect the biogeochemical processes of MPs, but their relative contributions remain to be more studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyao Fan
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Zezheng Yan
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316012, China
| | - Feng Gui
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, 316012, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Chengzhe Ren
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China.
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Wilson RR, Martin MS, Regehr EV, Rode KD. Intrapopulation differences in polar bear movement and step selection patterns. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:25. [PMID: 35606849 PMCID: PMC9128121 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial ecology of individuals often varies within a population or species. Identifying how individuals in different classes interact with their environment can lead to a better understanding of population responses to human activities and environmental change and improve population estimates. Most inferences about polar bear (Ursus maritimus) spatial ecology are based on data from adult females due to morphological constraints on applying satellite radio collars to other classes of bears. Recent studies, however, have provided limited movement data for adult males and sub-adults of both sexes using ear-mounted and glue-on tags. We evaluated class-specific movements and step selection patterns for polar bears in the Chukchi Sea subpopulation during spring. METHODS We developed hierarchical Bayesian models to evaluate polar bear movement (i.e., step length and directional persistence) and step selection at the scale of 4-day step lengths. We assessed differences in movement and step selection parameters among the three classes of polar bears (i.e., adult males, sub-adults, and adult females without cubs-of-the-year). RESULTS Adult males had larger step lengths and less directed movements than adult females. Sub-adult movement parameters did not differ from the other classes but point estimates were most similar to adult females. We did not detect differences among polar bear classes in step selection parameters and parameter estimates were consistent with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of estimated step selection patterns from adult females as a proxy for other classes of polar bears during spring. Conversely, movement analyses indicated that using data from adult females as a proxy for the movements of adult males is likely inappropriate. We recommend that researchers consider whether it is valid to extend inference derived from adult female movements to other classes, based on the questions being asked and the spatial and temporal scope of the data. Because our data were specific to spring, these findings highlight the need to evaluate differences in movement and step selection during other periods of the year, for which data from ear-mounted and glue-on tags are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Wilson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Michelle St Martin
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR, 97266, USA
| | - Eric V Regehr
- Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karyn D Rode
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Chan BKK, Wong YH, Robinson NJ, Lin JC, Yu SP, Dreyer N, Cheng IJ, Høeg JT, Zardus JD. Five hundred million years to mobility: directed locomotion and its ecological function in a turtle barnacle. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211620. [PMID: 34610769 PMCID: PMC8493200 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is a fundamental characteristic of life, yet some invertebrate taxa, such as barnacles, permanently affix to a substratum as adults. Adult barnacles became 'sessile' over 500 Ma; however, we confirm that the epizoic sea turtle barnacle, Chelonibia testudinaria, has evolved the capacity for self-directed locomotion as adults. We also assess how these movements are affected by water currents and the distance between conspecifics. Finally, we microscopically examine the barnacle cement. Chelonibia testudinaria moved distances up to 78.6 mm yr-1 on loggerhead and green sea turtle hosts. Movements on live hosts and on acrylic panels occasionally involved abrupt course alterations of up to 90°. Our findings showed that barnacles tended to move directly against water flow and independent of nearby conspecifics. This suggests that these movements are not passively driven by external forces and instead are behaviourally directed. In addition, it indicates that these movements function primarily to facilitate feeding, not reproduction. While the mechanism enabling movement remained elusive, we observed that trails of cement bore signs of multi-layered, episodic secretion. We speculate that proximal causes of movement involve one or a combination of rapid shell growth, cement secretion coordinated with basal membrane lifting, and directed contraction of basal perimeter muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Him Wong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Jr-Chi Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Pei Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niklas Dreyer
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, TIGP, Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I-Jiung Cheng
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jens T. Høeg
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Machine Learning Applications of Convolutional Neural Networks and Unet Architecture to Predict and Classify Demosponge Behavior. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13182512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological data sets are increasingly becoming information-dense, making it effective to use a computer science-based analysis. We used convolution neural networks (CNN) and the specific CNN architecture Unet to study sponge behavior over time. We analyzed a large time series of hourly high-resolution still images of a marine sponge, Suberites concinnus (Demospongiae, Suberitidae) captured between 2012 and 2015 using the NEPTUNE seafloor cabled observatory, off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. We applied semantic segmentation with the Unet architecture with some modifications, including adapting parts of the architecture to be more applicable to three-channel images (RGB). Some alterations that made this model successful were the use of a dice-loss coefficient, Adam optimizer and a dropout function after each convolutional layer which provided losses, accuracies and dice scores of up to 0.03, 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The model was tested with five-fold cross-validation. This study is a first step towards analyzing trends in the behavior of a demosponge in an environment that experiences severe seasonal and inter-annual changes in climate. The end objective is to correlate changes in sponge size (activity) over seasons and years with environmental variables collected from the same observatory platform. Our work provides a roadmap for others who seek to cross the interdisciplinary boundaries between biology and computer science.
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Bueno M, Machado GBO, Leite FPP. Colonization of novel algal habitats by juveniles of a marine tube-dwelling amphipod. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10188. [PMID: 33088631 PMCID: PMC7568853 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dispersal is an important process affecting population dynamics and connectivity. For marine direct developers, both adults and juveniles may disperse. Although the distribution of juveniles can be initially constrained by their mothers’ choice, they may be able to leave the parental habitat and colonize other habitats. We investigated the effect of habitat quality, patch size and presence of conspecific adults on the colonization of novel habitats by juveniles of the tube-dwelling amphipod Cymadusa filosa associated with the macroalgal host Sargassum filipendula. Methods We tested the factors listed above on the colonization of juveniles by manipulating natural and artificial plants in both the field and laboratory. Results In the laboratory, juveniles selected high-quality habitats (i.e., natural alga), where both food and shelter are provided, when low-quality resources (i.e., artificial alga) were also available. In contrast, habitat quality and algal patch size did not affect the colonization by juveniles in the field. Finally, the presence of conspecific adults did not affect the colonization of juveniles under laboratory condition but had a weak effect in the field experiment. Our results suggest that C. filosa juveniles can select and colonize novel habitats, and that such process can be partially affected by habitat quality, but not by patch size. Also, the presence of conspecifics may affect the colonization by juveniles. Successful colonization by this specific developmental stage under different scenarios indicates that juveniles may act as a dispersal agent in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Bueno
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco B O Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fosca P P Leite
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Krueck NC, Treml EA, Innes DJ, Ovenden JR. Ocean currents and the population genetic signature of fish migrations. Ecology 2020; 101:e02967. [PMID: 31925790 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal migrations are a fascinating and global phenomenon, yet they are often difficult to study and sometimes poorly understood. Here, we build on classic ecological theory by hypothesizing that some enigmatic spawning migrations across coastal marine habitats can be inferred from the population genetic signature of larval dispersal by ocean currents. We test this assumption by integrating spatially realistic simulations of alternative spawning migration routes, associated patterns of larval dispersal, and associated variation in the population genetic structure of eastern Australian sea mullet (Mugil cephalus). We then use simulation results to assess the implications of alternative spawning destinations for larval replenishment, and we contrast simulated against measured population genetic variation. Both analyses suggest that the spawning migrations of M. cephalus in eastern Australia are likely to be localized (approximately 100 km along the shore), and that spawning is likely to occur in inshore waters. Our conclusions are supported by multiple lines of evidence available through independent studies, but they challenge the more traditional assumption of a single, long-distance migration event with subsequent offshore spawning in the East Australian Current. More generally, our study operationalizes classic theory on the relationship between fish migrations, ocean currents, and reproductive success. However, rather than confirming the traditionally assumed adaptation of migratory behavior to dominant ocean current flow, our findings support the concept of a genetically measurable link between fish migrations and local oceanographic conditions, specifically water temperature and coastal retention of larvae. We believe that future studies using similar approaches for high resolution and spatially realistic ecological-genetic scenario testing can help rapidly advance our understanding of key ecological processes in many other marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C Krueck
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Eric A Treml
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - David J Innes
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 6097, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Ovenden
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Pinsky ML, Selden RL, Kitchel ZJ. Climate-Driven Shifts in Marine Species Ranges: Scaling from Organisms to Communities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:153-179. [PMID: 31505130 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The geographic distributions of marine species are changing rapidly, with leading range edges following climate poleward, deeper, and in other directions and trailing range edges often contracting in similar directions. These shifts have their roots in fine-scale interactions between organisms and their environment-including mosaics and gradients of temperature and oxygen-mediated by physiology, behavior, evolution, dispersal, and species interactions. These shifts reassemble food webs and can have dramatic consequences. Compared with species on land, marine species are more sensitive to changing climate but have a greater capacity for colonization. These differences suggest that species cope with climate change at different spatial scales in the two realms and that range shifts across wide spatial scales are a key mechanism at sea. Additional research is needed to understand how processes interact to promote or constrain range shifts, how the dominant responses vary among species, and how the emergent communities of the future ocean will function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin L Pinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
| | - Rebecca L Selden
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
| | - Zoë J Kitchel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
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Sheehan EV. Motion in the ocean-Paradigm shift in movement ecology requires "sedentary" organisms to be redefined. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:816-819. [PMID: 31168832 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Focus: Hamel, J.-F., Sun, J., Gianasi, B. L., et al. (2019). Active buoyancy adjustment increases dispersal potential in benthic marine animals. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12943 Effective ecosystem-based fisheries and conservation management relies on the accuracy of population structure and connectivity models. The majority of sedentary marine species are pelago-benthic, meaning the pelagic larval stages disperse using ocean currents, and the adults are stationary or crawl slowly over the seabed. Adult movement was, until recently, thought to be insignificant due to the limited spatial range. In this issue, a novel method of translocation for adults that may far exceed the dispersion capability of the juveniles is presented, providing evidence for important effects of adult dispersal. Active buoyancy adjustment (ABA) is a behavioural response to environmental stressors or water currents that enables echinoderm Asteroidea (sea stars) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) to efficiently relocate. Adult relocation using tides could explain mass spawning aggregations that increase population and individual fitness, and less advantageous mass stranding events. Implications of ABA for future marine management and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Sheehan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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12
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Modesto V, Castro P, Lopes-Lima M, Antunes C, Ilarri M, Sousa R. Potential impacts of the invasive species Corbicula fluminea on the survival of glochidia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:157-164. [PMID: 30986675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are one of the most imperilled faunal groups globally, being the introduction of invasive species a possible major mechanism of threat. The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is a problematic invasive species in aquatic ecosystems and can impair the survival of parasitic larvae (glochidia) of native freshwater mussels. However, this possible mechanism of threat remains speculative and to date very few studies addressed quantitatively this issue. In order to cover this gap, we have performed a series of manipulative laboratory studies to assess how distinct densities of C. fluminea can affect the survival of glochidia after 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure, using larvae of the native freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina. Our results suggest an increase in mortality of A. anatina glochidia with an increase in density of C. fluminea. Two main mechanisms may possibly explain our results: 1) the high filtration capacity of C. fluminea that can contribute to the mortality of glochidia due to the mechanical damage of their fragile shells when passing by siphons and/or digestive tract of C. fluminea and 2) the high excretion capacity of C. fluminea that can lead to mortality of glochidia due to increase in ammonia concentration. Mortality of glochidia was also time dependent with higher values registered after 48 h. This work is one of the first showing the influence of C. fluminea density on the survival of glochidia, being filtration (and consequent passage in the digestive tract) and biodeposition the main potential mechanisms explaining overall mortality. These results also suggest that sites with high densities of C. fluminea may be highly detrimental for the conservation of freshwater mussels, potentially impairing the survival of glochidia and negatively affecting the recruitment of juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Modesto
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Castro
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Lopes-Lima
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Aquamuseu do Rio Minho, Parque de Lazer do Castelinho, 4920-290 Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
| | - Martina Ilarri
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ronaldo Sousa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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13
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George SB, Strathmann RR. Arms of larval seastars of Pisaster ochraceus provide versatility in muscular and ciliary swimming. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213803. [PMID: 30870513 PMCID: PMC6417731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval swimming with cilia, unaided by muscles, is the presumed ancestral condition for echinoderms, but use of muscles in swimming has evolved several times. Ciliation and musculature of the arms of brachiolaria-stage larvae in the family Asteriidae provide unusual versatility in the use of muscles in swimming. The muscles affect swimming in two different ways. (1) Contraction of muscles moves the arms, propelling the larva. (2) Contraction of muscles changes orientation of the arms, thereby changing direction of ciliary currents and direction of swimming. New observations of the brachiolaria of the asteriid seastar Pisaster ochraceus demonstrate more versatility in both of these uses of muscles than had been previously described: the posterolateral arms stroke in more ways to propel the larva forward and to change the direction of swimming, and more pairs of the arms point ciliary currents in more directions for changes in direction of swimming. Morphology of brachiolariae suggests that these uses of muscles in swimming evolved before divergence of the families Stichasteridae and Asteriidae within forcipulate asteroids. This versatile use of muscles for swimming, both alone and in combination with ciliary currents, further distinguishes the swimming of these brachiolariae from swimming by larvae of other echinoderms and larvae of acorn worms in the sister phylum Hemichordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B. George
- Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Hamel JF, Sun J, Gianasi BL, Montgomery EM, Kenchington EL, Burel B, Rowe S, Winger PD, Mercier A. Active buoyancy adjustment increases dispersal potential in benthic marine animals. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:820-832. [PMID: 30636040 PMCID: PMC6850204 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the study of dispersal and connectivity in the ocean typically centres on pelagic species and planktonic larval stages of benthic species, the present work explores an overlooked locomotor means in post‐settlement benthic stages that redefines their dispersal potential. Members of the echinoderm class Holothuroidea colonize a diversity of marine environments world‐wide, where they play key ecological and economical roles, making their conservation a priority. Holothuroids are commonly called sea cucumbers or sea slugs to reflect their slow movements and are assumed to disperse chiefly through pelagic larvae. The present study documents and explores their unexpected ability to actively modify their buoyancy, leading them to tumble or float at speeds orders of magnitudes faster than through benthic crawling. Two focal species representing different taxonomic orders, geographic distributions and reproductive strategies were studied over several years. Active buoyancy adjustment (ABA) was achieved through a rapid increase in water‐to‐flesh ratio by up to 740%, leading to bloating, and simultaneously detachment from the substrate. It occurred as early as 6 months post settlement in juveniles and was recorded in wild adult populations. In experimental trials, ABA was triggered by high conspecific density, decreasing salinity and increasing water turbidity. Based on field video footage, ABA‐assisted movements generated speeds of up to 90 km/day. These findings imply that displacement during planktonic larval stages may not supersede the locomotor capacity of benthic stages, challenging the notion of sedentarity. Combining the present results and anecdotal reports, ABA emerges as a generalized means of dispersal among benthic animals, with critical implications for world‐wide management and conservation of commercially and ecologically significant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), St. Philips, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jiamin Sun
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Bruno L Gianasi
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Emaline M Montgomery
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ellen L Kenchington
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO), Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Sherrylynn Rowe
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul D Winger
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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15
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Sinclair EA, Ruiz‐Montoya L, Krauss SL, Anthony JM, Hovey RK, Lowe RJ, Kendrick GA. Seeds in motion: Genetic assignment and hydrodynamic models demonstrate concordant patterns of seagrass dispersal. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5019-5034. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions West Perth Western Australia Australia
- Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Leonardo Ruiz‐Montoya
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions West Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Janet M. Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions West Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Renae K. Hovey
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Ryan J. Lowe
- Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Gary A. Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
- Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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16
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Bennison A, Bearhop S, Bodey TW, Votier SC, Grecian WJ, Wakefield ED, Hamer KC, Jessopp M. Search and foraging behaviors from movement data: A comparison of methods. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:13-24. [PMID: 29321847 PMCID: PMC5756868 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Search behavior is often used as a proxy for foraging effort within studies of animal movement, despite it being only one part of the foraging process, which also includes prey capture. While methods for validating prey capture exist, many studies rely solely on behavioral annotation of animal movement data to identify search and infer prey capture attempts. However, the degree to which search correlates with prey capture is largely untested. This study applied seven behavioral annotation methods to identify search behavior from GPS tracks of northern gannets (Morus bassanus), and compared outputs to the occurrence of dives recorded by simultaneously deployed time-depth recorders. We tested how behavioral annotation methods vary in their ability to identify search behavior leading to dive events. There was considerable variation in the number of dives occurring within search areas across methods. Hidden Markov models proved to be the most successful, with 81% of all dives occurring within areas identified as search. k-Means clustering and first passage time had the highest rates of dives occurring outside identified search behavior. First passage time and hidden Markov models had the lowest rates of false positives, identifying fewer search areas with no dives. All behavioral annotation methods had advantages and drawbacks in terms of the complexity of analysis and ability to reflect prey capture events while minimizing the number of false positives and false negatives. We used these results, with consideration of analytical difficulty, to provide advice on the most appropriate methods for use where prey capture behavior is not available. This study highlights a need to critically assess and carefully choose a behavioral annotation method suitable for the research question being addressed, or resulting species management frameworks established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bennison
- MaREI Centre for Marine and Renewable EnergyEnvironmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of BiologicalEarth, and Environmental Sciences (BEES)University College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology & ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Thomas W. Bodey
- Centre for Ecology & ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | | | - W. James Grecian
- Sea Mammal Research UnitScottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St AndrewsSt Andrews, FifeScotland
| | - Ewan D. Wakefield
- Sea Mammal Research UnitScottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St AndrewsSt Andrews, FifeScotland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Keith C. Hamer
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Mark Jessopp
- MaREI Centre for Marine and Renewable EnergyEnvironmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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